Search

The article is devoted to the coverage of priorities for improving the legal mechanism of real estate property taxation and legal concepts of reformation of administration of tax on real estate property, different from land plot, taking into account the current legal regime of martial law and the prospects of the post-war period in Ukraine. In the context of solvency, the property owner uses affordable and highquality public goods and services. They are financed from the local budget, where this property owner рауs local taxes and fees, performing economic activity and / or living in the territorial community. For last years in Ukraine there has been an increase in income from the real estate property tax. It may indicate the strengthening of its fiscal significance and the need for further filling of the State Register of Property Rights to Real Estate Property and improving the administration of this tax. Administration costs shouldn't be burdensome. Attention is paid to the debatable nature of the existing real estate property tax administration trends and proposals for further reforming the procedures for collection of this tax. It leads to the search for effective legal ensuring of the optimal model of taxation of real estate objects in Ukraine both during the legal regime of martial law or state of emergency, and in the post-war period. Proven need to use of cadastral valuation in determining the value of real estate object as a tax base for the annual real estate property tax. It will help to avoid discrimination in the taxation of real estate property owners and ensure an objective tax burden. It is noted that during martial law and in the medium-term post-war perspective, Ukraine lacks economic and legislative prerequisites for the introduction of cost and physical indicators for determining the tax base for this tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the system of social protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, which has become especially relevant in the conditions of the long-term armed aggression of the Russian Federation. The author examines the legal regulation of the protection of IDPs, focusing on national legislation, in particular the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons», as well as on international legal acts and their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. It examines the main social programs and services provided to internally displaced persons, including housing, medical and psychological care, social support, education and employment. The problems faced by IDPs in receiving these services, such as insufficient funding, bureaucratic obstacles and limited access to social resources, are analyzed separately. Special attention is paid to the role of local self-government in ensuring social protection of IDPs. Opportunities and challenges faced by local authorities in integrating IDPs into new communities are analyzed. Examples of successful practices of local self-government cooperation with public organizations and international partners to improve the effectiveness of social services are considered. The author identifies key problems and identifies prospects for the development of the system of social protection of internally displaced persons. Among the proposed measures are improving the efficiency of management, simplifying the procedures for receiving assistance through the introduction of electronic systems, ensuring stable financing of programs, as well as the development and implementation of comprehensive programs for the social integration of IDPs. An important aspect is cooperation with international organizations, which contributes to attracting additional resources and implementing the best global practices. The need for a systemic approach to solving the problems of internally displaced persons is emphasized, which includes reforming the legislative framework, increasing financial resources, developing innovative approaches to social protection management, and active integration of IDPs into new communities. Only under the conditions of constant monitoring and improvement of the social protection system, considering the role of local self-government, it is possible to ensure effective support and protection of the rights of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, which is an important condition for the stable development of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of national and international norm-project activities in the process of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. It is proved that in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which is of an aggressive nature on the part of the aggressor, great troubles and destruction have been caused to our people and their state, which have manifested themselves in numerous human casualties, disintegration and destruction of the basic everyday and critical infrastructure of territorial communities, destruction and the actual devastation of large territories, which makes it virtually impossible for a person to exist and function in the relevant territory, limits his opportunities to organize his stable and predictable life cycle, as well as to satisfy existential needs, efforts, and interests. However, the war itself objectifies and actualizes the issue of the post-war restoration of the state and its TG, and this, in turn, puts on the agenda the issues of rule-making by the public authorities of the state and subjects of international relations, including member states of the international community and their associative and structural units - international intergovernmental and intergovernmental organizations, including, first of all, the important stage of norm-making - norm-project activity. It is argued that norm-projecting activity at the national and international levels in the process of postwar recovery of Ukraine plays an important methodological and praxeological significance, because the principles of post-war recovery of Ukraine and its TG: a) quite clearly, clearly, unambiguously reflect and determine the fundamental directions, forms and guidelines of norm-projecting activity public authorities of the state; b) even more, they are aimed at the unambiguous formation and formulation of the rights and obligations of the subjects of social relations that will arise in the process of post-war recovery; c) must be adequately taken into account and reflected in the relevant standard-setting activity of public state authorities, as well as, and this is especially important, in the standard-setting of local self-government bodies; d) they form the foundations of state legal and municipal legal policy in the field of post-war reconstruction. At the same time, the lion's share of the above principles of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its TG has a significant impact on the international level - their practical implementation cannot be implemented without significant financial assistance from foreign partners. And this, in turn, actualizes and contextualizes the normative-drafting activity of public authorities of Ukraine (including local self-government bodies) in the field of international contract law, including normative-drafting work in the field of international inter-municipal cooperation, as well as general international cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prevention of Corruption”, the Model Regulation “On the Authorized Unit (Person) on Prevention and Detection of Corruption” and other specialized legislation from the point of view of regulating the activities of the anticorruption officer of state authorities and local self-government bodies. The complex of measures to prevent and detect corruption, which are entrusted to the authorized persons in the implementation of their activities in state bodies, local self-government bodies, state enterprises, institutions, and organizations, has been studied. It was established that the anti-corruption commissioner exercises control over compliance with anti-corruption legislation in the relevant body, its territorial (interregional) bodies and legal entities belonging to the sphere of management of the relevant body through cooperation with the management, employees and other authorized bodies (persons) in accordance with the current legislation. It was found that in the current legislation of Ukraine there are two institutions of anti-corruption commissioners, different in terms of legal regulation, but unified in terms of the purpose of their activity. Namely, the first institute provides for the formation (definition) of authorized divisions (authorized persons) on issues of prevention and detection of corruption, in particular, at enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to the sphere of management of a state body and regulates its activities, and the second institute of anti-corruption officers, specifically for legal entities whose anti-corruption programs are approved in accordance with the Law. It is emphasized that the fulfillment of a number of tasks by the authorized person is related to direct interaction with the management of the state authority or local self-government body, including on the issues of conflict of interest settlement, whistleblower protection, bringing guilty persons to disciplinary responsibility for violating the requirements of anti-corruption legislation, informing about the facts of committing such violations, managing corruption risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Russian historiography, the officials of Tsarist Russia have long been portrayed as refusing progressive ideals and pursuing their personal goals, i.e., as being unconcerned with the public good. However, this perspective on the history of Russian officialdom has led to the neglect of many distinguished individuals who contributed immensely to the public life of their country. Due to their active roles in both local and public self-government of Russian provincial cities and the exceptional impacts they made on the urban well-being of the Russian Empire, there has now been a growing interest in their biographies among researchers. One such individual is Nikolai Fedorovich Grauert, once a prominent public figure in Kazan. He served as a member of the Kazan City Duma and the City Council (from 1897 to 1916), participating in a number of city executive commissions (those related to school, theater, and forestry management). Despite his fruitful work in the public service, N.F. Grauert’s biography has never been specifically addressed. He happened to be involved in the events in October 1905 that took place in Kazan and thus was labeled by the state authorities as a culprit of the Kazan “upheaval.” Here, using archival sources, N.F. Grauert’s biography is reconstructed. His role as the chairman of the City Council’s School Commission for improving the situation with urban education, as well as in expanding the school network to promote universal education in Kazan, is emphasized.

