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The neoliberal approach taken to the transition from socialism to capitalism in the six former Yugoslav republics has revealed its weaknesses in all spheres of economic activities, including food production. These countries have lost sovereignty with respect to regulating important national policy areas like food trade and production. Liberalisation of the food trade has adversely affected national economies by destroying many small-scale farmers and food producers. Corporate supermarkets have been taking over an ever bigger slice of the retail pie. Social movements are calling for direct democratic control over resources and food production to be regained. The article examines the prospects of these countries to overcome the increasing food insecurity by introducing food sovereignty Neoliberalni pristop k tranziciji iz socializma v kapitalizem v šestih nekdanjih jugoslovanskih republikah je razkril svoje slabe strani v vseh sferah ekonomskih dejavnosti, vključno s proizvodnjo hrane. Te države so izgubile svojo suverenost pri reguliranju pomembnih področij nacionalnih politik, kot sta proizvodnja hrane in preskrba s hrano. Liberalizacija preskrbe s hrano je z uničenjem številnih malih kmetovalcev in proizvajalcev hrane škodljivo učinkovala na nacionalne ekonomije. Trgovske korporacije so prevzemale vse večji delež maloprodajnega kolača. Družbena gibanja pozivajo k temu, da bi ponovno pridobili neposredni demokratični nadzor nad viri in proizvodnjo hrane. V članku obravnavamo možnosti teh držav, da bi premagale naraščajočo prehransko negotovost, tako da bi vpeljale prehransko suverenost

Tranzicijsko obdobje in prehod v tržno gospodarstvo sta pustila sled tudi na železniških tirih. Ločitev od skupne države je zahtevala postopne spremembe železniške zakonodaje in povezovanje v evropsko železniško omrežje. Korenite spremembe je zaznati po vstopu Slovenije v EU, saj je država kot članica zavezana spoštovati skupne direktive Evropske komisije. Kompleksnost sistema, kot je železniški, zahteva visoko stopnjo varnosti. Sprva je bil pri zagotavljanju varnosti v večino procesov vključen človeški dejavnik, ki je tudi danes v manjši meri prisoten. Z napredkom tehnologije in avtomatizacijo procesov se je stopnjevala raven varnosti tudi v železniških sistemih. Upravljanje tveganj je zahteven in dolgotrajen proces, ki se izboljšuje z razumevanjem nalog, učenjem iz izkušenj in dosledno integracijo v izvajalnih procesih. Za zagotavljanje varnosti v železniškem sistemu sta odgovorna tako upravljavec kot prevoznik, vsak na svojem področju. S posodabljanjem infrastrukture in integracijo sodobnih sistemov vodenja prometa in nadzora pomožnih sistemov se izboljšuje varnost in s tem zagotavlja bolj stabilno oskrbo gospodarstva, ki je v tesni povezanosti z železnico. Da bi preprečili nastanek nesreč ali ponovitev le-teh, vsaka železniška uprava vodi statistiko izrednih dogodkov. Le-ta je podlaga za prikaz stanja varnosti v sistemu. Določila direktive EU nalagajo državam članicam, da je treba vsak dogodek oziroma nesrečo raziskati in sprejeti priporočila oziroma smernice za izboljšanje stanja. The transition period and the transition to the market economy had an impact on the railway system. The separation from the common state required gradual change of the railway legislation and integration into a European railway network. Radical changes occurred after Slovenia's admission into the EU, because as a member state it is committed to respect common directives of the European Commission. The complexity of a system, such as the railway system, requires high security levels. At first, most security-ensuring processes included a human factor, which is also required today, but to a lesser degree. The advancement of technology and process automatization resulted in an increase of security levels of railway systems. Risk management is a complex and lengthy process, which can be improved by better understanding tasks, learning from experience and ensuring consistent integration in implementation processes. Both, the operator and the carrier, are committed to ensuring security in the railway system, each in their own field. Together with infrastructure upgrading and integration of modern systems for traffic management and support system control, security is also improved, thus ensuring more stable economy provision, which is closely connected to the railway system. In order to prevent accidents from happening or reoccurring, every railway administration keeps record of extraordinary events, which reveals the security level of a system. According to decrees of EU regulations, members states must investigate every event or accident and adopt recommendations or measures to remedy said situation.

