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We provide a model of interrogations with two-sided asymmetric information. The suspect knows his status as guilty or innocent and the likely strength of the law enforcer's evidence, which is informative about the suspect's status and may also disprove lies. We compare prosecution errors in the equilibrium of the one-shot interrogation and in the optimal mechanism under full commitment. We describe a back-and-forth interrogation with disclosure of the evidence that implements the optimum in equilibrium without any commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Sciences Academic Researches / Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Journal of International Social Sciences Academic Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Catholics condemn Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) as a fanatic; he fails to cushion ‘Never lie' with a distinction between venial and mortal sin. But Kant has secular substitutes: lie/mislead, candor/honesty, commission/omission, deception/illusion, discursive/pictorial. Kant weaves these distinctions into a safety net for polite society, business, politics, and religion. Kant's break-away disciple, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814) removes this safety net. Any intentional propagation of error suffices for lying. Ditto for refraining to correct a remedial error. Why? Because we all have a duty to perfect each other. This moral development requires rational informed choice. Being misinformed subverts freedom. The medium of misinformation is irrelevant: utterances, silences, pictures, music, dance, private thoughts, telepathy. To Fichte's relief, Kant overcame the temptation to save an innocent man from murder by lying. But Fichte still thought Kant manifested a corrupt mind by merely considering lying! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is seen that interdisciplinary studies on Dede Korkut narratives, especially in recent years, involving various disciplines - especially discourse analysis, philosophy, sociology and psychology - have increased. Studies show in the case of a deep analysis of the types of actions and discourses that appear in Dede Korkut narratives, in which many ethical values in Turkish thought, folk philosophy, and worldview are conveyed within an aesthetic fiction, the messages that are desired to be transmitted through these are sociological, psychological, mythological and ideologically multi-leveled integrity. It shows that the various meanings and functional areas it carries can be better understood. Evaluations made within the scope of studies focusing on the analysis of the mythological and psychological aspects of the Dede Korkut Oğuznames indicate that the work has solid psychological and mythological foundations. Psycho-mythology is a new approach that emerged as a result of the diversity in interdisciplinary cultural studies and the multi-faceted interactions established by applying psychology-oriented approaches directly to mythological texts. In this respect, psycho-mythology, as an interdisciplinary-original approach that explores the foundations of human behavior, actions and discourses, and literary and aesthetic creations, has the qualifications to create new orientations in folklore studies. In line with the reasons for existence, which is among the most basic functions of folklore genres, which is the transmission of knowledge, thought, and experience to new generations, it shows that in the Book of Dede Korkut, as in many other subjects, lies, and slander are handled to take a specific ideology for granted. Notably, the lie element, which can be seen in many places in the work, starting with the Mukaddime, has a dominant effect on the fiction of the Dirse Han Oğlu Boğaç Han narrative, along with the slander. The fact that the lies and slanders of forty scoundrel people who conveyed information based on lies and slander to Dirse Han are not included in the text only to reflect the ideological messages about lies and slander, especially family unity and social integrity, the duties and responsibilities of the gentlemen, the regulation of the relations between father-son and mother. It is seen that it is used as a tool for emphasizing various ideological messages about many values. Additionally, narrative fiction has qualities that need to be carefully considered in terms of the psychomythological elements it contains. It is understood that the mythological and psychological phenomenon known as the Oedipus complex is consciously included in the narrative, which is equipped with elements that refer to “consciousness”, “unconscious” and “subconscious”, to emphasize particular messages with lies and slander. Notably, these main features of the narrative and its psycho-mythological foundations are evident. The study focuses on these foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this article is to find complications in Farsi discourse of Near-Death Experiences (NDE). We first examined the main categories of complications and then compared them in the stories of those who claimed to have near-death experience and those who were asked to fabricate a story about it. Through studying the stories of both groups, we found that complications in the discourses on near-death experience can be divided into three main categories: exemplifying, which is a secondary topic mentioned to make the main topic clear; potentializing, which is a secondary topic with a potential to turn into a main topic and, emphasis and scrutinizing; the former includes synonyms and repetitions, and the latter includes antonyms and words with overlapping meaning. Each of these categories were coded in the stories of 50 liars and 50 near-death experiencers from the TV program life after life. Except for the potentializing category and synonyms, statistics showed