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The paper considers the issue of the log diving effect on the ecological status of small rivers and their catchments. There are analyzed the circumstances leading to the prohibition of the log driving and the consequences of this decision for nature and man. The main points of both positive and negative effects of the log driving are evaluated and specific steps are proposed for reducing the chemical and mechanical pollution of water bodies. A general conclusion is made that the damage to ecosystems from log driving is not as great as is it commonly believed. There is proposed specific reclamation plan with the aim of improving the recreational capabilities of small rivers, purifying water, improving the condition of the forest stock by reducing the flooding of its territory. The affected problem concerns both the condition of small rivers and the future of the logging industry and the related development of outlying areas that are currently experiencing large demographic and economic problems. The arguments presented by the authors show that in a nowadays economic situation, the prohibition of log driving is economically disadvantageous and even harmful. It impedes the further development the territories of the Russian North, Siberia and the Far East. The hypothetical damage to nature by log driving is not comparable with the consequences that cause as a result of the desolation of the huge territory of Russia. There are a confirmed decline in the economy, the come-down of the demographic situation and socio-cultural infrastructure today. Over the past decades the catastrophic situation has developed in the demography of the Trans-Ural regions and other regions of Siberia. Unfortunately, the great number opened in recent decades mines and processing plants are not designed for constant abode of the population. Settlements near such enterprises have a temporary status. Only the logging and wood processing industry can save this situation. So, an integrated approach to the problem of log driving can facilitate a new development stage of outlying areas., В работе рассматривается вопрос о влиянии молевого сплава на экологическое состояние малых рек и их водосборов. Проведён анализ обстоятельств, которые привели к запрету молевого сплава, а также последствий этого решения для природы и человека. Оценены основные моменты как положительного, так и отрицательного влияния молевого сплава и предложены конкретные меры по снижению химического и механического загрязнения водных объектов. Сделан общий вывод о том, что вред экосистемам от молевого сплава не столь велик, как принято считать. Предложен конкретный план мелиоративных работ с целью улучшения рекреационных возможностей малых рек, очищения воды, улучшения состояния лесного фонда за счёт уменьшения подтопления территории. Затронутая проблема касается как состояния малых рек, так и будущего лесозаготовительной отрасли и связанного с этим развития отдалённых районов, которые в настоящее время испытывают большие демографические и экономические проблемы. Приведённые авторами аргументы показывают, что в изменившейся экономической ситуации запрет молевого сплава экономически не выгоден и даже вреден. Он препятствует дальнейшему развитию территорий Русского Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Гипотетический вред, наносимый природе молевым сплавом, не сравним с теми последствиями, которые отмечаются в результате запустения огромной территории России. На сегодняшний день наблюдается хронический упадок экономики, деградация демографической ситуации и социально-культурной инфраструктуры. Катастрофическая ситуация складывается последние десятилетия в демографии Зауральских регионов и других районах Сибири. К сожалению, огромное количество рудников и горно-обогатительных комбинатов, открытых в последние десятилетия, не рассчитаны на постоянное проживание местного населения. Посёлки при таких предприятиях имеют временный статус. Для спасения положения остаётся только лесозаготовительная и лесоперерабатывающая отрасль. Поэтому комплексный подход к проблеме молевого сплава может способствовать новому этапу развития удалённых территорий. В работе рассматривается вопрос о влиянии молевого сплава на экологическое состояние малых рек и их водосборов. Проведён анализ обстоятельств, которые привели к запрету молевого сплава, а также последствий этого решения для природы и человека. Оценены основные моменты как положительного, так