Tržište taksi usluga u Republici Hrvatskoj je u kontinuiranom rastu posljednjih nekoliko godina. Tu činjenicu dokazuje rast brojnih poslovnih pokazatelja čije se kretanje analizira u ovom završnom radu. Najznačajniji poslovni pokazatelji koji su narasli tijekom razdoblja od 2009. do 2019. godine su broj poduzetnika te broj novo zaposlenih. Broj poduzetnika je narastao s 22 (u 2009. godini) na 1343 (u 2019. godini), dok je broj novo zaposlenih narastao s 47 (u 2009. godini) na 1859 (u 2019. godini). S druge strane, postojali su i poslovni pokazatelji koji su tijekom promatranog razdoblja padali. Tako je prosječna mjesečna plaća po zaposlenom u 2009. godini iznosila 3.037 kuna dok je u 2019. godini pala na iznos od 2.802 kune. Važno je istaknuti i liberalizaciju kao jedan od razloga rasta taksi tržišta u Republici Hrvatskoj. Naime, ona je omogućila slobodniji ulazak i izlazak s tržište, smanjenje cijena, ali je uzrokovala povećanje prometnog nereda i gužvi te pad korištenja javnog prijevoza. Taxi market in the Croatia has been growing continuously for the last few years. This fact is proven by the growth of numerous business indicators and their dynamics which is analysed in this final thesis. The most significant business indicators that grew during the period from 2009 to 2019 are the number of entrepreneurs and the number of new employees. The number of entrepreneurs increased from 22 (in 2009) to 1343 (in 2019) while the number of new employees increased from 47 (in 2009) to 1859 (in 2019). On the other hand, there were some business indicators that fell during the observed period. The average monthly salary per employee was 3,037 HRK in 2009, while it dropped to the amount of 2,802 HRK in 2019. It is important to point out liberalization as the key factor and one of the reasons for the growth of the taxi market in the Croatia. It enabled easier entry and exit into/from the market, reduction of prices, but it also caused more traffic jams and a decline in the use of public transport.

Napredak tehnologije, dobri odnosi na tržištu i liberalizacija doprinose, kako pojedinačno, tako i zajedno na cjelokupni razvoj ekonomije zemlje. Promjene poput napretka i liberalizacije su tržište telekomunikacije u Hrvatskoj promijenile u oligopolističko. Koliko god dug i težak proces promjene bio, operateri se imaju još vremena natjecati i boriti da stvore konkurencijsko stanje koje mogu nazvati idealnim. Development od tehnology, making business in good term with other participants and liberalization contribute to economy growth combined all together just as much as individually. Changes in development and liberalization changed market of communication in Croatia into oligopoly Although the process was long and hard, participants have enough time to compete and to fight to make it ideal for business to grow in.

Tržište telekomunikacijskih usluga je važan segment razvoja svake zemlje. Kako je spomenuto tržište prvenstveno bilo u stanju zakonitog monopola, povećanjem njegove važnosti povećava se i potreba otklanjanja, odnosno regulacije prvobitnog stanja prema stanju konkurencije pri čemu bitnu ulogu imaju regulatorna agencija i agencija za zaštitu tržišta. Na hrvatskom tržištu telekomunikacija, na koje je u ovom radu stavljen naglasak, liberalizacija je velikim dijelom provedena, no potrebne su daljnje regulatorne akcije nadležnih tijela kako bi se postiglo ciljno stanje konkurentskog tržišta po uzoru na razvijene zemlje Europske Unije, kojoj Republika Hrvatska teži. Naime, unatoč sve većem broju operatora i davatelja usluga, na hrvatskom telekomunikacijskom tržištu i dalje postoje operatori sa znatnijom tržišnom snagom koji imaju vladajući položaj.

Liberalizacija mednarodne menjave je že od 18. stoletja ključnega pomena za gospodarski razvoj in rast držav, saj je rast BDP-ja v številnih državah, sploh manjših, zelo odvisna od zunanjega povpraševanja. Veliko vlogo pri pospeševanju trgovine imata Svetovna trgovinska organizacija in številni bilateralni in multilateralni prostotrgovinski sporazumi, s katerimi poskušajo države odstraniti trgovinske ovire. Argumenti, ki podpirajo prosto trgovino, so specializacija držav, dvig povpraševanja in zaposlenosti, večja produktivnost, več tujih naložb itd. V času gospodarskih kriz se prosta trgovina omenja tudi kot razlog za krizo, kar lahko pripelje do simpatiziranja z ukrepi protekcionizma. Argumenti, ki jih razvija protekcionizem proti prosti trgovini, so izguba delovnih mest in strukturna brezposelnost, nezmožnost razvoja (mlade) industrije, preusmeritev povpraševanja k najcenejšim, cenovni dumping, večja konkurenca itd. Statistični podatki vseeno kažejo na pomen odprtosti gospodarstev za trgovino. Ravno ta odprtost med državami članicami EU je pripomogla k temu, da je EU danes eno od vodilnih gospodarstev na svetu. Prosta trgovina je v EU dvignila povpraševanje in s tem pospešila gospodarsko dinamiko. Najbolj pomembni zunanji trgovinski partnerici EU sta Kitajska in ZDA. S slednjo je EU od leta 2013 do začetka leta 2019 želela skleniti sporazum TTIP, vendar do sporazuma zaradi argumentov, ki so tudi protekcionistični, in zato strahu pred učinki, ni prišlo. The liberalization of international trade has been crucial to the economic development and growth of countries since the 18th century, as GDP growth in many, especially smaller countries, is increasingly dependent on external demand. The World Trade Organization and a number of bilateral and multilateral FTAs play an important role in facilitating trade and removing barriers to trade. The arguments that support free trade are, for example, specialization of countries, increase in demand and employment, higher productivity, more foreign investment, etc. In times of economic crises, free trade is also mentioned as one of the reasons for them, which can lead to sympathy with protectionist measures. The arguments developed by protectionism are job loss and structural unemployment, inability to develop an (infant) industry, demand shifting to the cheapest, price dumping, increased competition, etc. However, statistics show the importance of openness to trade for economies. It is this openness between EU Member States that has made the EU one of the world's leading economies today. Free trade has lifted demand in the EU, boosting economic momentum. EU's most important foreign trade partners are China and the US. With the latter, the EU wanted to conclude a Transantlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, in short TTIP, from 2013 to the beggining of 2019. The agreement did not come to light due to arguments, which were also protectionist, and, therefore, fear of the effects.