that there is a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of producing complications. We realized that liars produced fewer complications but near-death experiencers from the TV program produced more complications. Keywords: Complications, Lie, Near-death experience, Verbal cues to deception, Details. Introduction Near-death experience, shortly known as NDE, is sometimes reported after a life-threatening crisis. Basically, the individual has an out-of-body experience but becomes alive after a while. In this state, the person suddenly confronts with actual or expected death and his consciousness goes beyond his physical body or earthly environs. This phenomenon can be reported after heart attacks, car accidents, severe bleedings or blood loss after delivery, coma caused by traumatic brain injuries, suicide attempts and other similar cases. Commonly, experiencers report feeling of inner peace and joy, seeing a very bright light, reviewing one’s life, and a change in the concept of time. This phenomenon has been studied neurologically, psychologically, and sociologically, but its true nature, and the reasons why it happens, or who might experience it are still matters of question. Regardless of experiencers’ age, gender, religion, and cultural background, researchers have realized that core features of NDE reports are similar (Hashemi et al., 2023); However, the plausibility of NDE reports has constantly been a matter to be judged, which makes many NDErs tend not to share their experiences and generally be accused of hallucinating or fabricating memories. It is more than a century that verbal cues to deception have been studied in order to assess the credibility of statements in judicial contexts (Sporer et al., 2021). In fact, verbal cues to deception can be differentiated from verbal cues to truth. For this, many scientists examine the verbal cues in the stories of a group of truth tellers and then compare them to the stories of a group of liars. One of the most distinguishing cues to detect liars from truthtellers is that liars are less forthcoming (DePaulo et al., 2003), which is often attributed to liars’ lack of imaginations (Leal et al., 2015) or the fact that they are reluctant to provide details because they fear that such details may provide leads for investigators (Nahari et al., 2014). On the other hand, truthtellers produce more details. Details are units of information in a sentence; however, total detail variable is difficult to use in real life (Vrij et al., 2018c); because it is never clear that how much detail someone should provide to be judged as truthful (Nahari et al., 2014). In order to make detecting possible, different verbal components, which are complications, common knowledge and self-handicapping strategies, were introduced (Vrij et al., 2021). Complications are non-essential details that make the story more complex and are expected to be present in truthful stories; whereas common knowledge and self-handicapping strategies are used mostly by liars (Vrij et al., 2018c). In this study, we examined complications, as verbal cues, in stories of people who claimed to have NDE and compared them to storied of a group who we knew were lying about having NDE. The question in this research was: what are the subcategories of complications in order to have a clearer definition. Moreover, we sought to know if NDErs produce more complications. The zero hypothesis was: there is no difference in number of complications between the two groups. Materials and Methods In order to find the validity of our hypothesis, we had to have a group who claimed to have NDE and another group who lied about having one. A group of 50 participants, including 31 females and 10 males, whose age ranged from 18 to 72, took part in this study as liars. For experiencers, we picked 50 interviews, (including 37 males and 13 females, all above 18) from the TV show called ‘Life after Life’, in which participants share their NDEs. Stories of both groups were first audio-recorded and then transcribed. In a qualitative analysis we first investigated subcategories of complications, then each subcategory was separately coded in each story. Finally, we conducted a comparative analysis. Discussion of Results and Conclusion Considering the definition of complications as non-essential information that make the event complex (Deeb et al., 2021; Vrij et al., 2017; 2018b; 2018c) and the examples in previous studies, we went through each story separately and realized complications can be categorized into 3 main parts: Exemplifying: which is a secondary topic in a sentence to make the main topic clear; these secondary topics are mainly similes to mention the state of something or situations. Also, the speaker might mention different examples of a specific matter to help the listener picture the event. Potentializing: which is a secondary topic with a potential to turn into a main topic. These secondary topics are mainly defining and non-defining relative clauses that are directly or indirectly related to a previous sentence. Some of these clauses are merged into the previous sentence and some are not; however, each of them has the potential to be a separate main topic during the narration. Emphasis and Scrutinizing: which are in three levels of words, phrases and clauses linked by conjunctions like “and”, “but”, Farsi grammatical particle called “ezafe”, and pause. Emphasis includes synonyms and repetitions, and the Scrutinizing includes antonyms and words with overlapping meaning. Statistics showed except for potentializing and synonyms, there is a difference between the two groups in terms of producing complications. We realized near-death experiencers from the TV program produced more complications. In general, this study shows that liars produce fewer complications, which is similar to previous studies conducted with the focus on detecting lies.

