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Animal tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria remains as one of the most significant infectious diseases of livestock, despite decades of eradication programmes and research efforts, in an era where the livestock sector is among the most important and rapidly expanding commercial agricultural segments worldwide. This work provides a global overview of the spatial and temporal trends of reported scientific knowledge of TB in livestock, aiming to gain insights into research subtopics within the animal TB epidemiology domain and to highlight territorial inequalities regarding data reporting and research outputs over the years. To deliver such information, peer‐reviewed reports of TB studies in livestock were retrieved from the Web of Science and Google Scholar, systematized and dissected. The validated data set contained 443 occurrence observations, covering the 1981–2020 period (39 years). We highlight a clear move towards transdisciplinary areas and the One Health approach, with a global temporal increase in publications combining livestock with wildlife and/or human components, which reflect the importance of non‐prototypical hosts as key to understanding animal TB. It becomes evident that cattle is the main host across works from all continents; however, many regions remain poorly surveyed. TB research in livestock in low‐/middle‐income countries is markedly growing, reflecting changes in animal husbandry, but also mirroring the globalization era, with a marked increase in international collaboration and capacitation programmes for scientific and technological development. This review gives an overview of the most prolific continents, countries and research fields in animal TB epidemiology, clearly outlining knowledge gaps and key priority topics. The estimated growth trend of livestock production until 2050, particularly in Asia and Africa, in response to human population growth and animal–protein demand, will require further investment in early surveillance and adaptive research to accommodate the higher diversity of livestock species and MTC members and raising the possibility to fine‐tune funding schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the study of the impact of small ruminantsbreeding in oasis agriculture in the Oued-Righvalley in south-eastern Algeria. Fifty (50) farms maintaining livestock were surveyed using a questionnaire. A principal component analysis (ACP) was performed to determine the typology of the farms studied, using structural and operational variables. Based on ten (10) variables including three qualitative (type of exploitation according to status, prophylaxis and coverage of the animal by food) and seven (07) quantitative (age, area of farms, forage area, organic matter used, organic matter purchased, number of goat heads, number of sheep heads), three types of farms were identified. Type 1 comprises 33 farms (66%), with an area of 0.5 to 2 hectares and an average of 5.6 heads of animals per farm. Type 2 comprises seven farms (14%), with an area of 2.5 to 19 hectares and an average of four heads of animals per farm. Type 3 comprises 10 farms (20%), with an area of 5.2 to 19 hectares and an average of seven animals per farm. The study showed that the farms studied are impacted by the lack of organic matter from their livestock, used in the amendment of their crops, due to the regression in the number of livestock and the narrowness of livestock areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK. Pendekatan penelitian pada peternakan rakyat Livestock On-Farm Trials ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi sistem produksi peternakan sapi potong di pedesaan wilayah kabupaten yaitu Cilacap, Banyumas, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara dan Kebumen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendokumentasikan karakteristik sistem produksi peternakan sapi potong, strategi pengembangan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas serta dukungan pembiayaan dari bank. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan pola yang diterapkan berupa peternakan tradisional berlahan terbatas (traditional rural landless) yang terintegrasi dengan sistem pertanian utamanya tanaman padi. Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) sangat dominan ditemukan dan merupakan sapi lokal yang tersebar di lima kabupaten. Pada wilayah penelitian juga ditemukan Sapi Brahman Cross yang ditujukan untuk pembiakan. Penampilan produksi sapi PO, Sumba Ongole dan Persilangan Simmental untuk tujuan penggemukan memperlihatkan hasil BCS sedang sampai tinggi, tetapi produktivitas sapi Brahman Cross cenderung rendah. Diperlukan perbaikan pada feeding system and good farming practices untuk meningkatkan produktivitas sapi. Kebijakan untuk meningkatkan akses pembiayaan kredit, meliputi (i) Penguatan dinamika kelompok dan penerapan teknologi untuk memperbaiki produktivitas sapi potong, (ii) pendampingan pemerintah mengenai aspek penjaminan dan subsidi kredit, penyediaan bantuan untuk revitalisasi pertanian yang dikelola pemerintah dan perbankan, (iii) bekerjasama dengan mitra yang sesuai seperti perbankan dan BUMN untuk program Kredit Kemitraan dan Corporate Social Responsibility. (Livestock production system of beef cattle in the village and their development strategies) ABSTRACT. Livestock On-Farm Trials addressed to identify livestock system of beef cattle production in the villages of Cilacap, Banyumas, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara and Kebumen regencies. This study was designed to documenting the production system characteristics of beef cattle and development strategic of livestock production system in order to increase their productivity and financial support from bank. Beef cattle production systems characterize by traditional rural landless and integrated with crops especially rice. Ongole Cross (Peranakan Ongole) are the predominant of the local cattle and are widely distributed over the five regencies. Brahman Cross also found that are raising for cow calf operation. Performance of Peranakan Ongole, Sumba Ongole, and Simental Cross for fattening purposes were moderate to high of BCS, but low reproductive for Brahman Cross. Improving feeding system and good farming practices could be done to increase beef cattle productivity. Policies to improve access to credit financing, including (i) Strengthening of group dynamics and application of technology to improve the productivity of beef cattle,(ii) government assistance on the aspects of credit guarantee and subsidies, provision of assistance for agricultural revitalization managed by the government and banking,(iii) working with appropriate partners such as banks and BUMN for Partnership Credit and Corporate Social Responsibility programs.

