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Agricultural researchers have identified low-external input sustainable agriculture as a preferred development approach to address food security challenges. Recent years have seen the introduction of several sustainable agriculture systems, including integrated, agroecological pest management, and particularly organic farming. This study evaluates the impact of training interventions on the adoption of organic farming practices among beneficiaries. Significant increases were observed in the preparation of organic inputs (68.88%), vermicompost production technology (71.85%), seed treatment with biofertilizers (67.40%), organic pest and disease management (58.14%), organic seed production (31.48%), organic certification and marketing of organic produce (14.81%), and value-added products in organic farming (12.96%). The effectiveness of the training is attributed to the provision of practical knowledge, demonstration of benefits, skill development, and heightened awareness of organic farming practices. Adoption levels were recorded as 60.37% at a low level, 22.60% at a medium level, and 17.03% at a high level. Collaborations with stakeholders such as Theni Coconut Producer Company Limited, Agribusiness Department at TNAU, and the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture in Theni aim to further enhance income generation and livelihood security for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural landscape is very important for the production of goods and services, which are vital to human life. However, agricultural intensification affects the ecological interconnection, function, structure, and capability of landscape production and productivity. Therefore, this review aims to understand the role, diverse causes of biodiversity losses, and maintenance options of agrobiodiversity in landscape ecology. To achieve these objectives, different reputable journal articles that were published starting in 2013 until now were collected, organized, summarized, and compiled carefully. Agrobiodiversity includes all the components of biological diversity that are relevant to agricultural ecosystems. It has an essential role in the sustainable development of agricultural systems, which provide food, fiber, fuel, fodder, medicines, and other products for subsistence. Agricultural biodiversity has a great contribution to food security, production, environmental sustainability, diversifying rural livelihoods, and rural development. These essential agrobiodiversity are endangered due to the ignoring of native knowledge, the absence of local institutions and management systems, inequitable tenure, market pressures, and demographic factors. Thus, conserving agrobiodiversity and its multiple functions included awareness creation in ecosystem management, promoting local adaptive management, supporting local participation, strengthening local rights and tenure property, improving trade-related policies, and providing economic incentives.

Indian forests harbour many edible and tasty fruit species which are consumed by local communities but whose commercial potential remains untapped. Health foods is an upcoming field with increasing business investment. The proposed work opens up many possibilities, as well as sets up a model to combine sustainable harvesting and wild fruit conservation along with management for processing and packaging of fruits that can be harvested in large amounts in specific seasons. Increasing their marketability by appropriate value addition can combine development of forest villages along with generating new business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of agricultural heritage systems (AHSs) has played a pivotal role in fostering the sustainable development of agriculture and safeguarding farmers' livelihoods and food security worldwide. This significance is particularly evident in the case of tea AHSs, due to the economic and nutritional value of tea products. Taking the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System (ATTCS) and Fuding White Tea Culture System (FWTCS) in Fujian Province as examples, this study uses statistical analyses and a multinomial logistic regression model to assess and compare farmer livelihood and food security at the tea AHS sites. The main findings are as follows. First, as the tea industries are at different stages of development, compared with agricultural and non-agricultural part-time households, the welfare level of pure agricultural households is lowest in the ATTCS, while welfare is the highest in the FWTCS. Second, factors such as the area of tea gardens and the number of laborers significantly affect farmers' livelihood strategies transformation from pure agricultural households to agricultural part-time households in the ATTCS and FWTCS. Third, the high commodity rate of tea products, combined with compound cultivation in tea gardens, provides local people with essential sources of income, food, and nutrients, so as to improve food security in the ATTCS and FWTCS. These findings are essential for designing policies to ensure farmers' livelihoods and food security through AHSs and other sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North-Western Himalayas are becoming the hotspots for hydro-meteorological catastrophes due to climate change implications. Present study aims to analyse spatio-temporal dynamics of hailstorms, posing a threat to livelihood security in the Valley of Kashmir on account of significant land use shift from agriculture to horticulture which is highly susceptible to hail hazard. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperature and annual rainfall for Qazigund, Kupwara and Srinagar weather stations were analysed through statistical treatments like Mann Kendall and Sen's slope estimator. To establish the land use change scenario, area under horticulture and under Apple was calculated and demonstrated with the help of regression analysis. Hailstorm incidents were calculated through the archival newspapers from 2007 to 2022 and mapped spatio-temporally in GIS environment. Additionally, to forecast the near-term hail scenario, a trendline was established by using Linear Regression Equation for a period of 2022–2040. Furthermore, a 4 Point Likert scale survey for evaluating the perception of people regarding the changing climatic scenarios and intensification of hailstorm activity was carried out throughout the valley. A total of 203 hailstorm events have occurred from year 2007 to 2022. The findings reveal that the hail storm intensity and frequency has increased with the corresponding increase in temperature and decline in rainfall on account of changing Climatic scenarios across the Kashmir Valley. There has been an increase in hailstorms from 2 events in the year 2007 to 27 events in 2022. North-Kashmir districts, namely Baramulla and Kupwara are emerging as the hail storm hot spots during the spring seasons due to their location around the entrance corridor of western disturbance. The southern districts of Pulwama, Shopian and Anantnag have witnessed enhanced summer hailstorm activity probably under the influence of south-west monsoons. The forecast indicated a significant increase in the hailstorm occurrence with an R2 value of 0.83. The study also concludes that hailstorms are responsible for (30–70%) loss in the productivity of horticulture in the affected areas, thereby threatening livelihood of millions of farmers. Furthermore, the study indicates that the region does not have adequate adaptation and mitigation strategies in place as only 0.06% of the horticulturists are having Anti-hail net protection while as the crop insurance-cover is almost non-existent. The study shall be helpful in developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to combat the hail hazard for securing livelihoods by promoting sustainable horticulture in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRegardless of national commitment, non-exclusive breastfeeding (NEBF) is a public health problem that worsens over time. It can be associated with sociodemographic, economic, and environmental factors and may vary depending on livelihood security. Hence, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of NEBF and identify its associated factors by considering two areas with varied degrees of livelihood security.MethodsThis study represented a comparative cross-sectional survey of 1,060 under 6 months (u6m) infant–mother pairs. Both descriptive and analytic statistics were evaluated using STATA version 17 packages. A binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of NEBF. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the significance of the association at a p-value of

While dynamic water security models related to food and livelihood security have advanced significantly in recent decades, the inclusion of demographic variables in these models is often limited to merely population growth. As many countries have either completed or are in the process of completing the demographic transition, population growth alone may no longer be the predominant demographic variable influencing water security models. Therefore, there is a discernible need for more comprehensive water security models to consider the simultaneous impact of various demographic variables on different aspects of water security. Inspired by the contemporary environmental demography perspectives, we introduce a generic integrated framework for integrated water-population interactions (IWPI) which explores the overlooked impacts of demographic transitions on different aspects of water security. Demographic shifts can impact food and water consumption and agricultural employment. Recognizing these dynamics is essential as countries advance through demographic transitions and face mounting pressures on water resources. The Integrated Water-Population Interaction (IWPI) framework was implemented in Iran through the Water-Population System Dynamics (WPSD) model. The model shows that population size, household composition and urbanization significantly affect domestic water consumption. It also reveals how changes in educational and occupational structures impact livelihood security and food self-sufficiency under water constraints. We introduce a novel population metric for water security assessment in Iran, offering policy-makers a tool to assess and address water insecurities that can affect the population in different ways. Our findings recommend realistic food self-sufficiency targets, flexible water resource planning and policies that integrate population dynamics with water, food and livelihood security to ensure sustainable outcomes in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the importance of youth power in agriculture, ICAR came out with a policy plan to enhance the production ability, reliability and sustainability of youths in agriculture through 'Attracting and Retaining of Youth in Agriculture' (ARYA) project in the year 2015-16. In the ARYA project, the youths below 35 years of age are trained with the twin objective of empowering the younger generation in terms of their livelihood, income and socio-economic status and to attracting the youths to take up agriculture as a main source of income. The study was conducted in the Shivamogga district of Karnataka in 2023, focusing on the beneficiaries of the ARYA project. