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为促进乳化猪油在烘焙食品中的应用，分析了甘草提取物及其组分（甘草酸、光甘草定）对乳化猪油氧化稳定性的影响，同时将乳化猪油应用于蛋糕中，研究了乳化猪油的含油量对蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明：甘草提取物及其组分均能大幅延缓乳化猪油的氧化酸败，其中甘草提取物的延缓效果最显著；含有0.02%甘草提取物的乳化猪油（含油量80%）在40 ℃下储藏28 d，其酸值、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值与空白组相比分别下降了72.53%、47.45%、62.98%；含油量80%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕的膨胀体积与含油量50%的乳化猪油制备的蛋糕相比增加了99.75%，硬度、弹性和咀嚼性分别降低了21.37%、14.58%、31.74%，但各指标均比猪油制备的蛋糕的差。综上，乳化猪油具有替代猪油应用于蛋糕制备的潜力，但仍需进一步深入探究乳化猪油组分与蛋糕中其他组分间的相互作用，进而提高蛋糕品质。To promote the application of emulsified lard in baked goods, the effects of liquorice extract and its components (glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin) on the oxidative stability of emulsified lard were analyzed. The emulsified lard was used in cake, and the effect of fat contents in emulsified lard on the quality of cake was investigated. The results showed that liquorice extract and its components markedly inhibited the oxidation rate of emulsified lard, and liquorice extract had the most significant inhibition effect. After storage at 40 ℃ for 28 d, the acid value, peroxide value and thiobarbital acid value of emulsified lard (fat content 80%) containing 0.02% liquorice extract decreased by 72.53%, 47.45% and 62.98% respectively, compared to emulsified lard without antioxidant. In addition, the expansion volume of the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 80% fat content increased by 99.75% compared to the cake prepared with emulsified lard with 50% fat content, and the hardness, elasticity and chewiness decreased by 21.37%, 14.58% and 31.74% respectively, but all indexes were worse than those prepared with lard. In conclusion, emulsified lard has the potential to replace lard in cake preparation, but further investigation of the interaction between emulsified lard components and other components in cake is needed to improve the quality of cake products.

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Background: The in situ gel, which after gelation floats in the stomach, is appropriate for sustaining drug release. Aqueous extract of liquorice used for the treatment of peptic ulcers and Helicobacter pylori, was used to create an in situ gel in the current research study for prolonged action. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of liquorice was subjected to phytochemical screening; pre-formulation studies such as extract compatibility with selected polymers. In situ gel containing liquorice extract, sodium alginate (Gelling Polymer), HPMC K100M (release retardant), Calcium Carbonate (Gas Generating Agent), Tri-Sodium Citrate and Methyl paraben were prepared by using pH induced ion gelation method and various parameters are evaluated. A factorial design was employed to evaluate the independent parameters i.e., sodium alginate and HPMC K100M, on dependent parameters such as lag time, viscosity and in vitro drug release at 9th hr of the formulation. Results: The pre-formulation studies showed compatibility between extract and excipient. The in situ formulation showed a pH ranges from 7.44 to 7.88, Viscosity 72.67 to 596.33 cps, lag time of 14.67 to 73 sec, Drug content 49.139 to 71.471% and remain buoyant in gastric environment for more than 12 hr. Concentration of HPMC K100M and Sodium Alginate decreases drug release due to the formation of rigid gel structure. Mechanism of drug release from formulations was Non Fickian super case-II, fitting into the Korsmeyer Peppas model. Conclusion: The optimized formulation was found to have a lag time of 28.67 sec, pH 7.69, viscosity 268 sec and drug release of 73.98% at end of 9th hr and found to be in acceptable range. Therefore, liquorice extract oral in situ solution can be a promising approach for prolonged and sustained effect for treating peptic ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Antimicrobial effect of liquorice extracts and compare its action to commonly used root canal medicaments like calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of liquorice root were prepared. Antimicrobial activity was tested by agar well diffusion method on E. faecalis and C. albicans using Mueller Hinton agar. Wells were prepared and filled with ethanolic extract, aqueous extract of liquorice, calcium hydroxide, and chlorhexidine. Samples were incubated at 37°C, zone of inhibition was examined after 24 h. Results and Statistical Analysis: Ethanolic extract was significantly better (P < 0.001) than calcium hydroxide and aqueous extract of liquorice and less effective than chlorhexidine against E.faecalis. In C. albicans, ethanolic extract was less significant (P < 0.001) when compared to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Ethanolic extract of liquorice has potent bactericidal effect against E. faecalis and C. albicans over aqueous extract. Hence, it can be used as intracanal medicaments in routine endodontic therapy.