The subject. The article analyzes the existing practice of implementation and use of digital technologies at the municipal level. The choice of the research object is conditioned by the fact that currently most acts in the field of digitalization of public authority affect the federal or regional level, meanwhile, the digital transformation of local self-government has its own specificity, due to the peculiarities of this level of social management, which should be taken into account in the legal regulation.The purpose of the study: identify the risks that have a negative impact on the process of digital transformation of local governance, and propose measures to minimize or eliminate the identified risks by legal means.Methodology. The research utilized integrated and interdisciplinary approaches. The methodological basis of the study was formed by a set of methods of cognition, the main of which were: methods of formal and dialectical logic and analysis, comparative-legal and system-structural methods, as well as sociological methods of research.Conclusions. The following conclusions were made based on the results of the research:1.The main risks of introducing digital technologies in the activities of local government are: the risk of violating the security and confidentiality of personal data of citizens during their processing and storage in the digital systems of local government; the risk of cyberattacks, hacking or unauthorized access to information systems operated by municipal authorities; the risk of insufficient legal regulation of the introduction and use of digital technologies; the risk of using inappropriate or low-quality digital technology.2.The following measures are proposed as measures to minimize the identified risks: systematic mandatory informing of both local government officials and the public on the correct procedure and liability measures for the implementation and operation of digital technologies, transmission, storage and processing of personal data, etc., which will contribute to the formation of the necessary level of legal literacy; revision of the system of penalties for deliberate violations in the field of operation of digital technologies by local government officials; organize control over the acts adopted by local government bodies with the involvement of the population and the use of digital technologies to receive feedback from the population on the acts adopted by local government bodies; develop and consolidate the principles and procedures for the introduction and use of end-to-end digital technologies in the activities of state and municipal authorities; provide for the possibility of revising any decision made in case of a technical failure that occurred in the course of the decision-making process; provide for the use of digital technologies in the activities of state and municipal authorities; and provide for the use of digital technologies in the activities of local government bodies.

Introduction. The reform of local self-government is an established trend in the activities of the legislative body of the Russian Federation. There is a search for an optimal model of the organization of the system of public authorities at the settlement level. At the same time, the legislation on local self-government provides for institutions that can take on some of the responsibilities for solving issues of local importance. The article deals with the issues of the legal nature of territorial public self-government. The author focuses on the correlation of the concepts of “motivation” and “stimulation”. Results. In the public legal sphere, the state uses various ways to influence participants in public relations in order to encourage them to make positive decisions. To a large extent, these tools are imperative. For example, creation of municipalities throughout the country is imperative; the norm of the Federal Law “On General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” regarding the establishment of a system of mandatory local self-government bodies is imperative. However, the law also contains a significant number of dispositive norms. They are characterized by the absence of the obligation of the subjects of the right to perform certain socially significant actions. For example, the law provides for the possibility of establishing a territorial public self-government (TPSG). But residents of settlements have no obligation to create them, therefore, this provision of the law on the possibility of creating TPSG is dispositive, it orients citizens to the establishment of these associations, being, in fact, motivational. Conclusions. Motivational and stimulating components in the system of methods of state influence on public relations are clearly manifested in the establishment and activity of territorial public selfgovernment. The motivational component in influencing public law relations is not the subject of close attention of scientists, although normsgoals, norms-principles increasingly influence the development of priorities for social development, the formulation of relevant legal norms, having only motivation in their arsenal of influence.

