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Along with the rapid economic development that rural Vietnam has experienced since the implementation of the Doi Moi policy, increasing attention is being paid to the widening income inequality among rural households. Although several studies have been conducted to understand the drivers of rural inequality, there is a lack of analysis that considers different household characteristics simultaneously and quantifies their contributions to inequality. Our study aims to fill this gap by applying the Fields' regression-based decomposition method to household data collected from VARHS 2012 and VARHS 2016. The analysis results show that human capital, indicated by the quantity and quality of working members, and physical capital, indicated by household mobility and access to information, are the main contributors that explain this inequality. Additionally, the decreasing variation in specific characteristics, such as education level, is found to reduce their contribution to inequality over time, consequently preventing these factors from exacerbating overall inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural China, farmers who have been “lifted out of poverty” still at risk of returning to poverty. The sustainable livelihood and risk coping ability of farmers are of great significance for rural development, and social networks have a distinctive effect on livelihood and risk coping ability of farmers. Based on full-coverage survey in a village, this paper adopts the entropy weight method, Social Network Analysis, and aims to build a social network model and reveal the impact of social networks on farmer’s livelihood and risk coping ability. The results show that the farmers’ livelihood capital based on social network has a significant amplification. Furthermore, social relationships can directly affect farmers’ ability to cope with livelihood risks. And, for farmers with higher social, information, human and financial capital, the effectiveness of social networks in enhancing their risk coping capacity is more significant. Overall, it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the positive role of social networks on the livelihood in the future. For rural development, social relationship networks should be continuously enriched and to strengthen its multiplier effect on farmers’ livelihood. And for farmer development, it should take measures to improve the mobilising capacity of social relations. And to amplify the effectiveness of various types of livelihood capital in risk response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective Research on the influence mechanism of the five dimensions of farmers' livelihood capital on the intention and behavior of farmland transfer provides a scientific basis for promoting the rational transfer of farmland, improving the utilization efficiency of farmland, and promoting moderate scale management. [Methods] Based on the questionnaire data of 359 farmers from 3 towns and 12 villages in Qufu City, Shandong Province, binary Logistic regression was used for analysis. [Results] Physical capital and financial capital were 5% significantly correlated with transfer intention and transfer-in intention, natural capital was 5% significantly correlated with transfer-out intention, social capital was 10% significantly correlated with transfer-in behavior, and physical capital and social capital were 10% significantly correlated with transfer-out behavior. [Conclusion] The transfer intention of the surveyed area is relatively strong, and the proportion of farmland transfer is relatively high, but there is still a certain gap between the two. The influence of different dimensions of livelihood capital on circulation intention and behavior is not exactly the same. In order to promote the rational circulation of farmland, it is necessary to further improve the market mechanism of farmland circulation, strengthen the macro-control and intermediary functions of the government, and improve the livelihood capital of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is helpful to analyze the mechanism of blocking intergenerational transmission of poverty and form the endogenous development power, by studying the evolution law of sustainable livelihood level of poor college students’ families. This paper analyzes the comprehensive effect of Poverty Alleviation Policies with DID model by taking families in poverty counties of Wumeng Mountain as experimental group and families in non-poverty counties of Yunnan Province as control group. The results show that the spatial and temporal differentiation of livelihood capital in the experimental group is positive, following the poverty alleviation effect is more significant, and the livelihood capital score belong to the experimental group has approached to the control group. Moreover, the material capital, human capital and financial capital of poor college students’ families have increased significantly, and the effect of blocking the intergenerational transmission of poverty has appeared. Looking forward to the governance of relative poverty, it is suggested that priority should be given to consolidating and promoting Poverty Alleviation Policies in education and employment, and other types of capital should be transformed through the promotion of human capital. We should strengthen thanksgiving education, cultivate and incubate rural sages from college students, and constantly internalize the development power of poor college students’ families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a unique phenomenon in China's dualistic urban-rural system, the renewal of urban villages, along with the continuous advancement of urbanization, has attracted much attention, because it involves changes in land ownership, compensation for house demolition and relocation, environmental construction, and social security, among other aspects. Resident satisfaction in urban villages is directly related to the issues of policy strengths and weaknesses, resident happiness, and social fairness, and has been widely researched in academia. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of satisfaction in urban village renewal from the perspective of reference dependence and have neglected to compare the differences in the levels of different proximity reference points and livelihood capitals. From the perspective of reference dependence, this study analyzes the influence of different proximity reference points on the satisfaction with urban village renewal based on the theory of differential order patterns and tests the moderating effect of livelihood capital on this mechanism. Based on 413 valid samples from two typical urban village renewal areas in Wuhan, this study explored the mechanisms of reference dependence, livelihood capital, and satisfaction with urban village renewal and reconstruction in megacity urban villages using an ordered logistic regression model, a moderating effect model, and other methods. The study found that: 1) reference dependence positively and significantly affected the satisfaction of urban village resettlement residents with renewal and reconstruction; 2) the proximity of the object of reference dependence to one's own relationship was positively correlated with the degree of influence; and 3) livelihood capital positively moderated the relationship between reference dependence and satisfaction with renewal and reconstruction. Policy implications: The design of demolition and relocation compensation policy should strengthen the public participation of villagers, formulate reasonable standards for the identification of legal property rights of housing, and take into account efficiency and fairness by adapting to the local conditions. Efforts should be made to eliminate the influence of the differences in livelihood capital, and improve the cultural quality and skills of resettled villagers through training to reduce the "cultural lag" brought about by the change of identity. Monitoring groups should be set up to oversee the implementation of urban village renewal. This study helps to further elucidate the influence mechanism of satisfaction with urban village renewal and enriches the theoretical application of reference dependence theory in the field of behavioral economics. The findings provide practical experience for reducing social conflicts and public opinion impacts and provides a reference for megacities to actively and steadily implement urban village renewal, thereby improving people's livelihoods, expanding domestic demand, and promoting high-quality urban development.