The viability of conventional goat farms, such as the native Payoya dairy goat, could be improved by switching to organic production, but product quality needs to be ensured. The present work assesses the carcass and meat quality of Payoya kids raised under conventional and organic grazing-based systems. Twenty-four kids (12 males, 12 females) were selected from each system (n = 48). The slaughter live weight (8.52 vs. 8.28 kg), cold carcass weight (4.44 vs. 4.29 kg) and farm dressing percentage (51.7 vs. 50%) of the conventionally raised kids were significantly higher than those of the organic kids. The shoulder (first category) (21.7 vs. 22.3%) and long leg (32 vs. 32.9%) percentages were lower in the conventional than in the organic kids. The percentage contribution of the intermuscular fat (10.70 vs. 8.11%) to the shoulder weight was greater in the conventional kids, while the percentages of muscle (59.7 vs. 57.2%) and bone (24.7 vs. 22.8%) were higher in the organic kids. For the chemical composition, there were only differences between the two sexes in the percentage of fat (6.64 and 7.99% on dry matter, for male and female, respectively). For rheological variables, only differences were found in the water holding capacity (% water expelled), the meat of the organic females had a higher value (17%) than that of the conventional females (14%). For the meat colour, the conventional male kids returned the highest values for C* and Hº (14.32 and 64.34, respectively). Farms following conventional grazing-based management could easily switch to organic production. Most of the meat and carcass quality variables studied were very similar across the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To sustainably contribute to food security of a growing and richer world population, livestock production systems are challenged to increase production levels while reducing environmental impact, being economically viable, and socially responsible. Knowledge about the sustainability performance of current livestock production systems may help to formulate strategies for future systems. Our study provides a systematic overview of differences between conventional and organic livestock production systems on a broad range of sustainability aspects and animal species available in peer-reviewed literature. Systems were compared on economy, productivity, environmental impact, animal welfare and public health. The review was limited to dairy cattle, beef cattle, pigs, broilers and laying hens, and to Europe, North America and New Zealand. Results per indicators are presented as in the articles without performing additional calculations. Out of 4171 initial search hits, 179 articles were analysed. Studies varied widely in indicators, research design, sample size and location and context. Quite some studies used small samples. No study analysed all aspects of sustainability simultaneously. Conventional systems had lower labour requirements per unit product, lower income risk per animal, higher production per animal per time unit, higher reproduction numbers, lower feed conversion ratio, lower land use, generally lower acidification and eutrophication potential per unit product, equal or better udder health for cows and equal or lower microbiological contamination. Organic systems had higher income per animal or full time employee, lower impact on biodiversity, lower eutrophication and acidification potential per unit land, equal or lower likelihood of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and higher beneficial fatty acid levels in cow milk. For most sustainability aspects, sometimes conventional and sometimes organic systems performed better, except for productivity, which was consistently higher in conventional systems. For many aspects and animal species, more data are needed to conclude on a difference between organic and conventional livestock production systems.