Fusarium wilt is one of the important soil borne diseases of various crops, and spores or disease residues can survive in the soil for a long time, making it difficult to control and causing great harm to agricultural production. In order to provide ideas and data support for the further analysis of the mechanism of two ethanol extracts of clove and licorice inhibiting Fusarium wilt, in this experiment, the effects of two plant extracts on the gene expression level of Fusarium oxysporum by transcriptome high-throughput sequencing were further analyzed and studied. The results showed that the sequencing error rates were all less than 0.025%, and there was a significant difference in correlation coefficients between within and between sample groups. Therefore, the sequencing data had high accuracy and good biological repeatability. After treatment with licorice extract, differential genes were mainly enriched in the GO database in the membrane components and intrinsic component, and 53.27% of the differential genes involved in these pathways were upregulated. The phenylalanine metabolism pathway was most significantly enriched in the KEGG pathway. After treatment with clove extract, the pathways significantly enriched in the GO database were the same as those of licorice, and 33.98% of the differentially expressed genes involved in these pathways were upregulated. The KEGG pathway showed the most significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the purine metabolism pathway. Research showed that the main antibacterial mechanism of licorice extract against Fusarium oxysporum may be to promote the generation and metabolism of various components of fungal cell membrane at the translation level, simultaneously reducing the damage repair function of Fusarium oxysporum DNA and the generation and metabolism level of nutrients such as amino acids. The effect of clove extract on Fusarium oxysporum may lead to overexpression of genes involved in mycelial cell growth or resistance mechanisms, vigorous RNA metabolism, and promotion of cell membrane growth and metabolism, resulting in abnormal mycelial growth. In summary, it could be seen that the two plant extracts with significant antibacterial effects probably had different antibacterial mechanisms against the same species of Fusarium oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogenic feed additives have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve gut health and thereby performance of broiler chickens. The impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) extract (GE) on expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins and gut protection and Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers has not been discussed until now. Thus, the current study assessed the effective dose of GE for maximum growth in broiler chickens, clear-cut molecular mechanisms related to integrity and health of intestine, and controlling C. jejuni colonization. Over a 35-day feeding period, a total of 500 Ross broiler chicks were allocated to five groups; the first group was fed a control diet without GE and the second group to the fifth group were fed a control diet with GE (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg of diet); each group comprised 100 chicks with 10 replicates (10 birds/replicate). Birds fed GE had an improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the highest body weight gain was observed in the group that received 1 g/kg of GE (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins [occludin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)] was upregulated in all groups supplemented with GE. Moreover, birds fed 1 g/kg of GE exhibited the maximum gene expression of occludin and JAM [0.2 and 0.3 fold change, respectively (P < 0.05)]. In relation to enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)], use of GE significantly upregulated expression of GLP-2 gene with 0.8 fold change in 2 g/kg of the GE supplemented group (P < 0.05) while the expression of FABP-6 gene was not affected by GE supplementation (P > 0.05). After challenge with C. jejuni, the expression of mucin (MUC-2) gene was upregulated and the inflammatory markers such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-4) and interleukin (IL-1β) were downregulated with increasing level of supplemented GE (P < 0.05). The mean log10 count of C. jejuni in cecal samples after 7 days post-infection by culture and real-time qPCR was decreased in groups fed GE in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, the highest reduction of C. jejuni count in cecal samples by culture and real-time qPCR was observed in the group fed 2 g/kg of GE (2.58 and 2.28 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Results from this study suggested that G. glabra extract (1 g/kg) improved growth performance of broiler chickens, as well as influenced the maintenance of intestinal integrity and reduced C. jejuni shedding from infected birds.