When one studies fake news or false reviews, the first step to take is to find a corpus of text samples to work with. However, most deceptive corpora suffer from an intrinsic problem: there is little incentive for the providers of the deception to put their best effort, which risks lowering the quality and realism of the deception. The corpus described in this project, the Motivated Deception Corpus, aims to rectify this problem by gamifying the process of deceptive text collection. By having subjects play the game Two Truths and a Lie, and by rewarding those subjects that successfully fool their peers, we collect samples in such a way that the process itself improves the quality of the text. We have amassed a large corpus of deceptive text that is strongly incentivized to be convincing, and thus more reflective of real deceptive text. We provide results from several configurations of neural network prediction models to establish machine learning benchmarks on the data. This new corpus is demonstratively more challenging to classify with the current state of the art than previous corpora.

The article is devoted to the era of post-truth as a phenomenon of socio-political discourse and practice, when the truth or falsity of facts and judgments is ignored. The beginning of the post-truth era is usually associated with 2016, namely the referendum and the Brexit procedure, the election of the US president (directly because of the figure of D. Trump). The post-truth era refers to a situation where everything is completely built on lies that do not cause public condemnation. A peculiarity is the manifestation of these signs among democratic countries. The philosophical origins of the post-truth era lie in the theory of subjective relativism, which denies the existence of absolute, objective truth and emphasizes that the status of truth depends on individual judgments, experiences, and cultural conditions. In the context of relativism, science is only one perspective on the world that has the same force and influence of arguments with religion, myths, judgments and personal experiences of the average person. The concept of equality of opinions and points of view is intertwined with the problem of the limits of freedom of speech: whether different opinions should really be broadcast in society, regardless of evidence. Characteristic features of post-truth are: a) ignoring objective facts in reporting; b) appeal to the values and beliefs of the individual; c) using emotional pressure to argue one's position. It is substantiated that the emergence and development of the post-truth era is determined by technological, political, philosophical and informational factors. It is considered how the post-truth era affects the political, educational, scientific and other spheres, which significantly reduces their effectiveness. Disinformation as part of the post-truth is a significant challenge for ordinary citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to find complications in Farsi discourse of Near-Death Experiences (NDE). We first examined the main categories of complications and then compared them in the stories of those who claimed to have near-death experience and those who were asked to fabricate a story about it. Through studying the stories of both groups, we found that complications in the discourses on near-death experience can be divided into three main categories: exemplifying, which is a secondary topic mentioned to make the main topic clear; potentializing, which is a secondary topic with a potential to turn into a main topic and, emphasis and scrutinizing; the former includes synonyms and repetitions, and the latter includes antonyms and words with overlapping meaning. Each of these categories were coded in the stories of 50 liars and 50 near-death experiencers from the TV program life after life. Except for the potentializing category and synonyms, statistics showed that there is a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of producing complications. We realized that liars produced fewer complications but neardeath experiencers from the TV program produced more complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to examine how the expected rewards, theory of mind, and false praise-telling relate to interventional deception that prevents moral transgression. A sample of 114 children aged 4-7 years participated in the study. The expected rewards ratio was a statistically significant predictor of interventional deception, with the children being most likely to deceive to prevent moral transgressions when the deception involved high personal gain. Overall, children who gave false praise and who passed the hidden emotion task were more likely to deceive than those who told another individual an unpleasant truth and failed the emotion understanding task. The results are discussed with respect to diverse developmental conceptions and studies on prosocial behaviors and sociocognitive and cultural factors involved in deception.

Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by myelin and axonal damage with a globally rising incidence. While there is no known cure for MS, various disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) exist, including those targeting Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors (S1PRs), which play important roles in immune response, CNS function, and cardiovascular regulation. This study focuses on understanding how nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1299231517, rs1323297044, rs1223284736, rs1202284551, rs1209378712, rs201200746, and rs1461490142) in the S1PR1’s active site affect the binding of endogenous ligands, as well as different drugs used in MS management. Methods: Extensive molecular dynamics simulations and linear interaction energy (LIE) calculations were employed to predict binding affinities and potentially guide future personalized medicinal therapies. The empirical parameters of the LIE method were optimized using the binding free energies calculated from experimentally determined IC50 values. These optimized parameters were then applied to calculate the binding free energies of S1P to mutated S1PR1, which correlated well with experimental values, confirming their validity for assessing the impact of SNPs on S1PR1 binding affinities. Results: The binding free energies varied from the least favorable −8.2 kcal/mol for the wild type with ozanimod to the most favorable −16.7 kcal/mol for the combination of siponimod with the receptor carrying the F2055.42L mutation. Conclusions: We successfully demonstrated the differences in the binding modes, interactions, and affinities of investigated MS drugs in connection with SNPs in the S1PR1 binding site, resulting in several viable options for personalized therapies depending on the present mutations.

