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This article provides an initial sociolinguistic and structural characterization of the multilingual repertoire of the Haitian migrant community in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil, based on a corpus of interviews I compiled myself. The focus is primarily on two languages from the repertoire, French and Spanish, which I consider ‘forgotten’ in two senses. First, in a scholarly context, since studies in migration linguistics often pay less attention to languages that are neither the in-group language of the migrant population (in this case, Haitian Creole) nor the main language of the host country (in this case, Portuguese); indeed, French is the official, post-colonial language used by the social elites in the homeland, while Spanish is the language of a first country of migration (the Dominican Republic) for some Haitians before their current migration to Brazil. Second, at the cognitive level, because although these languages are part of the speakers’ experiential baggage, they are seldom actively spoken in the new Brazilian context. Lastly, the article highlights how speakers efficiently utilize the different languages in their repertoire, giving rise to contact-induced linguistic features (which, following traditional criteria, are classified here as the result of transfer or borrowing).

Background: It is broadly acknowledged that children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) show verb-related limitations. While most previous studies have focused on tense, the mastery of lexical aspect—particularly telicity—has not been the primary focus of much research. Lexical aspect refers to whether an action has a defined endpoint (telic verbs) or not (atelic verbs). Objective: This study investigates the effect of telicity on verb recognition in Chilean children with DLD compared to their typically developing (TD) peers using the Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique. Method: The research design is a mixed factorial design with between-group factors of 2 (DLD/TD) and within-group factors of 2 (telic/atelic verbs) and 2 (coherent/incoherent sentences). The participants were 36 school-aged children (18 DLD, 18 TD) aged 7 to 7 years and 11 months. The task required subjects to listen to sentences that either matched or did not match an action in a video, with sentences including telic or atelic verbs. Results: The study found notable differences between groups in how they processed verbs (N400 and post-N400 components) and direct objects (N400 and P600 components). Conclusions: Children with DLD struggled to differentiate telic and atelic verbs, potentially because they employed overgeneralization strategies consistent with the Event Structural Bootstrapping model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we investigate present tense verbal -s/zero variability in a dialect of Eastern England in which -s marking can only appear in third-person singular contexts. Our objective is to explore constraints on -s/zero marking, and to consider the grammatical function of -s in such a variety. In order to investigate this, we reanalyzed verbal -s/zero marking in 63 sociolinguistic interviews found in Peter Trudgill's (1974) corpus from Norwich. The results show not only a significant role for subject animacy (animate subjects mark -s less than inanimates) and lexical (punctual verbs mark -s less than duratives) and structural aspect (punctual and habitual events mark less -s than durative ones), but also an interaction between animacy and aspect. To account for the findings, we draw upon the notion of differential subject marking (e.g., Aissen, 2003), which considers the role of the canonicity of arguments in accounting for morphological marking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses how the negative particle no interacts with Spanish deverbal nominalizations that denote an event. Firstly, it is pointed out that, when preceded by negation, these nominalizations only give rise to the inhibited eventuality reading, contrary to what happens with verbs, which give rise to both the inhibited eventuality reading and the negated eventuality reading. Secondly, it is shown that, when these nominalizations co-occur with no, their lexical aspect is modified, as they share properties with events, but with states as well. Thirdly, a proposal of analysis for is presented. We claim that both the interpretation and lexical aspect of this construction follow from the interaction of negation with the syntactic configuration of the nominalization and, specifically, with the projection responsible for the triggering of the eventuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telicity is a semantic aspectual notion characterized by the presence of a linguistically marked inherent endpoint of the situation. In Portuguese, it can be done through the presence of a delimited direct complement and/or a delimiter prepositional phrase. In Spanish, in addition to the existing forms in Portuguese, it is possible to use a clitic, known as a telic "se", accompanied by a delimited direct complement. The aim of this investigation is to contribute to the understanding of the acquisition of aspectual categories by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese Spanish learners as L2. More specifically, we intend to verify whether learners recognize and use the telic "se" to express the aspectual value of telicity in the L2. For this purpose, two linguistic tests were applied, one for production and one for comprehension, to students of the graduation course in Spanish at intermediate and advanced levels. The results indicate that, at both levels, there are subjects who use the telic "se", while others do not, while there are subjects who consider the presence of this aspectual clitic in the sentence as grammatical while others consider it ungrammatical. It was also observed that there is no significant difference in the results of learners at intermediate and advanced levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verbs. the ‘durative phrase’ and its effect on the aspectual interpretation of different verbs is amongst important issues in surveying lexical aspect too. In order to determine the effect of durative phrase on the aspectual interpretation of sentences which include achievement and accomplishment, the present research aims to analyze aspectual interpretation of telic predicates (achievement and accomplishment) in the presence of the durative phrase in Persian. The results of the analysis based on MacDonald’s (2008) approach and within the Minimalist Program framework showed that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. The