и отрицательного влияния молевого сплава и предложены конкретные меры по снижению химического и механического загрязнения водных объектов. Сделан общий вывод о том, что вред экосистемам от молевого сплава не столь велик, как принято считать. Предложен конкретный план мелиоративных работ с целью улучшения рекреационных возможностей малых рек, очищения воды, улучшения состояния лесного фонда за счёт уменьшения подтопления территории. Затронутая проблема касается как состояния малых рек, так и будущего лесозаготовительной отрасли и связанного с этим развития отдалённых районов, которые в настоящее время испытывают большие демографические и экономические проблемы. Приведённые авторами аргументы показывают, что в изменившейся экономической ситуации запрет молевого сплава экономически не выгоден и даже вреден. Он препятствует дальнейшему развитию территорий Русского Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Гипотетический вред, наносимый природе молевым сплавом, не сравним с теми последствиями, которые отмечаются в результате запустения огромной территории России. На сегодняшний день наблюдается хронический упадок экономики, деградация демографической ситуации и социально-культурной инфраструктуры. Катастрофическая ситуация складывается последние десятилетия в демографии Зауральских регионов и других районах Сибири. К сожалению, огромное количество рудников и горно-обогатительных комбинатов, открытых в последние десятилетия, не рассчитаны на постоянное проживание местного населения. Посёлки при таких предприятиях имеют временный статус. Для спасения положения остаётся только лесозаготовительная и лесоперерабатывающая отрасль. Поэтому комплексный подход к проблеме молевого сплава может способствовать новому этапу развития удалённых территорий. Литература Азаров В.И., Буров А.В., Оболенская А.В. Химия древесины и синтетических полимеров: учебник для вызов. СПб: СПбЛТА, 1999. 628с. Брюхань А.Ф., Брюхань Ф.Ф., Потапов А.Д. Инженерно-экологические изыскания для строительства тепловых электростанций. М.:МГСУ: Изд-во Ассоц. строит. вузов, 2010. 191с. Брюхань Ф.Ф. Науки о Земле: учебное пособие для студентов. М.: Форум, 2011. 191 с. Великанов М.А. Гидрология суши. Л.: Гидрометеорологическое издательство, 1948. 530 с. Виноградов Ю.Б. Думы о гидрологии // Гидросфера. Опасные процессы и явления. 2019. Т.1. Вып.4. С.555-589. DOI:10.34753/HS.2019.1.4.555 Гайсин И.Г. Обоснование параметров технологии выгрузки плоских сплоточных единиц с воды. Дисс. … канд. техн. наук. Йошкар-Ола, 2016. 166 с. География. 8 класс: учеб. для общеобразоват. организаций / А.И.Алексеев, В.В. Николина, Е.К. Липкина и др. М.: Просвещение, 2018. 255 с. Кириллов А.К., Липин А.С., Соколов В.А. Лесной комплекс // Историческая энциклопедия Сибири: в 3 т. Том 2. Буквы К-Р. / Гл. ред. В.А.Ламин. Новосибирск: Издательство Историческое наследие Сибири, 2009. 808 с. Корпачев В.П., Малинин Л.И., Чебых М.М., Рябоконь Ю.И., Пережилин А.И. Влияние затопленной и плавающей древесной массы на водные объекты // Хвойные бореальной зоны. 2008. Т. 25. № 3-4. С.340-343. Мурашова О.В. Гидродинамические характеристики лесосплавных плоских сплоточных единиц: Автореферат дис. ... канд. техн. наук. Архангельск, 2007. 19 с. Панин В.Ф., Сечин А.И., Федосова В.Д. Экология: учебник для вузов / Под ред. В.Ф. Панина. Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2014. 327 с. Русчев Д.Д. Химия твердого топлива. Л.: Химия, 1976. 256 с. Соколова Н.А., Любезнова Н.А., Дубинка К.Ю., Леонов С.Н. Нормативное регулирование в строительстве и проектирование автомобильных дорог Российской Федерации // Евразийский союз ученых. 2016. №4-2(25). С. 122-124. Транспорт леса. В 2 т. Т. 2. Лесосплав и судовые перевозки: учебник для студ. высш. учеб. заведений / М.М. Овчинников, В.П. Полищук, Г.В. Григорьев. М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2009. 208 с. Тюгашев Е.А., Попков Ю.В. Противоречия Российской безработицы / Человек. Труд. Занятость: научно-практическое периодическое издание. 1996. Вып. 1. Новосибирск: изд. Ин-та философии и права СО РАН, 1996. С. 66-71. Фадеева О.П. Неформальная занятость в сибирском селе // Экономическая социология: электронный журнал. 2001. Т. 2. № 2. С. 61-93. URL:https://clck.ru/LnHof (дата доступа: 23.11.2019). Харитонов В.Я., Посыпанов С.В. Опыт внедрения единого транспортного пакета вместо молевого лесосплава // Лесной журнал. 2007. №1. С. 45-52. Шегельман И.Р. Лесные трансформации (XV-XXI вв.). Петрозаводск: Изд-во ПетрГУ, 2008. 240 с.

