Search

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Linguistics is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research investigates the challenges faced by students with Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs) in studying Spanish as a Foreign Language, with a particular emphasis on their perceptions and perspectives. For this purpose, two questionnaires were administered to 76 secondary school students with SLDs in the province of Pesaro and Urbino. The first questionnaire, CHAEA Junior, identified the predominant learning style, while the second provided a detailed examination of the students’ attitudes towards studying Spanish. This analysis included an evaluation of the teaching techniques adopted by instructors, the effectiveness of the materials used, and the characteristics of the learning environment. The combined analysis of the collected quantitative data revealed the presence of elements perceived as non-inclusive, thereby prompting significant pedagogical reflections on teaching practices and the educational ecosystem as a whole.

Copyright of Íkala: Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Educazione and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the beliefs and attitudes of 108 Canarian speakers towards the Chilean linguistic variety. The research is framed in the second phase of the Project for the study of beliefs and attitudes towards Spanish varieties in the XXI century (PRECAVES XXI), with a uniform stratification of the sample in the variables gender, age and educational level. The results show a scarce recognition of the Chilean variety, as well as a tendency to confuse it with their own. The Canarians also show a high esteem for Chilean speech, both in the direct valuation of the voices and in the indirect valuation through the characteristics of the speakers, the country and the culture. There is, however, a greater valuation of qualities related to human and affective dimensions, as opposed to those linked to status and social advancement. Women, university educated people and secondgeneration speakers exhibit generally higher evaluations of the Chilean variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is part of the "Project for the study of beliefs and attitudes towards varieties of Spanish in the 21st century" (PRECAVES XXI), focusing this time on the evaluation of speakers of Buenos Aires towards the Chilean variety. It follows the same methodology as a previous study carried out on Castilian variety to advance in the comparison of different varieties of Spanish. Only one type of identification is considered, the correct one, and two significance criteria: rating scale for the variety and distance between values. It is noted that the speakers of Buenos Aires clearly identify the Chilean variety and that they assign it a valuation located preferably within the slightly positive zone. The expansion of the sample of interviewees with secondary education allows some sociolinguistic conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation, developed in the framework of the Proyecto para el estudio de las creencias y actitudes hacia las variedades del español en el siglo XXI (PRECAVES XXI), sets forth the main results on the beliefs and attitudes of the speakers of Madrid towards the Chilean linguistic variety. The methodology from the project was applied to a stratified sample made up of 144 speakers of the Community of Madrid (Spain) and concluded that speakers of this community identify the Chilean accent with difficulty, and that they feel that the variety from Chile is quite distant with respect to their own variety of language. However, the beliefs and attitudes toward the Chilean variety are not negative and, in relation to certain aspects, it is considered better than even their own variety. Social factors do not seem to have effect neither over the recognition nor the assessment of the variety, even if the Chilean accent is better recognized in free spoken speech than in the written language, and in masculine voices than in feminine ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the linguistic attitudes in three repertoires, El hablar vulgar en Vizcaya [...] (1882), la Colección de vocablos y modismos incorrectos y viciosos usados por los catalanes cuando hablan el castellano (1884) y Enmienda de algunos vicios de locución al que propenden los naturales de Galicia (1884), collections published in País Vasco, Catalonia and Galicia in the 19th century. Firstly, the biography and work of the authors are presented, followed by deep research of the preliminary pages in search of the linguistic attitudes of intellectuals towards their tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lingüística y Literatura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study investigates the sociolinguistic variation of genitalia-related taboo expressions across gender, age and level of education with the purpose of unveiling how these variables affect the use of and attitudes towards said expressions. To tackle this issue, a questionnaire examining the usage, frequency of use and attitudes towards a selection of genitalia-related taboo expressions was distributed in a sample of 227 participants. Findings reveal that men, people aged 18-30 and people who have completed Bachillerato used more taboo expressions more frequently. Additionally, the results show that it is the same groups that feel the most comfortable using taboo expressions. However, the groups that displayed negative attitudes were women, participants between 18-30 and people who have completed Bachillerato, BA and MA. This paper builds upon previous research on the field of sociolinguistic variation of taboo language.