analyzing of accomplishment predicates showed that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative feature of the object but also it depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mandarin‐speaking children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties producing aspect markers. The difficulties were explained in terms of pragmatic deficits since these children demonstrated strength in the comprehension of aspect markers using the Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL) task. Aims: To verify whether this dissociation between production and comprehension could be replicated using another technique to the IPL, and if all children with ASD show difficulties in the production of aspect markers. Methods & Procedures: A total of 34 children with ASD without cognitive delay, half with language impairment (ALI; mean age = 61.25 months old) and half with normal language (ALN, mean age = 61.52 months old), as well as 17 age‐matched typically developing (TD) children (mean age = 61.38 months old) participated in a sentence–picture‐matching task and a priming picture‐description task to investigate their comprehension and production of Mandarin aspect markers zai‐, ‐le and ‐zhe. Outcomes & Results: In the comprehension task, children in the ALN group performed similarly to their TD peers, but those in the ALI group were less accurate on zai‐ and ‐le than TD children; children in all groups received higher accuracy when zai‐ was combined with Activity rather than Accomplishment verbs, and those in the ALI group was also more accurate when ‐le occurred with Achievement verbs, in contrast to Activity verbs. In the production task, children in the ALI group produced fewer targets and more irrelevant sentences with zai‐ than their TD peers, and they tended to produce bare verbs for ‐le and ‐zhe than TD children; children in all groups tended to combine zai‐ with Activity verbs, and those in the ALN group also tended to combine ‐le with Achievement verbs. Conclusions & Implications: The comprehension and production of Mandarin aspect markers by children with ASD are linked to general language abilities, and interactions between lexical and grammatical aspect. Patterns of performance are similar to those of TD peers only for the subgroup with spared global language, while pragmatic deficits are pervasive throughout the spectrum. Therefore, training on formal language, with a specific emphasis on aspectual rather than pragmatic abilities, may be more effective at enhancing the production of aspect markers. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: Mandarin‐speaking children with ASD have difficulties producing aspect markers but demonstrate strengths in aspectual comprehension via the IPL task. Therefore, it has been proposed that their 'specific' difficulties in aspectual production should be ascribed to their pragmatic deficits. However, pragmatic deficits are highly pervasive in children with ASD while only a subgroup of children with ASD who are impaired in language development (children with ALI) show difficulties in producing tense/aspect morphology. Pursuing this reasoning, pragmatic deficits might not be the critical factor impacting the performance of children with ASD in aspectual production. What this study adds: Children with ASD were divided into one group with ALI and the other with normal language (ALN). Results of a sentence–picture‐matching and a priming picture‐description task illustrated that both groups preserved the comprehension of Mandarin aspect markers zai‐, ‐le and ‐zhe. However, children with ALI performed worse than age‐matched TD children, while children with ALN demonstrated similar performance to TD children in aspectual production. These findings, coupled with the fact that pragmatic challenges affect individuals throughout the spectrum, suggest that general language abilities rather than pragmatics better explain the performance of children with ASD on aspectual production. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Since general language abilities rather than pragmatic deficits of children with ASD determine their performance on the production of aspect markers, direct training on the use of aspect markers or more global language therapy could benefit children with ASD in the production of aspect markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates aspectual meanings that resultative morphemes in Mandarin Chinese contribute to interpretations of the entire predicates, and in particular the culmination readings they bring out of the originally non-culminating accomplishments. Two resultative morphemes are studied: - wán and -diào. I argue that while both morphemes give rise to culmination readings, the culmination readings are derived in different ways. I propose that - wán expresses termination, which comments on the progress of an event. The culmination readings of the telicized accomplishments by - wán are obtained indirectly. By contrast, -diào expresses culmination, commenting directly on the resulting culmination state. The proposed analysis for the two morphemes is couched in the framework defined by Krifka (1989, 1992, 1998), which models the relations between events, individuals, and times as a series of homomorphic relations between mereological part structures. Following Zucchi & White (2001), I analyze -diào in terms of a maximalization over patient, which transfers mereological properties from the individual structure to the event structure, explaining the culmination reading, and - wán a maximalization over time, which transfers mereological properties from the time structure to the event structure, explaining termination, and then transfers the mereological properties to the individual structure, explaining the culmination reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspect in the hierarchy of constructing sentences in the Lori dialect of Khorramabad. This research has been done descriptively and analytically. The present study examined the status of the grammatical and lexical terms of aspect based on the Minimalist Program. Aspect is a grammatical projection that is the closest projector to the verb phrase. It shows the nature of the action of a verb as to its beginning, duration, completion, or repetition. Perfect and imperfect are the main categories of the grammatical aspect. Imperfect aspect hosts the aspect markers: “mɛ” ، “dɑšte” and the element aspect maker “hɑ” which is the specific-species form of imperfect aspect in Lori without agreement operations. The aspect markers are placed in the head of an aspect phrase between tense and little verb phrases. “hey” and “hani” are two elements conveying lexical aspect.