Truth-default theory (TDT), a theory of human deception and deception detection, has two propositions that focus on the overall rate of lying and individual variation in the frequency of lying behavior. The distribution of lie prevalence is specified to exhibit a non-normal, positively skewed distribution in which the majority of people are normatively honest, and most lies are told by a few prolific liars. Together, these predictions form the few prolific liars modules in TDT. Although the findings of prior research align with TDT predictions, the pan-cultural scope of TDT warrants testing such predictions with new and diverse samples. The current studies (total N  =   3,463) sampled participants from China, Germany, Mexico, Israel, Kenya, Russia, and Brazil. Similar long-tail distributions were observed in each of the seven locations, and in language and cultural subsamples. These findings add to a growing empirical literature providing pan-cultural evidence consistent with TDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In John 7:8–9, Jesus tells his brothers he will not "go up" to Jerusalem, but in the very next scene, he makes the ascent in secret. This essay interprets Jesus's unusual, and seemingly deceptive, behavior in the episode as a symbolic action akin to others structuring the first half of the Gospel. The episode immediately precedes a dialogue in which Jesus predicts his imminent departure from the world. Jesus insists that he will soon "go" to God so that unbelievers "will seek" him "but ... not find" him (7:33–34; cf. 20:17). Foreshadowing this future, Jesus "goes up" to Judea but in such a way that leaves unbelievers unaware of his whereabouts, leaving them to ask, "Where is he?" (7:10–11). The article highlights half-truth as an important speech device in the episode and dialogue that follows. It also concludes that the episode is key to interpreting other scenes sharing a motif of misdirection, delay, and secret reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidentiality encodes how a speaker has access to the information contained in his/her proposition. It has been shown that some 'evidential language' speakers make a deliberate choice of evidentials while telling lies (Aikhenvald 2004). In this study, we recruited 40 native speakers of Turkish, an 'evidential language', to judge statements with evidentials using an eye-movement-monitoring-during-reading study with an end-of-sentence deception detection task. The participants read sentences with four conditions, containing a direct or indirect evidential form either compatible or incompatible with the given information source. Our results show that the indirect evidential condition was detected as a lie more often than the direct evidential condition. Readers had the tendency to judge stimulus material with source-evidentiality mismatch to be untruthful. These findings were mirrored in the eye-movement data, as we found gaze duration to be longer at the critical verb region for indirect evidential and mismatch conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we will first comment on some texts, belonging to the Middle Ages and the Golden Age, related to loyalty and vassalage. Next, the limits of loyalty in Don Quixote will be pointed out. Thirdly, Quevedo's assessment of vassalage and loyalty will be investigated. In his theoretical writings he repeatedly praises loyal advisors, ministers and favorites, and reprimands bad servants, calls as a stoic for the suppression of affections such as greed criticizes human stupidity and vanity, and in his work Cómo ha de ser el privado he compiles all the good qualities necessary in this political figure. However, in El Buscón Quevedo shows exactly the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos del CEMYR is the property of Cuadernos del CEMYR (Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de La Laguna) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dergiabant is the property of Dergiabant and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When one studies fake news or false reviews, the first step to take is to find a corpus of text samples to work with. However, most deceptive corpora suffer from an intrinsic problem: there is little incentive for the providers of the deception to put their best effort, which risks lowering the quality and realism of the deception. The corpus described in this project, the Motivated Deception Corpus, aims to rectify this problem by gamifying the process of deceptive text collection. By having subjects play the game Two Truths and a Lie, and by rewarding those subjects that successfully fool their peers, we collect samples in such a way that the process itself improves the quality of the text. We have amassed a large corpus of deceptive text that is strongly incentivized to be convincing, and thus more reflective of real deceptive text. We provide results from several configurations of neural network prediction models to establish machine learning benchmarks on the data. This new corpus is demonstratively more challenging to classify with the current state of the art than previous corpora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of post-truth and the conviction that absolute objective truth does not exist have many supporters in the modern world. A lie seen from this point of view appears to be one of the many ways people contact each other. The conducted research shows that this reasoning is incorrect. It proves that a lie is a reality that destroys those who have been lied to and those who are lying, as well as other people who are found in their environment. A lie drives people away from the truth, replacing it with untruth. In this way, it strikes a person and disturbs the order in one’s social environment. Thus, it becomes an anthropological destruction. This creates an “alternative world” that “competes” with God’s created world. Also, by rejecting God’s call to live according to the truth, man moves away from God and draws closer to Satan. The world “created” by a liar is not appropriate to human nature, it cannot become a space for his development, but is only regression and, consequently, destructive. The matter of lying and its consequences appear to be very topical today when the “power of disinformation” is being revealed more and more clearly.