Motivation: The subject of interest presented in this study is the problem of spa fee and the resulting municipal revenues. In accordance with the international and constitutional standard of financial adequacy, including this fee in the revenue catalogue of only some municipalities should result from their specificity, i.e. generating additional budgetary expenditure not incurred by other municipalities. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to address the systemic differences of spa municipalities, and primarily the additional tasks imposed on them, as well as to analyse and assess the importance of spa fee in the financial management of municipalities. Based on the analysis of this fee legal structure, and in particular its subject, an attempt was made to indicate the factors influencing its fiscal efficiency and significance. Results: The fiscal efficiency of the discussed fee, as compared to other revenue categories, and its importance in the municipal financing structure are small (approx. 0.028% of the total municipal revenues and 1.47% of the total revenues generated by spa municipalities). The main factor influencing the amount of revenues from the fee and its share in the revenue structure is related to tourist activity in the municipality, mainly referring to a therapeutic treatment of natural persons. In the municipalities characterized by high tourist traffic, which results in an extensive accommodation offer corresponding to the demand, the importance of the fee in terms of financing is at a significant level, reaching even 7,1% of total revenues in the entire analysed period, i.e. 2017-2022 and over 8.8% in 2017. The occurrence of such cases is an argument proving the significant revenue potential of the fee. Increasing its use, in addition to developing both therapeutic and accommodation infrastructure in a municipality also requires taking action aimed at ensuring better efficiency of the spa fee collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public integrity, transparency and accountability have been identified as part of the founding principles of the public sector which should be enacted in legislation and applied consistently in practice. Effective implementation of the accountability principle shall underpin integrity of public service and its legal, professional and transparent operation. The purpose of the paper is to analyze conceptual issues of public officials' accountability, focusing on disciplinary responsibility and application in practice. The paper also presents the results of the research conducted in 30 local self government units in the Republic of Serbia. The results point out the (non)efficient implementation of legal and ethical rules and values concerning disciplinary procedures, sanctions, performance appraisal system in the context of possible improvements and capacity building. In order to enhance public integrity, appropriate legislative and institutional frameworks must be in place to enable public-sector organizations to take responsibility for effectively managing the integrity of their activities, as well as that of the public officials who carry out those activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of The L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University Political Science Regional Studies Oriental Studies Turkology Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the role and significance of local self-government in countering Russian aggression in modern conditions, as well as in the prospective harmonious reintegration of the de-occupied territories of Ukraine and ensuring sustainable national stability. The author's vision of the system of national strength of Ukraine as a complex of various interconnected elements, which in their totality are able to ensure the detection of threats to national statehood and civil society, is formulated, their differentiation according to the importance and priority of response, permanent monitoring of threats according to their evolution, elimination of the indicated threats to sustainable development. It has been established that the reintegration of the de-occupied territories of Ukraine will be a significant challenge to the national system of state strength. The thoughtfulness of this process, the identification of key problems and obstacles to the effective reintegration of the de-occupied territories, the elimination of security, economic, social, political, legal, spiritual-ideological, culturaleducational, environmental, infrastructural and other obstacles to the organic reintegration of the de-occupied territories of Ukraine will have a profound impact on the national system of strength both on a state scale and on a local scale. It was concluded that the functioning of local self-government based on the principle of subsidiarity in relation to the reintegration of deoccupied territories is the most effective direction for the successful harmonious reunification of previously occupied territories with Ukraine. It is argued that the main emphasis in the field of reintegration of de-occupied territories should be aimed at people living or returning or settling in such de-occupied territories. It is the context of the organic unification of people around the values of the cultural, economic, social, political, spiritual and ideological life of Ukraine after deoccupation that should fill municipal and state policy. This approach of active municipal policy combined with state support based on taking into account local needs, requests and features of the de-occupied territories will ensure their formalization, sustainable recovery and subsequent prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the role of legal mechanisms for monitoring the observance of public order in the context of the interaction of police officers with local self-government bodies. To determine the legal framework for collaboration between the police and regional selfgovernment, formal legal and comparative methods, analysis of legal acts, and abstract and logical methods were used. The forms of interaction between the police and local self-government in controlling the observance of public order are identified in the article, and recommendations for improving such cooperation are formulated. It was determined that in order to improve the proper mechanisms of interaction between police officers and local self-government bodies, it is recommended to adopt a normative document on the legislative consolidation of the mechanism of interaction in the field of public safety and order in ordinary and emergency situations. It is recommended that the responsible entities and mechanisms for monitoring the state of this interaction be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examines the results of exercising the existing state supervision powers over local self-government bodies in combating crimes for the protection of the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The aim is to assess the state-legal mechanisms for combating crimes to ensure the country's territorial integrity based on the control functions over local self-government in Ukraine. The research employed methods of graphic analysis, sociological survey on issues of supervisory powers and local self-government, and content analysis of legislation related to state control over the activities of local authorities. The practical application of enhanced state supervision over local self-government bodies is complicated by the economic shortcomings of supervisory institutions and political contradictions with local authorities. It was established that effective countermeasures against crime for the preservation of territorial integrity depend not only on the nominal organisational structure of supervision but also on the formation of mutual relations with local communities through the governance channels with the involvement of the public. Detailed state supervision should effectively strengthen the protection of sovereignty while preserving the elements of self-governance that are an example of the state's legitimacy for citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides examples of public projects to ensure the availability of infrastructure for low-mobility population groups, the territorial community of the city of Cherkasy. The creation of children's rooms, the proposed playground for children with disabilities, as well as the creation of barrier-free infrastructure for everyone without exception. Project solutions and proposals, for example from other cities of Ukraine, regarding improving the accessibility of the city's infrastructure for the less mobile population groups have been analyzed and presented. The theoretical provisions, improved approaches and obtained results developed in the project proposal can become a project basis during the formation of policies at various levels and the implementation of appropriate measures to ensure the accessibility of the infrastructure of the territorial community for the less mobile population groups, to activate the public at the level of territorial communities. We hope that the project proposals will be accepted and considered by territorial communities, namely the city of Cherkasy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and praxeological aspects of the formation of the globalist potential of the territorial community in the context of the formation and development of international cooperation of local self-government bodies. In domestic jurisprudence, the topic is investigated for the first time. The author claims that the formation and development of the institution of local self-government on the territory of states (at the national level) as a constitutional and legal phenomenon of society and the state, which: a) is a priori and organically connected with every person, his everyday life, his existential individual, group and collective interests and rights, b) regardless of their legal status (citizenship, foreignness, statelessness, bipatricy, refugee, etc.) and c) determined by the fact that it is in the conditions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and within the territorial community that each person carries out his entire life cycle, d) the fundamental social space for human awareness and realization of its natural and other rights, freedoms and responsibilities within the framework of naturalistic jurisprudence, d') the fundamental and supporting space where the fertile population exists and functions and where it realizes its reproductive function, and this possesses local, regional, national, international and global influence on the fate of human civilization, as well as its (local self-government) international recognition as: a) an important object of international legal regulation, b) already actually recognized by states and their international community as an ordinary the subject-object of international contractual law, c) an established subject of international regulation and regulation by international intergovernmental and non- governmental organizations and their institutions, d) the main and actually common behavioral and activity space of a person, arising in its conditions and within its limits community, without taking into account the effect of state borders, d') territorial human community, where local democracy is formed, arises, exists, functions and is implemented, which is an instrumental and existential form of social existence of a person, his groups and associations; e) an immanent element of democratic legal statehood; f) the social sphere, where the institutional basis of civil society is formed, exists and functions, based on the variety of existential interests of a person, his groups and associations; e) of the natural and primary collective community of human civilization - determined the formation in the community of the phenomenology of the globalization potential, when the primary collective social community, presenting the "microcosm", can speak on behalf of the entire human civilization, because, by and large, it concentrates the entire systemic a complex of existential attitudes and habits of a person in his everyday existence within the territorial human community, which includes a local system of protection of his rights and freedoms. It is proven that in the conditions of globalization, the role and importance of not only local self- government, but also its main representative subject - the territorial community, which: a) begins to possess new properties (international legal personality in the appropriate form and within the appropriate limits - partial, fragmentary, "imperfect", "unformed" international legal personality), b) forms a new quality (ordinary subject of international relations, quasi-subject of international public law), c) a new level of regulatory and legal regulation and regulation (within the international norm-making and at the level of international contract law), d) a qualitatively new volume of perception within the international system (acquisition of globalist potential), hence, the last conclusion can be perceived in two ways: on the one hand, as an organic part of the above processes, and on the other, - as a summary of all the above processes, their quintessence. Therefore, it is necessary to understand that the formation of the globalist potential of the territorial community is a complex multilevel and multifactorial process consisting of many elements - one of such essential elements is the phenomenology of international cooperation of local self-government bodies. The author proposes to understand the international cooperation of local self-government bodies, which appears as a sufficiently motivated and objectified, complex and multifactorial political-normative and socio-economic phenomenology, as a system of their communication links with: a) municipal and local self-government bodies of other levels of foreign states, b) their municipal and other national unions of a territorial and self-governing orientation, c) international associations of local authorities at the universal, regional and subregional levels, d) international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with issues of local democracy and local development, d) the international community states represented by the UN and international organizations created by it and functioning under its auspices (local sustainable development, development of human settlements, organization of local self-government on the territories of UN member states, etc.), as well as d) with any foreign partners, including governmental structures of foreign states, international and national banking institutions and other international credit institutions, business structures, organizations of international civil society, foreign legal entities and individuals, etc. It is noted that the fundamental teleological dominant of such cooperation of local self- government bodies of Ukraine is the need to solve a range of specific and important issues related to the socio-economic, socio-cultural, socio-political, socio-ecological existence, functioning and development of the territorial community and its residents-members, development of the municipal (local) economy, improvement and improvement of its infrastructure.