Copyright of Studia Germanica Gedanensia is the property of University of Gdansk / Uniwersytet Gdanskim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fluminensia is the property of Fluminensia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the effect of lexical aspect on the evidential reading of a Korean sentence with the evidential marker -te. I show that statives and inchoatives exhibit different patterns of interaction with tense in a -te sentence. I analyze both cases in line with Lee (2011a, 2013), and account for how evidential readings arise from relevant components in the proposed analysis. On the basis of the compositional analysis, I argue that the generalization on the interaction between tense and -te, proposed in the literature (Chung 2005, 200; Lee 2011a,b, 2013, inter alia), holds for the -te sentences with both predicate types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the non-native use of Spanish verbs of different aspectual classes by Mandarin Chinese speakers performing oral narrative tasks. In this work, we adopt Vendler's (Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press) lexical-aspect classification (states, activities, accomplishments, and achievements), and we analyze the Spanish L2 acquisition of these categories by sinophones both at the level of the lexical form acquisition and at the semantic level. Based on data obtained from two oral narrative tasks elicited from storyboard vignettes performed by three groups of learners of L2/L3 Spanish (ranging from B1 to C1 levels of the CEFR), this work supports Jiang's (Jiang, Nan. 2000. Lexical development and representation in a second language. Applied Linguistics 21(1). 47–77) L2 lexical acquisition pattern at the lexical form level, as our sinophone learners show a similar pattern to the one observed in native speakers in the use of aspectual class of compositional form (accomplishments)and aspectual classes of individual form (states, activities and achievements). However, at the lexical semantic level, we found that, besides L2 proficiency, the properties of lexical semantics may also impact learners' L2 lexical processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: Este trabalho se propõe a analisar e a classificar aspectualmente os verbos de editoração do inglês e do português: to edit/editar ou editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar e to format/formatar. Esses verbos se apresentam como um interessante objeto de análise no âmbito do aspecto lexical porque possuem tanto características de accomplishments quanto características de atividades. Esse tipo de comportamento dúbio foi amplamente estudado na literatura sobre aspecto e é normalmente atribuído a propriedades do VP. No caso dos verbos de editoração, porém, a variabilidade da classificação aspectual parece não estar estritamente atrelada ao tipo de complemento, mas à incrementalidade da ação descrita pelo verbo. Assim, para a análise desses verbos, adotamos o modelo bidimensional de representação do aspecto lexical, numa abordagem cognitivo-funcional, propondo que esses verbos possuem propriedades aspectuais que estão na interseção entre accomplishments e atividades. Nossos resultados indicam que os verbos de editoração especificam um tipo de mudança direcional. Assim, eles possuem potencial para serem (re)construídos como mudanças direcionais télicas (accomplishments) ou atélicas (atividades), a depender da forma como o falante pretende descrever o evento de editoração. Palavras-chave: aspecto lexical; verbos de editoração; incrementalidade; telicidade; mudança. Abstract: This work aims to analyze and aspectually classify the publishing verbs in English and Portuguese: to edit/editar or editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar and to format/formatar. These verbs present themselves as an interesting object of analysis in terms of the lexical aspect because they have characteristics of both accomplishments and activities. This type of dubious behavior has been extensively studied in the aspect literature and is usually attributed to VP properties. In the case of publishing verbs, however, the variability of the aspectual classification seems not to be strictly linked to the type of complement, but to the incrementality of the action described by the verb. Thus, for the analysis of these verbs, we adopt the two-dimensional model of representation of the lexical aspect, in a cognitive-functional approach, proposing that these verbs have aspectual properties that are at the intersection between accomplishments and activities. Our results indicate that the publishing verbs specify a type of directed change. Thus, they have the potential to be (re)construed as telic (accomplishments) or atelic (activities) directed changes, depending on how the speaker intends to describe the publishing event. Keywords: lexical aspect; publishing verbs; incrementality; telicity; change.

