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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the survival, growth, nutritional quality and sensory quality of Penaeus japonicus. Three feeds with equal nitrogen (40.31%) and equal lipid (9.35%) were prepared by including equal amounts of fish oil, soybean oil or flax oil, respectively. The experiment was carried out in the floating sea water cages, and each cage was stocked with 25 individuals of P. japonicus [initial body weight: (5.82±0.02) g]. The feeding experiment was lasting for 60 days. The results showed that: ① the survival rate of the fish oil group was significantly higher than that of the soybean oil group and the flaxseed oil group (P<0.05). The specific growth rate and weight gain rate of the flaxseed oil group were significantly higher than those of the fish oil group and the soybean oil group (P<0.05). ② The sensory quality of shrimp in the flaxseed oil group was significantly higher than that in the fish oil group and soybean oil group (P<0.05), but the color difference of the soybean oil group was closer to that of the standard color. ③ P. japonicus in the fish oil group showed significantly higher contents of total amino acids (ΣTAA), total essential amino acids (ΣEAA), total non-essential amino acids (ΣNEAA) and sweet amino acids than those in the soybean oil group and the flaxseed oil group (P<0.05). The contents of bitter amino acids in the soybean oil group were significantly higher than those in the fish oil group and flaxseed oil group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the umami amino acids of muscle among dietary groups (P>0.05). ④ P. japonicus in the fish oil group began to spoil on the sixth day, and the soybean oil group and flax oil group began to spoil on the second day, by using the TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen) value as the shelf life parameter of aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Sea is a permanently anoxic, marine basin serving as model system for the deposition of organic‐rich sediments in a highly stratified ocean. In such systems, archaeal lipids are widely used as paleoceanographic and biogeochemical proxies; however, the diverse planktonic and benthic sources as well as their potentially distinct diagenetic fate may complicate their application. To track the flux of archaeal lipids and to constrain their sources and turnover, we quantitatively examined the distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of intact polar lipids (IPLs) and core lipids (CLs) from the upper oxic water column into the underlying sediments, reaching deposits from the last glacial. The distribution of IPLs responded more sensitively to the geochemical zonation than the CLs, with the latter being governed by the deposition from the chemocline. The isotopic composition of archaeal lipids indicates CLs and IPLs in the deep anoxic water column have negligible influence on the sedimentary pool. Archaeol substitutes tetraether lipids as the most abundant IPL in the deep anoxic water column and the lacustrine methanic zone. Its elevated IPL/CL ratios and negative δ13C values indicate active methane metabolism. Sedimentary CL‐ and IPL‐crenarchaeol were exclusively derived from the water column, as indicated by non‐variable δ13C values that are identical to those in the chemocline and by the low BIT (branched isoprenoid tetraether index). By contrast, in situ production accounts on average for 22% of the sedimentary IPL‐GDGT‐0 (glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether) based on isotopic mass balance using the fermentation product lactate as an endmember for the dissolved substrate pool. Despite the structural similarity, glycosidic crenarchaeol appears to be more recalcitrant in comparison to its non‐cycloalkylated counterpart GDGT‐0, as indicated by its consistently higher IPL/CL ratio in sediments. The higher TEX86, CCaT, and GDGT‐2/‐3 values in glacial sediments could plausibly result from selective turnover of archaeal lipids and/or an archaeal ecology shift during the transition from the glacial lacustrine to the Holocene marine setting. Our in‐depth molecular‐isotopic examination of archaeal core and intact polar lipids provided new constraints on the sources and fate of archaeal lipids and their applicability in paleoceanographic and biogeochemical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dietary lipid or oil sources play important roles in modulating growth, immunity and muscle quality in animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), peanut oil (PO) and lard oil (LO) on the growth, fish body composition, digestive ability, hematological parameters, serum biochemical indices, immune capability, inflammatory responses and muscle quality in juvenile largemouth bass. Compared with PO and LO, FO and RO showed improvements in weight gain, fatty acid profiles, digestive abilities, innate capabilities and muscle qualities (hardness, firmness and chewiness) with higher collagen synthesizing abilities. The results in this study could provide relative references for the application of dietary lipid sources in largemouth bass and other fish species. This study investigated the effects of fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), peanut oil (PO) and lard oil (LO) on growth, immunity and muscle quality in juvenile largemouth bass. After 8 weeks, the results showed that FO and RO could increase weight gain and serum alkaline phosphatase and apelin values compared with LO (p < 0.05). Except lower crude lipid contents, higher amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (15.83% and 14.64%) were present in the dorsal muscle of the FO and RO groups. Meanwhile, FO and RO could heighten mRNA levels of immune defense molecules (lysozyme, hepcidin, and transforming growth factor β1) compared with PO (p < 0.05). While SO could increase potential inflammatory risk via rising counts of white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils and monocytes, and mRNA levels of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-15), FO and RO could improve hardness, chewiness and springiness through increasing amounts of hydroxyproline, collagen and lysyl oxidase, and mRNA levels of collagen 1α2 and prolyl hydroxylase in the fish dorsal muscle. Moreover, FO and RO could improve firmness through increasing glycogen and glycogen synthase 1 levels when compared with LO (p < 0.05). Therefore, these results could provide dietary lipid source references during the feeding process of adult largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal purpose of the present trial is to inspect the complete supply of nutritional fish oil by substituting lipid springs in an applied feed for Thinlip grey-mullet, Liza ramada fingerlings. The impacts of four lipid sources (fish viscera oil (FVO), poultry viscera oil (PVO), tallow oil (TO), and plant oil (PO)) compared with fish oil (FO) as a basal diet on performance growth rates, feed-utilization, biochemical structure of the body, specific blood constraints, and fatty acid profile were evaluated in Thinlip grey mullet fingerlings. The substitution of FO by four substitute lipids shows a non-significant but notable influence on growth performance. On the other hand, feed utilization productivity was significant for fingerlings nourished by the PVO diet. Fingerlings nourished by the PO diet showed significantly lower contents of the total body lipid compared to fingerlings nourished by other diets. Flesh fatty acid structure reflected dietary fatty acids composition. Higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were detected in fingerlings' flesh nourished by FO, while lower contents were dedicated in fingerlings' flesh nourished by PO. Although saturated fatty acid (SAF) contents in fingerlings' flesh nourished by diet TO were greater than other treatments, these results are beneficial in nutritional design to decrease feed prices without compromising Thinlip grey mullet fingerlings growth.