Eloranta, A., Thomassen, G., Bergan, M.A., Andersen, O. & Gregersen, F. 2019. Restoration potential of old dams in Norway. A pilot study of occurrence, characteristics and restoration potential in watercourses with anadromous and resident fish stocks. NINA Report 1628. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Man-made migration obstacles and barriers, such as dams and culverts, are among the main reasons why numerous migratory fish stocks (e.g. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, sea trout Salmo trutta, and European eel Anguilla anguilla) in Norway and elsewhere have become locally endangered or extinct. This is particularly the case in small streams which are often neglected by management authorities, despite of their high importance for fish recruitment and water quality in downstream river, lake and coastal areas. To reach good ecological status in Norwegian freshwaters, river restorations and mapping of migration barriers are urgently needed to improve connectivity and ecological status of these valuable ecosystems. The main objectives of this pilot project were (1) to evaluate the number, location, characteristics and restoration potential of old dams that are no longer in use, and (2) to give an overview of relevant literature and projects related to barrier removals. Data on dams were collected with a publicly available, electronic questionnaire and by conducting field surveys in two types of watercourses: (1) inner and outer coastal areas of Trondheimsfjorden with anadromous fish (sea trout, salmon and/or eel) and (2) tributaries of Drammenselva with resident fish stocks (mainly brown trout, but also lamprey Lampetra sp., eel and freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera mar-garitifera). Based on our results from 102 dams, only 21% of the reported dams are currently among the 3887 registered dams in the national DamPunkt-database (www.nve.no). Hence, the total number of dams in Norway can be roughly estimated to exceed 18 000. Most dams studied were made of concrete and/or stone and were typically 1–10 m high, 2–20 m wide, and partial or total migration barriers for aquatic biota. Most dams were currently used for hydropower operations, but some were originally built for other purposes. Our field surveys demonstrate that large areas of suitable fish spawning habitats are lost due to dams. In Trondheimsfjorden, numerous (mainly unregistered) dams are built for fish hatcheries that are no longer in operation and thus cause unnecessary fragmentation of anadromous river systems. Our two examples of potential restoration targets in Trondheimsfjorden (i.e., Kaldvella in Gaula river system and Dragvatnet in Hitra) demonstrate how barrier removal or restoration would substantially increase the accessible spawning and nursing habitats for anadromous fish. In Drammenselva area with long history of mining, forestry and hydropower activities, a great proportion of suitable spawning and nursing habitats for brown trout and freshwater pearl mussel is lost due to damming of small streams. Some dams have naturally collapsed and thus create only partial migration barriers for aquatic biota. However, the major and most difficult restoration targets are in the downstream river sections where even some very new dams block migratory fish. Various public institutions have collected information of man-made barriers in Norwegian watercourses. To support efficient and holistic planning and implementation of river restoration projects, these data should be gathered into a single, open-access database. Moreover, a user-friendly registration system (e.g. a mobile application) should be developed for mapping and reporting of old dams and other migration barriers (cf. “citizen-science project”). From an international perspective, Norway should become a more active member in present and future European river restoration projects (e.g. AMBER and Dam Removal Europe). This would help to increase public awareness and involvement, improve ecological status of riverine ecosystems and their valuable biota, and support fundamental applied science with wide international outreach. Eloranta, A., Thomassen, G., Bergan, M.A., Andersen, O. & Gregersen, F. 2019. Restaureringspotensial av gamle demninger i Norge. En pilotundersøkelse av forekomst, egenskaper og gjenopprettingspotensial i vassdrag med diadrome og stedegne fiskebestander. NINA Rapport 1628. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Menneskeskapte vandringshindre er blant hovedårsakene til at vandrende fiskebestander (f.eks. laks Salmo salar, sjøørret Salmo trutta, og ål Anguilla anguilla) har blitt negativt påvirket eller utryddet i Norge. Dette gjelder spesielt i mindre elver, som er viktige for fiskeproduksjon, men ofte oversett av forvaltningsmyndighetene. I Norske vassdrag er restaurering og kartlegging av vandringshindre et viktig virkemiddel for å gjenopprette konnektivet og god økologisk status i disse mindre, men verdifulle økosystemene. Hovedformålet med dette pilotprosjektet er: (1) å kartlegge antall, plassering, karakteristika og restaureringspotensial for demninger som ikke lenger er i bruk, (2) å gi en oversikt over relevant litteratur og damprosjekter med tanke på å fjerne vandringshindre. Vi samlet data om demninger ved bruk av et åpent spørreskjema hvor folk kunne registrere demninger som ikke lenger var i bruk. Vi valgte også ut to områder for nærmere feltundersøkelser: (1) indre og ytre deler av Trondheimsfjorden med diadrome arter (f.eks. sjøørret, laks og/eller ål) og (2) Drammensvassdraget med sideelver med stedegne fiskebestander (i hovedsak ørret, men også elvemusling Margaritifera margaritifera, niøye Lampetra sp. og ål). Basert på spørreundersøkelsen og feltstudiene (n = 102 demninger), var bare 21% av de demningene vi har registrert blant de 3887 demningene som er registrert i DamPunkt-databasen til NVE. Dette betyr at det kan være totalt mer enn 18 000 demninger i Norge. Den gjennomsnittlige demningen i denne studien var bygd av betong eller stein og var typisk 1–10 m høy, 2–20 m bred og fungerte helt eller delvis som vandringsbarriere for fisk eller andre vannlevende organismer. De fleste av demningene er utnyttet for vannkraftformål, men flere hadde blitt bygd i forbindelse med annen aktivitet. Resultatene fra de to studieområdene viser tydelig at store bekke- og elvearealer egnet som gyteområder er utilgjengelige som følge av demninger i vassdragene. I Trondheimsfjordområdet er flere demninger som ikke lenger er i bruk (og som ikke finnes i NVE sin DamPunkt-database) bygget på grunn av fiskeoppdrett. Disse fører til en fragmentering av anadrom strekning og reduserer gyte- og oppvekstområder. To eksempler (Kaldvella i Gaula og Dragvatnet på Hitra) viser hvordan fjerning av demninger som ikke lenger er i bruk kan øke arealet av de tilgjengelige gyte- og oppvekstområder. I Drammenselvas nedbørsfelt er en stor andel av egnede gyte- og oppvekstområder for ørret og elveperlemusling gjort utilgjengelige på grunn av gruvedrift, tømmerfløting og vannkraft. Noen av demningene har i dag kollapset og utgjør et delvis vandringshinder for vannlevende organismer. De største vandringshindrene ligger i de nedre deler av tilløpselvene (f.eks. Dørja, Bingselva og Hoenselva), der demninger (noen nokså nye), hindrer vandring. Ulike institusjoner i Norge (f.eks. NVE, Statens vegvesen, Fylkesmannen, kommuner og forskningsinstitusjoner) har samlet informasjon om menneskeskapte vandringshindre i vassdrag over hele Norge. For å sikre effektiv og helhetlig planlegging og gjennomføring av elverestaurerings-prosjekter, bør slike data samles i en felles, åpen database. Videre bør det utvikles et brukervennlig registreringssystem (f.eks. en norsk mobilapp) for å tilrettelegge for en storskala kartlegging av vandringshindre i Norge (som “folkeforskningsprosjekt”). Norge burde bli mer aktiv i på-gående og fremtidige europeiske elverestaureringsprosjekter (som AMBER eller Dam Removal Europe). En slik strategi vil bidra til å øke folks bevissthet og involvering i restaureringsprosjekter, forbedre økologisk status i mange vassdrag med tanke på fisk og andre akvatiske organismer, og støtte grunnleggende anvendt forskning med bred, internasjonal rekkevidde.

Using historical sources from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, we investigated the long-term evolution of the fish community in a mountainous river network and the influence of different human uses and management measures. Within the alpine Salzach catchment, historical presence was reconstructed for 26 fish species, abundance classes for 19 species. Due to channelization, flood protection and dam erections, the spatial distribution of fish species was reduced during the 20th century. Many rheophilic and eurytopic fish species historically inhabited river reaches along a wide longitudinal profile and were present in more upstream river reaches than nowadays. The decrease of species diversity in the headwater sections is a consequence of lost lateral connectivity. Strongest effects are reported for sensitive species requiring different habitat types during their life cycles (especially pike, nase, Danube salmon). One of the most important shifts from the historical fish community to the present one reflects the deliberate introduction of fish species for fisheries. Rainbow trout and brook trout, absent from the historical fish assemblage, today represent up to 29 % of the total number of fish occurrences. In contrast, log driving, one of the most common historical pressures in European mountainous rivers, did not show significant negative effects on the past fish ecological situation. This result strongly differs from the impacts of log driving and deforestation demonstrated for recent times, and could be related to the change in log driving practices during the 20th century and to the high societal value of fish before the industrialization period along with other historical pressures affecting fish in rivers without log driving. In general, our results can be valid for a large number of European mountainous rivers. They highlight the usefulness of such detailed historical studies for our understanding of the long-term evolution of fish communities and their present functioning, and point the way for future river management strategies to restore fish biodiversity.