.Lexical aspect is a semantic feature that concerns how the event described by the verb develops along a timeline. It has two independent features: object-to-event mapping and event feature. The interaction of these two features form a syntactic space within the verb phrase called ‘domain of aspectual interpretation’. The main question of the research is: which syntactic elements affect the formation of domain of aspectual interpretation in Persian eventive predicates. To answer this question, the syntactic derivation of achievement and accomplishment verbs and the formation of their domain of aspectual interpretation have been analyzed according to Mac Donald’s approach (2006, 2008). The results of the study show that if internal argument is quantified noun or bare plural noun, underspecified event feature will co-index with AspP and finally extended domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. But if internal argument is mass noun, it will co-index with vP and minimal domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. The results also indicate that not only the presence or absence of the [quantity] feature is determinative in defining the aspectual domain of interpretation, but also the existence of AspP and the location of internal argument after moving in tree diagram are effective in defining this domain.

This article studies the relationship between grammatical and lexical aspects based on the compositional theory. The data of this study was collected from written and spoken contemporary Persian. The data indicates no one-to-one correspondence between grammatical and lexical aspects. The unbound action events are atelic while the bound ones have telic/ atelic features. The mismatch between grammatical and lexical aspects of state propositions is based on perfect or progressive interpretation of grammatical aspect and atelic feature of lexical aspect. The normal stative happenings have perfect/ progressive grammatical and atelic lexical aspects while the achievement state sentences have telic aspects. There is no one-to-one correspondence between perfect and telic aspects as well as progressive and atelic aspects in accomplishment propositions. The perfect grammatical aspects of accomplishment propositions have telic features. The durative accomplishment events show approaching to the endpoint. The grammatical aspects have an influence on lexical aspects in these events. Perfect grammatical aspects of scalar accomplishment events possess telic/ atelic lexical aspects. The lexical aspect of events is not predictable and it is not determined through inherent features of verbs, but all constituents have an effect on specifying it.

This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features. The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.

This paper provides a first description of verbal number in Idi, a language of the Pahoturi River family spoken in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Idi shows an intricate system of marking verbal number, evident in verb stems and two sets of suffixes occurring in different positions on the verb, based on a distinction between nonplural (1 or 2) versus plural (more than 2). Verbs also agree in person and number with core arguments; this system of nominal number is distinguishing singular (1) from nonsingular (more than 1). Elements from the two systems are combined to arrive at composite number values for both events and participants. In addition, verbal number interrelates with a lexical aspectual distinction of punctual/telic versus durative/atelic, manifesting on verb stems and in inflectional patterns. The paper provides evidence for the thesis that verbal number in Idi is not merely lexically determined, but largely inflectional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the influence of the lexical and grammatical aspect of events on pronoun resolution in adults (18 to 23 years, N = 46), adolescents (13 to 14 years, N=66) and children (7 to 11 years, N=192). Participants were presented with 64 two-sentence stimuli: the first sentence described events with two same gender protagonists; the second began with a personal pronoun and described a status that could be attributed to either protagonist. Participants recorded to whom the pronoun referred, in a booklet. For all groups, Subject resolutions were more likely for events (a) without endpoints relative to those with endpoints, and (b) described as ongoing rather than completed, but this latter influence was restricted to events with endpoints for adults and adolescents. The findings provide support for the Event Structure Hypothesis of pronoun resolution (Rohde, Kehler & Elman, 2006) and provide new insights into the development of pronoun resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies on Russian verbal Aspect, aspectual pairs in which the imperfective verb is lacking its semantic feature considered prototypical, i.e. durativity, are defined ‘trivial’nye’ (trivial). According to the classification proposed by Bertinetto for Italian predicates (1986), the semantic class that comes closest to this group is that of transformative verbs. The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare, in terms of actionality, the behaviour of two predicates belonging to the above categories, i.e., the Russian verb prichodit’ (to come) and the corresponding Italian verb arrivare, in particular when they occur, respectively, in the present imperfective and in the progressive periphrasis (stare + gerund). A corpus-based analysis shows how both predicates present peripheral usages in these two forms, losing their typical trait of non-durativeness. What determines the occurrence of these particular uses are, for both verbs, metaphorical values and subjects’ lack of agentivity. As for the Italian verb arrivare, sometimes, contextual elements suggesting a processual interpretation also play a role.