The sins of the tongue are present in human life. They are most visible in gossip and slander, although they can also be seen in telling half-truths, lies, slander or excessive speech. The issue is very broad and occurs in every time and place, where people live and have relationships with each other. The Holy Father Francis exposes, above all, gossip and slander. Delving into his homilies delivered at the House of Saint Martha, you can see how he shows these sins in the context of considering God's Word during the celebration of the daily Eucharist. The purpose of this article is to show how great a spiritual threat sins of the tongue pose. Pope Francis makes strong comparisons just to show how much the sins of language negatively impact interpersonal communication. The article shows how the Pope's teaching corresponds to the Catechism of the Catholic Church.

Disinformation is one of the main challenges faced by modern democratic societies, becoming a crucial focus of study in political communication. Terms such as lie, falsehood, hoax, disinformation, or post-truth have become part of the daily language of the media, featured in numerous scientific studies, and entered political discourse. With the aim of delving into and determining the characteristic features of Spanish politicians' discourse on disinformation, a methodology of quantitative and qualitative content analysis is applied to a total of 1,115 interventions by members of the Congress of Deputies during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. This period is chosen due to its high levels of disinformation and polarization. The results indicate that the issue of disinformation is a minor topic on the Spanish political agenda. Furthermore, metrics confirm a much higher use of terms such as lie, false, and hoax, to the detriment of other words like disinformation or post-truth. An impact of the pandemic on the main themes related to this phenomenon is also detected, with health and the economy being the primary frames identified. From an interpretative perspective, this is attributed to the tendency of Spanish politicians to use this issue as just one element within a polarizing and confrontational rhetoric, generally eschewing proactive debates on the measures needed to address disinformation.

The present paper proposes an eclectic model for examining the cognitive load involved in detecting deception that benefits from the acoustic dimension as an exercise in cognitive forensic linguistics. The corpus used is composed of the legal confession transcripts of the Breonna Taylor's Case, a 26-year-old African-American woman worker who was shot dead by police officers in Louisville, Ky., in March 2020 during a crackdown on her apartment. The dataset comprises transcripts and recordings of the persons involved in the shooting event but have given unclear charges, and those accused of contributory negligence due to wanton misfiring. The data is analyzed based on the video interviews and reaction times (RT) as an application of the model proposed. The findings reveal that the episodes chosen and how they are analyzed exhibit that the modified ADCM along with the acoustic dimension provide a clear picture of cognitive load management in the course of constructing and producing lies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we study Leibniz algebras whose second-maximal subalgebras are ideals. We provide classification based on solvability, nilpotency, and properties of the Frattini subalgebra. We give several specific descriptions of Leibniz algebras with these properties and include necessary and sufficient conditions for the non-nilpotent case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The grand challenge in structure-based drug design is achieving accurate prediction of binding free energies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enable modeling of conformational changes critical to the binding process, leading to calculation of thermodynamic quantities involved in estimation of binding affinities. With recent advancements in computing capability and predictive accuracy, MD based virtual screening has progressed from the domain of theoretical attempts to real application in drug development. Approaches including the Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA), Linear Interaction Energy (LIE), and alchemical methods have been broadly applied to model molecular recognition for drug discovery and lead optimization. Here we review the varied methodology of these approaches, developments enhancing simulation efficiency and reliability, remaining challenges hindering predictive performance, and applications to problems in the fields of medicine and biochemistry.