In this study, we investigated the lipid composition of fresh and semi-hard goat cheese produced in three Italian farms as well as the welfare assessment of goats reared in these farms. The fatty acid (FA) profile of cheese samples were found to be strictly related to the livestock system. Cheese collected from farms in which goats were allowed to graze and were fed diets with a higher forage/concentrate (F/C) ratio showed a FA profile represented by higher contents of health-promoting fatty acids. In the same samples, the health lipid indices showed the most favorable values. Conversely, cheese samples collected from a conventional-lowland farm, where goats were fed with higher amounts of concentrates and lower F/C ratio, presented a lower nutritional quality, characterized by the worst results for what concerns the health lipid indices. Then, we built a multivariate model able to discriminate samples coming from farms managed by a low-input system from those coming from farm managed by a high-input system. The comparison of animal welfare measurements and fatty acids data showed that a better intrinsic quality of low-input farms did not always correspond to better extrinsic quality, suggesting that the information on the livestock system is not always enough to provide consumers with complete awareness of the total product quality.

According to the knowledge that the composition in fatty acids of milk is related to the production system, we determined the fatty acid composition of goat milk yielded in three different Italian farms. Two low-input system farms; one organic (LI-O) and one conventional (LI-C), and one high-input system conventional farm (HI-C) were involved in the study. Significant differences were detected among the different groups considering the fatty acid pattern of milk. Fatty acids (FA) strictly related to the rearing system, such as odd and branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n3), elaidic acid (EA, 18:1 n9), total n6 and total n3 FA, were identified as the most significant factors in the characterization of samples coming from low- or high-input systems. OBCFA amounts were found to be higher (p < 0.05) in the LI-O milk (4.7%), followed by the LI-C milk (4.5%) and then by the HI-C milk (3.4%). The same trend was observed for Σn3 FAs, mainly represented by ALA (0.72%−0.81% in LI-O systems and 0.41% in HI-system), and the opposite for Σn6 FAs, principally represented by LA (2.0%−2.6% in LI-systems and 3.1% in HI-system). A significant (p < 0.01) discrimination among samples clusters coming from the different systems was allowed by the principal component analysis (PCA).

To sustainably contribute to food security of a growing and richer world population, livestock production systems are challenged to increase production levels while reducing environmental impact, being economically viable, and socially responsible. Knowledge about the sustainability performance of current livestock production systems may help to formulate strategies for future systems. Our study provides a systematic overview of differences between conventional and organic livestock production systems on a broad range of sustainability aspects and animal species available in peer-reviewed literature. Systems were compared on economy, productivity, environmental impact, animal welfare and public health. The review was limited to dairy cattle, beef cattle, pigs, broilers and laying hens, and to Europe, North America and New Zealand. Results per indicators are presented as in the articles without performing additional calculations. Out of 4171 initial search hits, 179 articles were analysed. Studies varied widely in indicators, research design, sample size and location and context. Quite some studies used small samples. No study analysed all aspects of sustainability simultaneously. Conventional systems had lower labour requirements per unit product, lower income risk per animal, higher production per animal per time unit, higher reproduction numbers, lower feed conversion ratio, lower land use, generally lower acidification and eutrophication potential per unit product, equal or better udder health for cows and equal or lower microbiological contamination. Organic systems had higher income per animal or full time employee, lower impact on biodiversity, lower eutrophication and acidification potential per unit land, equal or lower likelihood of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and higher beneficial fatty acid levels in cow milk. For most sustainability aspects, sometimes conventional and sometimes organic systems performed better, except for productivity, which was consistently higher in conventional systems. For many aspects and animal species, more data are needed to conclude on a difference between organic and conventional livestock production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Identification of production system and productivity level of fat tailed sheep in brebes regency of central java ABSTRACT. Reproductive performance is one of the main determinants of productivity of the sheep. This applies to the breeding of animal for meat production. High reproduction rates are essential for profit in meat sheep production and determined by the number of progeny delivered in a given period of time. The level of reproductive performance is dependent on the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The evaluation of reproductive performance of a local and adapted breed of sheep such as Fat Tailed Sheep can provide important information to understand its productive potential under local production system. The study was designed to identify characteristic of production system and to find out the level productivity of Fat Tailed Sheep in Brebes areas of Central Java. Livestock On-Farm Trials (LOFT) using multistage sampling was implemented in this study. Descriptive and variance analysis using procedure of General Linear Model (GLM) was applied in this study. This study revealed that (1) In general, production system in Brebes is based on integration scheme of crop livestock in the form of traditional smallholders. In low land area, mostly extensive and tethering model were implemented. Intensive and semi intensive model was found in landless area. (2) Average litter size at birth was 1.54 head and dominated by double litter, followed by single and triplets (46.8, 47.88 and 4.29%). The highest preweaning lamb mortality was 15% with the average 8.9%. Ewe productivity ranges from 1.76-5.24 with average of 2.14 lamb/ewe/year. Least squares analysis of variance reveals that ewe reproduction rate was significantly affected by type of birth.