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Shivamogga maintained the follow-up list of these beneficiaries. Data collection was carried out personally by the researcher using a pretested interview schedule. The study involved interviewing 60 beneficiary youths who were part of the ARYA project in Shivamogga district. It was found that 46.67 per cent of the respondents belongs to average level of livelihood security. Additionally, nearly one-third (31.66%) of the respondents enjoy better livelihood security, while the remaining respondents (21.67%) fall into the category of poor livelihood security. These improvements in livelihood security can be largely attributed to the enhancement of socio-economic status, entrepreneurial behavior, skill sets and employment opportunities facilitated by the ARYA project. The study assessed these outcomes by examining the changes observed, which included a significant decrease in dependency on informal credit sources, reduced migratory needs and an increase in employment opportunities within the village. These findings signify the remarkable progress achieved through the implementation of the ARYA project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High-Altitude Bhagirathi Valley (HA-BV) in Garhwal Himalaya is a region of significant ecological and cultural importance, which is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Community-based approaches to climate change adaptation (CB-CCA) have emerged as an important strategy to build resilience and sustain the local community′s economic and social well-being. This paper aims to examine the CB-CCA and livelihood security initiatives in HA-BV, focusing on the strategies implemented to address the challenges posed by climate change. The paper analyzes the successes and challenges of these approaches and contributes to the discourse on sustainable development in the Himalayan region. The study findings can inform future efforts to build climate resilience and livelihood security in similar contexts. This research demonstrates the potential of CB-CCA to enhance the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and provides insights into the co-benefits of sustainable development and climate resilience in HA-BV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm households in the UNESCO World Heritage site Sundarbans face serious problems, including increased soil salinity, frequent extreme weather events, seawater intrusion and flood damage, all of which cause distress to the livelihoods of the farm families. Policymakers commonly acknowledge livestock as a crucial resource for mitigating economic losses caused by crop failures due to extreme weather events. Despite Sundarbans’ vulnerability to extreme weather events, smallholder farmers’ livelihoods vary across the region. Identifying spatial livelihood variations aids in targeted strategies to address climate extremes. We chose the highest cow- and buffalo-populated blocks among the 19 blocks in the Sundarbans to assess variations in livelihood dimensions, including nutritional, economic, social and infrastructural security. We used dummy variable regression models to examine the differences in livelihood security dimensions among households living in different locations. The study found that Namkhana had the highest livelihood security score among the blocks studied, while Gosaba had the lowest score because it’s in a remote area with limited infrastructure. The study found a significant difference in the overall livelihood security score among the blocks we examined, indicating the need for a location-specific, cluster-based approach for the overall development of the Sundarbans. The study can shape a policy framework for socio-economic development in the Indian Sundarbans through its findings on location-specific livelihood security. For securing smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in the vulnerable Sundarbans region, policymakers must give priority to improving infrastructure, viz., roads, marketing facilities and animal healthcare centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates food and livelihood security in Ban Laem District, Phetchaburi, a unique sea salt community recognized under the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). We assess the current status of food and livelihood security, utilizing the entropy weight method. Our findings reveal a composite evaluation score of 2.724, comprising an average food security rating of 1.476 and a livelihood security score of 1.248. Agricultural diversity emerges as pivotal for food security, while financial support, indigenous knowledge preservation, and climate adaptation strategies are crucial for livelihood security. Our recommendations include fostering awareness, collaboration, diversified farming, financial accessibility, and cultural conservation initiatives. This research provides valuable insights into coastal community security and informs transformative policies for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of agricultural heritage systems (AHSs) has played a pivotal role in fostering the sustainable development of agriculture and safeguarding farmers’ livelihoods and food security worldwide. This significance is particularly evident in the case of tea AHSs, due to the economic and nutritional value of tea products. Taking the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System (ATTCS) and Fuding White Tea Culture System (FWTCS) in Fujian Province as examples, this study uses statistical analyses and a multinomial logistic regression model to assess and compare farmer livelihood and food security at the tea AHS sites. The main findings are as follows. First, as the tea industries are at different stages of development, compared with agricultural and non-agricultural part-time households, the welfare level of pure agricultural households is lowest in the ATTCS, while welfare is the highest in the FWTCS. Second, factors such as the area of tea gardens and the number of laborers significantly affect farmers’ livelihood strategies transformation from pure agricultural households to agricultural part-time households in the ATTCS and FWTCS. Third, the high commodity rate of tea products, combined with compound cultivation in tea gardens, provides local people with essential sources of income, food, and nutrients, so as to improve food security in the ATTCS and FWTCS. These findings are essential for designing policies to ensure farmers’ livelihoods and food security through AHSs and other sustainable agriculture.