This study takes five villages along the S229 Puyin Highway in the Eryinshan District of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu as the research area to evaluate the impact of village livelihood capital at different development levels on farmers' livelihood activities, aiming to find ways to achieve high-quality and sustainable development in impoverished rural areas. The results indicate that with the promotion of rural revitalization strategy and the input of a large amount of capital and technology from the country, the material and economic capital of each village has significantly increased, but the weight of human capital, economic capital, social and cultural capital, and psychological capital is not high. Therefore, the Eryinshan District should take advantage of its cold and frigid advantages, actively develop plateau summer vegetables, lilies, and authentic Chinese medicinal herbs, create a characteristic industrial development chain, and enhance the financial capital level of farmers; strengthen technical training for local farmers with labor capabilities, encourage humanities and policies to attract migrant workers, local elites, and capable individuals to return to their hometowns for entrepreneurship, and increase human capital; excavate distinctive folk culture and innovate social and cultural capital; on the basis of improving daily life and developing the economy, we aim to create a favorable rural living atmosphere, continuously enhance the happiness of the masses, improve the psychological capital of farmers, and achieve the beautiful aspirations of rural industry prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance, and a prosperous life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a unique phenomenon in China's dualistic urban-rural system, the renewal of urban villages, along with the continuous advancement of urbanization, has attracted much attention, because it involves changes in land ownership, compensation for house demolition and relocation, environmental construction, and social security, among other aspects. Resident satisfaction in urban villages is directly related to the issues of policy strengths and weaknesses, resident happiness, and social fairness, and has been widely researched in academia. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of satisfaction in urban village renewal from the perspective of reference dependence and have neglected to compare the differences in the levels of different proximity reference points and livelihood capitals. From the perspective of reference dependence, this study analyzes the influence of different proximity reference points on the satisfaction with urban village renewal based on the theory of differential order patterns and tests the moderating effect of livelihood capital on this mechanism. Based on 413 valid samples from two typical urban village renewal areas in Wuhan, this study explored the mechanisms of reference dependence, livelihood capital, and satisfaction with urban village renewal and reconstruction in megacity urban villages using an ordered logistic regression model, a moderating effect model, and other methods. The study found that: 1) reference dependence positively and significantly affected the satisfaction of urban village resettlement residents with renewal and reconstruction; 2) the proximity of the object of reference dependence to one's own relationship was positively correlated with the degree of influence; and 3) livelihood capital positively moderated the relationship between reference dependence and satisfaction with renewal and reconstruction. Policy implications: The design of demolition and relocation compensation policy should strengthen the public participation of villagers, formulate reasonable standards for the identification of legal property rights of housing, and take into account efficiency and fairness by adapting to the local conditions. Efforts should be made to eliminate the influence of the differences in livelihood capital, and improve the cultural quality and skills of resettled villagers through training to reduce the "cultural lag" brought about by the change of identity. Monitoring groups should be set up to oversee the implementation of urban village renewal. This study helps to further elucidate the influence mechanism of satisfaction with urban village renewal and enriches the theoretical application of reference dependence theory in the field of behavioral economics. The findings provide practical experience for reducing social conflicts and public opinion impacts and provides a reference for megacities to actively and steadily implement urban village renewal, thereby improving people's livelihoods, expanding domestic demand, and promoting high-quality urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry practices play a vital role in improving rural income and livelihoods, yet quantifying their contributions in Ethiopia remains limited. This study investigated the contribution of agroforestry practices to rural income and livelihoods, along with factors influencing income derived from these practices. A two-stage sampling method was employed to select 160 rural households engaged in home garden and woodlot agroforestry practices. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics, content analysis, generalized linear model, Mann–Whitney U test, and financial analysis tools were used to analyze and interpret the data. The results demonstrated that agroforestry practices provide numerous benefits to rural households, including fuelwood, charcoal, poles, construction materials, fodder, perennial crops, food crops, and fruits for both consumption and income generation. Agroforestry practices significantly increased farm income, contributing 18.2% of the total household income. This income significantly supported annual household expenditures across various livelihood capitals. Income from woodlots was significantly higher than that from home gardens, while home gardens showed a better overall capability to improve livelihoods. Household size, agroforestry size, gender, crop income, access to seedlings, and farm elevation positively and significantly (p < 0.05) impacted agroforestry income. Overall, agroforestry practices significantly contribute to annual income and improve the human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital of rural households in the Tarmaber district. Policymakers and practitioners should consider the socioeconomic, ecological, and institutional factors influencing agroforestry income when developing policies and strategies to improve rural income and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Island is a special area with natural and socio-economic vulnerability, which to some extent restricts the livelihood strategy choices and development of island residents. Relying on the rich tourism resources of the island, the tourism industry has become an important source of livelihood for farmers in the villages around the scenic spots in the island. However, The difference of tourism resource endowment of different villages will inevitably affect the livelihood capital level of farmers in different villages. This paper takes 15 villages of South Changshan Island and North Changshan Island of Changdao as the research area, constructs the livelihood capital evaluation index system, measures the total livelihood capital index of Yujiale farmers in the research area, analyzes the spatial distribution pattern and agglomeration characteristics of the total livelihood capital index, and put forward suggestions to improve the livelihood capital level of Yujiale farmers to promote the sustainable livelihood development of island farmers.

Livelihood capital is the core element of sustainable livelihood development for rural households. Based on the survey data of 615 growers in the main rubber-producing areas of Hainan and Yunnan province, this paper constructs an evaluation system of rubber growers' livelihood capital within the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and calculates key indicators, such as farmers' livelihood capital index, livelihood activity diversity index, and household income diversity index. The multiple regression model and the mediating effect model are used to explore the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The following three conclusions are drawn: (1) The accumulation of livelihood capital of rural households is conducive to enriching the structure of household livelihood activities and income sources, especially the accumulation of financial capital, which is more likely to improve the diversity of household livelihood activities. Regional differences exist in the impact of livelihood capital structures on rural household livelihood outcomes. Natural capital endowment has a significant effect on the income diversification level in Hainan, but there may be a "curse" effect in Yunnan. (2) Geographical characteristics, production decisions, and farming household characteristics significantly impact sustainable livelihoods. The altitude of the village and the distance from the county seat pose certain challenges for farmers in diversifying their livelihoods. Although the law of rubber tapping production may weaken farmers' production and business activities, it can better stabilize farmers' incomes owing to its strong flexibility in labor arrangements, which may be beneficial for diversifying livelihoods; however, it does not necessarily lead to diversified incomes. While the characteristics of poor households can help rural households gain policy support, building capacity is the key to achieving a sustainable livelihood. (3) There are intermediary effects of livelihood capital on livelihood activities and household income, but the mechanisms of action are different. For the diversity of farmers' livelihoods, 52.70% of the catalytic effect of livelihood capital is achieved by improving the ability to integrate livelihood capital. Optimizing household employment strategies contributed to the promotion of livelihood capital on the income diversification index, with a mediating effect of 30.52%. The main contribution of this study is to clarify how livelihood capital can achieve the goal of diversifying household livelihood activities and income by coordinating livelihood capacity and employment strategies. Therefore, to enhance the comprehensive livelihood capacity of rural households, the coordination capacity of livelihood capital, livelihood capacity building should be enhanced, and employment information channels should be expanded.

