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Upcycling of the biomass residues and wastes is a necessary innovation within the given environmental and economic trends, policies and regulations, competition and depletion of natural resources taking place nowadays. Thus, wood pallet upcycling is chosen in this thesis to be the ambassador of biomass. Research is built upon the fundamentals of the waste hierarchy of Lansink ladder and on the circular economy. Interviews and case study analysis were crucial in drawing the conclusions and stimulating a thorough discussion within the concept of upcycling versus other processing management scenarios happening daily, such as waste to energy, incineration and even dumping of wood wastes. Upcycling (cascading), is built on adding value to the waste by coming up with new products and increasing the lifespan of the infinite woody products. The cascading takes place first as a manufacturing phase, this manufacturing shows a tremendous panorama of possible products covering the great demand on such homeware, kitchenware, pavilions, and other sectors. Then, and after the end of the lifespan of the new product, the second phase is generating biofuels from the biomass products using a complex process starting from gasification and ending up with Fischer-Tropsch process to produce for example, biodiesel, ethanol or jet fuels within a long list of high value biofuels. In general, the tackling of such transition economically required addressing important indicators represented in policy, market, technical implementation, environmental and stakeholders involvement. Environmentally, life cycle assessment indicators were projected to find out the influencing factors, those indicators include the land-use change, GHG, the premise of the neutrality of burning biomass to generate electricity, carbon capture, monocultures and biodiversity, fossil-based materials substitution, distinguishing between by-products and wastes, etc... An action plan (sys, Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technology

The initial goal of this graduation project was to find a way to establish a reliable digital relationship with PostNL’s consumer. This is considered an important part of a digital transformation strategy that is necessary for traditional postal companies to stay relevant in a digital era. One of the main challenges of this digital era, relevant for PostNL, is the increasing uncertainty of knowing who one is dealing with online. This assignment focuses on the idea of implementing a digital identity (eID) that can be used during digital and physical encounters with PostNL and is able to provide the desired certainty to ensure a more safe and seamless service. Thereby the focus during this project is especially on how this digital identity can be established, with whom and which certainties are absolutely necessary for doing so. Digital identities that enable a consumer to prove who he or she is online, can exist out of multiple attributes that define this (online) user. Worldwide these digital identities are increasingly being adopted by companies active in multiple service industries, including LSPs. However, this does not mean that companies can simply request all kinds of data from their consumers to confirm the needed attributes. With regard to regulations including those concerned with privacy (GDPR), they are required to keep data processing to a minimum and are therefore only allowed to request data that is absolutely necessary. For PostNL, it was found that sufficient desired certainty would be possible to be established by personal validation or address validation. Although consumers do see PostNL as a reliable party (the most reliable within the Netherlands), they do not seem to be willing to (digitally) share sensitive personal information such as a picture of their ID with PostNL. Address validation on the other hand does not require too much personal information about an individual but does provide the assurance that that individual has a high probabilit, Strategic Product Design