The study identified the variables that affect rural-urban migration and how it impacts the stability of household livelihood. Descriptive statistics, ivprobit regression, and the dose response function were all used to examine the data. Livestock holding, family size, access to information, number of cultivated fields, soil infertility, distance in kilometers to the nearest town, and distance in kilometers to the farmer training centers were the factors driving rural-urban migration. The impact of remittances on household livelihood security is positive and improved over time with relatively broad confidence ranges. It increased the livelihood security of migrant-sending households by 13.6% and the overall population by 10.99%. Higher levels of remittance had a greater impact on household livelihood security with a 40% local minimum dose. Stakeholders were given a list of policy issues and strategies for dealing with the underlying causes of rural-urban migration and maximize remittance gains.

The study examines the constraints faced by cotton growers in achieving livelihood security in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The investigation used a Livelihood Security (LS) index comprising seven elements, including food security, economic security, health security, educational security, social security, institutional security, and infrastructural security. Data were collected from 120 cotton farmers using structured interviews, and statistical analysis was employed to assess the level of livelihood security and identify constraints. The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of farmers have medium to high levels of livelihood security, but certain challenges persist. Among the constraints, lack of knowledge of technical skills and relevant technologies, low market prices for products and inadequate knowledge of marketing stand out as significant obstacles. Addressing these challenges can contribute to enhancing the overall well-being and livelihood security of cotton growers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the primary occupation and main source of livelihood for the people in India, but it faces many challenges. In the backdrop of climatic changes like floods, drought, market volatility and widespread poverty in rural areas, livelihood security of the farmers is at stake. To improve it, the NGO's pick up causes that are so niche and accurately map-up expectations of the people to understand the local realities. The Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP) as an NGO has pivotal role in securing the livelihood of farmers through various programs and many services in the rural areas. The study has been conducted in Dakshina Kannada and Kolar district of Karnataka state. A total of 180 beneficiaries were selected from Karnataka state during 2022-23. This research aimed to explain the livelihood security and explore the various constraints encountered by SKDRDP beneficiaries and provide necessary suggestions. It was found that significant portion (33.89%) of beneficiaries have better livelihood security followed by average (33.33%) level of livelihood security. The better livelihood is due to the multifaceted approach undertaken by SKDRDP through financial support, knowledge and capacity building programs through SHG make them to found more opportunities in securing better income inturn the livelihood security. The major constraints faced by farmers are lack of proper market access with a garret score of 66.61, lack of awareness about SKDRDP interventions with a Garret score of 64.00, non-suitability of training timings with a garret score of (62.68), lack of timely access to the interventions (61.28). Major suggestions expressed by beneficiaries are repayment of the loan can be made biweekly/monthly as expressed by 85.00 per cent of beneficiaries, marketing facilities need to be concentrated more which was expressed by 83.89 per cent of beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing communities around mines to face the impacts of mine closures is crucial in order to reduce disruptions to their livelihoods. Building the adaptive capacity of these communities will alleviate the burden on governments or mining companies in the future. Unfortunately, adaptive capacity has not yet been integrated into post-mining planning policies. This research aims to develop an adaptive capacity framework for post-mining planning in local communities, focusing on a case study conducted in Indonesia. We developed this framework using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The findings indicate that the adaptive capacity framework provides a comprehensive approach to building the capacity to adapt and thrive in post-mining situations. This highlights the importance of continuing to disseminate post-mining plan information, prioritizing access to capital and former mine sites, fostering collaboration, and creating job opportunities. Simultaneously, efforts to increase skills should be reduced, and reallocation of efforts towards community institution building, establishing information centers, and improving community bonds should be prioritized in more important fields and programs. By adopting this framework, communities around mines in Indonesia are expected to enhance their resilience and ability to effectively respond to changing circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) is a subsidiary region of the Mekong River, with approximately 50 million people directly dependent on the river for livelihood and economic activities. However, communities in the region are increasingly exposed to multiple hazards that have significant direct and indirect impacts on their livelihoods. To implement efficient risk management strategies, it is important to understand the interlinkages between the different dimensions and factors that influence livelihood security and resilience in such communities. Through a literature review and expert workshop, this paper studies the multi-hazard scenario and impacts in the LMB region and the interlinkages between livelihoods and resilience in the LMB communities. The paper consolidates these findings and proposes a