Tržište poštanskih usluga, kako u Republici Hrvatskoj, tako i u većini ostalih svjetskih država, prolazi kroz velike promjene kao posljedica sve češćeg korištenja elektroničke komunikacije te supstitucije poštanskih usluga. Napredak tehnologije utječe i na promjene ponašanja korisnika, kao i na njihova očekivanja u vezi s kvalitetom i brzinom usluge. U Republici Hrvatskoj djeluju gotovo svi na svjetskoj razini prepoznati pružatelji usluga paketne distribucije, a njihov je cilj da u što kraćem vremenu i uz što višu razinu kvalitete usluge isporuče pošiljku primatelju. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati stanje na poštanskom tržištu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Posljednjih godina sve je izraženiji utjecaj supstitucije poštanskih usluga elektroničkim, što se ogleda u padu obujma pismovnih pošiljaka. S druge strane raste broj distribuiranih paketa kod većine poštanskih operatora u zemljama članicama i to zahvaljujući rastu elektroničke trgovine. Navedeni trendovi nisu zaobišli ni hrvatsko poštansko tržište na kojem su se također korisnici okrenuli češćoj online kupovini, što je potenciralo trend rasta dostavljenih paketa. Temeljem provedene analize zaključuje se kako unatoč uspostavi potpune liberalizacije hrvatskog poštanskog tržišta i dalje dominira nacionalni operator, Hrvatska pošta d. d., no on pod utjecajem promjena na tržištu poslovanje više ne temelji isključivo na tradicionalnim poslovima, već širi svoju ponudu dodatnim uslugama., In Croatia, as in almost all other countries of the world, the postal services market has been going through big changes that are the consequence of the growing use of electronic communication and the fact of the postal services being substituted by it. Technological advancement also influences the changes in the behaviour of users and their expectations regarding the quality and the speed of the service provided. Almost all of the world-renown package distribution service providers whose goal is to deliver the parcels as quickly and as efficiently as possible operate in the Republic of Croatia. The goal of this paper is to analyse the state of affairs on the postal market in the Republic of Croatia. Over the last years, postal services have been increasingly substituted with electronic services, as evidenced by fewer letters being sent by the post. On the other hand, the number of the distributed parcels has been growing, due to the development of e-commerce. These trends are also present on the Croatian postal market, where buyers have become increasingly oriented towards online shopping, resulting in more packages being delivered. Based on the conducted analysis, the conclusions are drawn that, despite of the fact that the Croatian postal market has been completely liberalized, the market is still dominated by the national operator Hrvatska pošta d.d. However, under the influence of the market changes, the operator expands its offer by providing additional services and not just relying on the traditional business activities.

Implementacijom SES-a (Jedinstvenog europskog neba) sve je prisutnija liberalizacija usluga, za razliku od tradicionalnog koncepta u kojem nacionalni pružatelji ANS usluga pružaju usluge unutar državnih granica. Ključni regulatorni akti SES-a odnose se na uvjete koje pružatelji ANS usluga moraju zadovoljiti da bi bili certificirani, kao i na upravljanje performansama s naglaskom na troškovnu učinkovitost. Učinkovitost svakog europskog pružatelja ANS usluga kontinuirano se nadzire u četiri područja performansi: sigurnost, kapaciteti, zaštita okoliša i troškovna efikasnost. Ostvareni rezultati su bitan parametar kod shema poticaja, a vjerojatno će biti i jedan od kriterija kod budućih „dodjele koncesija“ za pružanje usluga u određenom zračnom prostoru u uvjetima liberalizacije usluga, a pretpostavlja se pojačana dinamika procesa liberalizacije u Europi tijekom naredna dva desetljeća. Učinkovito upravljanje troškovima je u fokusu interesa EK-a i korisnika ANS usluga. Sustav financiranja pružatelja ANS usluga u Europi, tj. sustav naplate rutnih i terminalnih naknada vrlo je specifičan, temeljen je na Načelima EUROCONTROL-a i modelu utvrđenih troškova po kojem se troškovi određenog pružatelja usluga odobravaju kao maksimalni iznos koji se na pružanje usluga, odnosno na prihvatljive djelatnosti može potrošiti tijekom Referentnog razdoblja. Pružatelji ANS usluga moraju pažljivo upravljati troškovima te biti što učinkovitiji, primjenjujući različite metode za smanjenje neučinkovitosti, kako bi se bolje pozicionirali na tržištu usluga u budućnosti, a nekoliko primjera tehnika poboljšanja dano je u ovom završnom specijalističkom radu. By implementing the SES (Single European Sky), liberalisation of services is gradually increasing in Europe, unlike the traditional concept service provision within national borders. The key regulatory acts of SES relate to the common requirements for the provision of air navigation services that ANS providers must satisfy to be certified, as well as performance management with an emphasis on cost-efficiency. The performance of each ANS provider is monitored in four performance areas: safety, capacity, environment and cost-efficiency. The results achieved are an important parameter in the incentive scheme, and will probably be one of the criteria for future designations of ANS providers to provide services in a given airspace under liberalised market circumstances, assuming the accelerated pace of liberalisation over the next two decades. Effective cost management is the focus of interest of the European Commission and the airspace users. The financing system of ANS providers in Europe, i.e. the system of route and terminal charges is highly specific, based on the EUROCONTROL Principles and on the determined cost model so the cost base of certain ANS provider takes into account the maximum eligible amount that may be spent for the eligible services during the Reference Period. ANS providers have to manage their costs carefully and be as effective as possible, applying various methods for inefficiency reduction in order to be get a better position on the future ANS service market. This paper provides, inter alia, some examples of cost-efficiency improvement techniques.