Copyright of Verba: Anuario Galego de Filoloxia is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas (RLLA) is the property of Universidat Politecnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The different distinctions related to lexical aspect-state, activity, accomplishments and achievements-play an important role in the grammar of Spanish, but many of the details about how these distinctions can be implemented are unclear: which features distinguish between the classes, how the classes relate to each other, what is the nature of telicity or dynamicity and how one can account for the alternations that a verb is subject to involving its aspect are some of the most important problems from this perspective. The goal of this article is to provide a sufficient empirical base to address these questions and present the current alternatives to answer them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the increase in the use of the preterite in spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. There are almost no recent studies that explore the preterite in Upper German because of the widespread hypothesis that there is no preterite in Upper German (except for the verb sein ‘to be’) due to the loss of the preterite in Upper German (Oberdeutscher Präteritumschwund). In contrast to this, I account for a language change in the timespan from 1974 to 2013 in which the preterite becomes more frequent in relation to the perfect and is now part of the spoken Alemannic in south-western Germany. To account for this, I use a combination of a real time and an apparent time analysis. Additionally, all verbs forming a preterite have a specific semantic value, i. e. an inherent meaning of state. This means they are durative (=the situation lasts for a certain period of time), atelic (=the situation has no terminal point at which the situation is complete) and non-dynamic (=the situation involves no change). Perfect forms on the other hand do not have this specific semantic value.

El estudio de los estados ha adolecido tradicionalmente de un problema: hasta no hace mucho carecíamos de pruebas lo suficientemente adecuadas para identificar a los estados, ya que la mayoría de ellas eran pruebas que los estados no superaban, por lo que esta clase aspectual solo podía definirse en negativo. Con el propósito de ofrecer una herramienta útil a los investigadores interesados, en este artículo se recopilan más de una veintena de diagnósticos sobre estados. Junto a los diagnósticos (negativos) más clásicos (desarrollados en las tradiciones de Vendler-Dowty y Davidson), se incluyen un buen número de diagnósticos más recientes que ya permiten caracterizar a los estados en positivo.

The different distinctions related to lexical aspect –state, activity, accomplishments and achievements– play an important role in the grammar of Spanish, but many of the details about how these distinctions can be implemented are unclear: which features distinguish between the classes, how the classes relate to each other, what is the nature of telicity or dynamicity and how one can account for the alternations that a verb is subject to involving its aspect are some of the most important problems from this perspective. The goal of this article is to provide a sufficient empirical base to address these questions and present the current alternatives to answer them.

This paper offers a Distributed Morphology analysis of verbal theme vowels and primary verbal stem-forming morphology in Ancient Greek (AG). While verbal stem-forming morphemes are standardly analyzed as realizing Aspect in AG, I propose that both the inherited simple thematic and the athematic verbal stem-forming morphology of AG patterns as verbalizing morphology (v) according to a variety of diagnostics proposed in the literature, in particular idiosyncratic selectional properties of roots and the ability to form denominal and deadjectival verbs. Complex thematic suffixes moreover have the same distribution as simple thematic suffixes. These three classes of verbs (simple thematic, complex thematic, athematic) differ from synchronically denominal and deadjectival verbs, whose nominal stem-forming morphemes later became verbalizers in Modern Greek. This paper thus provides clear diagnostics for distinguishing between synchronically denominal, root-derived, and verbal-stem derived verbs in AG and morphologically similar languages. It also provides further evidence that verbal theme vowels occupy the same structural position and have broadly the same Aktionsart properties as other types of verbalizing morphology, contributing to the debate on the functional/semantic content of theme vowels in general.

This work aims to analyze and aspectually classify the publishing verbs in English and Portuguese: to edit/editar or editorar, to copy edit/preparar, to proofread/revisar, to typeset/diagramar and to format/formatar. These verbs present themselves as an interesting object of analysis in terms of the lexical aspect because they have characteristics of both accomplishments and activities. This type of dubious behavior has been extensively studied in the aspect literature and is usually attributed to VP properties. In the case of publishing verbs, however, the variability of the aspectual classification seems not to be strictly linked to the type of complement, but to the incrementality of the action described by the verb. Thus, for the analysis of these verbs, we adopt the two-dimensional model of representation of the lexical aspect, in a cognitive-functional approach, proposing that these verbs have aspectual properties that are at the intersection between accomplishments and activities. Our results indicate that the publishing verbs specify a type of directed change. Thus, they have the potential to be (re)construed as telic (accomplishments) or atelic (activities) directed changes, depending on how the speaker intends to describe the publishing event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the relationship between grammatical and lexical aspects based on the compositional theory. The data of this study was collected from written and spoken contemporary Persian. The data indicates no one-to-one correspondence between grammatical and lexical aspects. The unbound action events are atelic while the bound