localized assessment framework that can be used by stakeholders in decision-making process. Floods and droughts were identified as primary natural hazards, while a multi-hazard assessment highlighted a wide spatial variation in the hazard levels across the region. The primary impacts of such hazards are on the agricultural communities dependent on the basin's ecosystem and natural resources for their livelihoods. A holistic framework has been proposed to measure the multi-hazard livelihood security and resilience in LMB communities that can be used by government authorities and development partners in planning and implementing mitigation and preparedness activities to manage and reducing the risk of hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated farming system (IFS) approach is a powerful tool for ensuring the livelihood security of small and marginal farmers. The precision of IFS experiments can be enhanced using statistical and computational tools. Twopart designs are helpful in selecting the best possible components in IFS. They involve two groups of treatment arranged in incomplete blocks with respect to both groups, and the concurrence of treatment pairs within and between groups is constant. The fusion of two incomplete block designs in a systematic manner can yield two-part designs. Further, for situations where certain experimental units are not available, two-part structurally incomplete designs are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countless environmental, social, and economic issues can stem from poor mine closure and post-mining land use planning practices. Such post-extractive landscapes have a disproportionate effect on local Indigenous communities that continue to live in these often remote areas on their traditional lands, with such peoples only recently being able to document and bring their values and stories to closure, rehabilitation, and post-mining land use policy. A strong regulatory environment is the often suggested response to such concerns, and this chapter examines the regulation of mine rehabilitation and closure (MR&C) practices in the developed resource states of Canada and Australia. Analysis of current regulation and policy along with examples from MR&C practice demonstrate that the regulatory state is failing to ensure social, economic, cultural, and environmentally safe landscapes for local Indigenous people on whose lands these mines were situated. This research highlights recent reform in both jurisdictions, primarily designed to limit state liability for abandoned mines, and the impact of that reform upon the influence and inclusion of Indigenous peoples’ interests and rights in MR&C. The chapter highlights the common structural, institutional, political and resource challenges that Indigenous peoples across Australia and Canada face in ensuring that their lands and country are effectively and safely rehabilitated, and argues that having a comprehensive regulatory environment is not enough. Greater Indigenous engagement, management, control and ownership of MR&C processes is required if we are to see better outcomes for local people in post-extractive landscapes.

Suriname was one of the first countries in the global South to produce aluminium. The establishment of this industry, including the hydroelectric dam that was meant to power it, was the key idea upon which Suriname’s entire dream of modernity and independence was constructed. Negotiations with the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) resulted in Suriname accepting a treaty under which hardly any benefits accumulated in the country itself, while the establishment of the industry caused loss of land, environmental damage and the deculturation of the Surinamese Maroon communities. After these revolted against the state, Alcoa left the country, leaving behind an ‘aluminium landscape’ where aluminium is no longer produced, but where the original population, insofar as its members have not moved to the cities, is still heavily affected by the changes caused by the Surinamese aluminium boom.

In attempting to counter the various negative correlations associated with the mining–development nexus in the global South (for example, the ‘resource curse’ or ‘enclave economies’), the global mining sector experienced a mushrooming of ethical norms, practices and policies during the past three decades, many of them intended to strengthen local communities. In addition to the launch of various initiatives from the corporate world (ranging from multi-stakeholder partnerships on the global level to corporate social responsibility programmes in mining concessions), a number of West African countries have reformed their liberal mining legislation in recent years, thereby introducing new mechanisms for a more just local redistribution of mining revenues. In this spirit, the mining code of Burkina Faso, reformed in 2015, provides the implementation of a Mining Fund for Local Development (FMDL) to which multinational corporations are legally required to contribute 1 per cent of their national turnover (before tax). This chapter investigates multi-scalar policies for decentralised mining revenue allocation in and around Burkina Faso’s gold mining sector by engaging with and contributing to debates in post-structural geography and political ecology. It explores how ‘resource decentralisation’ became a priority of both the national government and of Canadian aid projects in Burkina Faso, while facing political resistance from mining companies. I argue that struggles for local profits from mining transcend specific scales (‘the global’, ‘the national’, or ‘the local’) in resource governance and focus either on promoting the various voluntary engagements of the corporate world or on calling for the state-centred enforcement of legal requirements. In Burkina Faso’s mining areas this has ambivalent outcomes: It leads to a reshuffling of responsibility for the (re-)distribution of mining revenues from corporate agents to municipal decision makers, on the one hand. On the other, it serves to engineer (potential) community unrest, and thus to eventually make large-scale mining feasible in the first place.