Background: The success of an endodontic treatment depends on effective disinfection and complete sealing of root canal. The irrigants that are currently used in the field of endodontics have certain limitations, so the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant continues. Nowadays, the use of herbal extracts such as Triphala and liquorice are used for their potent antimicrobial activity and less side effects.Aim: This study aims (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice against Enterococcus faecalis.(2) To determine any cytotoxic effect on isolated human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice extracts was analyzed at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml) using the well-diffusion method. Three percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and distilled water were taken as positive and negative controls. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the active extract was determined by the broth dilution assay. Human PDL fibroblast tissue culture was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the preparations. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis.Results: The results showed that the mean antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice at 50 mg/ml is 20.33 and 9.33, respectively, which are statistically significant (P < 0.0001) as compared with a concentration 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. 50 mg/ml showed significant results (P < 0.001) on comparing with hypochlorite. Triphala and liquorice showed no cytotoxic effect as compared to NaOCl on human PDL fibroblasts.Conclusion: Among the three tested materials Triphala showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy followed by NaOCl and liquorice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out in the field of experiments of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture University of Muthanna during 2016-2017 growing season. The experiment included the effect of yeast spray (0, 5-10 gm.L-1), liquorice extract (0, 5, 10 gm.L-1) and boron (0, 400 mg gm.L-1) and their interaction on three varieties : local, GranoVioletto and Filo Semillas. The experiment was carried out with (R.C.B.D) design. The results showed that the treatment (liquorice + yeast 10 g L-1+ boron (400 mg L-1) gave higher number of fruit branches, chlorophyll content, number of flowers, number of pods, number of seeds in pod and the seed yield (9.33 branches, 389.6 mg.m-2, 587 flowers, 29.67 pods, 4.91 seeds.pod-1, 7.72 tons.h-1). GranoVioletto variety has high number of flowers, percent of fertilization, number of pods and seed yield (503 flowers, 5.63%, 27.00 pods, 7.08 tons.h-1) compared with other varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Edible coatings are useful method that applied to preserve postharvest quality of production. The coatings can extend the shelf life of products and inhibit microbial growth. Chitosan based coatings are one of the best methods to prolong fruit and vegetable shelf life. The antimicrobial and other properties of chitosan are developed when it is combined with other functional ingredients. Methods: The effectiveness of chitosan, ethanolic extract of liquorice (LE) and complex of chitosan-liquorice extract (CHLE) was evaluated for controlling blue mold and extending shelf life in apples. The fruits were coated with chitosan(1.0%), LE (62.5 mg/ml) and CHLE coating, and stored at 25 °C. Quality properties of fruit (such as weight loss, firmness, total soluble solid content(TSS), titrable acidity and pH) and decay incidence were assessed on 0,1,4,7 and 14 days of incubation, respectively. Results: The results of experiments indicated that minimum of water loss(3.8%), TSS(14.53) and firmness(5.6 kg/cm2) were in CHLE coated apples. In addition, this coating significantly inhibited penicillium expansum during the storage and the lowest decay incidence was for apples coated with CHLE(29 mm). Chitosan and LE coating retarded undesirable changes during postharvest storage and inhibited decay incidence compared with uncoated samples. There was no significant difference (p ≤ 0/05) between treatments and control overtime in terms of titrable acidity and pH levels. Conclusions: The results reported here indicate importance and efficacy of CHLE coating in extending shelflife and reduction of postharvest losses of apple in storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Antimicrobial effect of liquorice extracts and compare its action to commonly used root canal medicaments like calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans ., Materials and Methods: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of liquorice root were prepared. Antimicrobial activity was tested by agar well diffusion method on E. faecalis and C. albicans using Mueller Hinton agar. Wells were prepared and filled with ethanolic extract, aqueous extract of liquorice, calcium hydroxide, and chlorhexidine. Samples were incubated at 37°C, zone of inhibition was examined after 24 h., Results and Statistical Analysis: Ethanolic extract was significantly better ( P < 0.001) than calcium hydroxide and aqueous extract of liquorice and less effective than chlorhexidine against E.faecalis. In C. albicans , ethanolic extract was less significant ( P < 0.001) when compared to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine., Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Ethanolic extract of liquorice has potent bactericidal