The object of this work is to analyse Lithuanian language editors‘ self-assessment of their own work, to see how they are influenced by societal attitudes, and to uncover their relationship to Lithuanian language. These aspects help to investigate the linguistic attitudes of Lithuanian language editors. This is analysis of 10 qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews with Lithuanian language editors. The texts edited by the participants vary in their nature. All informants are women. Nine interviews have been conducted orally and one in writing. The method applied is qualitative content analysis of the interviews. It has been found that the informants of the study feel that there are critical, skeptical attitudes towards language editors and linguists in general in the public sphere. Editors also often hear inaccurate assessments of their profession from inner cycle. However, most of them do not take such attitudes seriously and do their work without taking them into account. It has been found that most of the informants feel that they contribute to the development of the Lithuanian language and that they influence the language. This is because even editors with extensive editing experience are constantly confronted with new phenomena. Most of the informants of this study have told they can edit freely, are trusted by clients or writers, and are not constrained making their decisions. Editors have also answered that they have a mission to enrich and purify language. A small number of informants of the study have told that they do not see themselves as language creators, but only as executors of the already established language policy. Some editors have indicated they want to stop the influence of English to Lithuanian, while others believe that the influence of other languages is a natural phenomenon, and stress that the language is impoverished by an excessive desire to purify it.

Languages are conceived as complex systems of a variable nature, and this variability has a decisive impact on the process of teaching and learning the language, specifically in the choice of the language model that is presented in class for the development of the communicative competence of the students. The linguistic attitudes of teachers, that is, the set of general evaluative beliefs, positive or negative, that condition their behavior, play a key role in this decision. In recent years, in the Spanish-speaking field, there has been an interest in the study of these attitudes, both of the speakers in general, and, to a lesser extent, of the teachers. Our work analyzes the conception of identity and linguistic prestige, central aspects in the configuration of attitudes, of a group of 137 teachers in training or active in SFL / L2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verba: Anuario Galego de Filoloxia is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Lingüística de el Colegio de México is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this work is to analyse the challenges that language editors face when editing texts and to investigate the linguistic attitudes and motivation of editors. The paper analyses 10 qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews with language editors. The average length of each interview is 45 minutes. The research material consists of a total of 7 hours of audio recordings of the interviews, the transcribed recordings make up 100 pages of text. The texts edited by the participants vary in their nature: cultural, legal, film texts, scientific, medical, culinary, business, fiction literature and etc. It has been found that language editors face various challenges in their work: for example, difficulties due to late Lithuanian terminology, liberalising Lithuanian language policy. The linguistic attitudes of the editors have been analysed: the participants in the study do not question the idea of language normalization and explain its importance with various arguments. They stress the prestige of the common language and the difference between public and private language. The participants of the study criticise some aspects of the Lithuanian language policy: some decisions of The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language are questioned, as well as language purism. The most important aspect of language editing, according to the editors, is the fluency and clarity of the text. It was found that most of the informants feel that they contribute to the development of the language and influence the language.

During academic exchanges, students are in contact with the linguistic landscape (LL). In this paper, we aimed to characterize the linguistic attitudes of Spanish as SL or FL students towards the linguistic taboo (LT). For that, we collected samples of tabooed signs detected inside the restrooms of a university. The data was used in surveys of students who were in face-to-face or online language immersion. With the samples collected, we describe the tabooed LL with which those who carried out the face-to-face exchange were in contact. The results of the surveys made it possible to investigate the students' knowledge of tabooed expressions in Spanish and, in addition, to characterize their linguistic attitudes towards LT. We conclude that the students, although they show a predisposed linguistic attitude to deal with LT, lack the communicative competence that would allow them to be competent users in relation to taboo expressions. Thus, this type of experience justifies the need to include the LT as part of the contents of the Spanish as a SL or FL class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social evaluations of linguistic varieties have been studied by sociolinguists for several decades and will continue to be studied in the 21st century. Through these studies of attitudes, we will have a better idea about how the language might develop in the future. This research presents the results of a study of attitudes towards Castilian and Andalusian varieties of Spanish from 70 young Majorcan informants. For the research, we have used the PRECAVES XXI project methodology. We were interested in knowing the results on the degree of identification of the varieties, the direct perception of the varieties in the cognitive and affective dimensions, and the level of proximity established by the group with the Castilian and Andalusian varieties. The main conclusions of the work indicate that the identification of the varieties is successful, that the valuation is positive, and that there is a lot of proximity with the Castilian variety (but not with the Andalusian variety). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enunciación is the property of Revista Enunciacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivation is one of the aspects of psychology that can affect the effectiveness of learning, especially in learning Arabic as a foreign language. In this study, motivation was a major concern in Arabic language learning, especially in Islamic High School in Malang. Hence, to reveal and provide solutions to this problem, this research was conducted with a qualitative approach, the data source was obtained from observations and interviews with students, and supported by several documents. The results of this study indicated the motivation problems experienced by Islamic high school students in Malang were economic factors, low parenting education, low self-esteem of students, low linguistic attitudes, lack of interesting teaching materials and lack of understanding of Arabic importance. This result was in accordance with the motivation theory according to Fauzi and Helen which related to the internal and external aspects of the learner. This research had implications for Arabic learning which was based on the learner's motivation which is influenced by factors. Eventually, it could become the literature and reference which related to the motivation problems in language learning, especially Arabic.