The livelihood of rural households not only determines their income, but also has a significant impact on the regional ecological environment. The differentiation of rural regional factors is one of the main driving factors for the diversity of livelihood capital levels and livelihood strategies in rural households. Analyzing the characteristics of livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of rural households in different rural areas is an important foundation for establishing sustainable livelihoods for local households. This study collected first-hand data from 512 rural households in the Yuqiao Reservoir watershed and constructed an evaluation index system for the livelihood capital of rural households. Livelihood strategies were divided into four types according to the income source of rural households, including purely agricultural(PA), mainly agricultural(MA), mainly non-agricultural(MNA), and purely non-agricultural(PNA). The characteristics of livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of rural households in different rural areas were analyzed. Finally, the impacts of livelihood capital on livelihood strategies were analyzed using multiple regression equations. The main findings are as follows：The non-agricultural livelihood of rural households has become a common phenomenon in the Yuqiao Reservoir watershed, with 42.6% MNA and 29.5% PNA. There were significant differences in the livelihood capital of rural households with different livelihood strategies. The total livelihood, human, social, and financial capital of PNA and MNA rural households were significantly higher than those of PA and MA rural households (P<0.05). The natural capital of PA and MA households was significantly higher than that of PNA households(P<0.05). There were significant differences in the level of livelihood capital and livelihood strategy choices of rural households in different rural areas. The total livelihood and natural capital of rural households in cash crop areas were significantly higher than those in other regions, whereas the financial capital in traditional grain-producing areas was the lowest(P<0.05). The rural households around the reservoir were mainly PNA. The rural households in the mountain forest and urban periphery areas households were mainly MNA. The rural households in the traditional grain-producing and cash crop areas were mainly PNA and MNA households. MNA and MA households were mainly found in the cultural tourism area. Indicators such as per capita farmland area, per capita forestland area, fragmentation of cultivated land, soil fertility, labor share and average age of labor force, means of transportation, and household per capita income had a significant impact on the choice of livelihood strategies(P<0.05). The main reasons for the differences in livelihood capital and strategies among different rural areas were related to their geographical location, natural resources, social resources, and policies. Finally, a targeted optimization strategy for regional rural household livelihoods based on the characteristics of constituent elements was proposed, which can provide a reference for promoting the development of farmer livelihoods in different rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livelihood capital is the core element of sustainable livelihood development for rural households. Based on the survey data of 615 growers in the main rubber-producing areas of Hainan and Yunnan province, this paper constructs an evaluation system of rubber growers' livelihood capital within the sustainable livelihood analysis framework and calculates key indicators, such as farmers' livelihood capital index, livelihood activity diversity index, and household income diversity index. The multiple regression model and the mediating effect model are used to explore the influence mechanism of livelihood capital on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The following three conclusions are drawn: (1) The accumulation of livelihood capital of rural households is conducive to enriching the structure of household livelihood activities and income sources, especially the accumulation of financial capital, which is more likely to improve the diversity of household livelihood activities. Regional differences exist in the impact of livelihood capital structures on rural household livelihood outcomes. Natural capital endowment has a significant effect on the income diversification level in Hainan, but there may be a "curse" effect in Yunnan. (2) Geographical characteristics, production decisions, and farming household characteristics significantly impact sustainable livelihoods. The altitude of the village and the distance from the county seat pose certain challenges for farmers in diversifying their livelihoods. Although the law of rubber tapping production may weaken farmers' production and business activities, it can better stabilize farmers' incomes owing to its strong flexibility in labor arrangements, which may be beneficial for diversifying livelihoods; however, it does not necessarily lead to diversified incomes. While the characteristics of poor households can help rural households gain policy support, building capacity is the key to achieving a sustainable livelihood. (3) There are intermediary effects of livelihood capital on livelihood activities and household income, but the mechanisms of action are different. For the diversity of farmers' livelihoods, 52.70% of the catalytic effect of livelihood capital is achieved by improving the ability to integrate livelihood capital. Optimizing household employment strategies contributed to the promotion of livelihood capital on the income diversification index, with a mediating effect of 30.52%. The main contribution of this study is to clarify how livelihood capital can achieve the goal of diversifying household livelihood activities and income by coordinating livelihood capacity and employment strategies. Therefore, to enhance the comprehensive livelihood capacity of rural households, the coordination capacity of livelihood capital, livelihood capacity building should be enhanced, and employment information channels should be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking Qinba mountains in southern Shaanxi province as an example, this study adopts participatory rural assessment method to describe the current situation of farmers' environmental awareness from three dimensions of environmental knowledge, ecological concept and environmental protection behavior. Based on this, multiple Logistic regression and Tobit regression models were established to study the key factors affecting farmers' environmental awareness. The results show that: (1) The livelihood capital of the overall farmers in the Qinba mountainous area of southern Shaanxi is relatively lacking, and the distribution is unbalanced; the environmental awareness of farmers is mainly divided into three types: weak, medium and strong. (2) Physical capital has always been the key livelihood capital that affects farmers' environmental awareness from weak to strong, and human capital stock is the basic guarantee to greatly improve farmers' environmental awareness. (3) Various livelihood capital has a significant effect on various dimensions of farmers' environmental awareness, and can guide and educate farmers to improve their environmental awareness by adjusting farmers' livelihood capital. (4) For different types of farmers, the level of environmental awareness is different, and the degree of impact of livelihood capital on the environmental awareness of various types of farmers is different. On this basis, countermeasures and suggestions for promoting farmers' environmental awareness and future research directions are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates on whether tourism has pro-poor effects remain imperative and unsettled owing to the discrepancy of research perspectives, estimation techniques, data source, study regions, and variables designs, etc. With the eradication of absolute poverty in China, the focus of tourism-relative poverty nexus could get deeper insights into the poverty reduction efficacy of tourism development in developing countries. This study examines the impacts of rural households' tourism participation on relative poverty using the survey data from 22 pro-poor tourism villages located in western China and the endogenous switching probit (ESP) model. The results show that participating in rural tourism reduces both objective and subjective relative poverty. However, it has no direct effect on subjective poverty, but exerts an indirect effect by decreasing objective poverty. Furthermore, heterogeneous effect analysis shows dual impacts. On the one hand, it brings reduction of relative poverty probability for tourism participants; on the other hand, it exacerbates the relative gap by individual endogenous capital endowments and narrows the gap by exogenous targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policy interventions. Our findings extend theoretical significance of the pro-poor tourism arguments by clarifying the pro-poor effects and the pathways of rural tourism on both objective and subjective relative poverty at the household level. It also provides empirical evidence for improving the current anti-poverty policy related to rural tourism in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The relationship between farming and herding households’ livelihood capital and livelihood strategies was studied, and the spatial differences of farming and herding households’ livelihood capital and the transformation between livelihood strategies were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for reducing farming and herding households’ livelihood vulnerability and ultimately achieving sustainable development. [Methods] Starting from the theoretical framework of sustainable