effect against E. faecalis and C. albicans over aqueous extract. Hence, it can be used as intracanal medicaments in routine endodontic therapy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of liquorice extract (LE) as a dietary antioxidant supplement in the regulation of muscle antioxidant enzyme in lambs. Fifty Tan male lambs were randomly allocated among five groups with LE supplementation at levels of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/kg feed, respectively. After 120 days of feeding, the lambs were slaughtered and the longissimus dorsi muscle was sampled for measuring the antioxidant enzymes activities and genes expression levels. In addition, superoxide anion (O 2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were also tested in our study. The results showed that supplementation with LE increased ( P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities, but LE had no effect on Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) activities. For gene expression, no significant differences were observed in mRNA levels of Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, GPx and CAT genes among the five groups. In addition, LE supplementation decreased ( P < 0.05) O 2 − , H 2 O 2 and TBARS levels in muscle. The results demonstrated that LE as a supplement could improve GPx and CAT activities, then prevent muscle against lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquorice extract, obtained by percolation in ethanol of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. roots, was incorporated in liposomes and hyalurosomes, new phospholipid-sodium hyaluronate vesicles, and their protective effect against oxidative stress skin damages was probed. As a comparison, raw glycyrrhizin was also tested. All the vesicles were small in size (≤100 nm), with a highly negative zeta potential ensuring long-term stability, and able to incorporate a high amount of the extract. In vitro tests showed that the liquorice extract loaded in vesicles was able to scavenge DPPH free radical (80% inhibition) and to protect 3T3 fibroblasts against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress, restoring the normal conditions. By contrast, glycyrrhizin showed poor antioxidant activity, and was not able to efficiently counteract the oxidative effect of H 2 O 2 . In addition, the incorporation of the liquorice extract into the vesicular systems promoted the proliferation and migration of 3T3 fibroblasts, favouring the closure of the scratched area. In vivo anti-inflammatory tests on mice confirmed the ability of the proposed nanosystems to improve the local efficacy of the extract, favouring the re-epitelization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most delicious and nutritious nuts in the world. In order to increase the added value of the pistachio nuts, it is necessary to develop new products to meet consumer needs. This is the first paper on pistachio halva. The product was developed using pistachio paste (as main ingredient), mixture of sugar-glucose, egg white and citric acid. The effect of soapwort root extract (from saponaria officinalis) and Glycyrrhizin (from Glycyrrhiza glabra) as whitening and emulsifying agent in three levels (0.00, 0.10, and 0.15%) on the oil separation, consumer acceptance, and texture of pistachio halva was investigated. Sensory evaluation was carried out after 4 months storage at 20±2°C. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between samples with and without soapwort and glycyrrhizin. The oil separation (R= 0.595, P=0.001), from halva were moderately correlated to the hardness. The sensory texture of halva was negatively correlated to the hardness (R= -0.694, P= 0.000) and oil separation (R= -0.730, P= 0.000). The sensory color (R= 0.652, P= 0.000) of halva was moderately correlated to the a-value. It is recommended that mixture of 0.10% soapwort root extract and 0.10% commercial Glycyrrhizin be used for the pistachio halva production. Using combination of soapwort root extract and Glycyrrhizin in the formulation of pistachio halva prevents oil separation from the product and increases its consumer acceptance. Development of pistachio halva would potentially increase the food uses of nuts and introduce consumers with a healthier non-animal snack food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the potential of liquorice extract (LE) from Glycyrrhiza uralensis as a dietary supplement for sheep to improve antioxidant capacity of meat. Fifty Tan sheep were randomly allocated to five groups with LE supplementation at levels of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/kg feed. After 120 days, the longissimus thoracis muscle was sampled and conditioned for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days at 4 °C. The results revealed that LE scavenged free radical in a dose–response manner in vitro. Supplementation with LE in animal diet increased ( P < 0.05) antioxidant content and radical scavenging activity while it decreased ( P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels of meat. Dietary LE supplementation can improve antioxidant capacity of meat, and the optimum dosage range of LE supplementation appeared to be 3000 to 4000 mg/kg feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquorice has being used as a folk medicine for pharmacological activities in China. The phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of liquorice extract were investigated, total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents were determined, and the antioxidant activity of different fractions from the extract was evaluated by scavenging free radicals (ABTS·, DPPH· and ONOO). On-line HPLC-ABTS· and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis were applied to screen and identify free radical scavengers of liquorice extract. The results indicated that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the extract contained higher contents of TP and TF and exhibited stronger antioxidant activities. Thirteen compounds in the extract were identified as glycyrrhizic acid, liquorice-saponin G2, liquiritin, licuraside, ononin, glycycoumarin, isoglycyrol, liquiritin apioside, liquorice-glycoside A, liquorice-glycoside B, licoric-saponin A3, isoliquiritin apioside and isolicoflavonol, in which ten compounds were free radical scavengers. In addition, glycyrrhizic acid, ononin and liquiritin were quantitatively analyzed. These findings revealed that liquorice extract had potential antioxidant activity and could be utilized as a nutraceutical resource. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The experiment was to investigate the effect of liquorice extract (LE) as an antioxidant supplement in sheep diet on meat physical quality. Fifty-four-month-old Tan male sheep were randomly allocated among five dietary groups with LE supplementation at levels of 0mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, 2000mg/kg, 3000mg/kg and 4000mg/kg feed. After 120 days of feeding, the muscle was sampled at slaughter and the samples were conditioned for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days in a chiller (4°C). The results showed that supplementation with LE decreased (P <0.05) temperature, drip loss, metmyoglobin (MetMb) concentration and percentage, whereas it increased (P <0.05) myoglobin (Mb) concentration. As aging progressed after postmortem, temperature, drip loss and Mb concentration decreased (P <0.05), but MetMb concentration and percentage increased (P <0.05). The results demonstrate that LE supplementation can improve the physical quality of fresh meat, and the data suggest the optimal dose is between 3000mg/kg and 4000mg/kg feed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Floating tablets prolong the gastric residence time of drugs, improve bioavailability, and facilitate local drug delivery to the stomach. With this objective, floating tablets containing aqueous extract of liquorice as drug was prepared for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcers. Methods: The aqueous extract of liquorice was standardized by HPTLC. Tablets containing HPMC K100M (hydrophilic polymer), liquorice extract, sodium bicarbonate (gas generating agent), talc, and magnesium stearate were prepared using direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for physical parameters like diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, drug content, buoyancy time, dissolution, and drug release mechanism. The formulations were optimized on the basis of buoyancy time and in vitro drug release. Results: The diameter of all formulations was in the range 11.166-11.933 mm; thickness was in the range 4.02-4.086 mm. The hardness ranged from 3.1 to 3.5 kg/cm2. All formulations passed the USP requirements for friability and uniformity of weight. The buoyancy time of all tablet formulations was less than 5 min and tablet remained in floating condition throughout the study. All the tablet formulations followed zero-order kinetics and Korsemeyer-Peppas model in drug release. Conclusion: The optimized formulation was found to be F6 which released 98.3% of drug in 8 h in vitro, while the buoyancy time was 3.5 min. Formulations containing psyllium husk, sodium bicarbonate and HPMC K100M in combination can be a promising for gastroretentive drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probiotic product CĂTINOLACT was prepared from cow milk and medicinal plant extracts - sea-buckthorn and liquorice - using a mixed thermophilic culture of probiotic bacteria ABY 3 provided by the Chr. Hansen company, Copenhagen, Denmark. The probiotic dairy product CĂTINOLACT seeks to combine the favorable effects of probiotic bacteria and the therapeutic virtues of the medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to characterize the probiotic CĂTINOLACT product from a sensorial and rheological point of view. The new product thus obtained was evaluated by panelists (especially the taste, the appearance and the mouthfeel sensation) and the rheological measurements showed that the CĂTINOLACT product is a non-newtonian fluid with time-independent characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of probiotic bacteria in milk supplemented with medicinal plant extracts, in order to fabricate a probiotic dairy product named CATINOLACT. This dairy product was obtained from cow milk, sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) extracts. The fermentation process was made at 42°C, for 5 hours, using a lactic probiotic bacteria culture ABY 3 (Bifidobacterium species, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus). During incubation and storage the following parameters were determined: the titratable acidity, the pH, the lactose content, the water holding capacity and the number of lactic bacteria. It was observed that the CATINOLACT product had been preserving its functional properties during storage (1·108 - 1·109 CFU/mL probiotic bacteria). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the effect of several processing methods on the concentration of ochratoxin A (OTA) in liquorice and derived products was carried out. The effect of the sorting, washing and peeling of fresh liquorice roots was investigated; as well as the production at a laboratory scale of liquorice extract and block liquorice from dry roots. Finally, the thermal stability of OTA was assessed. The OTA content was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence and confirmed by methyl ester formation. The OTA level in liquorice extract was stable to heat treatment at 150°C for 60 min. The OTA concentration was unaffected by sorting or washing, but it was much reduced by peeling (a 53.1% reduction). A great reduction in the OTA level was found during the production of liquorice extract (78.6%) and block liquorice (91.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogenic feed additives have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve gut health and thereby performance of broiler chickens. The impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) extract (GE) on expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins and gut protection and Campylobacter jejuni colonization in broilers has not been discussed until now. Thus, the current study assessed the effective dose of GE for maximum growth in broiler chickens, clear-cut molecular mechanisms related to integrity and health of intestine, and controlling C. jejuni colonization. Over a 35-day feeding period, a total of 500 Ross broiler chicks were allocated to five groups; the first group was fed a control diet without GE and the second group to the fifth group were fed a control diet with GE (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg of diet); each group comprised 100 chicks with 10 replicates (10 birds/replicate). Birds fed GE had an improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, the highest body weight gain was observed in the group that received 1 g/kg of GE ( P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for tight junction proteins [occludin and junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)] was upregulated in all groups supplemented with GE. Moreover, birds fed 1 g/kg of GE exhibited the maximum gene expression of occludin and JAM [0.2 and 0.3 fold change, respectively ( P < 0.05)]. In relation to enterocyte protective genes [glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6)], use of GE significantly upregulated expression of GLP-2 gene with 0.8 fold change in 2 g/kg of the GE supplemented group ( P < 0.05) while the expression of FABP-6 gene was not affected by GE supplementation ( P > 0.05). After challenge with C. jejuni , the expression of mucin (MUC-2) gene was upregulated and the inflammatory markers such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-4) and interleukin (IL-1β) were downregulated with increasing level of supplemented GE ( P < 0.05). The mean log 10 count of C. jejuni in cecal samples after 7 days post-infection by culture and real-time qPCR was decreased in groups fed GE in a dose-dependent manner ( P < 0.05). In addition, the highest reduction of C. jejuni count in cecal samples by culture and real-time qPCR was observed in the group fed 2 g/kg of GE (2.58 and 2.28 log 10 CFU/g, respectively). Results from this study suggested that G. glabra extract (1 g/kg) improved growth performance of broiler chickens, as well as influenced the maintenance of intestinal integrity and reduced C. jejuni shedding from infected birds., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Ibrahim, Sewid, Arisha, abd El-fattah, Abdelaziz, Al-Jabr and Kishawy.)

Background: The success of an endodontic treatment depends on effective disinfection and complete sealing of root canal. The irrigants that are currently used in the field of endodontics have certain limitations, so the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant continues. Nowadays, the use of herbal extracts such as Triphala and liquorice are used for their potent antimicrobial activity and less side effects., Aim: This study aims (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice against Enterococcus faecalis.(2) To determine any cytotoxic effect on isolated human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts., Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice extracts was analyzed at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/ml) using the well-diffusion method. Three percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and distilled water were taken as positive and negative controls. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the active extract was determined by the broth dilution assay. Human PDL fibroblast tissue culture was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the preparations. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis., Results: The results showed that the mean antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala and liquorice at 50 mg/ml is 20.33 and 9.33, respectively, which are statistically significant (P < 0.0001) as compared with a concentration 12.5 and 25 mg/ml. 50 mg/ml showed significant results (P < 0.001) on comparing with hypochlorite. Triphala and liquorice showed no cytotoxic effect as compared to NaOCl on human PDL fibroblasts., Conclusion: Among the three tested materials Triphala showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy followed by NaOCl and liquorice., Competing Interests: None