Bakgrund: Ett problem med sista mil leveranser är att kunderna sätter höga krav på snabba och bekväma leveranser vilket har bidragit till en ökning av sista mil leveranser under de senaste åren. Införandet av energisnåla och utsläppsfria fordon som el- lastcyklar kan leda till att minska negativa externaliteter i trafiken. En annan logistisklösning som är smidig samt miljövänlig är paketskåp. Användning av paketskåp gör det att transporter, leveranser och upphämtning av paket går snabbt och effektivt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera logistiklösningar genom leveransprocessen och de logistiklösningar som behandlas är: cykelleveranser och paketskåp. Metod:Examensarbetet grundas i en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med två olika transportföretag i Malmö. Utgångspunkten i studien är den teoretiska referensramen som byggs på tidigare forskning i form av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet av intervjuerna har byggt upp det empiriska kapitlet. Resultat:Analysen tyder på att sista milen leder generellt till högre kostnader för transportföretag samt orsakar föroreningar och trängsel. Effektivisering av logistiklösningar bidrar till högre produktivitet samt förbättrad hållbarhet i staden. Resultatet redogör även att effektivisering av leveransprocessen genom aspekter som leveranssäkerhet, korta leveranstider samt leveranspålitlighet skapar kundlojalitet och ökar företagets attraktivitet. De slutsatserna som kan dras är att cykelleveranser och paketskåp kan bidra till effektiva sista mil leveranser. Vidare visar studien att effektivisering av logistiklösningar medför till en högre produktivitet och förbättrad leveransservice. Kundernas krav på hög leveransservice med korta leveranstider, god flexibilitet och leveranssäkerhet leder till att företag anpassar sina leveransprocesser för att kunna uppfylla kraven., Background: A problem that exists in The Last Mile Delivery is customer’s high demands on fast and efficient deliveries which has led to the reason that last mile has increased significantly in recent years. The introduction of energy efficiency and emission- free vehicles as electric cargo bikes can reduce the negative externalities in traffic. Another logistics solution that is flexible and helps to preserve the environment is parcel lockers. The use of parcel lockers means that transport, deliveries, and collection of parcels are fast and efficient. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze logistics solutions within the delivery process and these solutions are bike delivery and parcel lockers. Method: This paper is based on a qualitative research method and an abductive approach. Four different interviews were carried out with two different transport companies in Malmo, which led to the results being used for the empirical research and analysis. The focus for this study is to build upon the theoretical work of scientific research articles. Result: The analysis indicates that the last mile leads to high cost for transport companies and contributes to pollution and congestion. This has led to new efficient transport system with purpose to efficient logistics solution that brings higher productivity and improved sustainability in the city. The result shows that delivery process efficiency has different aspect that increases the company’s attractiveness and creates loyal customers. These aspects are delivery security, short delivery time and reliability. This study concludes that bike deliveries and parcel lockers can contribute to effective last mile deliveries. The conclusion also shows that the relationship between the company and customer plays a big part if the communication is not good that customer would not buy more goods.

The world is facing climate change which has sever impacts on extreme weather events, biodiversity and rising seas. Greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced to counteract climate change. One specific way to contribute to that reduction is setting Zero-Emission (ZE) zones to ban fossil fuel vehicles in urban areas which will presumably lead to a reduction of 1.0 Mton CO2. The ZE zones will be initiated from 2025 in the 30-40 largest municipalities in the Netherlands for passenger cars and delivery vans. Prior research has been applied to large construction projects and not on small-scale construction projects. A literature review resulted in how to classify small-scale construction projects into groups. The difference of these groups is necessary to structure the small-scale construction projects on logistics characteristics and finally on feasible logistics solutions. The three groups are micro (<150 m2; <€0.3 mln), small (150 – 1,000 m2; €0.3 mln – €3 mln) and medium (1,000 – 10,000 m2; €3 mln - €20 mln). The vehicles used for small-scale renovation projects are mostly delivery vans, box trucks and loader crane trucks. Occasionally, tractors and heavy trucks are used. There are three kinds of transport movements: material transport, personnel transport and equipment transport. A list of feasible logistics solutions has been determined grouped on micro, small and medium construction projects and on the type of transport movements. A stakeholder analysis has been conducted to understand the different roles and perspectives of the stakeholder. The basic design cycle has been used to design the feasible logistics solutions and to summarize the findings in a booklet that can be used by the key stakeholders (contractors, wholesalers, transporters, municipalities) to know which logistics solutions are possible for them., Engineering and Policy Analysis

The construction industry’s world is very complex, competitive and challenging. That means that everyone who is involved needs to be constantly updated and follow the latest technological trends and ideas to be able to work on a viable project by minimizing the problems. Nevertheless, there are always different complications that arise mainly because there is not much attention given to logistics and logistics solutions. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the major problems in the Swedish construction industry as well as their corresponding logistics solutions applied by different companies. Moreover, this research will try to investigate how the use of the fairly new concept of Construction Consolidation Centers can improve the situation primarily with the material transportation. The current thesis was conducted by investigating the relevant literature and arranging interviews with a few of the many consultant companies working in the construction industry. The outcomes from both investigations are analyzed and compared showing that there are important differences between the theory (literature review) and the reality (interviews) as some of the main problems in real projects do not appear in the current literature. It is also clearly exposed that Construction Consolidation Centers are a game changer to this kind of projects and such a solution is suggested from both sides, while there is high necessity from the companies to emphasize on the logistics and invest more on their logistics solutions.