livelihood analysis, a household questionnaire survey was used to analyze the key factors of livelihood capital and livelihood strategy transformation for farming and herding households in the national sandy land enclosed reserves in Maqu, Minqin, Shandan County, and Liangzhou District in Gansu Province, which were approved to be established in 2017, by combining a Logistic regression model and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). [Results] Financial capital was the most abundant form of livelihood capital, while natural capital was the least abundant form of livelihood capital for the farmers and herdsmen in the enclosed reserves of desertified land. There were significant differences in the distribution of livelihood capital among farmers and herdsmen with different livelihood strategies, and the livelihood capital of non-agricultural farmers and herdsmen was better than that of purely farming households. Cultivated (or grassland) area, cultivated (or grassland) quality, and production tools had significant positive effects on the choice of purely farming households. The size of the family labor force, the education level and the total household income had a significant negative impact on the choice of purely farming livelihood strategy. [Conclusion] The following countermesures should be promoted in the future. Those are increasing the publicity of ecological environmental protection in enclosed protected areas, strengthening the awareness of ecological protection among farmers and herdsmen, accelerating the development of agricultural mechanization, and encouraging the transformation of the remaining labor force to non-agricultural industries, thereby achieving diversification of livelihoods.

Studying the impact of different farmland transfer modes on farmers' income inequality can help understand the reasons for the income gap between farmers. Based on this, we use field survey data and OLS regression, quantile idea and Shapley decomposition to analyse the impact of farmland transfer on farmers' income inequality. The results show that the influence of farmers' spontaneous mode on the increase in farmers' income is better than that of the market-led mode and government-led mode. The market-led and government-led transfer modes also significantly enhance the positive impact of livelihood capital on farmers' income. The higher the level of natural, material, labour and social capital of farmers, the more favourable the effect on income, while the financial capital is more beneficial to high-income farmers. As for the restraining effect of the transfer modes on the income gap, the farmers' spontaneous mode is the best, the government-led mode is the second, and the market-led mode is the worst. Further research shows that the transfer mode greatly impacts the income inequality of middle-income and low-income farmers. There are significant differences in the effects of livelihood capital on farmers' income inequality in different transfer modes. Therefore, on the premise of following farmers' willingness, the government should play a leading role in further standardizing the farmland transfer market and improving the household income of low-income and middle-income farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Historical reports show that COVID-19 pandemic has been confirmed over 213 nations or territories which accelerates the livelihoods. It also hampers the livelihoods of urban people's mainly poor slum dwellers in developing countries like Bangladesh. The purpose of this article is to assess the vulnerability of urban slum dwellers based on five livelihood capitals during COVID-19. METHODS: Rajshahi City Corporation area is purposively selected which is grouped into three zones (central, interim and peripheral) based on the distance from the central business district, Shaheb Bazar. The study is conducted with a semi-structured and self-developed questionnaire to fulfill its objective. The questionnaires are focused on predetermined 48 indicators of five livelihood capitals (human, social, physical, natural and financial). Total 361 slum households (9%) are selected from 4010 households at 95% significance level which are proportionately distributed in 12 slum areas and household heads are nominated through simple random samplings. Data are coded, edited and inserted carefully; standardized and livelihood capital index are calculated with SPSS and map is produced with ArcGIS 10.4. FINDINGS: Study reveals that about 47.8% (central), 57.5% (interim) and 45.1% (peripheral) slum dwellers are illiterate and live in a miserable condition. Human capital index is found higher in central slums (0.435) than peripheral (0.406) and interim (0.387). The social capital index is revealed as similar of human capital index. But physical capital index claims the trend as central (0.776)> interim (0.646)> peripheral (0.536). Again, financial capital index of the central slum dwellers is higher as they receive help during pandemic and get earning opportunity and these slum areas are located near the central business district. In addition, natural capital index is totally different and peripheral slum dwellers are in better position (0.635) than interim (0.549) and central (0.358) slums. Finally, the study concludes that mean livelihood capital index of central (0.4334) slum dwellers are better than interim (0.4216) and peripheral (0.4222) slums which assesses all the study slums as moderate. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that financial improvement is becoming an ultimate need for slum dwellers since the financial capital index reveals as poor among all the slum areas. Moreover, individual or community-based strategies, international collaborations, government and non-governmental organizations need to come forward to improve not only the financial capital but also other four capitals in all slum areas to build a sustainable livelihood as majority of them live below the standard livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use efficiency is primarily limited by the fragmentation of land management. China's fragmented farmland poses a significant threat to the country's food security and rural revitalization. Therefore, promoting land transfer to establish large-scale operations is a significant solution. With digital technology's advancements, digital inclusive finance (DIF) has permeated rural regions to provide financial assistance for farmers' livelihood and rural development. However, it remains unclear if and how DIF can incentivize land transfer. Therefore, this paper aims to establish an econometric model to analyze the impact of digital inclusive finance on land transfer. Additionally, a chain mediation effect model is established to analyze how DIF affects land transfer through an exploration of the mechanisms of farmers' livelihood capital and the use of digital information. Therefore, the findings from the analysis of data from 3165 farmers demonstrate that DIF has the potential to notably facilitate land transfer and work through the chain mediation channel. Moreover, the impact of DIF on land transfer is even more pronounced in economically developed regions. Consequently, this paper's results hold the potential to inform policy making by offering insight into three viable paths—digital inclusive financial support, livelihood capital, and digital information—as means to promote land transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the sustainable livelihoods framework (DFID) and the theory of farmer behaviour, this study uses data points from 505 field-based household surveys conducted by the group in Liaoning Province in 2021–2022 to investigate the impact of livelihood capital on farmers' adoption of integrated agricultural services (IASs). Using the entropy method and the intermediary effect model, this paper tests the mediating effect of value perceptions on the path of influence. The findings of this study show that the adoption rate of IASs is low and that farmers lack sufficient knowledge of these services. Moreover, natural, human, and social capital significantly and positively effect farmers' IAS application behaviour. Farmers' perceptions of economic value and ecological value also have a mediating effect on their IAS adoption. Accordingly, this paper proposes the following recommendations: attention should be given to the cultivation and publicity of IASs, policy support for IASs should be strengthened, the level of farmers' livelihood capital should be improved, farmers should be guided to break through the constraints of their current livelihood capital, and farmers' value perceptions should be improved enough to encourage them to take the initiative to participate in these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstracts: The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) serves as an integrated method and instrument that discerns the primary constraints and associated connections pertaining to the sustainable development of community residents. In this study, this framework has been enhanced through field investigations of the inhabitants within the “Three Parallel Rivers” World Heritage Site. Through these investigations, an empirical exploration of their livelihood capital was undertaken. It revealed that the collective livelihood capital of these residents within the World Heritage site was notably fragile, and characterized by a low degree of social integration.In the context of preserving the World Heritage Site, it was crucial for community residents to utilize ecological protection policies and compensation mechanisms to optimize and transform their livelihood capital. Additionally, it was important to focus on nurturing sustainable livelihood development, particularly in terms of human capital. This would lay the foundation for transitioning towards a sustainable livelihood model.