Feed resources are the major constraint in increasing goat production in the village. The main constraints to goat raising are related to feeds (i) the high cost of transport of crop residues and grass to the homesteads, (ii) the low nutritive value of feeds used, particularly in the dry period. This research was design to evaluate goat productivity and economic efficiency of goat farming under application of feed technology production system in Peranakan Etawah goat farmer group of Gumelar Banyumas Central Java. All farmers were taken as respondents using census methods. On farm research with participative focused group discussion, indepth interview, and farm observation. Descriptive analysis and independent t test methods were used to analyze the data. Results of this study showed that there was a significant improvement goat productivity on production system with the application of feed technology. Body weight at weaning, survival rate till weaning, and doe productivity were increased 7%, 2% and 5%, respectively. There was no evidence of significant different of farmers income and economic efficiency before and after the applied feed technology (P>0.05). The calculation was based on cash flow. Before application, farmers income per year and economic efficiency were Rp14.404.520,00 and 1.21, then insignificantly improve into Rp16.487.100,00 and 1.27, respectively. (Animal Production 11(3): 202-208 (2009) Key Words: Livestock production system, Peranakan Etawah goat, feed technology aplication, productivity and economic efficiency

The objectives of this study were to estimate and evaluate potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg) budgets and flows of animal production in the basin of Dianchi Lake, China. Feed sampling and farmer interviews were conducted in field surveys. The supplies of K and Mg from local and external feeds and the retention, production and excretion of animals were calculated individually for dairy cows, fattening pigs, breeding sows, and broilers and laying hens. The K and Mg flows on a regional level were estimated using the individual budgets. At the individual level, in dairy cattle, the K and Mg supplied from local feeds accounted for large parts of the total nutrient intakes, whereas in the other animal categories most of the K andMg in the feeds depended on external resources. Our findings also suggested that excessive Mgintake resulted in highMgexcretion and lowuse efficiency in dairy cattle and fattening pigs. At the regional level, the K and Mg amounts of manure produced and applied in the area (K: 339 and Mg: 143 t/year) exceeded those used as local feeds. Our results imply the animal production potentially increased the K and Mg loads in the regional agriculture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the nitrogen ( N) and phosphorus ( P) flows in intensified livestock production systems by investigating nutrient budgets and cycling in the basin of Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. We conducted field surveys based on feed samplings and interviews of livestock farmers. The N and P in local and external feeds, animal body retentions, animal products and excretions were calculated at the individual level for dairy cattle, fattening pigs, breeding sows, broilers and laying hens. The N and P flows in the total livestock production system in the area were estimated by multiplying the individual N and P budgets by the number of animals. For the dairy and fattening pig productions, N and P supplied from local crops or by-products accounted for large parts of the inputs. For the other livestock categories, most of the N and P inputs depended on external resources. The N and P outputs through animal manure into the cropland were 287 and 66 kg/ha/year, respectively, which were higher than the N and P inputs into the livestock production systems from the cropland. The N and P loads from manure should be reduced for the establishment of sustainable agricultural production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of sex, slaughter age (9 vs. 12months) and livestock production system (freedom extensive system (FES) vs. semi extensive system (SES)) of “Galician Mountain” foals breed on meat quality from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were investigated. Forty-two foals had been used for this study, 19 (11 females and 8 males) were reared in a semi extensive system and weaned three months prior to slaughtering (8 and 11 were slaughtered at 9 and 12months, respectively) while the other 23 (11 females and 12 males) were reared together with its mothers in a system in freedom and were slaughtered at the age of 9months. The obtained results showed that there were no significant differences between the sexes and the slaughter age whereas the livestock production system was a significant variation source on intramuscular fat content and meat tenderness because SES foals showed 51.6% more of IMF and the improved meat tenderness achieved a shear force of <3kg. In general, the meat from foals of the study at hand showed very lean meat (<0.3% in IMF) with a high protein content (>20.5%) and heme–iron (1.62mg/100g meat) comparable to veal