U današnje vrijeme informacijske tehnologije predstavljaju jednu od ključnih generičkih tehnologija jer su usko vezane uz područja gospodarstva, znanosti, društvenoga i privatnoga života i u njih unose značajne promjene mijenjajući načine na koji ljudi rade i žive te ustroj i način poslovanja suvremenih tvrtki. Informatika kao znanost o informacijama predstavlja važnu odrednicu suvremenog svijeta odlikovanog globalizacijom, a ICT sektor predstavlja važnu sastavnicu svakog pojedinog gospodarstva. Svrha i cilj ovog rada je, uz teorijske odrednice ICT sektora i njegove uloge u suvremenom gospodarstvu, dati uvid u detaljnu analizu ICT sektora Republike Hrvatske. Nowadays information technology is one of the key generic technologies because it is closely relate to the fields of economics, science, social and private life and bring significant changes to them by changing the ways in which people are working and living and in which modern companies operate. Information science represents an important determinant of the contemporary world characterized by globalization, and the ICT sector is an important component of each individual economy. Aside from presenting a theoretical background of the ICT sector and its role in modern economy, additional purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the detailed analysis of the ICT sector of the Republic of Croatia.

Liberalizacija javnih služb je nedvomno eden izmed najpomembnejših, če ne celo najpomembnejši proces, ki se je v zadnjih letih odvil na področju energetike. Proces je omogočil, da so se nekatere energetske dejavnosti, ki so bile skozi zgodovino tradicionalno dojete kot dejavnosti splošnega gospodarskega pomena, ki se lahko izvajajo le preko državnega monopola, razvile v panoge, ki so podvržene tržnim zakonitostim. Zaradi specifičnosti, ki jih ima energetika kot t.i. mrežna dejavnost, pa je bilo o liberalizaciji javnih služb v praksi nemogoče razmišljati, dokler se na podlagi pravnih aktov Evropske Skupnosti ni začelo postopno ločevanje energetskih dejavnosti na tiste, ki se lahko izvajajo tržno, in tiste, ki praviloma predstavljajo naravni monopol. V obdobju od sredine devetdesetih let 20. stoletja do leta 2009 je bilo v pravnem rede držav članic Evropske Unije tako implementiranih šest ključnih direktiv, tri iz področja električne energije in tri iz področja zemeljskega plina, ki so omogočile razvoj energetike v povsem drugi smeri. Dandanes si tako lahko vsako gospodinjstvo prosto izbira dobavitelja električne energije, na proizvodnem trgu obstaja konkurenca med različnimi proizvajalcu, kot javne službe pa se na podlagi s strani države podeljenih monopolnih pravic izvajajo zgolj tiste dejavnosti, kjer konkurenca bodisi ni mogoča bodisi ni smotrna. Liberalisation of public services is without a doubt one of the more important, if not the most important, processes which have occurred in the field of energy in recent years. The process has enabled certain activities in the field of energy, which have historically been perceived as activities of general economic interest, which may only be carried out through a state monopoly, to develop into activities that are subject to laws of markets. Due to specifics of the field of energy, where the activities have always been considered as the so-called network industries, it was in practice unimaginable to even consider liberalisation of public services, before the legal acts of European Community had provided a basis for their gradual unbundling. The activities, which may be carried out freely on the market were therefore separated from the ones, which are generally considered as a natural monopoly. Between nineteen-twenties and 2009, six crucial legal Directives, six in the field of electricity and three in the field of natural gas, have been implemented in the legal systems of the Member States of the European Union, thus enabling the development of energy industries in a completely different direction. Nowadays, every household is able to freely choose its own supplier of electricity, there is competition between several producers in field of production, and the only activities that are carried out as public services, based on state granted monopoly rights, are the ones, where competition is either not possible or not reasonable.