Transnational corporations dominated chromite mining in Zimbabwe for the entire colonial period. However, the postcolonial period witnessed a gradual but significant shift toward small-scale and artisanal mining as liberalisation led to the informalisation of the mining sector. This chapter examines the impulses in the transformation of the chromite mining sector in the postcolonial period and the rise and development of chromite mining cooperatives since the 1980s. In particular, it analyses the impact of tribute mining arrangements on the emergence and growth of chromite mining cooperatives in Zimbabwe. The chapter argues that while tribute mining arrangements engendered the development and growth of mining cooperatives, the contracts also created an asymmetrical and exploitative relationship between cooperatives and large-scale mining companies that owned mining claims that they sublet to cooperatives. The chapter also considers the effects of Zimbabwe’s redistributive land reform programme and Chinese participation in artisanal and small-scale mining on mining cooperatives. Overall, the chapter analyses the effects of the liberalisation of the mining sector in Zimbabwe and the centrality of mining cooperatives in the interface between large- and small-scale chromite mining.

Ecosystem services are the processes of nature that directly or indirectly benefit human beings. These services need to be conserved through incentive-based market approaches for a sustainable future. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is one approach that aims to manage natural resources and ecosystem stewardship, wherein the users recompense the conservators of the ecosystem services. While PES has numerous benefits in enhancing the awareness of linkages between human well-being (e.g. poverty alleviation) and ecosystem services, it is constrained by major challenges, especially in developing countries like India. This article reviews the significant issues and challenges of environmental marketing in India and suggests measures to promote PES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities often disrupt the environment and geo-hydrology of Garhwal Himalaya and its significant impacts are visible on the hydrological behaviour of Mandakini River Basin, Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand. Important factors causing flood and accelerating several hydrological hazards during monsoon periods in the Mandakini river are heavy rainfall, cloudburst, avalanches, slope failure, GLOF (Glacial Lake Outburst Flood), landslides, soil erosion, rampant tree felling, deforestation, drainage congestion due to unregulated urbanization etc. These changes and some important factors causing the disaster have been attempted to be understood through primary survey, secondary data and with use of Geospatial (GIS and Remote Sensing) techniques are used to find out the situation and analysis the characteristics of geographical conditions for sustainable development. This research used a cross-sectional study design for disaster risk reduction planning wherein it attempts to assess the livelihood security, disaster-related knowledge, preparedness, adaptation, awareness, and risk perception among the stockholders. This paper also suggests a sustainable policy to accentuate and transform scientific indigenous knowledge into programmes and policies to increase better mutual understanding, collaboration and partnership for better sustainable policy outcomes in the goal of sustainable development and disaster management in Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community conservation enterprises (CCEs) approach is used for advancing integrated conservation and development goals in Sub-Saharan Africa. CCEs aim to enhance resident livelihoods and reduce dependency on park resources. However, the impacts of CCEs are rarely demonstrable. This exploratory study of residents living adjacent to the Greater Virunga Landscape (GVL) in Rwanda and Uganda helps to address this gap by examining the household livelihood strategy of CCEs among GVL residents. Face-to-face interviews with 571 residents were conducted to assess satisfaction with their household livelihood security (food, education, health, financial). Results indicated that investment in CCEs has led to significant improvements in the livelihoods of residents in Rwanda. However, residents of Uganda reported marginal improvements. This study demonstrates the potential of CCEs for improving food and financial security in areas where tourism growth is substantial. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]