The article is devoted to the study of the concepts of “competency”, “competence”, “powers”, and their correlation in the formulation of powers of local self-government bodies. The study focuses on the understanding that local self-government and local self-government bodies are a product of civil society and are called upon to regulate, promote and implement the interests of civil society, associations of citizens, in particular, on the territorial principle, as well as individuals. Since local self-government is the right of residents of certain settlements to associate, local governments must provide relevant services to the community and its residents. The provision of relevant services by local self-government bodies, which are public services by their nature, involves the exercise of their powers granted to them as a result of decentralisation of power to fulfil their functions and tasks. The exercise of powers by local self-government bodies is impossible without understanding the essence and content of powers, their correlation with the subjects of exercise – the relevant officials of local self-government bodies. Thus, understanding of the holistic doctrine of powers of local self-government bodies, their functionality and hierarchy is impossible without studying the concepts of “competency” and “competence” of a local self-government official. Based on the results of the study, the author formulates the author’s own definitions of the concepts of “competency”, “competence” and “powers” of local self-government bodies. Competence is considered as an integral system that includes subsystems of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform a certain function and implement a relevant task, which by its purpose meets the requirements for holding a position in local self-government bodies, as well as the rights and obligations resulting from the implementation of the functions and tasks of local self-government. Competency is the ability of a person to exercise the rights and duties of a local self-government official, taking into account the availability of relevant knowledge, skills and abilities, the ability of the official to independently form the specified necessary set of rights and duties for the exercise of the powers of the local self-government body, taking into account the available administrative discretion. At the same time, it is substantiated that the powers of local self-government bodies are a system of rights and obligations of local self-government officials enshrined in legal documents which ensures the realisation of the interests of the territorial community by providing relevant services within the framework of certain functions for these bodies and is based on the competence and competence of officials, employees of local self-government bodies and institutions and organisations established by them aimed at achieving the tasks set by these bodies.

In modern history, public authority has expanded its political and legal interpretation. By an amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation from 2020 on improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority, the bodies of local self-government were included among the bodies of public authority. Based on Article 132 of the RF Constitution, LSG bodies entered the unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation and began to cooperate with state authorities for the most effective resolution of tasks in the interests of the population residing in the respective territory.The European Charter on Local Self-Governance defines and the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the historical and legal basis for the establishment of local self-governance in a particular territory — its autonomy. The cultural and historical peculiarities of the inhabitants of these territories must be taken into account.The people of St Petersburg exercise their constitutional right to exercise power through local government. It has its own cultural code, which is expressed in special history, local customs and traditions, a multinational population, and a multitude of confessions. Local self-government is represented by 111 inner-city municipalities and 1 Council of Municipalities. Local government is regulated by the law on organization of local government in St Petersburg. The degree to which the residents’ right to power, and thus political stability in the region, depends on the quality of the local government’s performance of its powers.The 2019 municipal elections changed the quality of the representative bodies by supplementing them with independent, non-systemic deputies. This circumstance allowed for a different perspective on the specifics of local government and the functioning of LSG bodies. In the opinion of the authors, this renewal is not so much the desire of the population of the metropolis to change the composition of the representative bodies, but rather the consequence of a consistent government policy of centralizing local self-governance. After the incorporation of local self-governance into the system of public authorities and the artificial subordination of its legal nature to the needs of state power, the managerial principle of federal megacities of urban unity became the main reason, exploiting which, as a screen, the state power consistently deprives LSG bodies of independence, reducing the financial basis, the number of issues of local significance, and traditionally local functionality.The article attempts to determine the level of autonomy of LSG bodies of St. Petersburg, the direction of the vector of normative-legal regulation of state power in relation to the constitutional institution, to analyze the results of the findings, to draw conclusions and to assess the level of autonomy of local self-government in the political aspect, as well as the possible consequences of such state policy on the ground.The aim of this article is to provide scientific substantiation of necessity of certain decisions of state power bodies with the aim of preventing governmentalization of local self-government in St. Petersburg, to offer concrete measures for decision-making by state power bodies.