Although hydropower serves as a clean alternative energy source, the global challenge of resettlement due to dam construction underscores the importance of sustainable livelihoods in achieving the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In recent years, the sustainable livelihood theory has offered a new perspective for examine the development of livelihoods of reservoir migrants after relocation. However, in-depth relationship between social capital and sustainable livelihoods has not been explored. In this study, three hydropower resettlement areas were selected in the G Autonomous Prefecture of China as an example. Our investigation delved into the influence of social networks, social norms, and social trust on the livelihoods of reservoir migrants. Study employed semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and qualitative analysis to explore this impact. The results show that the traditional social capital stock of reservoir migrants, dominated by family, neighborhood and religious networks, has declined. Therefore, the structural function of modern social capital should be strengthened by increasing the social trust of reservoir migrants in institutions and civil society organizations. The contribution of livelihood diversification in poverty reduction by 2030 (SDG-1) was realized by focusing on the role of social capital to promote infrastructure, improve living conditions and increase employment opportunities for migrants. The findings further point to the need to fully respect the customs and lifestyles of ethnic minorities during the resettlement process of reservoir migrants in order to preserve the role played by their traditional social capital, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the livelihoods of reservoir migrants.

As the relationship between climate change and agricultural production increasingly gains attention, the FAO recommends the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs) to ensure the stable development of agriculture amidst changing climatic conditions. However, the adoption rate of CSAPs remains low and the effects of livelihood capitals have received little attention. Based on the survey data for 916 farmers in the Jianghan Plain of China, this paper adopts a multivariate Probit model to examine the impact of farmers’ livelihood capitals which are measured by an entropy-TOPSIS approach on their adoption of CSAPs. Our results demonstrate that different livelihood capitals exert various influence on the adoption of CSAPs. Specifically, human, financial, physical, and social capital have positive relationships with pesticide-oriented CSAPs such as integrated pest management (IPM). Natural capital has a positive relationship with seed- and water- oriented CSAPs like tolerant rice varieties (TRV). Natural capital positively relates to soil-oriented CPSPs including rice straw mulching (RSM) while physical capital has a negative effect. Natural and physical capitals have positive relationships with fertilizer-oriented CSAPs like deep placement of fertilizer (DPF). Social and natural capitals have positive relationships with soil-oriented CSAPs such as no-tillage direct seeding (NTDS) while financial capital has a negative effect. Climate factors are also important in the adoption of CSAPs such as TRV and RSM. Finally, policy recommendations are suggested to enhance household livelihood capitals to promote the adoption of each type of CSAP.

BackgroundTo promote common prosperity, China government has devoted much financial resources to the basic medical insurance system, it is of great significance to improve the health level of the insured groups to prevent them from returning to poverty due to illness. Whether or not the basic medical insurance can improve health status is an important policy issue after China has win the absolute poverty alleviation movement.MethodsBased on the data of China Family Panel Studies this paper constructs a strong balanced panel data with two levels information, which including variables from family level and personal level. This paper uses the panel data fixed effect model and propensity score matching model to analysis.ResultsThis paper finds that after controlling the family and personal confounding variables, the basic medical insurance has positive effect toward health status. With propensity score matching model, this paper finds that there is causality between basic medical insurance and public health.ConclusionBasic medical insurance has a significant health effect, that is, basic medical insurance has a significant positive impact on individual self-rated health. Participating in basic medical insurance can significantly improve the ability of families to face risk shocks, promote the accumulation of health capital in families, promote the diversification of livelihood strategies, and effectively prevent the occurrence of returning to poverty due to illness.