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The present article analyzes the problem of Russian information aggression in the war against Ukraine, gives examples of dissemination of false information. Attention is also focused on the structure of fake news and the main currents of disinformation messages. The methods used to disseminate fake news and their impact on audiences are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates P300 as a component for false belief and false statement processing with and without a communicative context. The purpose is to understand why P300 has been shown to be commonly involved in false belief and lie processing. Methods: Participants were presented with a story in which the protagonist holds a true belief and makes a true statement of it (true belief), holds a false belief and makes a true statement (false belief), or holds a true belief and makes a false statement (false statement) while electroencephalograms were recorded. Results: In Experiment 1, featuring a solitary protagonist, stronger posterior P300 was shown in the false belief condition than the true belief and false statement condition. With the installation of a communicative context by including a second character listening to the protagonist, Experiment 2 showed enhanced frontal P300 in the false statement condition compared to the true belief and false belief condition. A late slow wave was more prominent in the false belief condition than in the other two conditions in Experiment 2. Conclusion: The present results suggest a situation‐dependent nature of P300. The signal captures the discrepancy between belief and reality more readily than that between belief and words under a noncommunicative context. It becomes more sensitive to the discrepancy between belief and words than that between belief and reality in a communicative situation with an audience, which makes any false statement practically a lie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Axiological categories and the concepts they consist of have always been a major area of interest in science. The development of cognitive linguistics has opened new perspectives for the study of axiological events, categories and concepts within them. This article explores the structure of the axiological binary opposition truth-lie, based on the material of the English language. In English, the verbalised concept truth encodes information about both objective truth as well as its subjective perception and re-translation. A combination of methods — definitional, frame and conceptual analyses — makes it possible to investigate and model the structure of the frames TRUTH and LIE, identify their main slots and the type of conceptual information they encode. The results of the analyses suggest that the two frames have the same structure and the same number and type of slots. However, the conceptual content of the slots is different. From the conceptual point of view, the axiological binary opposition truth — lie is a continuum having an intermediate blend zone “neither truth nor lie”, incorporating the axiological paradoxes, which form the conceptual basis of manipulation.

We construct infinite-dimensional analogues of finite-dimensional simple modules of the nonstandard q -deformed enveloping algebra U q ′ (so n) defined by Gavrilik and Klimyk, and we do the same for the classical universal enveloping algebra U (so n). In this paper we only consider the case when q is not a root of unity, and q → 1 for the classical case. Extending work by Mazorchuk on so n , we provide rational matrix coefficients for these infinite-dimensional modules of both U q ′ (so n) and U (so n). We use these modules with rationalized formulas to embed the respective algebras into skew group algebras of shift operators. Casimir elements of U q ′ (so n) were given by Gavrilik and Iorgov, and we consider the commutative subalgebra Γ ⊂ U q ′ (so n) generated by these elements and the corresponding subalgebra Γ 1 ⊂ U (so n). The images of Γ and Γ 1 under their respective embeddings into skew group algebras are equal to invariant algebras under certain group actions. We use these facts to show that Γ is a Harish-Chandra subalgebra of U q ′ (so n) and Γ 1 is a Harish-Chandra subalgebra of U (so n). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented article outlines vectors of transformation of basic values of Good-Truth-Beauty in the network. The epistemological, moral-ethical, and aesthetic aspects are offered, which allows revealing the forms of representation of initial values in the Internet culture. In particular, the planes of the intersection of the axes "good/evil", "truth/lie", and "beautiful/ugly" in social media are presented. The authors are concerned about the assertion of equivalence and blurring of the boundaries between good and evil, which can lead to permissiveness that is covered by anonymity, symbolism, and nominalisation provided by social networks. The article explores the articulation of the problem of evil in the Internet through the use of the heuristic potential of aesthetic experience. An analysis of modern aesthetic forms of the representation of evil in network culture through the prism of such basic values as Goodness-Truth-Beauty is carried out. It is shown how these values are deformed and sometimes turn into their opposite with the help of aesthetic means. It is shown that modern propaganda, which is carried out in social networks, actively uses existential features of perception and experience of truth. In the course of the study, the opinion is substantiated that reflexive judgment allows to attract aesthetic means to the moral understanding of manifestations of evil in the absence of stable standards and moral guidelines in social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction This study investigates P300 as a component for false belief and false statement processing with and without a communicative context. The purpose is to understand why P300 has been shown to be commonly involved in false belief and lie processing. Methods Participants were presented with a story in which the protagonist holds a true belief and makes a true statement of it (true belief), holds a false belief and makes a true statement (false belief), or holds a true belief and makes a false statement (false statement) while electroencephalograms were recorded. Results In Experiment 1, featuring a solitary protagonist, stronger posterior P300 was shown in the false belief condition than the true belief and false statement condition. With the installation of a communicative context by including a second character listening to the protagonist, Experiment 2 showed enhanced frontal P300 in the false statement condition compared to the true belief and false belief condition. A late slow wave was more prominent in the false belief condition than in the other two conditions in Experiment 2. Conclusion The present results suggest a situation‐dependent nature of P300. The signal captures the discrepancy between belief and reality more readily than that between belief and words under a noncommunicative context. It becomes more sensitive to the discrepancy between belief and words than that between belief and reality in a communicative situation with an audience, which makes any false statement practically a lie.