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary krill oil (KO), fish oil (FO) and soybean oil (SO) on growth, nutritional quality and flavor of the edible meat of the oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense). The results revealed that SO and KO diets promoted the growth performance (P < 0.05). The activity of alanine aminotransferase in hemolymph of the FO group was significantly lower than that in the SO group (P

The principal purpose of the present trial is to inspect the complete supply of nutritional fish oil by substituting lipid springs in an applied feed for Thinlip grey-mullet, Liza ramada fingerlings. The impacts of four lipid sources (fish viscera oil (FVO), poultry viscera oil (PVO), tallow oil (TO), and plant oil (PO)) compared with fish oil (FO) as a basal diet on performance growth rates, feed-utilization, biochemical structure of the body, specific blood constraints, and fatty acid profile were evaluated in Thinlip grey mullet fingerlings. The substitution of FO by four substitute lipids shows a non-significant but notable influence on growth performance. On the other hand, feed utilization productivity was significant for fingerlings nourished by the PVO diet. Fingerlings nourished by the PO diet showed significantly lower contents of the total body lipid compared to fingerlings nourished by other diets. Flesh fatty acid structure reflected dietary fatty acids composition. Higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were detected in fingerlings' flesh nourished by FO, while lower contents were dedicated in fingerlings' flesh nourished by PO. Although saturated fatty acid (SAF) contents in fingerlings' flesh nourished by diet TO were greater than other treatments, these results are beneficial in nutritional design to decrease feed prices without compromising Thinlip grey mullet fingerlings growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments reported in this research paper address the effects of replacing ground corn (GC) with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen utilization efficiency, performance, and predicted methane production in dairy cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane. We hypothesized that the inclusion of FFCG in the diet would not alter the performance of lactating cows but would reduce the predicted methane production in vivo. Ten multiparous Holstein cows at 90 ± 10 d of lactation and yielding 24.2 ± 3.5 kg milk/d were assigned to dietary treatments consisting of different levels of replacement of GC by FFCG (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% of diet dry matter) in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Methane production was predicted using an automated gas in vitro production system. Except for ether extract intake, which increased, the intake of all nutrients decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber reduced, whereas the digestibility of ether extract increased linearly with FFCG. There were no changes in the digestibility of crude protein. The nitrogen intake and daily excretion in urine and feces decreased, while nitrogen use efficiency increased linearly. There was no significant effect of diets on nitrogen balance or microbial protein synthesis and efficiency. The yield of protein, lactose and total solids in milk showed a quadratic behavior. On the other hand, milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk yield decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. No effect on pH or ammonia nitrogen was observed. The production of methane (CH4, g/kg DM) and total CH4 (g/d), and CH4 intensity decreased linearly with the replacement of GC by FFCG. In conclusion, FFCG has been shown to be an effective source of fat to reduce methane production in dairy cows, partially supporting our initial hypothesis. However, as it decreases milk fat production, it is not recommended to replace more than 50% of GC by FFCG for lactating cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the effects of ratios of fish-to-soybean oils in a low fishmeal diet containing Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) on the growth and metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei. Four diet groups were designed and the basal diet (FM, 44% crude protein, 8.66% crude lipid, fish-to-soybean oil: 1.5:2.5) contained 25% fishmeal. After 40% of fishmeal protein was replaced by CAP, three different fish-to-soybean oil ratios (4:1, 1:1, and 1:4) were set to formulate three experimental diets, and referred as HF (high fish oil), MF (medium fish oil), and LF (low fish oil), respectively. Shrimp were distributed to four groups of three replicates, each with 40 shrimp in a 300-L tank and they were fed four times daily for 7 weeks before sampling. Results showed that the growth performance of shrimp fed the MF diet was significantly lower than those fed the FM diet, while the shrimp fed the LF diet showed better growth than the HF group. The reduction of the crude lipid content of the whole body, hemolymph total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents indicated an alteration in the lipid and cholesterol metabolism of shrimp. Compared to the FM group, the mRNA levels of fas in shrimp fed the HF diet were significantly downregulated, while the mRNA levels of delta-24-sr in the HF group were significantly upregulated. In addition, the mRNA levels of hmgcr and scp in shrimp fed the LF diet significantly upregulated compared to the FM group. Metabolomic results showed that multiple metabolic pathways were affected by diet factors, including several amino acid metabolisms, purine metabolism, energy metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In conclusion, the reduction of the ratios of fish-to-soybean oils in the low fishmeal diet containing CAP can not only reduce the usage of fish oil and the cost of feed but also maintain the growth performance of shrimp.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of five formulated feeds with different lipid sources (colza oil (CO), fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), or palm oil (PO)) and kelp (Laminaria japonica) on the growth, reproductive performance of broodstock, and early larvae quality of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). The experimental diets were randomly allocated to a total of 48 (eight urchins per experimental group) individually cultured S. intermedius(initial weight 90.51 ± 0.82g) and the feeding period lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate of female sea urchins fed kelp was significantly higher than those fed formulated feeds while the gonadosomatic index of spawned female sea urchins fed kelp was significantly lower than those fed formulated feeds.S. intermedius broodstock fed FO showed the largest egg diameter and fecundity, which could be due to the abundant n-3 LC-PUFA deposited in the gonads of this group. Sea urchins fed SO showed the lowest fecundity and hatching rate, and the highest inflammation level. Sea urchins fed CO showed the highest content of oleic acid in the gonads and eggs, but the lowest fertilization rate. The highest hatching rate was observed in the kelp treatment, which was comparable to that in the LO and PO but was significantly higher than that in CO, FO, and SO. Before mouth opening, all prismatic larvae showed no significant differences in survival during the first 2 days post hatchery (DPH). At the 3 DPH, the survival of S. intermedius larvae was highest in the FO group, followed by those in the PO group, with the lowest survival observed in the kelp group. Thus, FO was accepted as the most ideal lipid source based on growth, reproductive performance, and early larval quality. These results could contribute to adopting an efficient feeding strategy to promote the reproductive performance and offspring quality by choosing the optimal lipid source for S. intermedius broodstock.

The experiment was to explore the effect of different fat sources in diet on growth of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Mylopharyngodon piceus and Carassius auratus gibelio, as well as conventional muscle nutrients and fatty acid composition. A total of 240 fish with an initial body weight of (34.8±0.4) g Ctenopharyngodon idella, (35.0±0.4) g Mylopharyngodon piceus, (26.3±0.1) g Carassius auratus gibelio were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates in each group and 60 fish in each replicate (three species mixed culture, 20 fish per species). The basic diet (BD group) without oil and fat was used as control group, and 6% soybean oil (SO group), fish oil (FO group) and lard (LO group) were added to basic diet as test groups. The experiment lasted for 8 w. The results showed that the average survival rate of the three species of fish in each group was significantly higher than that in BD group (P<0.05), and the survival rate of Mylopharyngodon piceus in test group was significantly higher than that in BD group (P<0.05). The total final weight and average weight gain of the three fish in each group were significantly higher than that in BD group (P<0.05). The feed coefficient of each group was significantly lower than that in BD group (P<0.05). The visceral body ratio and liver body ratio of Ctenopharyngodon idella in FO group were significantly higher than those in BD group (P<0.05), and the visceral body ratio and liver body ratio of Mylopharyngodon piceus in LO group were significantly higher than those in BD group (P<0.05). The visceral body ratio of Carassius auratus gibelio in BD group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the liver to body ratio of Carassius auratus gibelio in FO group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). The crude protein content of Ctenopharyngodon idella in FO group was significantly higher than that in BD group and SO group (P<0.05), and the crude protein content of Mylopharyngodon piceus in SO group was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). The crude fat content of Ctenopharyngodon idella in LO group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the crude fat content of Mylopharyngodon piceus in SO group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). The content of C16:0 was the highest in the three fish muscle fatty acids, followed by C18:1n-9, C18:0 and C18:2n-6. The content of C18: 2n-6, C18:3n-3 in SO group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The content of C20: 5n-3, C22:6n-3 in FO group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The content of C16:0, C18:1n-9 in LO group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). The study indicates that adding fish oil to Ctenopharyngodon idella bait has a good growth-promoting effect, but adding 6% soybean oil and lard has no obvious growth-promoting effect, which indicates that Ctenopharyngodon idella has lower requirements for feed fat level. Adding 6% soybean oil, fish oil and lard to Mylopharyngodon piceus bait has better growth-promoting effect. Adding 6% fish oil and lard to Carassius auratus gibelio has better growth-promoting effect, but soybean oil has poor effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition in tissue and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 6% coconut oil (CO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and fish oil (FO), respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile for 8 weeks. The results indicated that final body weight (FBW), percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), survival, hepatopancreas index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) were not significantly influenced by dietary different lipid sources (P＞0.05). Moreover, proximate composition in whole body, dorsal muscle and liver were also not significantly affected by dietary different lipid sources (P ＞0.05). Fish fed with FO diet was significantly higher MDA concentration in hepatic and serum than those fed with CO, RO and LO diets (P

This study evaluated the effects of lipid sources on the replacement of fishmeal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). By using CAP to replace 40% fishmeal in the basal diet (contains 25% fishmeal), four diets (PC as the control diet, LSO as the low soybean oil level, MSO as the middle soybean oil level, and HSO as the high soybean oil level) were formulated by adding different proportions of fish oil and soybean oil. Each diet was assigned to four replicates (40 shrimps per replicate, initial weight = 1.79 ± 0.02 g). A 7-day Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge test was conducted at the end of the 50-day feeding experiment. Weight gain was significantly higher and the cumulative mortality after challenge was lower in HSO treatment. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in hepatopancreas was significantly raised with increasing dietary soybean oil based on CAP substitution. After challenge, Pen3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in hepatopancreas and NF-κB pathway-related mRNA (dorsal, relish, and IKKβ) expression was higher in the intestine in HSO treatment. The height of mucosal folds and the thickness of the muscle layer were positively correlated with the level of dietary soybean oil. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the microvilli were damaged and the endoplasmic reticulum was swollen in shrimp fed the LSO diet. Diversity of intestinal microbiota was increased in shrimp fed the LSO diet, with a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Halocynthiibacter and Ruegeria as well as less harmful bacteria such as Vibrio. These results suggested that the replacement of fishmeal with CAP and the high proportion of soybean oil in the diet could improve the growth performance, disease resistance, and intestinal structure of Pacific white shrimp, and high fish oil in a low-FM diet raised the percentage of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of shrimp.