ones have telic/atelic features. The mismatch between grammatical and lexical aspects of state propositions is based on perfect or progressive interpretation of grammatical aspect and atelic feature of lexical aspect. The normal stative happenings have perfect/progressive grammatical and atelic lexical aspects while the achievement state sentences have telic aspects. There is no one-to-one correspondence between perfect and telic aspects as well as progressive and atelic aspects in accomplishment propositions. The perfect grammatical aspects of accomplishment propositions have telic features. The durative accomplishment events show approaching to the endpoint. The grammatical aspects have an influence on lexical aspects in these events. Perfect grammatical aspects of scalar accomplishment events possess telic/atelic lexical aspects. The lexical aspect of events is not predictable and it is not determined through inherent features of verbs, but all constituents have an effect on specifying it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical aspect is a semantic feature that concerns how the event described by the verb develops along a timeline. It has two independent features: object-to-event mapping and event feature. The interaction of these two features form a syntactic space within the verb phrase called 'domain of aspectual interpretation'. The main question of the research is: which syntactic elements affect the formation of domain of aspectual interpretation in Persian eventive predicates. To answer this question, the syntactic derivation of achievement and accomplishment verbs and the formation of their domain of aspectual interpretation have been analyzed according to Mac Donald's approach (2006, 2008). The results of the study show that if internal argument is quantified noun or bare plural noun, underspecified event feature will coindex with AspP and finally extended domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. But if internal argument is mass noun, it will co-index with vP and minimal domain of aspectual interpretation is formed. The results also indicate that not only the presence or absence of the [quantity] feature is determinative in defining the aspectual domain of interpretation, but also the existence of AspP and the location of internal argument after moving in tree diagram are effective in defining this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the second language (L2) processing and acquisition of Chinese temporality, specifically the interaction of grammatical and lexical aspects. An experimental group of 31 English-speaking learners of Chinese and a control group of 29 native speakers of Mandarin Chinese completed an online sentence-picture matching task and an offline translation task. Results from these experiments demonstrated the prototype effect: In aspectual development, perfective aspect started with telic verbs and progressive aspect started with activity verbs, in accordance with the Aspect Hypothesis, both for online processing and offline comprehension. The prototype effect of the grammatical aspect was evident for activity verbs but less so for accomplishment verbs in the L2 group across tasks, and this was explained through language-specific properties and L2 learners’ instructional input. In addition, L2 proficiency and working memory capacity were found to modulate these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTIONAspect refers to “different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation” (Comrie, 1976, p.3) and consists of lexical and grammatical types. Grammatical aspect is represented by inflection or some auxiliary verbs while lexical aspect is denoted by the inherent meaning of the verbs (Rezai, 2012). The aspectual classification of Vedler (1957), has been one of the most influential theories in lexical aspect studies (Tenny, 1987, p.29; Peck et al., 2013, p. 664; Kanijo, 2019, p.73). Vendler (1957) has classified verbs into four classes named states, activities, achievements, and accomplishments based on their stativity, duration, and telicity. Achievements describe the change of state that occurs instantaneously and creates a new situation (Pavey, 2010, p.97), they have inherent endpoint and are usually regarded as not being used progressively. Two sub-classes of achievements are “culminations” and “happenings”. Culminations need some time to occur, for example, to “reach a summit”, we have to walk a distance. Happenings lack this preparatory phase and occur instantly, for example, “explode” occurs in a very short time. In previous studies, Persian verbs have been classified to two classes, “achievement” verbs that occur in a short time and have endpoint and “durative” verbs that entails some time to occur (Jahan Panah Tehrani, 1984). Vahidiyan Kamyar (1992) added the third class, named “achievement-durative” verbs that occur in a short time but don’t end and extend through time. Abolhassani (2011) has also classified achievements to three sub-classes. Other studies have mostly investigated lexical or grammatical aspect in Persian or in a specific dialect (Daneshpazhouh et al., 2013; Abasi, 2015, Dastlan, 2018). The main objective of this study is to describe different readings of Persian achievements along with grammatical aspects in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). For this purpose, achievement verbs, in two subdivisions named “culminations” and “happenings”, were selected in different contexts and their readings were analyzed in different grammatical aspects. Data have been collected from different Persian sites on the Internet and daily conversations. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis paper studies the interaction of achievement predicates with grammatical aspects based on Role and Reference Grammar. RRG has proven to be a very practical framework for the description of aspectual classes. It proposes a linear and layered conception of syntactic organization without placing any underlying forms or movement rules and posits only one level of syntactic representation that is mapped directly into the semantic representation (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.21). The semantic structure in RRG provides a clear system of lexical decomposition that is an Aktionsart-based method of representing the semantics of predicates and their arguments (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.91). A predicate is identified as a member of a particular classification depending on some grammatical tests that have been established for English and other languages. The semantic representation is linked to the syntactic structure by means of an algorithm and the semantic roles of arguments are correlated with macroroles. In RRG a sentence is composed of at least one clause and clause of at least one core. Within the clause core are the nuclear predicating element and its arguments. Adverbs modifying the nucleus are not core elements but are placed in positions preceding or following the nucleus called peripheries. In Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1997, p.91-92), verbs are divided to four basic classes, including states, activities, achievements and accomplishments as proposed by Vendler (1957). Based on some specific-language tests, each of these classes are distinguished from each other. States are homogenous and involve no action and no final point. Activities, despite states, represent actions and have continuous feature. Achievements occur in a moment and don’t have continuous feature. Accomplishments are change of state verbs but occur in a longer time in comparison with achievements. Among these classes, achievements are change of state verbs; the beginning and end of these verbs are so short that can be neglected. They have final point and since they are considered durationless, they can't be used with adverbs such as "vigorously" and "seriously". Regarding the grammatical aspect, four main types can be distinguished; perfective, imperfective, perfect and prospective aspect. Perfective indicates a situation as a single whole, whereas the imperfective looks at the situation from inside and the focus is on the internal structure of the event (Smith, 1997, p.3). The perfect is retrospective which establishes a relation between an event at one time and a situation at an earlier time. In prospective aspect, the event is related to some subsequent situation, for example when some event is about to be done (Comrie, 1976, p.64). Based on this framework, different readings of Persian achievements are investigated in different grammatical aspects. Data have been selected from written and spoken resources, including web sites and daily conversations. As aspect is better specified in the context, each predicate has been considered in its actual use and the interaction of lexical and grammatical aspect has been identified. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data show that the culmination and happening predicates in Persian can occur with perfective aspect; since these verbs involve the final point, the occurrence of them with perfective aspect shows that the verb has reached its end and has finished. As achievement predicates describe instantaneous changes from one state to another, the adage that achievements "lack progression" is well-known, but the presented data show that achievements in progressive forms can have five readings based on pragmatic context, including preliminary process reading, slow-motion (camera) reading, iterative reading, future progressive reading, and commentary reading (Gyarmathy, 2015). Culmination-achievements can occur on preliminary process reading that focus on the process before reaching the final phase of the verb. On slow-motion reading, an event described by the achievement predicate, which is regarded durationless, acts as a durative eventuality, that is, we "zoom in" to view it as an extended event. This reading is available to predicates which describe events that are not instantaneous, but take some small amount of time. The iterative reading is most natural with semelfactives. The future reading has prospective interpretation. The last reading or commentary reading, is available when the speaker is conveying the happenings to someone else; this reading is used when the exact timing of the utterance is not important. Achievement verbs in perfect aspect can represent some functions such as experiential, universal, hot news, and evidentiality. Achievement predicates in perfective, imperfective, and perfect aspect can represent some prospective interpretation depending on pragmatic context and existence of some temporal adverb denoting future time in the sentence. CONCLUSIONAchievement verbs in perfective aspect denote change of states that occur instantaneously and reach its endpoint. In culmination verbs, reaching this endpoint entails some preparatory phase but in happening sub-class, this phase is not applied. Although achievements are regarded as lacking progressive, they can have five readings in imperfective aspect, depending on the context; they include preliminary process reading, slow-motion (camera) reading, iterative reading, future progressive reading, and commentary reading. Achievement verbs in perfect aspect can represent experiential, universal, evidentiality, and hot news functions. In prospective aspect, positive form of the sentence and some temporal adverbs are required to denote occurrence of the action in some future time.

The interaction of grammatical aspect and lexical aspect has been a topic of interest to linguists for many years, yet only recently has more attention been focused on this topic specifically in relation to Bantu languages. The difficulty of mapping Bantu actional types onto the commonly accepted categorizations has resulted in new frameworks being proposed to take these complex lexicalisations into account. In this paper, we use Croft’s (2012) two-dimensional diagrammatic representations of events to represent the aspectual contour encoded by certain predicates in the South Tanzanian Bantu language Bungu [wun]. We investigate the semantics of the Progressive, Anterior, and Resultative aspects in Bungu, and by identifying the phases within each aspectual contour that are profiled by each of these grammatical aspects, we show that the particular interpretation of each aspect depends on the type of predicate that it modifies. By using Croft’s diagrammatic representations of events to identify the semantic contribution made by different grammatical aspects in Bungu, we illustrate its potential as a descriptive tool.