Total cost analysis is insufficiently used in enterprises and slightly explored in scientific researches notwithstanding its essentialness for logistics management. This work, based in this perception, had as main objective the characterization of total cost theory, with a theoretical essay format. With the aim of meeting this objective, this study firstly examined the emersion and the sedimentation of the concept and its possible role in logistics solutions. Afterwards, it argued that total cost analysis can ensure that the design and the redesign of logistics network, processes and projects will be guided by the search to offer the established service level at the lowest total cost. Furthermore, it showed what factors lead to the use of total cost analysis, with emphasis to the high hierarchal position and the wide ambit of control of logistics area, the presence of solutions design in logistics scope, the integration of logistics activities, the utilization of models and the availability of accurate accounting information. Finally, it articulated and consolidated all the discussed content and suggested that future studies should probe more deeply the subject and use alternative theoretical platforms, as psychological and institutional theories., A análise do custo total, apesar de ser essencial para a gestão logística, ainda é insuficientemente empregada no ambiente empresarial e pouco explorada nas pesquisas científicas. Diante dessa constatação, este trabalho, apresentado na forma de ensaio teórico, teve como principal objetivo caracterizar o arcabouço teórico do custo total logístico. Para atingir a esse objetivo, este estudo inicialmente explorou o surgimento e a sedimentação do conceito e a sua possível utilização na determinação das soluções logísticas. Em seguida, discutiu a necessidade de aplicar a análise do custo total para assegurar que o desenho e o redesenho da rede e dos processos logísticos e a formulação dos projetos logísticos sejam guiados pela busca do oferecimento do nível de serviço estabelecido ao cliente ao menor custo total possível. Além disso, levantou os fatores que induzem à utilização do custo total como orientador da solução, com destaque para o alto posicionamento hierárquico e o amplo âmbito de controle da área logística, a presença do desenho de soluções no escopo logístico, a integração das atividades logísticas, a utilização de modelos e a disponibilidade de precisas informações contábeis. Por fim, articulou e consolidou todo o conteúdo discutido e apresentou sugestões para que futuros estudos aprofundem as investigações do tema apoiando-se em plataformas teóricas alternativas, como a teoria psicológica e a teoria institucional., El análisis del costo total, por más que sea esencial a la gestión logística, aún es insuficientemente empleado en el medio corporativo y poco explorado en las pesquisas científicas. Teniendo esta constatación, este trabajo, presentado en la forma de ensayo teórico, tuve como principal objetivo la caracterización de la plataforma teórica del costo total logístico. Para atingir a este objetivo, este estudio primeramente exploró el surgimiento y la sedimentación del concepto y su posible utilización en la determinación de las soluciones logísticas. En seguida, discutió la necesidad de evaluar el costo total para asegurar que el diseño y el rediseño de la rede y de los procesos logísticos y que la formulación de los proyectos logísticos sean guiados por la busca de ofrecimiento del nivel de servicio establecido con el cliente al menor costo total posible. Además, levantó los factores que inducen a la utilización del costo total como orientador de soluciones, con destaque para el alto posicionamiento jerárquico y el largo ámbito de control del área logística, la presencia del diseño de soluciones en el área logística, la integración de las actividades logísticas, la utilización de modelos y la disponibilidad de informaciones contables precisas. Finalmente, articuló y consolidó todo el asunto discutido y presentó sugestiones para que futuros estudios amplíen investigaciones sobre el tema con base en plataformas teóricas alternativas, como la teoría psicológica y la teoría institucional.