Lipid was an essential constituent of aquatic feeds, among which fish oil (FO) was the most excellent lipid source for its nutritive values. However, high price and limited production restricted its application, thus leading to the consideration of developing other alternative lipid sources, and soybean oil (SO) instead of FO was applied as the main lipid source in the commercial feed of grass carp. In the present study, two typical lipids sources FO and SO were used to prepare grass carp feed, and their comparative effects on the growth performance, nutrient composition and metabolic signaling were investigated. The growth performance of two groups exhibited no significant difference, while crude lipid was much higher in the muscle of SO group. Additionally, muscle fatty acid composition of both groups were highly correlated with that of diets, and the proportion of muscle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was notably higher in the FO group, especially that of C20:5n-3 (EPA) and C22:6n-3 (DHA). Comparative digital gene expression profiles (DGE) was conducted and 1261 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had been identified, then gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed the enriched functional subterms were primarily focused on cellular metabolic processes and regulation. KEGG pathway analysis elucidated the main metabolism related pathways, and DEGs involved in fatty acid elongation, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism pathways were listed, including elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7 (el7), lysophospholipid acyltransferase 4 (lpcat4), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (acs), phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN (lpin), cathepsin L, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (gpi) et al. In conclusion, the nutritional composition rather than growth performance of grass carp was affected by different lipid sources, and the underlying regulatory signaling was predicted, which would provide theoretical basis for fish diet formulation.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary lipid sources on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Six diets were formulated with the same lipid level (85 g/kg) to contain fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO), palm oil (PO), lecithin oil (LO) and pork lard (PL) respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate of 18 crayfish with an initial weight of (13.05 ± 0.60) g for 8 weeks. The results showed that crayfish fed diet SO had a significantly higher weight gain rate and specific growth rate than those fed diet CO, PO and PL, but there was no significant difference among crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO. Crayfish fed diet PL had the highest feed conversion ratio and the lowest survival rate. Significantly increased muscle lipid contents were observed in groups PO and PL compared with other groups. Group FO had the highest values of EPA, DHA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio in muscle, followed by groups LO and SO. The haemolymph triacylglycerol content was the highest, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was the lowest in crayfish fed diet PL. Moreover, a significant increase of total protein content was observed in the haemolymph of crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO. In conclusion, crayfish fed diet FO, SO and LO showed better growth than those fed diet PL and PO without any signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60‐day feeding experiment was performed to investigate the survival, growth, body composition, antioxidant capacity and related gene expression of Eriocheirsinensis which were fed diets with different lipid sources under three salinities. Five feeds were formulated with one of the candidate oils (fish oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, colza oil or palm oil) and were named FO, SO, LO, CO or PO respectively. Results showed that the survival rate (SR) of E. sinensis showed a decreasing tendency as the salinity increased. But SR was not significantly affected by dietary lipid sources at each salinity. Weight gain rate (WGR) were highest in the treatment of FO/PO at a salinity of 0.5‰, CO/FO/SO at a salinity of 2‰ and LO at a salinity of 6‰ respectively. At salinities of 0.5‰ and 2‰, the transcription of pro‐inflammatory and antioxidant genes in LO was significantly higher than that in FO or PO. While at a salinity of 6‰, the transcription of detected genes in FO was markedly increased compared to that in the vegetable oil treatments. At each salinity, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents showed comparable values among different dietary treatments. However, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents in E. sinensis fed the diets with FO were still significantly higher than those with vegetable oils. These results showed that increasing salinity decreased the antioxidant capacity and therefore negatively affected the survival and growth rates of experimental animals. The beneficial effects of FO on survival and growth performance were eliminated by increasing the salinity to 6‰, which could be due to the increased lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response caused by salinity stress. It was concluded that at the salinity of 0.5‰ and 2‰, the recommended lipid sources were FO/PO and CO/FO/SO respectively. While at the salinity of 6‰, LO was the most ideal lipid source for juvenile E. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein 50.46 %) and isolipidic (crude lipid 11.12 %) diets were formulated to contain 7 % of different oil sources including fish oil (FO) (control), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and coconut oil (CO). Largemouth bass with initial body weight of 36.0 ± 0.2 g were randomly distributed into 12 tanks, with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per treatment. The fish were fed with the experiment diets twice daily for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain of largemouth bass fed the FO diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the LO and CO diets. The liver crude lipid content in FO group was significantly higher than other groups, while the highest liver triglyceride content was showed in SO group and the lowest was detected in LO group. At transcriptional level, expression of lipogenesis related genes (pparγ , srebp1 , fas , acc , dgat1 and dgat2) in the SO and CO group were significantly higher than the FO group. However, the expression of lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation related genes (pparα , cpt1 , and aco) in vegetable oils groups were significantly higher than the FO group. As to the antioxidant capacity, vegetable oils significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of largemouth bass. Total antioxidant capacity in the SO and LO groups were significantly increased compared with the FO group. Catalase in the LO group was significantly increased compared with the FO group. Furthermore, the ER stress related genes, such as grp78 , atf6α , atf6β , chop and xbp1 were significantly enhanced in the vegetable oil groups compared with the FO group. The activity of serum lysozyme in vegetable oil groups were significantly higher than in FO group. Additionally, the relative expression of non-specific immune related genes, including tlr2 , mapk11 , mapk13 , mapk14 , rela , tgf-β1 , tnfα , 5lox , il-1β and il10 , were all significantly increased in SO and CO groups compared to the other groups. In conclusion, based on the indexes including growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response, SO and LO could be alternative oil sources for largemouth bass. • Different lipid sources affected lipid deposition and induced ER stress and inflammatory response of largemouth bass. • FO more easily induced oxidative stress of largemouth bass compared with SO and LO. • SO and LO could be alternative oil sources for largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the ecological unsustainability of using fish oil (FO) as the main source of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), the investigation of alternative dietary LC‐PUFA sources is crucial for aquaculture. Tambaqui (Colossomamacropomum) is a valuable economic aquaculture resource in Brazil, capable of endogenously elongating and desaturating linoleic (LA; 18:2n‐6) and α‐linolenic (ALA; 18:3n‐3) acids to longer and physiologically vital LC‐PUFA. Yet, it is unclear how this pathway is regulated by different oil sources in tambaqui. Thus, we designed an experiment with 2 different oil diets (fish oil—FO and vegetable oil—VO) at 2 different concentrations (5% or 10%) to investigate the molecular regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in this species. We observed no differences in survival, body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio between the treatments. Gene expression analysis shows that fads2andelovl5 are up‐regulated in liver, while fads2 and elovl2 are up‐regulated in brain of tambaqui fed with VO. The transcription factors pparβbandpparγ are also up‐regulated in the brain by VO diet, when compared to FO diet. The VO diet also contributed to the biosynthesis of LC‐PUFA in liver and specifically DHA in the brain. Overall, our approach shows that lipid metabolism‐relevant genes are regulated by different dietary lipid sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An six-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) lipid sources on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, tissue fatty acid profiles, and expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism of juvenile green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) (initial weight 45.3 ± 0.07 g). Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), krill oil (KO) and linseed oil (LO), respectively. The results indicated that crabs fed the KO diet had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) than those fed the LO diet, while no statistic differences were observed between KO and FO diets. Dietary FO could significantly increase the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) in hemolymph and hepatopancreas compared to dietary KO and LO, similar results were found in the levels of hepatopancreas 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG). Crabs fed the KO diet could significantly increase the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) in comparison with FO and LO diets. Crabs fed with FO and KO had significantly higher contents of 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) in hepatopancreas and muscle than those fed with LO. While dietary LO could significantly promote the accumulation of C18:3n-3 (ALA) in hepatopancreas and muscle. The anabolic pathway relevant genes: fas and 6 pg d were up-regulated in KO diet. The catabolic pathway relevant genes, hsl, was up-regulated in FO and KO diets, cpt1, was up-regulated in KO diet. Moreover, crabs fed diet supplemented with KO could significantly increase the expression levels of srb2, srebp1 and hnf4α. These findings will provide the reference for the development of the diet for the growth stage of S. paramamosain, and could contribute to deepen the understanding of the physiological metabolism of dietary fatty acids for S. paramamosain.