meat. Furthermore, the meat samples showed a higher luminosity (L*>40), a very good water holding capacity, measured by cooking losses (<18.3%), and a tenderness less than 4kg. Thus, it can be classified as “very tender” meat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this work is to assess the flexibility of production allowed by extensive production conditions faced with variations in the environment, i.e., market variations and climatic fluctuations, of Limousin beef systems. The study used a case-based methodology in which seven beef farms with less than 1 LU/ha were chosen. Data collection was based on three interviews using a semistructured questionnaire and on the analysis of productive and economic results over a 15-year period (1991-2005). The main evolution of these farms is related to a rise in work productivity associated with an increase in herd size. Herd increase was made possible by enlarging the area, the margin of intensification being limited in these regions. To take advantage of the enlarged land area, females were reared for fattening or for reproduction instead of selling them at weaning. The Limousin female provides a wide product mix because of its plasticity, as has been studied by several researchers. This mix flexibility is achieved by delaying product differentiation, a form of production flexibility that can reduce the risk of under-producing or over-producing varied product configurations. On the other hand, calves sold to the Italian market after weaning are generic products, associated with a flexible production process to overcome fluctuations in forage availability due to climatic variations. The introduction of maize silage for feeding acts as an alternative route, actual and potential, through the system to overcome unexpected forage shortage from natural grasslands as a result of droughts. The study shows that extensive farming systems have developed types of flexibility to match different factors of uncertainty from the environment. Finally, the issue of farm system performance is thus not so much a question of whether a farm is fit at a specific moment in time, but whether it transforms into a less or more sustainable orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intensive livestock production system was studied under boreal conditions. • Average annual TP load from an agricultural sub-catchment representing grass-based livestock production was 1.0 kg P ha−1. • A large proportion of TP was exported as DRP, hampering future water protection. • Point source pollution can markedly increase TP load. • In the agricultural sub-catchment, relationship of TP to DOC was stronger than TP to TSS in most monitoring years. Livestock-derived phosphorus (P) loading values are largely based on studies performed in small experimental fields, leading to uncertainties when applying the results at larger scale. This five-year study estimated annual loads of P, nitrogen (N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total suspended solids (TSS) in a small 3.2 km2 agricultural and forested catchment by monitoring water quality and discharge in four ditches reflecting different land uses. The monitored catchment has intensive livestock production, with proportions of grassland, cereal and forest area typical for east-central Finland. Typically, spring runoff started in early April under snow cover and peaked during snowmelt. There was great variation in the amount and pattern of discharge between years. Mean annual total P (TP) load (± SD) from an agricultural sub-catchment was 1.0 ± 0.37 kg ha−1. Mean TP load from a forested (PS) sub-catchment was 0.4 ± 0.17 kg ha−1 when a point source of pollution (PS) was included and 0.06 kg ha-1 when it was excluded. The point source of pollution contributed 12 % of the TP load from the whole 3.2 km2 catchment. The proportion of dissolved reactive P (DRP) to TP load varied between 34 % and 67 % in the study period (largest for the forested (PS) sub-catchment and smallest for the whole catchment). Observed erosion rates were very low when measured as TSS, with the highest (115 ± 103 kg ha−1) and lowest (3.4 ± 2.3 kg ha−1) mean annual erosion rate in the agricultural and forested (PS) sub-catchments, respectively. In the agricultural sub-catchment, the relationship between TP and DOC tended to be stronger than that between TP and TSS. Mean annual total N load from the agricultural sub-catchment was 19.0 ± 7.2 kg ha−1 and from the whole catchment 10 ± 2.7 kg ha−1, while mean annual DOC load was 45 ± 13 kg ha-1 and 92 ± 28 kg ha−1, respectively. These results are important in developing, implementing and targeting mitigation measures to control agricultural nutrient losses to surface waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern consumers are continuously more interested in animal food product qualities that could be considered both extrinsic and intrinsic. Goat products suitably match with these interests because of their functional properties, the ethics of the related livestock production, the environmental impact of production, and animal welfare issues. Through a combination of laboratory analysis and in-field observation, we found that