Copyright of International Journal of Organizations / Revista Internacional de Organizaciones (RIO) is the property of Analisi Social i Organitzativa grup de recerca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this study is to verify the applicability of a survey of linguistic attitudes in the population of Alguazas (Murcia) according to the parameters of sex, age, educational level, and socioeconomic level, in order to be able to evaluate the cognitive, affective-psychological and political-ideological attitudes of the respondents. The study is proposed as a pilot test, since it is conducted with a sample of fourteen informants (0.19% of the population). The contrasted survey design addresses issues related to varieties of the Hispanic world among which stand out those related to the Murcian case. Respondents' responses are quantified in terms of probability and visualized using tables and graphs. The seriousness and sincerity of the answers have been decisive to obtain particularly significant conclusions of the linguistic attitudes in the population of Alguazas according to the four parameters mentioned above, so the applicability of the survey design is quite positive for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LINRED. Linguistica en la Red is the property of Universidad de Alcala. UAH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: We present results of a comparative study of beliefs about (i) the pronominal forms a gente (“we”) and tu (“you”) and (ii) the social evaluation of nonstandard verbal agreement with these two pronouns by a group of students from the Federal University of Sergipe (Itabaiana-SE). We discuss the methodological advances in the use of the Iramuteq software, through a multidimensional analysis of beliefs and linguistic attitudes. A survey was designed to measure the attitudes towards the following grammatical patterns: i) a gente (“we”); ii) tu (“you”); iii) a gente vivemos (“we 1PL live 1PL”); and iv) tu vai (“you 2SG go 3SG”). The results reveal that the students’ perception of grammatical patterns is based on dimensions of standardization and vitality; they attribute two types of social values to the linguistic forms: cultural (common, habitual, strange, normal) and normative (correct, wrong). The form a gente vivemos (“we live-1PP”) seems to be the only one to which stigma is attached in the community. The results also reveal that the students link these forms to notions of social adequacy both to the interactional context and to the speech community. The analysis with Iramuteq represents a methodological advance for perception studies, by enabling comparability between the vocabulary used by the students and the linguistic forms under evaluation, and providing an objective, reliable statistical analysis. Keywords: grammatical patterns; variation; linguistic attitudes. Resumo: Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo comparativo entre crenças relativas às formas pronominais a gente e tu e a avaliação social da concordância não padrão com tais formas por um grupo de universitários da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. A partir de uma análise multidimensional das crenças por meio do Iramuteq, objetivamos discutir as vantagens metodológicas do uso desse software para estudos de atitudes linguísticas. Um questionário foi desenvolvido para mensurar as atitudes acerca dos seguintes padrões gramaticais: i) a gente; ii) tu; iii) a gente vivemos; e iv) tu vai. Os resultados evidenciam que a percepção dos universitários em relação aos padrões gramaticais considerados baseia-se nas dimensões de padronização e vitalidade, atribuindo às formas linguísticas dois tipos de valores sociais: cultural (comum, costume, estranho, normal) e normativo (correto, errado). Dentre as formas linguísticas avaliadas, apenas a gente vivemos parece carregar estigma na comunidade, com avaliação negativa. Os resultados mostram também que os universitários atrelam o uso dos padrões gramaticais avaliados à noção de normas sociais de adequação ao contexto interacional e à comunidade de fala. A análise com o Iramuteq representa um ganho metodológico para os estudos de percepção, pois, além de permitir a comparabilidade entre o vocabulário utilizado pelos participantes e as formas linguísticas sob avaliação, oferece uma análise estatisticamente sólida, confiável e objetiva. Palavras-chave: padrões gramaticais; variação; atitudes linguísticas.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research focuses on the influence of emotional, cognitive, and social climate on the language choices of multilingual families, and the impact they can have on their general well-being, intergenerational relationships, and the community context. The methodological framework of reference is Grounded Theory. Collected data concern language practices, attitudes, emotions, and generational, trigenerational, and social interactive dynamics of multilingual families. The results include key insights into the variables underlying the linguistic attitudes of multicultural families. Two Network Views suggest that linguistic attitudes, such as the conscious management of specific and complex dynamics activated in a multilingual family, can stimulate well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a survey conducted in January 2020 about attitudes toward gender-neutral language in Argentina. The survey was delivered mainly through social networks to 4,205 participants, and its results help understand the complexity of the attitudes toward the phenomenon. In particular, I will argue two hypotheses: 1) that an extensive favorable attitude of acceptance toward gender-neutral language does not imply extensive willingness to use it; 2) that its use is more readily accepted and used in vocative positions, indicating that it works better as a strategic discursive option than as an ongoing linguistic change.