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of three lipid sources on the growth and gonad development in juvenile sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Kelp (Laminaria japonica) and three formulated feeds with the supplementation of fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) or soybean oil (SO) as the sole lipid source. Results showed that sea urchins fed kelp had significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR) but lower gonadosomatic index (GSI), than those fed formulated feeds (p <.05). WGR and GSI of sea urchins fed SO were significantly lower than that fed LO and FO (p <.05). The content of EPA in the gonad of sea urchins fed LO was significantly higher than that fed SO (p <.05). The content of ARA in SO was higher than that in FO and LO (p >.05). The expression of elongase 4, Δ6 desaturase and Δ5 desaturase was significantly lower in the intestine of sea urchins fed FO than that fed LO and SO (p <.05). These results indicated that LO and FO, but not SO were the ideal lipid sources for the juvenile S. intermedius. The elevated transcription of fatty acid synthesis‐related genes could be responsible for the increased EPA and ARA deposition in LO and SO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20 kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (P < 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals’ diet decreased (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (P > 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of different lipids on growth, body composition and lipid metabolism of largemouth sea bass fish Micropterus salmoides. A total of 360 juvenile M. salmoides (mean ± SD mass = 33.83 ± 0.15 g) were randomly stocked into 12 tanks of 0.5 m3 volume for 8 weeks. Four replicates were made in each group, which were fed one of three diets containing fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) or lard oil (LO). The weight gain rate and specific growth rate did not differ among the groups (p > 0.05). Fish oil fish had the lowest condition factor (p < 0.05) and highest serum glucose content (p < 0.05). Crude lipid contents in the whole body and in the liver and muscle of FO fish were significantly lower than in the SO and LO groups (p < 0.05). The fatty acid composition of whole‐body lipids was closely correlated with that of the diet. The carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1) activity in the FO group was significantly higher than those in the SO and LO groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences in fatty acid synthase (fasn) activity were observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The Cpt1 and fasn gene expression levels in the FO group were significantly higher than those of the SO and LO groups (p < 0.05). The apolipoprotein B100 gene expression level was significantly higher in the SO group than in the FO group (p < 0.05). Fatty acid‐binding protein 1 gene expression levels in the FO and SO groups were not different (p > 0.05) but were both higher than that of the LO group (p < 0.05). The delta‐6 fatty acyl desaturase gene expression level in the LO group was significantly higher than that in the FO group (p < 0.05), but lower than that in the SO group (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that FO can be completely replaced by SO or LO in the M. salmoides diet, at least within the 8‐week culture period. Different types of dietary lipids significantly affect body condition and hepatic lipid metabolism in M. salmoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical composition of juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus of initial weight 2.34 ± 0.08 g. Four different diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or palm oil (PO). The highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and molting frequency were observed in crabs fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the SO diet showed higher glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in both serum and hepatopancreas than those fed the FO diet. The lowest malondialdehyde concentration in hepatopancreas and serum were occurred at crabs fed the SO diet. Crabs fed the LO diet had significantly higher SOD and CAT activities in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the PO diet had the highest activities of fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activities in hepatopancreas among all treatments. Fatty acid compositions both in hepatopancreas and muscle reflected those of diets. Overall, these findings demonstrated that physiological–biochemical characteristics and lipid metabolism were significantly regulated by different dietary lipid sources. Moreover, dietary SO and LO supplementation could improve antioxidant ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a diet supplemented with 5% marine fish oil, 5% refined palm oil, 5% soybean oil, and a combination of the three on reproductive parameters of females Rhamdia quelen was investigated. Spawning was artificially induced to evaluate rates of fertilization, hatching and larvae normality. Fatty acid profiles of the diets, ovaries and oocytes were determined. A higher spawning rate (%) was observed for diets containing fish oil (78.65 ± 3.60) and palm oil (77.15 ± 3.97), followed by oil mix (65.46 ± 4.57). The diet containing soybean oil was associated with significantly lower fertilization (60.14 ± 5.66; P < 0.05) than the palm and fish oil diets. Lower fertilization may be explained by a high level of n-6 fatty acids in the diet, which possibly accelerate the oocyte maturation. Satisfactory fecundity (P > 0.05) were observed for all tested diets, whit 289.77 ± 23.90 (palm oil) until 323.31 ± 38.45 oocytes g-1 body weight (fish oil). The treatments were not shown to influence oocyte size, larval size or rate of larva deformity. Oocyte fatty acid composition was like that of gonads. Docosahexaenoic (DHA; C22:6 n-3) fatty acid was preferentially deposited in ovaries and oocytes. Ratios of n3/n6, DHA/EPA, EPA/ARA, did not affect the reproductive performance of females. Therefore, regarding female reproductive performance, the vegetable lipid sources tested are suitable for being used in R. quelen diet, and palm oil, in particular, is considered an excellent alternative to fish oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Canola oil improved the meat quality of lamb. • The amount of intramuscular fat was higher in the supplemented group. • Canola oil decreased the percentage of SFA in lamb meat. • The atherogenic and thrombogenic indices of lamb meat were decreased by canola oil. Abstract This study investigated the effect of canola oil on meat quality of Araucano creole lambs. Twenty-four Araucano creole lambs (5 months of age) were used for this study. The lambs were randomly divided into two groups and fed ad libitum amount of diet consisting of concentrate (40%) and pea straw (60%) without added fat for the control group and with the addition of 50 mL of canola oil (three times per week; 150 mL a week) for the treatment group for a period of 90 days. The liveweight, physicochemical parameters (pH, intramuscular fat (IMF), colour, water holding capacity (WHC) and tenderness) and fatty acid profile of twenty-four Araucano creole lambs were assessed. Administering canola oil to Araucano creole lambs during the finishing diet did not show significant differences in liveweight between groups, although lamb from Canola group presented slightly higher liveweights compared to control group (32.20 vs. 33.89 kg, for control and Canola groups, respectively). Statistical analysis showed that lamb meat from the control group had lower (P < 0.001) WHC (lost: 14.57 ± 0.44%) than those from the canola group (lost: 11.42 ± 0.43%). Regarding tenderness, samples from Canola group presented slight lower values (5.90 vs. 6.15 kg/cm2, for Canola and control groups, respectively). The colour of the meat was also affected by canola oil, showing higher (P < 0.001) redness (17.90) and lower (P < 0.05) hue angle (34.90) in lambs from Canola group compared to the control one. Canola oil significantly modified the amount of IMF (4.65 vs. 5.65%, P < 0.05, for control and Canola groups, respectively). Regarding fatty acids, the effect canola oil in the diet increased the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (1665.08 vs. 2446.3 mg/100 g of meat, P < 0.001, for control and Canola groups, respectively) and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (422.9 vs. 530.9 mg/100 g of meat, P < 0.01, for control and Canola groups, respectively). In addition, canola oil improved the n 6/ n 3 ratio (5.42 vs. 4.64, P < 0.05, for control and Canola groups, respectively). Moreover, canola oil reduced thrombogenic index (TI) values (1.37 vs. 0.99, P < 0.001, for control and Canola groups, respectively). It was concluded that administering canola oil to lambs during fattening period could be an important strategy to improve the meat quality and may increase the amount of intramuscular fat with a healthier fatty acid profile (oleic acid, CLA and eicosapentaenoic acid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 640 golden pompano (mean initial weight of 82.85±2.36 g) were randomly allocated into 32 floating net cages. Eight experimental diets involving various lipid sources were given. They were: fish oil (FO), krill oil (KO), soybean oil (SO), corn oil (CO), 1:1 FO-SO, 1:1 FO-CO, 1:1 KO-SO and 1:1 KO-CO. The results showed that the specific growth rate in the SO, CO, 1:1 FO-SO and 1:1 KO-SO groups was significantly lower than in the FO group (P<0.05), and the 1:1 KO-CO had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all the diets. The muscle fatty acid compositions were closely correlated with the fatty acid composition of the diets. Moreover, the serum MDA content of golden pompano fed the other seven diets was significantly lower than that of the fish fed the FO diet (P<0.05) except for the 