In the process of lying, an important role is played by the interpersonal relationship as well as the social context in which the act of lying occurs. Lying in the workplace can take many forms. It may be a lie told to the employer by the employee or vice versa. It may be a lie on your CV or a lie said during an interview, a lie used as an excuse for not fulfilling your duties or the so-called white lies that are related to maintaining proper social contacts. There are many types of lies and situations in which employees can apply them. Employees lying, try to present more effectively than they really are, try to mask their own incompetence and lack of success, often because they cannot understand why they are not successful and do not know how to change their situation and finally be perceived among colleagues as a common person liked. However, as far as lying is understood as an endemic trait of society, it has rarely been a central research problem of an organization. The article presents a fragment of the results of own research conducted among employees from the Lubuskie Voivodeship. The general aim of the following study isto present lying as behavior occurring in the workplace. The source basisis an analysis of the literature on the subject and an analysis of a fragment of the results of own research.

This article examines the grounds on which Augustine of Hippo categorically condemns the use of lies in his writing Contra mendacium. No motive, not even the noblest such as the defense of the Catholic faith, can justify lying. Of this opinion, however, was the recipient of the writing, Consentius, in the context of the Priscillianist heresy. The study proceeds by searching Contra mendacium for answers to the most important and frequently asked questions about lying: what is a lie? And how is it generated in the human heart? Augustine answers these two questions and offers a detailed summary of Catholic morality on sin, within which the sin of lying is then placed. The most interesting question is the one about the scriptural basis for the prohibition of lying, the subject of heated dispute in Augustine's time. There is also no shortage of questions about borderline cases in which a lie might seem the only way to secure physical or spiritual good. What emerges is an Augustine certain that the only way is truth, because God is truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HUM: Journal of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mostar is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Politico is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the linear interaction energy (LIE) method were used here to predict binding modes and free energy for a set of 1,2,3-triazole-based KA analogs as potent inhibitors of Tyrosinase (TYR), a key metalloenzyme of the melanogenesis process. Initially, molecular docking calculations satisfactorily predicted the binding mode of evaluated KA analogs, where the KA part overlays the crystal conformation of the KA inhibitor into the catalytic site of TYR. The MD simulations were followed by the LIE method, which reproduced the experimental binding free energies for KA analogs with an r2 equal to 0.97, suggesting the robustness of our theoretical model. Moreover, the van der Waals contributions performed by some residues such as Phe197, Pro201, Arg209, Met215 and Val218 are responsible for the binding recognition of 1,2,3-triazole-based KA analogs in TYR catalytic site. Finally, our calculations provide suitable validation of the combination of molecular docking, MD, and LIE approaches as a powerful tool in the structure-based drug design of new and potent TYR inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted aims at determining the impact of short training on the trainee's ability to detect deception with the use of non-instrumental methods of detection of deception. As the criminal procedure permits such methods of detection of deception, the results of the research are practical. The research was carried out on a group of participants given the task to watch a video recording and conclude whether the person presented told the truth or lied. Subsequently, the participants were given a short training on both verbal and non-verbal deception cues, illustrated with examples taken from the video they had watched. In the second leg of the test, the participants watched another video and decided whether the person presented was truthful or deceptive (on the grounds of deception cues they spotted). Th e results showed that the training improved participants' ability to detect deception by c. 22%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Václav Havel’s famous essay The Power of powerless life within a lie is at the core of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Life within a lie is characteristic for the great majority of people and is contrasted with life within the truth which is characteristic of dissent movement. In this paper, I will try to shed some light on the concept of “living within a lie.” I will show that Havel develops not one but two concepts of a lie: on the one hand, lie is deliberate pretence; on the other hand, lie is seduction by consumerist values. The first meaning of a lie is derived from Havel’s analysis of the specifics of the Soviet sphere of influence, namely central role of ideology with omnipresent demands on public support of the regime. The second meaning of a lie is heavily influenced by a critical assessment of modern society from the leading figure of the Czech underground movement Ivan Jirous and leading Czech philosopher Jan Patočka. This double meaning of a lie enables Havel to capture both specific problems of living under the communist regime and general problems of living in modern society anywhere in the world. In the final chapters of this paper, I will show that Havel is not clear about how these two meanings of a lie are connected and that there are problems resulting from these unclarities both for Havel’s analysis of the communism and his proposed solution of the crisis.