Certain aspects of information and communication factors of reforming local self-government in the context of achieving the planned results in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law introduced in Ukraine are considered. Among the urgent problems -- improvement of the information and communication environment of local self-government, information support of decentralization processes. The article is aimed at studying the influence of the legal regime of martial law on the formation of an effective mechanism for the open functioning of local public authorities, the development of forms of direct democratic participation of citizens in resolving issues of local importance. The effectiveness of the entire system of local self-government is based on democratic ideas of openness and accessibility of local authorities. In conditions of war, the importance of the information and communication factor for the implementation of the functions of local self-government is especially increasing. It is emphasized that the achievement of communicative interaction between the local population, local authorities on the basis of understanding has always been an important factor in establishing effective local self-government, the formation of capable territorial communities. It is concluded that there is a constitutional and legal basis for the open nature of the activities of public authorities, the participation of citizens in solving issues of local importance, its shortcomings and ways of improvement are called. The most common practices of establishing communicative relationships are investigated, which emphasize the importance of direct dialogue during war and the importance of digital technologies. One of the directions in these processes is the active digitalization of communities ("community in a smartphone"). Under the conditions of martial law, the level of openness and transparency of the activities of local public authorities decreases, since a number of legal security restrictions have been established. This directly affects the level of involvement of residents in the processes of preparation and decisionmaking of local self-government bodies, guaranteeing certain constitutional (municipal rights) human and citizen rights. The insufficient level of application of modern ICTs, the importance of which in war conditions cannot be overestimated, remains problematic. It is also argued that it is quite difficult to fully ensure the increase in the level of functioning of the local self-government system, the fulfillment of tasks by self-governing bodies, the territorial community only through the use of a technological (digital) approach. There is a need to develop more optimal indicators of the effectiveness of activities aimed at solving the problems of the life of the territorial community and the implementation of its interests, increasing public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current problems of the formation of military municipalism in Ukraine as a social phenomenon, a normative phenomenology, an organic part of the national legislation on local self-government, which is determined and objectified by the Russian Federation's unprovoked aggression against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the priority directions of the formation of the legal field of military municipalism in the conditions of extraordinary functioning of statehood (martial law, war, as well as natural and man-made disasters). It is argued that the formation of military municipalism is an objective process associated with the crisis conditions of the existence and functioning of the phenomenology of statehood - therefore, the doctrinal support of the formation processes of military municipalism is a positive trend to ensure its prospective legalization and subsequent legitimation. It is proved that the formation and emergence of the phenomenology of military municipalism is organically connected with the existence of the institution of local self-government and the functioning of local self-government bodies - precisely in the context of their performance of their competent powers and fundamental functions in the extraordinary conditions of the functioning of statehood, i.e., in the conditions of martial law and war (as well as in conditions of natural and man-made cataclysms); It is emphasized that the formation and emergence of the phenomenology of military municipalism directly affects the implementation by local self-government bodies in crisis conditions of public power, the protection of human rights and freedoms, and the promotion of the practical implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms by people-residents and at the same time members of the TG, which is actually directed to the creation of a center of life within the TG and direct assistance to residents-members of such a community in understanding, forming, implementing and guaranteeing the implementation of their life cycle. Arguments are expressed regarding the fact that in the process of everyday life of a person in the given crisis conditions, local self-government bodies should have the appropriate powers that will give them a real opportunity by solving a systemic set of issues of existential significance, through the formation and implementation at the local level of society of not only individual, group and collective human rights and freedoms, as well as the system of their protection and protection directly implement their strategic and productive tasks and functions. This is precisely what reflects the strategic and essential problems of general constitutionalism, an immanent part of which is military municipalism. A generalized conclusion is given that the phenomenology of military municipalism, through ensuring the existence of local self-government and the functioning of local self-government bodies in crisis conditions of the existence and functioning of statehood, clearly contributes to the formation, functioning and improvement of the local system of protection and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, thanks to which one of the most important functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs -- human rights protection and law enforcement, which are at the basis of the creation of a safe zone for a person throughout his life cycle within the territorial community and in the conditions of local self-government, are formed and highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of certain features of the legal regulation of local self-government in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. Local self-government is considered as a component of the constitutional system of Ukraine. However, the need to concentrate efforts and resources to ensure the defence of the state against external aggression, along with the preservation of the foundations of the democratic legal nature of the state, necessitates the introduction of a special legal regime of martial law, which is characterized by significant differences from the legal regime of "peace time". The special role of the Law "On the Legal Regime of Martial Law" as the basis for the functioning of the entire system of public authorities, including local self-government, during war is emphasized. The limitations on the functioning of local self-government at the level of the territorial hromada, due to the needs of martial law, are considered. Such limitations are implemented institutionally, through the introduction of local military administrations as special temporary state authorities, and functionally, through the redistribution of powers between military administrations and local self-government bodies. It is shown that three forms of local government organization are possible: full-fledged functioning of local self-government in the absence of military administrations; coexistence of military administrations and local self-government bodies; transfer of all powers to military administrations with the suspension of the functioning of local self-government bodies. The ambiguity of practice regarding the coexistence of self-government with military administrations as an exceptional situation is shown. The institution of the suspension of the functioning of local self-government bodies with its possible renewal under appropriate conditions is a novel of legal regulation of the martial law regime. The grounds and subjects of making the relevant decisions, as well as the constitutional specificity of the relevant provisions, their relationship with the general legislative regulation of self-government and individual examples of their practical application are considered. The need for a more complete study of the limitations of local self-government in the context of a comprehensive scientific study of the nature of the legal regime of martial law and the special role of the Law "On the Legal Regime of Martial Law" in comparison with the Constitution of Ukraine is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the peculiarities and problems of realization of human rights in the field of local self-government in the context of martial law and the Russian-Ukrainian war. The full-scale armed invasion of the Russian Federation has significantly affected the state of human rights in general and in territorial hromadas in particular. Real local self-government, decentralization of power and human rights, their realization and protection are inextricably linked phenomena and processes. Despite the significant economic, social, environmental and other problems caused by martial law, the decentralization processes in Ukraine, launched in 2014, have not stopped. Territorial hromadas, the formation and development of legal personality of which is the main goal of the reform processes, are gradually acquiring the features of full-fledged subjects of local self-government, the main bearers of its functions and powers, active participants in economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational and other municipal relations. The content of these relations is primarily formed by municipal human rights, etc., those subjective rights, the realization and sometimes protection of which is conditioned by the specifics of the life of territorial hromadas. It is also noted that the relevance of studying the human dimension of local self-government and decentralization processes is due to new challenges for our state caused by the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Therefore, today there is a need for scientific analysis and further resolution of problematic issues related to ensuring the realization of human rights as a resident -- a member of a territorial hromada, implementation of systemic measures to protect them in the context of not only national security challenges, but also in the context of the