the nutritional quality of goat cheese is affected by the livestock production system, but this is not always true when considering the intrinsic quality related to animal welfare aspects. For this reason, we suggest that more detailed information on different quality traits should be provided to consumers in order to allow them to reach a complete view of product quality and, consequently, to achieve more conscious food consumption. In this study, we investigated the lipid composition of fresh and semi-hard goat cheese produced in three Italian farms as well as the welfare assessment of goats reared in these farms. The fatty acid (FA) profile of cheese samples were found to be strictly related to the livestock system. Cheese collected from farms in which goats were allowed to graze and were fed diets with a higher forage/concentrate (F/C) ratio showed a FA profile represented by higher contents of health-promoting fatty acids. In the same samples, the health lipid indices showed the most favorable values. Conversely, cheese samples collected from a conventional-lowland farm, where goats were fed with higher amounts of concentrates and lower F/C ratio, presented a lower nutritional quality, characterized by the worst results for what concerns the health lipid indices. Then, we built a multivariate model able to discriminate samples coming from farms managed by a low-input system from those coming from farm managed by a high-input system. The comparison of animal welfare measurements and fatty acids data showed that a better intrinsic quality of low-input farms did not always correspond to better extrinsic quality, suggesting that the information on the livestock system is not always enough to provide consumers with complete awareness of the total product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The nutritional composition of goat milk is the focus of an ongoing discussion regarding its possible consideration as functional food. Different livestock production systems can lead to a different nutritional composition of milk. Some classes of fatty acids, detected in favourable amounts, are considered important bioactive components of food because of their potential beneficial effects on human health. It is an interesting topic to consider in view of the current debate regarding the incidence of dairy products in the risk of human coronary heart diseases. In our study, we confirmed that a low-input (LI) production system in goats rearing, leads to a milk richer in favourable nutritional components compared to a high-input (HI) system. Moreover, comparing lipid profile of milk obtained under different rearing systems, a multivariate statistic approach allows for the discrimination between LI-organically certified, LI-non organically certified and HI-conventional goat milk samples. These results may contribute to enhance the characterisation of goat dairy products and could help raise the appreciation of consumers towards goat dairy products, thereby adding value to their market. According to the knowledge that the composition in fatty acids of milk is related to the production system, we determined the fatty acid composition of goat milk yielded in three different Italian farms. Two low-input system farms; one organic (LI-O) and one conventional (LI-C), and one high-input system conventional farm (HI-C) were involved in the study. Significant differences were detected among the different groups considering the fatty acid pattern of milk. Fatty acids (FA) strictly related to the rearing system, such as odd and branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n3), elaidic acid (EA, 18:1 n9), total n6 and total n3 FA, were identified as the most significant factors in the characterization of samples coming from low- or high-input systems. OBCFA amounts were found to be higher (p < 0.05) in the LI-O milk (4.7%), followed by the LI-C milk (4.5%) and then by the HI-C milk (3.4%). The same trend was observed for Σn3 FAs, mainly represented by ALA (0.72%–0.81% in LI-O systems and 0.41% in HI-system), and the opposite for Σn6 FAs, principally represented by LA (2.0%–2.6% in LI-systems and 3.1% in HI-system). A significant (p < 0.01) discrimination among samples clusters coming from the different systems was allowed by the principal component analysis (PCA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and assesses the current status of livestock production systems, the drivers of global livestock production, and the major trends in such production. The analysis covers the six major livestock species: cattle and buffaloes, goats and sheep, pigs and chickens. Global drivers of the livestock sector include economic growth and income, demographic and land use changes, dietary adjustments and technological change. The rate of change and direction of livestock development vary greatly among world regions, with Asia showing the most rapid growth and structural change. The paper also examines system dynamics, by analysing the ways livestock production has adjusted to external forces. A brief discussion of how these trends link to food safety concludes the paper., (© World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 2006)