Avtor se v magistrskem delu ukvarja z vertikalnimi sporazumi, ki se pojavljajo na različnih stopnjah dobave električne energije in zemeljskega plin. Vertikalni sporazumi so v energetskem sektorju pogosto uporabljen pogodbeni model. Že ime samo razkrije, da se tovrstne pogodbe aplicirajo zgolj na vertikalne tipe razmerij. Komisija in tudi evropski zakonodajalec že od nekdaj priznavate drugačne učinke sporazumov, glede na to ali so sklenjeni med konkurenti (horizontalno razmerje) ali pa med podjetji, ki delujeta vsaka na različni stopnji dobavne/distribucijske verige. Povedano drugače, glavna karakteristika vertikalnih razmerij je, da predstavlja produkt enega podjetja »input« drugega. To pomeni, da so dejavnosti pogodbenic sporazuma medsebojno dopolnjujoče, oz. komplementarne. V teoriji je na splošno priznan manjši negativni učinek, ki ga lahko ustvarijo vertikalni pogodbeni odnosi. Neposredno to priznava tudi Komisija, ko je s sprejetjem Uredbe 330/2010 vzpostavila t.i. varni pristan, ki varuje vertikalne sporazume, ki vsebujejo določene omejitve konkurence pred prepovedjo iz člena 101 (1) PDEU, vse dokler so kumulativno izpolnjeni vsi pogoji iz uredbe. Dodana vrednost te uredbe je ravno v določitvi uporabe člena 101(3) PDEU za nekatere skupine vertikalnih sporazumov, ki sicer spadajo pod člen 101(1) PDEU. S tem je Komisija a priori opredelila skupino vertikalnih sporazumov, za katere je mogoče z zadostno gotovostjo zatrjevati, da izpolnjujejo pogoje iz člena 101(3) PDEU. Slednji odstavek je še vseeno zadnja možnost, da pogodbenici vertikalnega sporazuma dokažeta, da sporazum prinaša učinkovitosti za konkurenco do takšne mere, da pretehtajo nad protikonkurenčnimi učinki. Iz tega sledi, da je glavna konkurenčnopravna določba, ki ureja vertikalne sporazume ravno člen 101 PDEU. Vendar je ta določba zelo abstraktna, saj pokriva vse vrste ravnanj med dvema subjektoma, med drugim tudi vertikalne sporazume. Komisija je za voljo jasnejšega pregleda, predvsem pa v podporo podjetjem, ki se znajdejo v vertikalnem pogodbenem razmerju, sprejela poleg Uredbe 330/2010 tudi Smernice o vertikalnih sporazumih. S temi Smernicami je determinirala splošna načela za ocenjevanje vertikalnih sporazumov. Njena uporabnost je vsesplošna. Ne glede na to, da gre za t.i. mehko pravo (ang. soft law), vseeno podaja oprijemljive podatke, tako glede same uporabe in razlage člena 101 PDEU, kakor tudi spremljajočega sekundarnega prava EU in nasploh pristop k ocenjevanju vertikalnih sporazumov. Pogoj za uporabo člena 101 PDEU je, da vertikalni sporazumi lahko vplivajo na trgovino med državami članicami, hkrati pa v zadostni meri preprečujejo, omejujejo ali izkrivljajo konkurenco. Primarni cilj člena 101 je zagotoviti, da pogodbenici ne uporabljata sporazuma na način, ki bi škodoval potrošnikom. Poleg imperativa maksimiziranja potrošnikov koristi, pa je v energetskem sektorju ravno tako pomembna vzpostavitev integriranega notranjega energetskega trga. Zgolj enoten, povezan energetski trg omogoča krepitev konkurence na ravni EU. V zadnjih dveh desetletjih je prišlo do drastične spremembe v tržni strukturi sektorja energetike. Proces, imenovan liberalizacija, je poleg odprave monopolnih struktur uvedel tudi spremembe na področju pogodbenih relacij v vertikalnih razmerjih. Nezdružljivi s členom 101 (1) PDEU so tako vsi sporazumi, ki ponovno ustvarjajo ovire konkurenci in prispevajo k delitvi enotnega trga v meje držav članic. Evropska Komisija je že v začetku procesa liberalizacije zarisala metodologijo ocenjevanja vertikalnih sporazumov. Prvotno dojemanje in ocenjevanje vertikalnih omejitev je bilo deležno glasnih kritik, ki so letele na preveč formalističen pristop k uporabi člena 101 (1) PDEU, ki se je kazal kot zadržanost do sprejetja pozitivnih učinkov, ki jih lahko prinesejo nekatere vrste vertikalnih omejitev. Posledično je mnogo vertikalnih sporazumov nerazumljivo in po nepotrebnem zapadlo pod prepoved iz člena 101 (1) In the master's thesis, the author deals with vertical agreements that occur at various stages of supply chain, regarding electricity and natural gas. Vertical agreements are commonly used contractual model in the energy sector. The name itself reveals that such contracts are applied only to vertical types of contractual relationships. The European Commission and also the European legislator have long since acknowledged the different effects of the agreements, depending whether they are concluded between competitors (horizontal relationships) or between companies that operate in different stages of the supply/distribution chain. In other words, the main characteristic of vertical ralationships is, that the product of one enterprise represents an input of another. This means that the activities of the parties to the agreement are mutually complementary. In theory, a lesser negative effect is generally perceived by vertical contractual relationships. This is also recognized directly by the Commission when it established the so-called a safe harbor, protecting vertical agreements that are containing a specific restrictions to competition, before the prohibition referred to in Article 101 (1) TFEU, as long as all the conditions laid down in the regulation are fulfilled cumulatively. Throughout the master's thesis, the emphasis is marely on the application of the regulation. The added value of this regulation is in determining the application of Article 101 (3) TFEU to certain categories of vertical agreements and the corresponding concerted practices which would normally fall under Article 101 (1) TFEU. By doing so, the Commission has a priori defined a group of vertical agreements for which it is possible to state with sufficient certainty that they fulfill the conditions laid down in Article 101 (3) TFEU. The latter paragraph is, nevertheless, the last possibility for the parties to the vertical agreement to prove, that the agreement brings efficiency to competition to the extent, that they deminish the anti-competitive effects. It follows that the main competition law provision governing vertical agreements is Article 101 TFEU. However, this provision is very abstract, since it covers all types of conduct between two subjects, including vertical agreements. The Commission has, for the purpose to present a clearer review and, above all, to support companies involved in a vertical contractual relationship, adopted beside Regulation 330/2010 also Guidelines on Vertical Agreements. These guidelines determined the general principles for the assessment of vertical agreements. Its usability is universal. Although it has a instrument of so-called soft law, gives tangible data both in terms of the use and interpretation of Article 101 TFEU, as well as accompanying EU secondary law and in general the approach to the assessment of vertical agreements. The condition for the application of Article 101 TFEU is that vertical agreements can affect trade between Member States while at the same time effectively preventing, restricting or distorting competition. The primary objective of Article 101 is to ensure that the parties do not apply the agreement in a way that would harm consumers. In addition to the imperative of maximizing consumer benefits, the creation of an integrated internal energy market is equally important in the energy sector. A unified, integrated energy market allows for increased competition in the European Union. Over the past two decades there has been a drastic change in the market structure of the energy sector. Process called liberalization, has in addition to the abolition of monopoly structures also introduced changes in contractual relations in vertical relations. Therefore, incompatible with Article 101 (1) TFEU are all agreements that provide barriers to competition and turining the single market within the borders of the Member States. At the beginning of the liberalization process, the European Commission