prospects for post-war recovery and sustainable development of territorial hromadas. The purpose of the article is to outline the peculiarities of the human dimension of local selfgovernment in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author emphasizes that the existence of systemic problems under martial law, primarily economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational, etc., relating to the full functioning of territorial hromadas and, over time, the reconstruction of the destroyed municipal infrastructure, indicates the significant role and importance of local self-government in the processes of realization of most human rights. In turn, it is human rights that determine the content and focus of the activities of all actors of the local self-government system in various areas of municipal life. It is emphasized that the Russian-Ukrainian war has had a dramatic impact on the priorities of many territorial hromadas in Ukraine. New economic, social, cultural, environmental, information and other challenges of municipal life necessitate the formation of innovative approaches to the human rights protection potential and human-centered orientation of municipal authorities in terms of ensuring, institutional and procedural guarantees of human rights protection of a member of a territorial hromada, the main areas of improvement of municipal human rights protection activities, etc. In this context, the article focuses on the trends in the development of territorial hromadas, legislation on local self-government and municipal law in the context of modern challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is dedicated to exploring the practice of building a local self-government system in the Russian Empire, which differed from the European experience. This system was created exclusively through the government's initiatives and efforts, with minimal public intervention. The combination of methodological approaches to solving the set tasks relied precisely on the historical dimension. Combined with a functional approach, it allowed for reconstructing a systematic picture of the researched subject. This way, government measures were analysed to develop the "main grounds of rules" for public urban administration of capital cities and Odesa. Special attention was paid to the differences in the Regulation on the Public Order of the City of Odesa regarding implementing the principle of allclass inclusiveness and independence in public administration. Given the urgency of the problem of self-government for society, it was highly politicised, especially by Soviet historiography, and was far from impartial research. Therefore, the authors aimed to provide an unbiased view of the legislative process. Prospects for further research lie in seeking ways to return the self-governing traits genetically inherent to Ukrainians and to build Ukrainian statehood based on the dominance of local self-government in the political-organisational and institutional-functional aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper builds on an intensive and unique survey of all Czech municipalities (n = 6,258) regarding the geoparticipatory spatial tools used in the decision-making processes of local administrations and the Index of Geoparticipation derived from the dataset. Furthermore, we have collected and analysed data regarding 238 participatory budgeting events in the Czech Republic from the years 2012–2020. This paper is divided into two sections. We investigate the relationships among the municipalities' membership in the Healthy Cities of the Czech Republic network (HCCZ), as well as the municipalities' levels of indebtedness and their performances in the Index of Geoparticipation and their usage of participatory budgeting. Our primary theory states that membership in HCCZ and higher values in the Index of Geoparticipation will support the use of participatory budgeting, while indebtedness will discourage municipalities from implementing participatory budgeting. We deepen the knowledge of participatory budgeting in the Czech Republic, while focusing on the qualitative analysis of projects that have been approved and implemented through the tool of participatory budgeting at the municipal level. Additionally, we examine what type of projects the funds are allocated to and how the characteristics of these projects change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that in modern Ukraine, in the context of its development as a legal state, European integration, evolution of public administration, local self-government reform, development of united territorial communities, development of civil society institutions, administrative reform, ensuring effective administrative and legal regulation of projects of economic development of united territorial communities. It is noted that the projects of economic development of united territorial communities are now extremely important in Ukraine for the further development of united territorial communities, the growth of local budget revenues, increasing the economic independence of united territorial communities, the creation of new quality jobs, and the implementation of the principles of sustainable development at the local level, effective management, development of agriculture, promotion of small business development, as well as development of local self-government and promotion of European integration of Ukraine. The authors agree with the basic content of the definition of the concept of «functions of local self-government bodies», which was expressed by scientists, taking as a basis the construction of the definition of this term as «the main directions of their activity», we will consider in more detail the functions of local self-government bodies that they perform in the field of cross-border cooperation. As a result of the study of Article 13 of the Law of Ukraine (functions of inter-municipal cross-border cooperation), it was found that in Article 13 of the Law of Ukraine «On Cross-Border Cooperation» there is no functional reflection of the powers provided for by this Law and the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine» in terms of formation, activity and exit from the union of Euroregional cooperation. In order to avoid a gap in the regulation of the functions of the subjects of cross-border cooperation of Ukraine, it is proposed to add a new function and set out Article 13 of the Law of Ukraine «On Cross- Border Cooperation» in a new version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of The L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University Political Science Regional Studies Oriental Studies Turkology Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 epidemic has affected the entire world, including the Republic of Croatia. Consequently, states had to take a number of measures in the field of health, economy and public administration to mitigate the consequences caused by the epidemic. Temporary measures restricting human rights and fundamental freedoms, such as free movement of people and the implementation of active economic measures with the primary goal of maintaining the fiscal system and regular operation of state administration bodies and local and regional governments, were the conditio sine qua non for all further activities after the declaration of the COVID-19 epidemic. In performing tasks from the scope of local self-government units, high-quality digitisation of services was a key tool and solution for their regular functioning at a time when citizens' health was threatened by the epidemic. The main research question relates to user satisfaction with the provided e-services and their perception of quality after the onset of the epidemic, using the example of the city of Rijeka. The complementary research method was a survey conducted among residents of the city of Rijeka, which was aimed at examining the perception of the quality of electronic services provided by the city of Rijeka before and after the onset of the epidemic. A total of 362 respondents from the area of the city of Rijeka participated in the survey. The aim of the article is to define the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 epidemic on the perception of quality, and the results show greater satisfaction with the quality of the available e-services of the city of Rijeka than before the onset of the epidemic. While the respondents are currently most satisfied with the e-service Rijeka City Card and the e-consultation service, they are least satisfied with the e-service Electronic Office of the City of Rijeka and the e-service Information Service of the City of Rijeka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has brought a unique opportunity for local self-government in Slovakia. National legislation allowed city councils to hold meetings online or vote on proposals only in writing. It was mainly a safety measure in order to eliminate the spread of the disease. This alternative way of performing public administration was not possible in Slovakia before the pandemic. The paper presents the results of research mapping trends in the use of alternative ways of performing the activities of city councils in 2021 and 2022. This is a unique interpretation of data that has not been presented or published so far. The article presents the extent to which online meetings of councils or written voting by deputies were used during the pandemic in 141 cities in Slovakia. More than 53% of the country's population lives in these cities. The study also presents comparisons of the results from the two-round data collection, which mapped the behaviour of city governments in two different time periods. In relation to the findings, the author opens a discussion about the benefits, but also the threats, which the new legislation brought with it for the functioning of local self-government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irregular and rapid urbanisation became a feature of South Africa in the I920s and 1930s. The health problems presented by settlements on the periphery of towns and cities attracted the attention of the Union government, and in 1938 a committee was appointed to investigate the matter. One of the recommendations of this committee was that the peri-urban areas to the north of Johannesburg be subjected to some form of local government. The Peri-Urban Areas Health Board was established in 1943 to provide this. Three local area committees were created in this area: Northern Johannesburg, North-Eastern Johannesburg, and North-Western Johannesburg. Despite the practical benefits of its administration, the residents of these areas attempted on numerous occasions to secede from the control of the Peri-Urban Board. These efforts culminated in the foundation of Randburg in 1959 and Sandton in 1969.