The aim of this thesis has been to study and analyse in detail the process by which timber floating in tributaries was phased out. The region covered is that of the Ume and Vindel rivers and the period studied is 1945-70. The years I945-60 have been the most central to the analysis. The approach taken was to study timber floating itself rather than the new transport alternative (lorries) which developed during the post-war period. This brought the increasing costs of timber floating in tributaries into the forefront of the investigation, along with the efforts made to restrain these by means of investment in and partial closure of the floatway network. The consequences in terms of changed labour demand are also discussed. An important part of the analysis has been to examine the inherent weaknesses of timber floating in tributaries and the internal driving forces underlying its phasing-out. The term "internal driving forces" connotes those forces which affected timber floating as a means of transport by causing its costs to rise. In other words it has not been a matter of looking at the direct competition from lorry transport and the advantages of the new transport technique but rather of identifying the drawbacks of floating, when, where and how they arose, and how they helped to make it relatively dearer, thus motivating the changeover to lorry transport. The internal driving forces were forest structure and labour costs. When labour costs incurred in timber floating in tributaries were rising rapidly and the dimensions of the logs became smaller in size, floating became a dearer transport solution than before. As regards changes in forest structure, the dimensions of logs were diminishing throughout the floating epoch. This meant that the risk of sinking during floating increased. The effect of this was that the need to bark the timber was increasing all the time, which in turn entailed an indirect transport cost for floating. In addition to this, smaller log dimensions affected the labour time and cost of floating. The changed labour conditions along with the changed forest structure showed the importance of studying structural change in the Norrland forest region. For during the later 1940s and early 1950s a shortage of labour presented itself, and the cause was to be found in the new job opportunities which were emerging, some in the rural areas, for example in the construction of hydro-electric powerplants, and some in the larger populated localities, and these factors taken together made recruitment for jobs in forestry and timber floating more difficult. One of the chief characteristics of the way events were moving was that recruitment shifted away from having mainly targeted the agrarian lower class of smallholders, crofters and leaseholders so that it now focused increasingly on freehold farmers while at the same time the recruitment base, having previously consisted of younger workers, was now composed mainly of older people. Also in this study, various factors have been examined which could conceivably explain the changes in productivity of timber floating in tributaries. The results show, for example, that during the 1950s a partial phasing-out had very small direct effects on productivity in the area studied. Thus the combination of investment and changes in the quantity of timber is the factor which best explains the differences between different tributaries in the trend of productivity. A tributary´s greater capacity to float timber did not necessarily signify a bigger labour requirement since to a certain extent the watercourse itself “did the job”. As regards investment, clearance operations using caterpillar tractors were probably very important. It is true that the genuine dependence of log driving in tributaries on nature influenced conditions varied strongly from year to year, but since the link between investment costs and the trend of productivity is significant, it still seems reasonable to draw the conclusion that investment lent impetus to the rise in productivity during the 1950s. digitalisering@umu

International audience; Using historical sources from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, we investigated the long-term evolution of the fish community in a mountainous river network and the influence of different human uses and management measures. Within the alpine Salzach catchment, historical presence was reconstructed for 26 fish species, abundance classes for 19 species. Due to channelization, flood protection and dam erections, the spatial distribution of fish species was reduced during the 20th century. Many rheophilic and eurytopic fish species historically inhabited river reaches along a wide longitudinal profile and were present in more upstream river reaches than nowadays. The decrease of species diversity in the headwater sections is a consequence of lost lateral connectivity. Strongest effects are reported for sensitive species requiring different habitat types during their life cycles (especially pike, nase, Danube Salmon). One of the most important shifts from the historical fish community to the present one is due to deliberate introduction of fish species for fisheries. Rainbow trout and brook trout, absent at the end of the 19th century, represent nowadays up to 29% of the total number of fish occurrences. In contrast, log driving, one of the most common historical pressures in European mountainous rivers did not show significant negative effects on the historical fish community. This result strongly differs from the severe impacts of log driving and deforestation demonstrated for recent the time, and could be related to the change in log driving practices during the 20th century and to the high societal value of fisheries before the industrialization period. In general, our result could be considered for a large number of European mountainous rivers. They highlight the interest of such detailed historical studies for the understanding of the long-term evolution of fish communities, their present functioning and future river management to restore fish biodiversity.