Glavni cilj ovog rada je prikazati sadašnje i definirati potencijalno buduće stanje hrvatskog tržišta mobilne telefonije. Kako bismo što lakše otkrili navedeni cilj postavili smo dvije istraživačke hipoteze, a za potrebe istraživanja koristili smo metodu komparacije s odabranim tržištima u svijetu i Europskoj Uniji. Rezultati su prikazali kako je hrvatsko tržište mobilne telefonije u svojim osnovnim karakteristikama vrlo slično tržištima ostalih članica Europske Unije i kako bi ono uskoro postati duopol s obzirom na negativne trendove koji se događaju na globalnom tržištu mobilne telefonije zadnjih godina. The main goal of this paper is to present current situation and to define potential future situation of the Croatian mobile telephony market. In order to discover this goal more easily we set two research hypotheses and the main tool for the research was method of comparison with chosen markets in the world and European Union. The results have shown that Croatian mobile telephony market, in its fundamental characteristics, is very similar to the markets of member states of European Union and this market could soon become duopoly given the negative trends that have taken place in global mobile telephony market recent years.

V tem članku se avtor ukvarja z vprašanjem, v katerih primerih naj država oziroma njena pristojna regulatorna telesa na "liberaliziranih" infrastrukturnih trgih vršijo ex ante regulacijo. V ta namen uporablja ekonomsko teorijo kot instrument za presojo utemeljenosti ex ante regulacije. Avtor v tej zvezi ugotavlja, da je ex ante regulacija intenzivno oblastno poseganje na trg, ki se v tržnem gospodarstvu uporablja le izjemoma. Tipičen primer, ko naj se vrši ex ante regulacija, je t. i. položaj "ozkega grla", položaj, ko sta kumulativno izpolnjena dva pogoja, in sicer ko gre za infrastrukturo, ki je neophodna za poslovanje oz. delovanje podjetja na spodnjem, vertikalno povezanem trgu, vendar zaradi učinka naravnega monopola ne obstaja dejanski substitut, in ko zaradi učinka nepovratnih oz. ireverzibilnih stroškov ne obstaja potencialen substitut, ki bi discipliniral lastnika oziroma imetnika edine infrastrukture. In this article the author deals with the question in which cases the state or its competent regulatory body should perform ex ante regulation on 'liberalized' infrastructure markets. The author for this purpose applies economic theory as an instrument for assessing merits of ex ante regulation. The author in this regard ascertains that ex ante regulation means intensive public authority intervention on the market, which should be applied only exceptionally in a market economy. A typical example when ex ante regulation should be performed, is the so called bottleneck situation, i. e., a situation when two cumulative conditions are met. Namely, when there is an infrastructure indispensable for business activities on the downstream market but there is no active substitute because of a natural monopoly effect, and when there is no potential substitute that would discipline the owner of the sole infrastructure because of sunk costs.