The article draws attention to the fact that the current legislation on local self-government and service in local self-government bodies contains a number of problematic issues in terms of regulation of remuneration of officials. It is emphasized that this significantly reduces the effectiveness and reliability of material and financial guarantees for persons performing the tasks and functions of local self-government in positions in its bodies. Due to the low level of regulatory and legal control, the institution of salary does not fully perform the functions it is supposed to perform. The article examines the essential content and role of wages in a modern democratic, legal state, which in its functioning and development relies on the tools and levers of the market economy, as well as civil society institutions. The author presents scientific positions on the content of the concept and functional purpose of wages, as well as its characteristic properties as a legal category. The author analyses the opinions and proposals for eliminating the shortcomings of the organisational and legal framework for material and financial remuneration of public servants of local self-government bodies. It is emphasised that Ukraine has the Law “On Service in Local Self-Government Bodies”, which is intended to change the approaches to the regulation of remuneration of municipal officials significantly, but it has not entered into force and may remain in this state for a long time. In addition, it should be noted that this legal act also has certain gaps in terms of regulating the remuneration of the public servants under study. Taking into account the positions of researchers, as well as the upcoming update of the legislation on service in local self-government bodies, some steps are proposed to improve and develop remuneration of local self-government officials. The author emphasises the need to revise the scheme of official salaries and improve approaches to bonuses for local self-government officials. Emphasis is placed on the importance of improving the effectiveness of mechanisms and tools for stimulating and encouraging the work and service activities of municipal officials.

The article discusses the work of the Perm Zemstvo on solving financial, economic and economic issues traditional for local self-government during the period when the Perm province was under the rule of the government of A. V. Kolchak. The article shows how economic issues acquired special significance in the front line of the Civil War. The activities of the zemstvo in the field of tax collection, budget formation and other economic issues are analyzed. Based on unpublished sources, conclusions are drawn about the place of the financial activities of the Perm zemstvo during the establishment of anti-Bolshevik power in the province.

The subject. Financial relations between municipal entities represent a crucial mechanism for enhancing the efficiency of public service delivery in European countries. Collaborative efforts among municipalities can lead to cost savings and the utilization of economies of scale. This is particularly prominent in countries with a high number of small municipalities. This article aims to identify effective forms of financial activities among municipalities across various cooperation domains and assess the applicability of international experience in the context of the Russian Federation.Methodology. This study analyzes various organizational forms of inter-municipal cooperation, drawing insights from different countries, including Switzerland (associations of districts and cantons), Slovakia (joint municipal institutions, municipal associations, associations of legal entities), and France (syndicates and districts). Special attention is paid to the experience of inter-municipal cooperation in Slovakia, where it is not only a vital component of local government but also a tool for project management, often funded by external sources.The main results, scope of application. The analysis of international experience in inter-municipal cooperation reveals diverse organizational models, each tailored to specific local contexts. Based on this analysis, the authors propose amendments and enhancements to Russian legislation. Implementation of these suggestions could enhance the efficiency of interactions among Russian municipal entities, improve planning capabilities, enhance labor productivity, and optimize public service expenditure.Conclusions. Inter-municipal cooperation, as demonstrated by various international models, offers valuable insights for Russia. Adapting and implementing lessons from abroad can lead to improved governance and resource allocation, ultimately resulting in enhanced service delivery and cost-effectiveness for the benefit of the Russian population.

Mostly center–periphery model of territorial development, long-standing domination of transfers in the structure of municipal budget revenues have formed the protracted, chronic nature of the socioeconomic problems. This necessitates refining goals, principles and content of municipal government, especially in the economic sphere. The paper aims to revise the propositions of the theories of local self-government against the backdrop of the emerging concept of well-being economy, which together constitute the methodological basis of the research. The study applies a suite of general scientific methods, including retrospective analysis and systematisation. Based on the review of pre-revolutionary works of Russian scientists and essayists for 1870–1917 devoted to zemstvo and town and city self-government, the paper deduces an image of well-being of a territory under local government. In particular, its well-being presupposes providing local internal and external amenities, care for food security, health, education, safety from various threats (fires, diseases, crime); organising the economic life of a territory through the municipalisation of socially important industries and services, generation of employment, as well as stimulation of economic activity through cooperation and issuing loans. Having compared the narratives of the well-being economy concept and the propositions of the theories of local self-government, the paper demonstrates that this concept can be implemented by means of local self-government, since their theoretical bases correspond to each other. The study concludes that there is a need to realise the potential of the local government system laid down by Alexander II, emperor of Russia. This requires making the interaction between residents and local government closer, disseminating knowledge about municipal government, and providing greater financial opportunities to local authorities so that they could concentrate on addressing local problems and expressing residents’ interests.