The immediate inspiration for this text is Tomasz Polak's book "System kościelny czyli przewagi pana K" (The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K). The author analyses in detail how the "system" works, claiming that it has taken over the church from the very beginning of its existence, absorbing the original vitality of the community. The conclusion he reaches is that the "system" is unreformable. In this article I compare T. Polak's basic thought with what Tomasz Węcławski wrote years ago about the church. I emphasize that this is the same person who changed his name due to life circumstances. I try to analyze how far the thinking, the way of argumentation, and finally the formulated conclusions have changed. The key word for these considerations is "phantasm." In this light, the question of God "with me, in me, and over me" dies in the face of the workings of the "church system." The phantasm prevails over man and his living relationship to God. "The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K", is a very sad story about an individual, even though told in an expert and difficult language. Religion, faith, which someone makes the determinant and meaning of life, is something that from the beginning is doomed to drift towards an unshakeable phantasm, something that, in fact, will never come true, except in the most intimate and private dimension.

Purpose: The presented article raises the importance of recruitment lie for the functioning of the organization as a whole. According to the author, the presented issue should fill the theoretical gap that has arisen as a result of the interest of theoreticians and practitioners of organizational life in the concept of trust management. Design/methodology/approach: The article will present interdisciplinary perspectives on the study of lying and its rationalizations from the worker's point of view. The author conducted a secondary analysis of the quantitative and qualitative research found. Findings: The author's thesis is that the recruitment lie is the result of the progressive phenomenon of relativism, anomie and the process of changing the meaning of culturally defined concepts. Research limitations/implications: The cited research requires a broader empirical context and consideration of cultural changes occurring in the organization's environment. Practical implications: The so-called social trust capital is of vital importance. It is an element of the organization's environment. Therefore, organizational procedures alone cannot generate the right level of trust in an organization. Social implications: According to the author, in Polish conditions, the importance of the concept of trust management is overestimated while the recruitment lie is an effect of the progressive phenomenon of relativization of phenomena - including social norms, which corresponds to the phenomenon of chaos of the axionormative order. The connotation of concepts related to the concept of truth is also changing. Originality/value: The article challenges the concept of trust management by pointing out its epistemological limitations in management science. It emphasizes the importance of the social context of organizational functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profound impact of in silico studies for a fast-paced drug discovery pipeline is undeniable for pharmaceutical community. The rational design of novel drug candidates necessitates considering optimization of their different aspects prior to synthesis and biological evaluations. The affinity prediction of small ligands to target of interest for rank-ordering the potential ligands is one of the most routinely used steps in the context of virtual screening. So, the end-point methods were employed for binding free energy estimation focusing on evaluating simulation time effect. Then, a set of human aldose reductase inhibitors were selected for molecular dynamics (MD)-based binding free energy calculations. A total of 100 ns MD simulation time was conducted for the ligand-receptor complexes followed by prediction of binding free energies using MM/PB(GB)SA and LIE approaches under different simulation time. The results revealed that a maximum of 30 ns simulation time is sufficient for determination of binding affinities inferred from steady trend of squared correlation values (R2) between experimental and predicted Δ G as a function of MD simulation time. In conclusion, the MM/PB(GB)SA algorithms performed well in terms of binding affinity prediction compared to LIE approach. The results provide new insights for large-scale applications of such predictions in an affordable computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]