Jedan od najvažnijih oblika energije je upravo električna energija. Njena uporaba u svijetu raste te se na njoj zasniva opći društveni razvitak kao i ekonomski rast i razvoj. Učinkovitost liberalizacije tržišta električne energije ugrožena je zbog izostanka reakcije kućanstava kao krajnjih korisnika. Trenutno je u RH mali udio kućanstva, kao krajnjih korisnika, promijenio opskrbljivača. Zbog toga je HEP i dalje monopolist iako postoji konkurencija. navedeno ukazuje na nužnost ispitativanja stavove kućanstava o promjeni opskrbljivača, kako bi se utvrdili razlozi takvog ponašanja. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na činjenicu da lojalnost prema sadašnjem opskrbljivaču utječe na odluku kućanstava o promjeni opskrbljivača električnom energijom, da troškovi traženja informacija negativno utječu na odluku kućanstava o promjeni opskrbljivača eklektične energije te da očekivanje male ekonomske koristi negativno utječe na odluku kućanstava o promjeni opskrbljivača elektične energije. Rezultati do kojih se došlo provedenim istraživanjem, pružaju podlogu na temelju koje nositelji ekonomske politike mogu kreirati mjere kojima će utjecati na bolje informiranje krajnjih korisnika s ciljem upoznavanja s prednostima koje im liberalizacija na tržištu električne energije donosi. On of the most important part of energy is eletrical energy. It's using in world growing, and on it's is based socio economic development. Effectivenes of liberalization is endangered because of absence of reaction households as final users. Currently in Croatia, there are not so many households, as final users who switch supplier. This is why HEP is still monopolist on the market regardless competition. Because of that it was important to explore household's attitude to ensure reasons of that behaviour. The results showed that loyality to current supplier and information search costs negativly affect on decision households on changing supplier. Also, the expectation of small economic benefits negativly affects on houselholds decision to switch supplier of eletrical energy. Final results of this research give basis to owners of economic policy which they can use it to create measures, which they can affect on informing final costumers to see advantages that liberalization brings to them.

Autores analītiskā izpēte par komercbаnku darbību kā finanšu sektora sastāvdaļu ir sadalīta trīs daļās, kurās tiek raksturota finanšu liberalizācijas nozīme, analizēta Latvijas komercbanku darbība un apskatīta banku un tautsaimniecības attīstības savstarpējā mijiedarbība. Nοzīmīgu lοmu rеģiοnālajā еkοnοmikā rοd bаnku ѕаvѕtаrрējā kοnkurеnсе, ѕīvā сīņа, раr liеlāku tirguѕ dаļu un kliеntu рiеѕаiѕtīšаnu, аiz kuras, iеѕрējаmѕ, ѕlēрjаѕ bаnku аgrеѕīvа рοlitikа un kοnfidеnсiālаѕ mеtοdеѕ, kаѕ rеzultātā nοѕаkа kаtrаѕ bаnkаѕ рiеѕаiѕtītο kliеntu lοkа рlаšumu un tā nοturēšаnаi nерiесiеšаmο раkаlрοjumu klāѕtа ѕniеgšаnu. Dаrbа mērķiѕ – rаkѕturοt komercbаnku darbību kā finanšu sektora sastāvdaļu, izѕkаtοt tеοrētiѕkοѕ аѕреktuѕ еkοnοmikas litеrаtūrā un аnаlizējοt kοmеrсbаnku, ѕtаtiѕtikаѕ inѕtitūсiju un сitu аvοtu ѕniеgtο infοrmāсiju, iеgūtοѕ rеzultātuѕ арkοрοjοt ѕесinājumοѕ un аtѕеvišķοѕ рriеkšlikumοѕ. Darba apjoms ir 74 lappuses. Darbā iekļautas 7 tabulas un 24 attēli. Darbā izmantoti 59 informācijas avoti., Author’s analytical research on activities of commercial banks as a component of financial sector is arranged in three parts in which is described financial liberalization importance, analyzed performance of Latvian commercial banks and examined interactions between banks, and development of national economy. Mutual competition among banks plays an important role in regional economy. Vastness of customer base and services which are necessary for it’s retention determine the aggressive policy and confidential methods, hidden behind fierce battle for the bigger market share, and customer attraction. Objective of the thesis is to describe activities of commercial banks as a component of financial sector, summarize the results and make separate proposals following the research of theoretical aspects from economic literature and analyzing the information provided by commercial banks, statistical agencies and other sources. Bachelor paper consist 74 pages, 7 tables, 24 figures and is based on 59 sources of information.