(1) Background--At present, the research on the factors affecting the differentiation tendency of forest farmers often neglects the complex social dynamics and the subjectivity of forest farmers in the process of differentiation, and lacks the comprehensive consideration of forest ecological bank as a new ecological compensation mechanism. After promoting forest ecological bank in forest areas, optimizing the differentiation tendency of forest farmers is very important for establishing sustainable livelihood and realizing rural revitalization. (2) Methods--The research data came from a survey of rural households conducted by the research group in Shunchang County, Fujian Province from June to August 2023, and a total of 702 valid questionnaires were obtained in this survey. In this paper, the differentiation tendency of forest farmers was selected as the dependent variable, and the willingness of forest farmers to participate in forest ecological bank and their livelihood capital were selected as the independent variables. The differentiation tendency of forest farmers included four types: planting-type, breeding-type, e-commerce oriented-type and migrant workers-type. Multiple Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between forest ecological bank, forest farmers' livelihood capital and the differentiation tendency of forest farmers. (3) Results--According to the regression results, the effect of forest ecological bank on the differentiation tendency of forest farmers is different. Compared with the differentiation tendency of planting-type forest farmers, forest ecological bank has a positive impact on the differentiation tendency of breeding-type forest farmers, and the possibility of breeding-type forest farmers participating in forest ecological bank is 3. 053 times that of planting-type forest farmers. Forest ecological bank has a negative impact on the differentiation tendency of e-commerce oriented-type forest farmers and migrant workers-type forest farmers, and the probability of their participation in forest ecological bank is 0. 403 times and 0. 097 times of that of planting-type forest farmers, respectively. At the same time, the differentiation tendency of forest farmers caused by the difference of endowment of livelihood capital is also different. The difference of human capital, social capital and financial capital can promote the transformation of forest farmers into non-planting type, and the forest farmers with more abundant natural capital are more inclined to choose planting type. Material capital has no significant effect on the differentiation tendency of forest farmers. After forest farmers participate in forest ecological bank, they can give full play to the scale effect of resources and improve their individual livelihood development ability by integrating the resources. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--In order to promote the successful implementation of the Forest Ecological Bank in Shunchang County, Fujian Province, and enhance the willingness of forest farmers to participate, the following policy suggestions are put forward: Try out a flexible exit mechanism to improve the willingness of forest farmers to participate and forest farmers can exit the forest ecological bank through transfer, leasing and other ways; rely on the Forest Ecological Bank, establish a mutual aid organization for forest farmers' cooperatives to optimize their livelihood capital; establish a minimum income guarantee system in the operation of Shunchang County Forest Ecological Bank, set the corresponding minimum income standard according to the degree of forest farmers participating in the project, resource investment and other factors; strengthen the training and education of forest farmers to enhance their comprehensive capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on the sustainable livelihood framework and survey data from 1264 households in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Puer City, and Lincang City in Yunnan Province, China, analyzes the impact mechanism of livelihood capital on the production input behavior of farmers affected by Asian elephant damage and the moderating effect of Asian elephant damage on this process using ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The study finds the following: (1) Asian elephant damage has a significant negative effect on farmers' production input, meaning that as the severity of Asian elephant damage increases, farmers reduce their input into agricultural production factors. (2) Livelihood capital has a significant positive effect on farmers' production input, and both the increment and stock of livelihood capital promote an increase in farmers' production input. (3) Asian elephant damage strengthens the influence of livelihood capital on farmers' inputs of agricultural production factors. Based on these findings, four recommendations are proposed: emphasizing the cultivation and enhancement of farmers' livelihood capital, improving strategies for managing and preventing wildlife damage, optimizing the economic compensation mechanism for human–wildlife conflicts, and adhering to sustainable development and resource allocation. These recommendations aim to enhance wildlife conservation and management policies, strengthen farmers' risk-coping capabilities, and ensure the sustainability of agricultural production and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on five‐period panel data from the China Family Panel Studies 2010–2018, this paper uses the propensity score matching difference‐in‐differences (PSM‐DID) method to comprehensively evaluate the effects of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on alleviating rural households' relative poverty. At the same time, based on the theory of sustainable livelihoods of rural households, the mediating effects model is applied to analyse the mechanism of rural households' livelihood capital. The results of the study are as follows. (1) The NRPS helps alleviate the relative poverty of rural households. (2) The livelihood capital of rural households is an important mechanism for the NRPS to alleviate the relative poverty of rural households, and social capital, financial capital, and human capital all play a part in the mediating effect. (3) The results of the heterogeneity tests based on the stage of rural households' participation in the NRPS and the region of participation in the NRPS indicate that the governance effects of the NRPS on rural households' relative poverty are more significant among households in the contributory stage and the central and western regions. Additionally, the results are supported by robustness tests, such as replacing the dependent variable and the PSM method. The findings of this paper have important implications for the establishment of a long‐term mechanism to address relative poverty and the construction of a more efficient and inclusive rural social pension insurance system in China and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livelihood capital of rural households is an essential basis for their selection of livelihood strategy. This paper uses rural household data from the 2018 CFPS to construct a "hexagonal" framework for the analysis of livelihood capital. Natural capital, material capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital, psychological capital, and total livelihood capital are measured using entropy weight method. The paper uses logit and tobit models to analyze how livelihood capital affects rural households' entrepreneurship. Finally, the heterogeneous impact of livelihood capital on rural households' entrepreneurial behavior is discussed from the view of household head gender, household education level, and regional differences. The results show that rural households' livelihood capital distribution in each dimension is uneven and the difference is great. Rural households' capital of livelihood and finance have positive effects on their entrepreneurial behavior. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the increase in livelihood capital impacts entrepreneurship in female-headed households more positively and significantly. Livelihood capital can significantly promote the entrepreneurial behavior of rural households with lower education levels. The impact of livelihood capital on rural household entrepreneurship presents a decreasing distribution pattern from east to the middle to west. The results of the robustness test show that the conclusion of the positive impact of livelihood capital on rural household entrepreneurship is reliable. The main conclusions provide guidance and a foundation for further optimizing rural household entrepreneurship policies and promoting rural household entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the subjective well-being of new professional farmers is a crucial issue in China's rural revitalization for modernization. This study was based on sample survey data collected in August 2020 by the Industrial Development Research Group at Xi'an Jiaotong University in the southern part of Shaanxi Province, China. It focused on exploring the influence of livelihood capital and income fairness on the subjective well-being of new professional farmers. The findings revealed the following: (1) Livelihood capital has a significant positive impact on subjective well-being among new professional farmers. The greater the accumulation of livelihood capital, the stronger their subjective well-being. (2) Income fairness significantly contributes to subjective well-being among new professional farmers. However, when comparing different social groups, variations exist in their subjective well-being. (3) Income fairness serves as a mediating factor between livelihood capital and subjective well-being. In other words, the accumulation of livelihood capital among new professional farmers affects their perception of income fairness, which subsequently influences their subjective well-being. These results have important implications for enhancing the well-being