The decentralization reform, which is undoubtedly one of the most successful in Ukraine, contributed to the formation and strengthening of the foundations of the functioning of the municipal government in Ukraine, which in the conditions of a full-scale war demonstrated the ability to counter extraordinary challenges, ensuring the functioning of the economy and the livelihood of the population. Local self-government bodies not only made a significant contribution to strengthening the defense capability of the state, but also provided support to communities that were occupied/de-occupied, provided temporary housing and created favorable conditions for the integration of forcibly displaced persons into the community, guaranteed the timely provision of the entire range of services at the community level, etc. The article is devoted to the search for ways to improve the institution of local self-government in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, which will speed up the reconstruction of destroyed settlements, lead to the growth of economic indicators and a significant increase in the level of providing services to the population. The author substantiates the need to revise the legislative regulation of issues of cooperation of territorial communities, in particular by creating urban agglomerations as one of the types of cooperation of territorial communities. The practice of functioning of urban agglomerations in foreign countries and the prospects of creating such agglomerations in Ukraine are analyzed. Attention is focused on the efforts of legislative regulation of the functioning of urban agglomerations, the debatability of the norms of the draft laws, which defined urban agglomerations as a separate component of the administrative-territorial system, contained norms that, having established the principle of mutual benefit, essentially legitimized the attempt of large cities to extend the sphere of their influence to adjacent territories, expand the boundaries of own powers at the expense of the powers and resources of neighboring territorial communities. It is proposed to supplement the Law «On the Cooperation of Territorial Communities»; and some other laws with separate regulations determining the legal status of agglomerations, to provide for the formation of the agglomeration council and to include in its sphere of competence consideration of issues affecting the common interests of territorial communities that are part of the agglomeration, and to provide a list of basic powers, which may vary depending on the amount of institutional capacity of the respective agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the tax system of local self-government bodies in the Republic of Poland. It is shown that the modern system of local taxes began to form in the 90s of the last century, together with the restoration of the institution of local self-government. Despite the constitutional enshrinement of the right of all local self-government bodies to determine the amount of local taxes, ordinary legislation grants tax powers exclusively to the lowest link in the three-level system - the commune. Financing of the functions and powers of local self-government bodies of voivodships and poviats takes place through deductions from national taxes and fees. The author focuses on the existence of a distinction between the terms “local taxes” and “taxes of local self-government bodies” in the Polish doctrine of tax law. Local taxes are taxes that, by virtue of the law, are a permanent, indefinite and exclusive source of income for local budgets. Meanwhile, taxes of local self-government bodies are payments in respect of which local selfgovernment bodies have tax powers. In light of the accepted criteria, for example, inheritance and gift tax is a local tax, but cannot be called a tax of local governments. Funds from this tax are fully credited to the budget of the territorial community, but local self-government bodies do not have tax authority over it. The list of local taxes is contained in the Law “On Local Taxes and Fees”. However, in reality, this list is incomplete and does not include a number of local taxes that are regulated by other legislative acts. In general, the list of local taxes is quite voluminous, in which only real estate tax, vehicle tax, forest tax and agricultural tax belong to the taxes of local self-government bodies. They meet the formal and material criteria that characterize the “own income” of local self-government units, while others only meet the formal criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local communities play an essential role in developing and organizing their lives for joint betterment. Local self-government, through local democratic mechanisms, involves the community as part of the public policies, showing the sign of the development of the local democracy. This research aims to analyze the communication and collaboration between the local government and local communities in Kosovo, focusing on their role in the development of education and the reduction of deviant behavior, intending to create a better social environment for the community. The research methodology employed for this paper is as follows: library research, qualitative research, and the analysis of the laws in power related to the topic. There will be field research working with two focus groups belonging to the municipality of Prishtina, considering their ethnic component. General results show that communities are still in the development and organization phase, whereas their participation in the process of public policies is still under the average level. Social audits can be mechanisms for development, organizing the community, and involvement in local government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve moral leadership, this paper analyzes the impact of local autonomy on leadership from the perspective of cultivating legal thinking. The corresponding data were obtained through the questionnaire, and the influencing factors of moral leadership were determined by response analysis. At the same time, with reference to the relevant domestic literature, several hypotheses are proposed. Whether there is a correlation between the relationship between moral leadership and legal thinking in local autonomy, whether legal thinking reflects public expectations, the influence of legal thinking on local autonomy strategies, and the relationship between public participation, legal thinking, ethical leadership and local autonomy strategies. The results show that the local autonomy strategy can improve moral leadership, and legal thinking can break through the inertial thinking mode and improve moral leadership, with an increase of 10%. In addition, public participation in society can promote the cultivation of legal thinking and strengthen moral leadership. Therefore, the local autonomy strategy can promote the cultivation of legal thinking and indirectly enhance moral leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Council of Europe (CoE) has attached great importance to local governments and local self-government in constructing an integrated Europe and, as a sign of this, has created an international convention entitled "the European Charter of Local Self-Government (ECLSG)". The core aim of this investigation is to evaluate the local government legislation of Türkiye and Azerbaijan, which are contracting parties, within the framework of the principles and standards of the ECLSG. The assessment found that some of the articles/sub-articles on which both countries had made reservations have disappeared in practice, while some approved articles/sub-articles have yet not been incorporated into domestic legislation. Ultimately, Türkiye accepted twenty sub-articles (the minimum number required to accept the Charter) and made reservations for ten sub-articles. However, Türkiye is not applying the three articles it accepted and is actually applying nine of the ten articles for which it made reservations. On the other hand, Azerbaijan accepted twenty-six sub-articles and made reservations to four sub-articles. Like Türkiye, Azerbaijan does not apply the four articles it accepted, but actually applies three of the four articles to which it made reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Local communities play an essential role in developing and organizing their lives for joint betterment. Local self-government, through local democratic mechanisms, involves the community as part of the public policies, showing the sign of the development of the local democracy. This research aims to analyze the communication and collaboration between the local government and local communities in Kosovo, focusing on their role in the development of education and the reduction of deviant behavior, intending to create a better social environment for the community. The research methodology employed for this paper is as follows: library research, qualitative research, and the analysis of the laws in power related to the topic. There will be field research working with two focus groups belonging to the municipality of Prishtina, considering their ethnic component. General results show that communities are still in the development and organization phase, whereas their participation in the process of public policies is still under the average level. Social audits can be mechanisms for development, organizing the community, and involvement in local government policies.