Predmet istraživanja ovog završnog rada je učinak liberalizacije tržišta električne energije na cijenu električne energije. Uvažavajući postulate ekonomske teorije prema kojima liberalizacija tržišta u pravilu dovodi do pojačanog tržišnog natjecanja te posljedično nižih cijena, intencija ovog završnog rada bila je istražiti hoće li se isti učinak postići i na tržištu električne energije. Naime, elektroenergetski sektor se od početka 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća, pod utjecajem neoliberalne ideologije, ali i značajnog tehnološkog napretka, počeo udaljavati od do tada dominantne tržišne strukture monopola ka savršenoj konkurenciji u djelatnostima proizvodnje i opskrbe električnom energijom. U radu je pretpostavljen ograničeni učinak liberalizacije ovog tržišta zbog specifičnih, prvenstveno fizikalnih, svojstava električne energije, ali i zbog strateškog značaja elektroenergetskog sektora. Provedeno istraživanje obuhvatilo je tržišta električne energije zemalja članica Europske unije te Bosnu i Hercegovinu zaključno s 2015. godinom. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako liberalizacija tržišta električne energije (mjerena i sintetičkim i pojedinačnim pokazateljima) nema statistički značajan utjecaj na cijenu električne energije. Učinci liberalizacije tržišta električne energije na cijenu električne energije u Bosni i Hercegovini potpuno su izostali. The subject of this thesis is the effect of electricity market liberalization on electricity prices. Bearing in mind the economic theory postulate which states that market liberalization generally leads to market competition and consequently lower prices, the intent of this thesis is to examine whether the same postulate applies to electricity market. Since the early 1990s, and under the influence of neoliberal ideology as well as significant technological advances, the power sector began to move away from monopoly as a dominant market structure to perfect competition in the activities of electricity generation and supply. This thesis assumes a limited effect of electricity market liberalization on electricity prices due to specific properties (physical in particular) of electricity, as well as the strategic importance of the power sector. This study includes electricity markets in the European Union and Bosnia and Herzegovina until the end of 2015. Research results indicated that the electricity market liberalization (measured by synthesized as well as individual indicators) does not have a statistically significant effect on electricity prices. The effects of electricity market liberalization on electricity prices for Bosnia and Herzegovina are non-existent.

Radom je prikazan regulatorni okvir u području poštanskih usluga obuhvaćajući regulatorni okvir EU, čiji je osnovni cilj stvaranje zajedničkog tržišta i uspostava zajedničkog regulatornog okvira u svim zemljama članicama EU i regulatorni okvir kojim je regulirano tržište poštanskih usluga u RH i koji je u potpunosti usklađen s regulatornim okvirom EU. Prikazana je uloga i nadležnost HAKOM-a na tržištu poštanskih usluga u okviru ZPU-a i Pravilnika s ciljem osiguranja obavljanja univerzalne usluge. Obrađeno je područje obuhvata poštanskih usluga, postupak određivanja davatelja univerzalne usluge, podnošenje prijave za obavljanje zamjenskih i ostalih poštanskih usluga te poštanska mreža i pristup istoj. Na kraju rada dan je pregled tržišta poštanskih usluga sa prikazom stanja tržišta poštanskih usluga u RH u 2016. godini s usporedbom na prethodnu godinu. Također dan je prikaz podataka o kakvoći obavljanja poštanskih usluga u RH u usporedbi sa ostalim zemljama EU. The paper work describes a regulatory framework for postal services covering the EU regulatory framework whose main objective is to create a common market and to establish a common regulatory framework in all EU Member States. The paper work also describes a regulatory framework regulating to the postal services market in the Republic of Croatia, which is fully aligned with the EU regulatory framework. The role and responsibilities of HAKOM in the postal service market are outlined within the Postal Services Act and the Ordinance with a view to ensuring the provision of universal service. The paper work describes the scope of postal services, the procedure for designating the universal service provider, the notification for the providing of interchangeable postal services and other postal services, a postal network and access to the postal network. At the end of work is given the view of the situation on the postal market in the Republic of Croatia in 2016, compared to the previous year. It is also given an overview of the quality of postal services in the Republic of Croatia compared to other EU countries.

Razvoj telekomunikacijskog tržišta ima značajnu ulogu u razvoja ekonomije svake zemlje. Tehnološki napredak u vidu komunikacije i informatičke tehnologije, nužan je za rast i napredak. Liberalizacijom tržišta, Hrvatsko monopolističko tržište telekomunikacija postaje oligopolističko. Svrha i cilj ovog rada je utvrditi postojeće stanje na tržištu, odnosno analizirati konkurentske snage i odnose koji postoje na njemu, kao i pravne propise koji reguliraju natjecanje na telekomunikacijskom tržištu. Development of the telecommunication market plays an important role of every country's economy. Technological progress in communication and information technology is necessary for growth and progress. Liberalization of the telecommunication market transforms market structure from monopoly to oligopoly. The purpose and the aim of this paper is to identify the existing market situation, analyse the competing forces and relationships that exist on it, as well as to give insights into the legal regulations that exist on the telecommunications market.