1:1KO-CO diet, with the lowest MDA content, which occurred in KO diet. Accordingly, we concluded that the FO, KO, 1:1 FO-SO and 1:1 KOCO diets resulted in improvements in growth performance in golden pompano. Moreover, KO diet regulated some physiological and biochemical indicators. This study could provide a basis for the response-based selection of optimal lipid sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to compare the influence of two lipid sources (soybean grain [SG], and protected fat [PF, Lactoplus], based on soybean oil) with a control diet (no lipid supplementation) on the fatty acid (FA) profile ( longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat) of beef cattle finished on grazing pasture or at a feedlot. The study was arranged in a complete randomized design, using 2 × 3 factorial scheme that combined 2 finishing systems and 3 diets. Seventy-eight young Nellore bulls (323.8 ± 25.4 kg body weight [BW] and 21 ± 3 months of age) were divided at random into two finishing systems: 1) pasture-finishing and 2) feedlot-finishing. The diet containing PF increased CLA in the muscle ( P =  0.0002). Pasture-finished bulls fed lipid-supplemented diets had significantly more ( P = <  0.0001) subcutaneous saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in muscle, whereas the PUFA concentration of PF-fed bulls was highest ( P = <  0.0001) in subcutaneous fat. The highest ( P =  0.0090) concentration of Omega-6 (n6) was observed in the muscle tissue of pasture-finished animals supplemented with SG. However, the lowest concentration ( P =  0.0010) of n6 FAs in subcutaneous fat was more evident in pasture-finished animals receiving the control diet. The concentration of C20:5 n 3 (EPA) was significantly higher ( P =  0.040) in the muscle tissue of animals receiving the control diet in pasture and deposition of EPA was greater ( P =  0.0020) in the subcutaneous fat of pasture-finished animals. The highest concentrations ( P = <  0.0001) of n3 were observed in the muscle tissue of pasture-finished animals. Animals receiving the control diet in both finishing systems had a lower ( P =  0.0051) n6:n3 ratio in muscle tissue. By comparison, feedlot-finished animals showed a higher ( P <  0.01) n6:n3 ratio in muscle tissue, and the highest ( P =  0.0190) n6:n3 ratio in subcutaneous fat was observed in pasture- and feedlot-finished animals supplemented with PF compared to the control diet. The muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues of feedlot-finished bulls fed the control and SG diets had a significantly higher ( P <  0.05) Δ 9 -desaturase C16 index. The lowest ( P =  0.0010) elongase concentrations were observed in the muscle tissue of PF-fed bulls, regardless of finishing system. Overall, bulls finished on grazing pasture had a more desirable FA composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study performs an exploratory comparative evaluation of various animal and vegetable protein and lipid sources, used as feed in the aquaculture industry. The ingredients studied include fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) from fisheries by-products, meal and fat by-products from poultry slaughter, FM and FO from Peruvian anchovy capture, and soybean meal and oil. The boundaries studied include the production or capture, the ingredient processing unit and the transport to the unit that processes the ingredients into aquafeeds in Portugal.Methods: The LCA impact assessment method is the CML-IA baseline V3.04/EU25 and the results were obtained for the characterisation step. Some of the inventory data were collected from a Portuguese company (Savinor) that processes both by-products from local fisheries and by-products from poultry production. Savinor provided data specifically associated with the ingredients’ production. Obtained data were complemented with literature data from: fish capture and poultry production. Inventory data for the production of ingredients from Peruvian anchovy and soybeans were retrieved from literature. It was assumed that the transport of the ingredients produced from Peruvian anchovy, between Lima and Rotterdam, is made in a transoceanic vessel, and it is considered a transport by truck between Rotterdam and Ovar, for soybean ingredients and FM/FO produced from Peruvian anchovy.Results and discussion: This paper shows that poultry meal and poultry fat from poultry slaughter by-products have the larger contribution to all environmental impact categories evaluated, being the production of poultry the life cycle stage that contributes most to the overall categories. On the other hand, FM and FO from Peruvian anchovy were the ingredients with a lower contribution to all impact categories, except for abiotic depletion category, for FM from Peruvian anchovy, and abiotic depletion, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) and ozone layer depletion for FO from Peruvian anchovy. For these categories, soybean meal and oil had lower impacts, respectively. The ingredients were compared by classes (protein and lipid sources).Conclusions: A general conclusion is that soybean meal and oil and FM/FO from Peruvian anchovy appear to be very interesting options for aquafeeds from an LCA perspective. However, some limitations identified for this study, as, for instance, that it does not account for the environmental benefits associated with the use of the mentioned by-products, that would otherwise be considered wastes (i.e. by-products from the fish canning sector and poultry slaughter) shall be evaluated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three groups of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (54.75 ± 0.25 g), were each fed one of three diets containing different lipid sources: fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) and lard oil (LO). Fish were reared in sea cages for 8 weeks, and the fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) but lower condition factor (CF) than the other treatments. The fatty acid (FA) composition of whole‐body lipids was closely correlated with those in the diets. Although no differences can be found in hepatic fatty acid synthase (fasn) activity, the carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) activity in fish fed the FO diet was significantly higher compared with other treatments. In addition, the relative gene expression of lipid metabolism‐related enzymes, such as cpt1, fas, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), delta‐6 fatty acyl desaturase (fadsd6) and fatty acid‐binding protein 1 (fabp1), was also influenced by the different dietary lipid sources. Serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content in fish fed the LO and FO diets were significantly higher than those in the SO group. Accordingly, it can be concluded that FO could not be completely replaced by SO or LO in golden pompano diets. The lipid sources of a diet could impose significant influence on body condition factor and hepatic lipid metabolism of golden pompano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were used to test the influence of lipid source on growth performance, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of juvenile Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Each diet was supplemented with 90 g kg−1 of lipid from each of six sources including fish oil ( FO), beef tallow ( BT), sunflower oil ( SO), linseed oil ( LO) and equal combinations of FO + SO + BT ( FSB) or LO + SO + BT ( LSB). After 56 days, fish fed LSB demonstrated highest weight gain, specific growth rate and lowest hepatosomatic index among all groups. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) in the whole fish were highest in the SO group, and n-3 PUFAs were highest in fish fed LO. The fish fed FO contained highest n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Triglyceride in the serum of fish fed LSB was lowest, but was not significantly different from that in the SO group. Triglyceride in the serum of fish fed FO and BT was highest among all groups. Lipase, malate dehydrogenase and lipoprotein lipase activities were highest in fish fed LSB. Serum malondialdehyde in fish fed LSB was significantly lower than in fish fed FO or SO, but no significant differences were found among fish fed LSB, BT, LO or FSB. Fish fed LSB showed higher catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity than fish fed FO or FSB. This study indicates that linseed, sunflower oil and BT mixed oil are a suitable lipid source and can benefit growth performance and antioxidation in juvenile sturgeon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the response of piava (Leporinus obtusidens) after the use of vegetable oils in the diet, under performance, nutrient deposition and activity of digestive enzymes. Over 35 days five treatments were tested, with the inclusion of 3% of corn oil, soy, canola, linseed, and a control treatment without the inclusion of oil. Fish with an average initial weight of 1.78±0.07 g were randomly assigned in a water recirculation system consisting of 15 tanks, with suitable water quality parameters throughout the trial period. At the end of biometrics experiment data was collected. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replicates; the data was submitted to normality test and analysis of variance. The averages, when significant, were compared by Tukey test (p<0.05). Fish fed diets containing canola oil showed higher weight and length and protein deposition when compared to the control treatment. Higher chymotrypsin activity was observed in the fish fed the diet containing soya oil and lower with linseed oil. It is concluded that the use of oils in the diet is essential for best performance of the fish, and canola oil as indicated by optimizing the deposition of body protein for animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de três dietas e dois regimes alimentares sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros em confinamento. Trinta e seis cordeiros com peso inicial de 18,7 ± 2,4 kg foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 e receberam dietas sem inclusão de lipídio e com inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida. Seis cordeiros de cada dieta foram submetidos a restrição alimentar e posterior ganho compensatório, enquanto a outra metade foi alimentada à vontade por todo o período de confinamento. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, os níveis de ureia e colesterol sanguíneos, as características de carcaça e os subprodutos do abate. No período de realimentação, o consumo dos cordeiros que passaram por restrição alimentar não diferiu do consumo dos animais alimentados sempre à vontade. Também não foi afetado pela dieta, no entanto, ao final desse período, o consumo acumulado foi 11,8% menor que nos animais submetidos previamente à restrição. O consumo até o peso de abate não foi alterado pelo regime alimentar. No período de restrição, o nível de colesterol sanguíneo nos cordeiros em restrição alimentar foi 24% superior ao daqueles sem restrição, mas, durante o período de realimentação, não houve diferença. A composição lipídica da dieta aumentou o colesterol sanguíneo em ambos os períodos, de restrição e de realimentação, e reduziu a ureia durante o período de realimentação. O desempenho avaliado ao peso de abate foi prejudicado pela restrição alimentar. Não houve efeito de regime alimentar ou da dieta sobre os parâmetros de carcaça. Fontes de lipídios elevaram a proporção de gorduras totais e reduziram o conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal. O regime alimentar com restrição prejudica o ganho e a conversão alimentar de cordeiros até o abate.The effects of three diets and two feeding managements were assessed on feedlot lamb performance and carcass. Thirty six lambs with initial 18.7 ± 2.4 kg weight were distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement and were fed a free-lipid diet, and a sunflower grains-added diet or a protected fat-added diet. Six lambs on each diet were submitted to feeding restriction management and later compensatory gain, while the other half was fed ad libitum throughout the feedlot period. Dry matter intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio, urea and blood cholesterol, carcass characteristics and slaughter by-products were evaluated. During realimentation period the intake of lambs that underwent feeding restriction did not differ from the freely-fed animals. It was not affected by the diet but at the end of this period, the accumulated intake was 11.8% smaller for those lambs previously submitted to feeding restriction. Feed intake to slaughter weight was not influenced by the feeding management. In the restriction period, the blood cholesterol levels were 24% higher than those without restriction, but there was no difference during the realimentation period. The lipids in the diets increased the cholesterol blood levels in both the restriction and realimentation periods and reduced urea blood levels during the realimentation period. The performance, evaluated at slaughter weight, was damaged by the restriction management. There were no effects of feeding management or diet on the carcass parameters. Lipid sources increased the total fat proportion and decreased the gastrointestinal tract content. The feeding management with restriction damages weight gain and feed conversion ratio in lambs up to slaughter.

• Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) supplementation with or without chitosan decreased methane. • Chitosan (CHI) associated with UFA did not influence the ruminal digestibility of nutrients. • Ruminal fermentation was altered with UFA supplementation associated with CHI. • UFA sources associated with CHI alter reticular flows of nutrients. • Chitosan associated UFA change the ruminal kinetics of beef heifers. This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of chitosan and unsaturated fatty acid (UFAs) sources on intake, digestibility, ruminal and nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior of beef heifers. Five crossbred Simental x Zebu heifers (335 ± 53.2 kg of initial BW), ruminally cannulated, were randomly assigned according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design containing the following treatments: 1) CON, the control diet without supplementation; 2) SO, control diet supplemented with 25.3 g/kg of soybean oil; 3) WRS, control diet supplemented with 160 g/kg of whole raw soybean (WRS); 4) SOCHI, SO diet plus 14 g/kg of CHI; 5) WRSCHI, WRS diet plus 14 g/kg of CHI. No interaction effects between CHI and WRS were observed on nutrient intakes and digestibilities. Heifers fed SO, or WRS diets with or without CHI had lower enteric methane (CH 4) emissions (P < 0.01) than those fed CON. Moreover, animals fed SO and WRS had higher CH 4 emissions than those fed SOCHI and WRSCHI. No interaction between CHI and WRS was observed on nitrogen balance. However, heifers fed SO or WRS diets with or without CHI had lower nitrogen (N) intake (P = 0.001) and fecal N (P = 0.015) than those fed CON. Besides, animals fed SO and WRS diets showed lower retained N (P = 0.010) and efficiency (P = 0.005) than those fed SOCHI and WRSCHI. Heifers fed SO, or WRS diets with or without CHI showed lower rumination efficiencies of dry matter (DM; P < 0.01) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; P = 0.013) than those fed CON. Heifers fed SO or WRS with or without CHI, showed lower reticular flows of DM (P = 0.049), NDF (P = 0.002), and potentially digestible NDF (P = 0.002) than those fed CON. In addition, animals fed SO or WRS diets with or without CHI showed a lower rumen digestion rate of DM, turnover rates of DM and NDF, and passage rates of DM and pdNDF than those fed CON. The supply of CHI to beef heifers fed diets with SO and WRS alters ruminal fermentation, methane production, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior, and ruminal dynamics. Nevertheless, the results strengthen the evidence that the provision of CHI in beef cattle diets can positively influence the effect of fatty acid sources. Besides, fatty acids sources provided alone have a negative influence on most metabolism parameters in beef heifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term effects on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites, liver and intestine glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed diets without carbohydrates (CH-) or carbohydrate-enriched (20% gelatinised starch, CH+) combined with two lipid sources (fish oil; or vegetable oil (VO)). No differences in growth performance among treatments were observed. Carbohydrate intake was associated with increased hepatic transcripts of glucokinase but not of 6-phosphofructokinase. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was down-regulated by carbohydrate intake, whereas, unexpectedly, glucose 6-phosphatase was upregulated. Lipogenic enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase) and Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (FADS2) transcripts were increased in liver of fish fed CH+ diets, supporting an enhanced potential for lipogenesis and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Despite the lower hepatic cholesterol content in CH+ groups, no influence on the expression of genes related to cholesterol efflux (ATP-binding cassette G5) and biosynthesis (lanosterol 14 α-demethylase, cytochrome P450 51 cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51A1); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) was recorded at the hepatic level. At the intestinal level, however, induction of CYP51A1 transcripts by carbohydrate intake was recorded. Dietary VO led to decreased plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations but not on the transcripts of proteins involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) and cholesterol metabolism at intestinal and hepatic levels. Hepatic and muscular fatty acid profiles reflected that of diets, despite the up-regulation of FADS2 transcripts. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis, whereas effects of dietary lipid source were mostly related with tissue fatty acid composition, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, and LC-PUFA biosynthesis regulation. Interactions between dietary macronutrients induced modifications in tissue lipid and glycogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish oil is the most important lipid source, but its limited supply and high cost has forced the feed industry to investigate alternative lipid sources. The goal of this study was therefore to investigate effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, feed digestibility, body composition and lipid metabolism of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeiana . Bullfrogs were fed five diets containing 5.2% of either fish oil (FO), poultry fat (PF), pork lard (PL), soybean oil (SO) or palm oil (PO) for 8 weeks. Growth and feed utilization were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by different lipid sources. Weight gain and feed intake of bullfrogs fed diets with FO, SO and PO showed no significant difference. Body composition, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of bullfrog were not affected by lipid sources. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diets and test lipid ingredients were significantly ( P < 0.05) different among all treatments; the highest ADC for lipid was observed in FO and SO, and the lowest value was found in PF. Fatty acid profiles of muscle reflected the fatty acid composition of dietary lipid source. The activities of hepatic enzymes related to lipid metabolism were significantly affected ( P < 0.05) by lipid sources; the PF and PL groups had lower activities, compared to other groups. In conclusion, this study shows that fish oil can be totally replaced by SO or PO in bullfrog diets for a period of 8 weeks without negatively affecting growth performance. These alternative lipid sources have no effect on the body composition of bullfrog, while the fatty acid composition of muscle could be modified by lipid sources. Moreover, lipid sources could affect hepatic lipid metabolism of bullfrog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five iso-nitrogenous (crude protein 32 %) and iso-energetic (gross energy 15 MJ kg) practical diets were formulated by totally replacing fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and pork lard (PL), respectively. These diets were fed to triplicate groups of 30 gift tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) (mean initial weight 9 g). Fish were fed three times a day for 8 weeks at 26.5 ± 2.5 °C. The results showed that the replacement of FO with RO or LO or PL in tilapia diets did not affect growth or feed utilization. Fish fed SO exhibited lower specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio, and higher feed conversion ratio. The lowest hepatosomatic index, hepatopancreas lipid content, hepatopancreas malondialdehyde contents, lipoprotein lipase and malate dehydrogenase activities in liver were observed in fish fed FO, LO and RO. Fish fed FO or LO exhibited higher aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities in liver and higher total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum, but the values of these parameters were lower in fish fed PL in comparison with the other groups. This study showed that alternative lipid sources could be used successfully in tilapia diets except for SO. Total replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed oil could be possible without adverse effects on fish health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of glycerol with fat sources as a feed alternative were investigated in the ration for Nellore steers (Bos indicus). Eight cannulated steers at 30 months of age with initial bodyweight of 554 ± 36.0 kg were used in a double 4 by 4 Latin square design with four consecutive 16-day periods. Treatments were three different diets with lipid sources (soybean, soybean oil and calcium salts of fatty acids) and one diet control without lipid sources. All diets formulated contained 10% crude glycerol and 5% ether extract with a forage : concentrate ratio of 35 : 65; corn silage was used as forage. The ruminal liquid was sampled for 24 h and ruminal fermentations were monitored by measuring pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogenand volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Urine samples were obtained from the total collection for 24 h for estimation of rumen microbial protein supply using urinary purine derivatives. Our results showed that the use of lipid sources combined with glycerol did not induce significant changes in rumen pH, acetate molar proportion, ruminal microbial protein or dry matter intake. Although the acetate molar proportion was kept constant within normal parameters, the propionate molar proportion was increased by the diet containing lipid sources. Moreover, we found that there was a negative effect of lipid sources on crude protein and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein intake, and one positive effect on ether extract intake. We believe that association between fat and glycerol may affect rumen fermentation parameters through reducing fibre intake and increasing propionate production and ammonia nitrogen. This study was to investigate the effect of glycerol and fat sources on Nellore steers. The combined use of this sources resulted in no changes in rumen pH, DM intake, microbial protein production, and acetate. The molar proportion for propionate increased. These results suggest that combined use of lipid with glycerol could be used in dietary strategies without adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five isonitrogenous (420 g kg−1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (16.3 kJ g−1) practical diets were formulated to contain fish oil ( FO), Kilka fish oil ( KFO), linseed ( LO), canola ( CO) and soybean ( SBO) oils fed to juveniles of three-spot gourami ( Trichopodus trichopterus) (initial weight 1 ± 0.03 g) three times per day to apparent satiation for 14 weeks. Results showed the mean final weight of brooders was not significantly affected by dietary oil sources. Specific growth rate for fish fed in SBO and CO diets was statistically higher than for fish fed diet LO. Fish fed diets CO and KFO showed in significantly higher GSI value compared with other diets. Absolute fecundity was greatest in fish fed diets KFO and CO, which significantly differ with other treatments. Except for KFO diet, high fertilization percentages (87.3-93.45%) were observed in other treatments. Fatty acid composition of muscle and egg was found to be positively correlated with their respective dietary lipid sources. High levels of EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA in brooders fed diet FO negatively affect egg quality parameters. Therefore, the results demonstrated that vegetable oil-based diets ( CO, SBO and LO, respectively) can positively affect on growth performance of juveniles compared with fish oil-based diets. Furthermore, CO and LO diets, respectively, showed positive effects on reproductive performance in T. trichopterus compared with fish oil diets during experimental period under controlled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fatty acid-binding protein ( FABP) gene designated as Mn FABP10 was cloned and characterized from the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. The full-length c DNA of Mn FABP10 was 646 bp encoding a 130 amino acid. Real-time quantitative RT- PCR showed that the Mn FABP10 gene was expressed in various tissues with the highest expression in the hepatopancreas. The Mn FABP10 m RNA levels in the hepatopancreas and ovary of M. nipponense were dependent on the stages of ovarian development. Western blot results revealed a single immunoreactive band with an estimated molecular mass of approximate 14 kDa in the developmental ovary. Then, M. nipponense with an initial body weight of 0.090 ± 0.0010 g were fed with four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with different oils, that is, beef tallow ( BT), soybean oil ( SO), pollack fish oil ( FO) and a mixture of fish oil and soybean oil ( FO/SO 2 : 1 w/w) for 52 days. The m RNA levels of Mn FABP10 in the hepatopancreas were influenced by different lipid sources, with a peak expression observed in prawns fed SO. This study suggests that Mn FABP10 may have a putative function in ovary maturation, and its m RNA expression in the hepatopancreas can be regulated by the source of dietary lipids in M. nipponense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-week growth trial was conducted to study the effects of replacement of fish oil (FO) with four alternative lipid sources (soybean oil, SO; beef tallow, BT; poultry fat, PF and; palm oil, PO, respectively) on the growth performance, feed intake (FI), and fatty acid (FA) composition in muscle and liver of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) with initial body weight of 6.6 ± 0.01 g. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated and added with 5.5 % of each lipid sources, and FO was used as a control group. Until week 8 of the experiment, fish were fed on diets that were conserved at −20 °C, and fish were fed diets that oxidized at 28-30 °C with natural illumination for 4 weeks during 8-12 week. After 8 weeks of growth trial, specific growth rate and feed conversion of largemouth bass fed BT diet were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than that other dietary treatment ( P < 0.05). The fish of PF group had the highest growth performance ( P < 0.05). The lipid sources did not affected FI of largemouth bass ( P > 0.05). However, growth performance precisely reversed during 8-12 week, and finally, no significant difference was found on growth during 1-12 week. The FA compositions of fish muscle and liver of each treatment reflected the corresponding dietary FA compositions. These results suggested that largemouth bass was sensitive to both of lipid sources and lipid oxidation. Fresh FO, SO, and PF could be optimal lipid sources. Likewise, slightly oxidation of these oils would negatively affected fish growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different oils on growth performance and lipid metabolism of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Five experimental fish meal-based isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing either 5.5%-added fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), corn oil (CO), sunflower oil (SFO) or peanut oil (PO). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial body weight 13.2±0.02 g) grown in seawater at 28.0–30.5 °C for 8 weeks. Fish were fed twice a day to visual satiety. No significant differences in the survival, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio or hepatosomatic index were found between fish fed the FO or vegetable oils (VO) diets. Dietary lipid sources did not affect whole-body composition among grouper fed the various diets. Muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7, 20:5n-3[eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)+EPA (except for PO fed fish) compared with those of fish fed VO diets. However, the levels of 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and DHA/EPA ratios in the muscle of fish fed FO diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the VO diets. The liver of fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher levels of 18:0, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3, n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and DHA+EPA than those of fish fed the VO diets, whereas increases in 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and mono-unsaturated fatty acid levels were observed in the liver of fish fed the VO diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish such as Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) are a natural source of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) eicosapentaenate (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoate (DHA; 22:6n-3), which are essential for protecting humans against cardiovascular diseases. Thus, flesh n-3 HUFA level is a trait of considerable importance in farmed fish, particularly now that the fishmeal and fish oil (FO) components of traditional aquaculture diets have to be replaced by more sustainable alternatives including plant meals and vegetable oils (VO). The present study aimed to characterize the inter-individual variation in this trait in a single strain of Atlantic salmon. Fish were grown for 12 weeks on either an FO diet, or a diet with 100% of the FO replaced by a VO blend containing rapeseed, linseed and palm oils, flesh n-3 HUFA content and composition determined, and the variation between individuals characterized. The results showed that, irrespective of diet, variation exists in the content of n-3 HUFA in the flesh of individual salmon, showing that individual animals can display an enhanced ability to maintain high levels of n-3 HUFA in their flesh. The pros and cons of defining the trait on a qualitative or quantitative basis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, body proximate composition, hematology, immune response and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to Streptococcus iniae infection. Six isocaloric (3.2 kcal/g) and isonitrogenous (34% crude protein) semi-purified diets were supplemented with 7% of various sources of lipid, namely, corn oil (CO), beef tallow (BT), menhaden fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), and equal combinations of FO+CO+BT or LO+CO+BT. Diets were fed to tilapia in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation, twice daily for 12 weeks. Fish fed the BT-diet exhibited significantly lowest weight gain, diet intake, feed and protein efficiency ratios, apparent protein utilization, and survival. Whole-body protein and ash were significantly (P <0.05) lowest an highest, respectively, for fish fed the beef tallow-diet, but the values of these parameters did not differ among fish fed other diets. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found among hematological values, except for fish fed the FO-diet which had abnormally high red and white blood cell counts. Serum protein concentration, lysozyme activity, and natural hemolytic complement activity were significantly (P <0.05) reduced in fish fed the BT-diet. The values of these parameters did not differ among fish fed other diets. Post-challenge antibody titer was not influenced by dietary lipid sources. Cumulative mortality 15 days post-challenge with S. iniae was significantly lower (P<0.05) for fish fed the BT diet compared with those fed FO or FO+CO+BT diets. No significant differences were observed in fish fed other dietary lipid sources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A 309 days feeding experiment was carried out on gilthead sea bream fingerlings (initial weight 14.7±4.4 g) to evaluate effects of substitution of fish oil with soybean oil in diets on growth and sensory characteristics and muscle fatty acid composition. Duplicate groups of fish were hand fed with four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (46% protein, 14% lipid and 22 MJ kg−1) in which 0%, 24%, 48% or 72% of the fish oil was replaced by soybean oil. Fish fed diet 72% reached a lower final weight (324 g) than fish fed diets 0%, 24% and 48% (349, 343 and 338 g respectively). Feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, body composition and economic profitability were not influenced by the amount of soybean oil in the diets, but muscle fatty acid composition differed with diets. Panellists observed significant sensory differences between fish fed diet 0% and diet 72%. These results verified the possibility of feeding sea bream until they reached commercial weight with a 48% dietary substitution of fish oil for soybean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We conducted a 12-week feeding trial with LMB fed practical diets differing primarily in lipid source. We reduced the fish oil content of commercially solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal to 0.5–1.2%, and used it as the primary protein source in all test diets. Diets were supplemented with 10% lipid as canola (CAN), chicken (CHK), menhaden fish oil (MFO) or CHK+MFO (50/50%). An additional diet contained non-extracted fish meal and 10% CHK (NEF+CHK), and a commercial trout diet (SC) was also included. Growth, survival, feed utilization, body composition and health parameters were measured to assess diet effects. Weight gain, survival, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of LMB fed the test diets did not differ. Weight gain of LMB fed the SC diet was higher than that of LMB fed the test diets. Muscle lipid of fish fed the diet with 10% MFO was higher than that of fish fed diets with an equal mixture of CHK+MFO or NEF+CHK, and muscle lipid of LMB fed the SC diet was higher than that of fish fed the test diets. The n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio of the test diets was lower than expected because the poultry meal contained 16% lipid (high in 18:2n-6). The ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids was higher in muscle and liver of fish fed the SC diet than those of fish fed the test diets. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and 20:4n-6 were conserved in fish fed diets without HUFA, but 20:5n-3 declined sharply from initial values. The index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) of LMB fed the test or SC diets were below 1.0 (considered healthful). Lymphocytes were higher in fish fed diets with >4% n-3 fatty acids, including the CAN diet without HUFA. There were no differences in the Hk, Hb, MCHC, or serum lysozyme of LMB fed the test diets, but lysozyme was lower in LMB fed the SC diet than those fed the CHK+MFO diet. Fish fed diets with 10% MFO or CAN had higher alternative complement activity than fish fed diets with CHK. Tissue concentrations of HUFA (especially 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-6) were not depleted in 12 weeks, possibly due to conservation of initial HUFA, synthesis of HUFA from 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, or both. Therefore, non-fish oils might reduce diet cost with few deleterious effects for at least a quarter of the production cycle of LMB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pike perch ( Sander lucioperca) has been identified as specie destined to diverse European inland aquaculture, but knowledge on the nutritional requirements is weak. Therefore, we investigated the effect of varying dietary fatty acid (FA) profile by partial replacement of fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils on growth, FA and body composition of juvenile pike perch. An extruded basal diet containing 59 g kg−1 crude lipids (FO) was added with 60 g kg−1 FO, 60 g kg−1 linseed oil (LO) or 60 g kg−1 soybean oil (SO). The resulting dietary FA composition differed mainly in the triglyceride fraction and was characterized by highest amounts of linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) in the LO diet and linoleic acid in the SO diet. Diet enriched with FO contained highest contents of highly unsaturated FA 20:5 n-3 (eicosapentaenic acid) and 22:6 n-3 (docosahexaenic acid). Pike perch were held in a recirculation system and each feeding group (in triplicate) was fed with experimental diets at a daily rate of 35 g kg−1 of biomass for 57 days by automatic feeders. Weight gain and specific growth rate of experimental feeding groups ranged between 18.47 and 19.58 g and 1.37–1.45% day−1 and was not affected by the dietary composition indicating that FO can be replaced by vegetable oils without negative impact on growth performance. In contrast to the whole body and muscle composition, liver tissue was affected by the varying diets. Liver tissues of fish fed diets enriched with vegetable oils showed significantly increased lipid contents of 162 (LO) and 147 (SO) g kg−1 and indicate decreased lipid utilization compared with fish fed FO diet (liver lipid content 112 g kg−1). Nevertheless, hepatosomatic index of pike perch was not influenced by dietary lipid composition. The FA profile of pike perch was generally determined by the dietary FAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is cultured widely in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam but it is often difficult or expensive for hatchery operators to purchase commercial diets used as a feeding supplement toArtemianauplii. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of lipid sources and lecithin on the growth and survival rate ofM. rosenbergiilarvae were examined in order to develop suitable hand-prepared larval diets for seed production ofM. rosenbergiiin this area. Six egg custard diets consisting of various ratios of lipid (originating from soybean oil and squid oil) and lecithin were used for rearingMacrobrachium rosenbergiilarvae. Treatments in which larvae were fed diets containing squid oil exhibited the highest body length and survival rates (7.14–7.43 mm and 51.1–68.1%, respectively), and differed significantly from other treatments (P < 0.05). Use of dietary soybean oil yielded the lowest body length and survival rates (6.29–6.75 mm and 22.0–48.7%, respectively). The supplementation of dietary lecithin did not increase final body weight but did improve larval survival rates. The n-3 HUFA content of prawns fed dietary squid oil was higher than those of animals provided with other diets. These results indicated that the most appropriate diet for rearingM. rosenbergiilarvae is the diet containing 3% squid oil and 1.5% lecithin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]