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Spanish-speaking community, there is currently an increasing awareness of the diversity of existing norms in Spanish. The new RAE and ASALE policy, which is pan-Hispanic in nature and defends the polycentricity of the language, points in this direction. The recurring question about which Spanish to teach and the proper integration of geolectal varieties in SFL curricula continue to be discussed by specialists. However, not yet all the actors participating in the teaching-learning process are equally aware of this plurinormative character of Spanish and may be unconscious transmitters of erroneous linguistic ideologies. The study of the students' linguistic attitudes and beliefs towards the geographical varieties of Spanish, especially in a heteroglossic context, such as Taiwanese, can guide us on how this teaching work is being carried out. In this paper, we present an approach to the linguistic beliefs and attitudes of Taiwanese university students of SFL based on the concept of linguistic prestige. To do this, we start from a mentalist conception of attitudes and develop a qualitative research based on interviews and discussion groups. This research registered a majority positive attitude towards the Castilian variety and generally negative attitudes towards the other varieties, both European and American. These attitudes are based on series of erroneous beliefs and prejudices that seem to be being transmitted by the academic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural & Translation Strategies is the property of Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What are the success factors of multilingual families? The relationship between linguistic attitudes and family and community dynamics ----- Abstract --- The article focuses on the emotional, cognitive, and social climate in which multilingual families make and influence language choices. It investigates what impact the choices can have on the general well-being of the family, regarding both the intergenerational relationship and the community context. The research suggests that the linguistic attitudes of migrant families can stimulate and implement potential well-being. It consists of the conscious management of the specific and complex dynamic activated in a multilingual family.

The devoicing variable of bilabial, alveolar, and velar plosives in Brazilian Portuguese was studied from the contact with the German immigration language Hunsrückisch. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the variable process of bilabial, alveolar and velar Brazilian Portuguese plosives and Hunsrückisch and linguistic attitudes. The study was guided by Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]) and by the study of linguistic attitudes (KAUFMANN, 2011; VANDERMEEREN, 2005; LABOV, 2010). The proportion of devoicing in the variable rule analysis was 2.6%. As for the study of linguistic attitudes, and it was found that core family, usually composed of grandparents, parents, brothers, uncles, and aunts, influence social, linguistic, and cultural practices in the community. Finally, the results also showed that schooling contributes to attitudes, with linguistic practices of local Brazilian Portuguese in the school environment, as the speakers are oriented to Brazilian culture and to speak in local Brazilian Portuguese and seek to escape the stereotype of plosives devoicing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often taken for granted that the shuffling of graphic forms from one era to another has its basis in regular changes, promoted by rules suggested or imposed through academic corporations. However, this supposed regularity -highly relevant in textual dating processes- is detached from the filtering of texts through variables such as 'geographical space', 'textual type', 'social context', 'executor of text' or 'expression in ink' (whether type or pen). In order to give operational and methodological visibility to the above variables, this work will parallel the graphical evolution of the Costa Rican press of the 19th century with handwritten writings found in the archives of the Government of the same period and in the same geographical territory. These contrasts will show attitudes and beliefs concerning the graphic apparatus of the language in a given time span and in a specific space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]