of new professional farmers, promoting the modernization of Chinese agriculture, and advancing the implementation of rural revitalization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Poverty eradication is the common goal and challenge of human development. Livelihood capital is the basis for poor families to escape poverty and is also the key to enhancing the ability for sustainable development. (2) Methods: Using data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper empirically examines the impact of livelihood capital on poverty alleviation. In addition, the mediating effect of land transfer is explored. (3) Results: The results show that human, physical, financial, and social capital all have a significant positive impact on poverty alleviation, while natural capital has a significant negative impact on poverty alleviation. Moreover, land transfer plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between livelihood capital and poverty alleviation. (4) Conclusions: Based on the above findings, we suggest that the government formulate targeted poverty alleviation policies according to rural households' livelihood capital endowment characteristics, reasonably guide the land flow, and achieve sustainable poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural households' livelihood sustainability is the core issue that affects their production and life standards, and it is a necessary evaluation index for rural sustainable development. As a sensitive area of urban–rural integration development in Beijing, the environmental protection measures and industrial structure adjustments in ecological conservation areas (ECAs) have influenced the sustainability and stability of local rural households' livelihood. First, based on livelihood capital quantification data, this study established an evaluation model of rural households' livelihood sustainability, which employed the combined weighting approach and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Second, this study investigated the influencing factors of rural households' livelihood using the methodologies of regression analysis and the mediating effect. The results showed the following: (1) the overall livelihood sustainability of rural households was at a medium level, scoring 0.4436; (2) the sanitation conditions of the community were rated as the critical factor with a positive impact on rural households' livelihood, which was followed by the frequency of online shopping, family expenditure, and management capability of village cadres; (3) improving one's rural household income can enhance rural livelihood sustainability indirectly. Finally, effective livelihood strategies were explored and put forward for ECA development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the industrialization of agriculture and rural areas is rapidly increasing, and more and more capable people in rural management are actively leasing land to develop modern agriculture, broaden diversified livelihood channels, and pursue sustainable development. We used leased-in farmland households as an entry point, focusing on the development of rural industries and the choice of livelihood strategies to fill a gap in the existing literature. Based on sustainable livelihood theory, we constructed a sustainable livelihood analysis framework for leased-in farmland households using the survey data of 283 leased-in farmland households in Yudu County. A livelihood capital indicator system was constructed, and the entropy value method and other measurement methods were used. Firstly, we analyzed and comprehensively evaluated the livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of leased-in farmland households in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province. We then used binary logistic regression models and polynomial logistic regression models to analyze the influence of the differentiation in leased-in farmland households' livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies and their transformation and conducted robustness tests on the relevant findings. Different types of livelihood capital have different effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies. Natural capital and physical capital have significant positive effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies, but financial capital, human capital, and social capital have negative effects. Natural capital has a significant negative effect on the pluriactivity strategy, while physical, human, and social capital have insignificant effects on it. For off-farm livelihood strategies, natural capital and financial capital have insignificant effects, physical capital has a significant negative effect, and human capital and social capital have a significant positive contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An important foundation of a strong agricultural country is the virtuous cycle of the agricultural production system, and the beef cattle industry is the pivotal industry that guarantees the virtuous cycle of China's agricultural production system. Farmers are the main force of beef cattle breeding in China, and livelihood capital is an important basis for influencing farmers' breeding decisions. The measurement and evaluation of the livelihood capital of beef cattle farmers in China can help to comprehensively grasp the current level and structural characteristics of the livelihood capital of beef cattle farmers in China. In this study, the entropy value method and Delphi method were used to determine the weights of each evaluation index, and on this basis, the level, structure, and coupling coordination of farmers' livelihood capital were measured and classified. The study shows that the overall level of livelihood capital of beef cattle farmers is low; the level and structure of livelihood capital show an uneven phenomenon, and the level of livelihood capital of farmers in different regions and different modes differ significantly. The coupling coordination degree among various measurements of livelihood capital of beef cattle farmers in China is also low, which indicates that a good coordination relationship between various types of livelihood capital has not been formed, which may affect the efficiency of resource allocation. It is suggested to improve the livelihood capital level and coupling coordination among beef cattle farmers and improve the livelihood capital structure of farmers by innovating financial tools, developing forage resources, strengthening technical training and extension, and improving policy support for the beef cattle industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the decisive results of poverty alleviation in China, figuring out how to consolidate the results and transform them into the driving force of rural revitalization is an important adjustment for rural revitalization and high-quality development. The efficiency of policy implementation as well as the sustainable development of the areas out of poverty are both reflected in rural households' satisfaction with the ex-suit poverty alleviation policy for relocation. Based on survey data collected from 293 households in County M, Sichuan Province, this paper selects 23 indicators of satisfaction with post-relocation support policies from livelihood capital, political trust, policy participation, and public service perception. On this basis, we use the multinomial logistic model to analyze the impact of each influencing factor on the post-relocation support policy's satisfaction degree for rural households. The results show that the satisfaction degree of relocated households with post-relocation support policies is upper-middle. Among the livelihood capital of relocated households, the proportion of non-agricultural income, cultivated land area, infrastructure conditions, number of family workers, and number of civil servants are all factors that positively affect policy satisfaction. In addition, with regard to relocating households' engagement in political trust, policy participation, and public service perception, it should be pointed out that policy results trust, policy understanding, opinions expressed, local government, back-up personnel, policy process, and support funds all have appreciably positive effects on policy satisfaction. These evaluation results can serve as a reference for the revision of post-relocation support policies in China and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although natural resources play a central role in rural livelihoods across the globe, little research has explored how different livelihood capital is distributed over a broad geographical and political region and its associated effects on the human population. This study aims to analyze the geographical variations of livelihood capital in the Rarh region of West Bengal and its associated effects on the overall population. Secondary data from 121 community development (CD) blocks have been used for the study. GIS methods have been used for mapping purposes and generating more micro-level data. The study found that the pattern shows a significant increase in livelihood capital from the western to the region's eastern part. Higher proximate natural resources are associated with more significant financial, human, and social capital. Population residing in the eastern part of the region have, on average, more significant financial, physical, human, and social capital than the western part. The research highlighted the importance of providing credit to households located in the western portion of the region and access to improved crop varieties (particularly those linked to dry farming), rural governmental infrastructure, and time-bound targeted resource allocations. The research has relevance beyond the immediate context to other areas like the South-Asian developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of rapid urbanization and industrialization, there is a significant gap between farmers' participation and rural homestead reorganization for the more diversified external environment. Despite considerable research focused on homestead withdrawal, the transfer of rural residential land development rights has received comparatively little attention. To realize the optimal use of rural homesteads' resources and reducing potential living risks, this paper conducted an empirical study on the impact of farmers' livelihood capital on their behavioral intention of rural residential land development right transfer within Wujin District as an example by incorporating the concepts of livelihood capital and risk perception into the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The results of this research show that the increase in livelihood capital may reduce the level of risk perception. The livelihood capital influences farmers' intentions towards rural residential land development right transfer through risk perception and individual cognition. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested to diversify livelihood strategies and improve the quality of livelihood capital, in order to reduce the constraint impact of risk perception on farmers' behavioral intention (BI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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(1) Background--China's ecological forest ranger policy protects the forest-dominated ecological environment, and at the same time, it provides public welfare jobs so that people with vulnerable livelihoods can find jobs nearby and receive a certain amount of subsidy income. Forest and grass technology training is an important way to provide ecological forest rangers with basic forest and grass knowledge and improve their livelihood skills. (2) Methods--The research data came from the field survey of ecological forest ranger policy carried out by the research group in Qianshan City, Anhui Province from June to August 2022, and a total of 458 questionnaires were obtained in this survey. The livelihood vulnerability of ecological forest rangers was selected as the explained variable, the forest and grass technology training was selected as the core explanatory variable, whether the labor forces have completed compulsory education or not and the average years of education of the labor forces were selected as the instrumental variables, and the ecological forest rangers' own livelihood capital was selected as the control variable. At first, baseline regression was used to identify the factors affecting the livelihood vulnerability of ecological forest rangers, and then propensity score matching was used to compare and analyze the specific reduction effect of forest and grass technology training on livelihood vulnerability. Finally, the heterogeneity of education was further analyzed. (3) Results--Whether the ecological forest rangers participate in the forest and grass technology training or not and their livelihood capital had a significant negative impact on the livelihood vulnerability of ecological forest rangers. In the OLS baseline regression model, the effect value was -0. 156. However, in the PSM model, the effect value was -0. 049, which indicated that the estimated results obtained by the baseline regression were biased. Although both effects were negative, the ordinary OLS regression used in baseline regression would lead to a larger estimated effect due to the endogeneity problem, while PSM method could better alleviate the endogeneity problem. The participation of the ecological forest rangers in forest and grass technology training could significantly reduce the livelihood vulnerability of the ecological forest rangers by 4. 88%. The true effect value was about 5.0% after the robust estimation using multiple matching methods. The impact of forest and grass technology training on the livelihood vulnerability of the ecological forest rangers was heterogeneous in education. The mean effect value of the group in which the labor forces had all completed compulsory education was 5.4%, while the mean effect value of the group in which the labor forces had not completed compulsory education was 4. 4%. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--The forest and grass technology training not only enables the ecological forest rangers to maintain their basic livelihoods, enables them to develop sustainable livelihoods, but also enables them to diversify their livelihood strategies through the development of other forest-related livelihoods, in order to get rid of livelihood vulnerability, achieve sustainable livelihoods and resist the risk of falling back into poverty. In order to achieve this goal, based on the above analysis, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, accurately identify the risk of ecological forest rangers returning to poverty, and improve the forestry and grass technology training system and mechanism. Second, help the ecological forest rangers to enhance their own livelihood capital. Third, identify the ecological forest rangers with inadequate education levels and focus on helping them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential regional planning policy, poverty alleviation relocation has a significant impact on the regional economy, environment, and social well-being and is critical for sustainable development. Based on the development of minority areas in Yunnan, this study improves the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework and constructed a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural, physical, financial, social, human, and cultural capital. Furthermore, the measurement standard of sustainable livelihoods is proposed, which requires not only the enhancement of livelihood capital but also the coupling and coordinated development of all capital components. Based on the data of Menglai township from 2015 to 2021, this study estimates that farmers' livelihood capital has increased after relocation, and the level of coupling and coordination has improved. Still, it has yet to reach extreme coordination. Hereafter, the theoretical framework of internal and external factors affecting livelihood capital is constructed, and the influencing factors of livelihood capital are obtained through regression analysis. This study provides a new tool for evaluating livelihood capital in minority areas, obtains new findings on the sustainable development of farmers' livelihood capital after poverty alleviation relocation, and expands a new perspective for studying the influencing factors of livelihood capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable livelihoods are those that are able to cope with and recover from stress and shocks, and that maintain or strengthen livelihood capacity and livelihood capital, without damaging the foundations of the natural environment. In this paper, the IPHACT framework was constructed by improving the classic IPAT equation, and the key factors affecting production output and livelihood sustainability, as well as the factor differences among different livelihood strategy groups, were analyzed. We took 24 counties and districts of Ankang, Shangluo and Hanzhong in the Qin-Ba Mountain area of southern Shaanxi Province as examples, using a survey of farmers' livelihood status and livelihood capital accounting. The results show that the amplification effect of population size on the environmental impact of livelihood output is widespread and generally significant. Both livelihood sustainability and livelihood benefit passed the significance test in the multi-model analysis, and the negative effect of livelihood sustainability proved the negative correlation between the environmental impact of livelihood output and livelihood sustainability, that is, the higher the livelihood output dependent on natural capital, the greater the environmental impact. The livelihood transformation of Hanzhong City is developing in the direction of reducing the environmental impact of livelihood output, and farmers have successfully practiced green livelihood transformation by changing their livelihood strategies. On the road to common prosperity, livelihood demand will inevitably increase. Reducing the dependence on natural capital is the key to effectively enhancing the sustainability of livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural non-point source pollution is intricately connected to the rural population's production and lifestyle. The heterogeneous composition of livelihood capital results in varied livelihood types, influencing the farmers' attitudes and perceptions of the treatment projects. This ultimately causes discrepancies in the farmers' evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution control. In this study, a participatory evaluation method was employed to evaluate the performance of agricultural non-point source pollution control projects in the Yilong Lake Watershed of Yunnan Province and analyze the underlying reasons for the differing performance evaluations. The findings revealed that pure farmers' performance evaluation value for agricultural non-point source pollution control projects in Yilong Lake Basin was 0.4811 (with the full mark being 1), with a general evaluation grade. Part-time business households had a performance evaluation value of 0.5969, also with a general evaluation grade, while non-farmers had a performance evaluation value of 0.7057, with a good evaluation grade. The performance evaluation value ranked from highest to lowest is non-farmer > part-time farmer > pure farmer. The main factor affecting the variation in farmers' performance evaluation is the key index of different livelihood capital. If pollution control projects can promote the adjustment of farmers' livelihood capital types, it can enhance not only the performance evaluation degree of farmers, but also the sustainability of farmers' livelihoods and increase their adaptability to livelihood risks. Therefore, pollution control projects should consider farmers' livelihood capital types and be implemented accurately to improve farmers' satisfaction and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]