The study of Lexical Aspect in Persian Complex Predicates has been a controversial topic in recent years. As far as telicity is concerned, there are two contrasting approaches in this field: one in which the "Preverbal elements", including nouns, adjectives, and prepositional phrases, are considered to be determinant of telicity; and the other, in which "Light Verbs" are considered to be determinant. The present research is aimed to study the aspectual properties of Persian Denominal Complex predicates, and the role and contribution of its constituents in the aspectual properties of theses verbs. For this purpose, the First Phase Syntax is been used to divide the eventive nominal preverbs into two main classes, including process and achievement nouns. Evidences have been provided showing that telicity in eventive denominal CPrs is determined by the event structure of the nominal preverb. Therefore, CPrs which benefit from a process preverb are all atelic, due to the non-bounded nature of the nominal, while those with achievement nominals are all telic, due to the bounded event structure of their preverbal element. The result of this study illustrates that light verbs are neutral in determining the telicity of Persian Complex Predicates. Moreover, it shows that some CPrs with eventive nominals are atelic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the interplay of lexical and grammatical aspect with other grammatical phenomena in the interpretation of the aspectual suffix ‑ile (which we analyse as Perfective) in isiNdebele, a Nguni Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Crucial other phenomena include constituency-related factors such as the conjoint-disjoint distinction and (related) penultimate lengthening, along with morphophonological conditions that trigger different forms of ‑ile. These factors appear to interact differently in isiNdebele than they do in closely related Zulu, suggesting two different paths of grammaticalization, which we argue can change the interpretation of markers of grammatical aspect as they interact with lexical aspectual classes.

Analyses of secondary predication based on the aspectual properties of predicative complements are almost standard today. This paper shows that these approaches are not restrictive enough and make a large number of incorrect predictions. It also shows that the meaning of the main (or primary) predicate is essential to restrict the secondary one. Throughout the text, a pragmatically based analysis of the necessary restrictions is compared with one grounded on semantic paradigms, and several examples are proposed of how the latter may be articulated and developed. Event-related states in secondary predication are shown to be necessary, and are claimed to follow from a series if fine-grained semantic notions crucially related to the meaning of the primary verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to study the Aktionsart or lexical aspect of chromatic verbal expressions such as rougir de colère (blush with anger). The aim is twofold. First, to show that the verb blush in these expressions is not the same as the one that appears in purely chromatic uses such as Les pommes rougissent au soleil (Apples blush in the sun). Secondly, to explain the originality of Aktionsart's "chromo-affective" use of blush. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of the roles of grammatical aspect and of lexical aspect for the inference of temporal relations has richly been investigated from a theoretical point of view in various fields of languages sciences. Nevertheless, previous studies do not formulate similar conclusions, and thus they trigger different predictions for experimental testing. In contrast, the role of coreference patterns did not receive as much attention as grammatical and lexical aspect have received. As such, in this study we experimentally assess the roles of grammatical aspect (perfective vs. imperfective), lexical aspect (activities vs. accomplishments) and coreference patterns (same vs. different agents) in English. By means of an annotation study, we establish that fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by the same agent). Then, by means of a temporal evaluation task, we show that synchronous relations are favoured in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents (i.e. the actions are performed by different agents). To interpret the results, we suggest that the comprehenders' inference of temporal relations is influenced on the one hand by linguistic biases and on the other hand by their expectations of coherence. We discuss the findings from a cross-linguistic perspective. • Linguistic cues signal comprehenders to deviate from the iconicity assumption. • In English data, fewer chronological relations emerge in passages with the imperfective aspect and coreference of agents. • Synchronous relations are favored in narrative passages that describe activities and lack of coreference of agents. • QUD expectations influence the comprehenders' construction of temporally coherent mental models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One essential semantic category, along with other categories formulated in the verb (such as mood and tense), is aspect. Aspect can be considered as the way of looking at the events in terms of their inception, realization, unfolding or completion. While grammatical aspect is usually expressed with a definite inflectional or periphrastic element in VP, aspectual verbs, inherently without any specific grammatical sign, unfold the intrinsic aspectual properties indicating the beginning, continuation or completion of the events. Reviewing the current approaches to lexical aspect, the present research attempts to study and classify the aspectual verbs in Laki (one of the Northwestern Iranian languages) to show that based on Croft's model (2012), the Laki dialect has four major lexical aspectual types (including static, activity, accomplishment and achievement) and 10 subcategories including transitory states, acquired permanent states, inherent permanent states, directed activities, undirected (cyclic) activities, directed accomplishments, undirected accomplishments, reversible achievements, irreversible achievements, cyclic achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book Entre el léxico y la sintaxis: las fases de los eventos by María Martínez-Atienza de Dios. This work, focusing on phases of verbal events, studies the semantic and syntax of some Spanish verb periphrases and the adverbial phrase de sopetón. Special attention is given to the aspectual class of verbal events called states, for which a new complex structure is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the aspectual classes in Abui, a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family. Abui innovated a system of aspectual stem pairing, realized by consonant mutation, vowel grading, and rime mutation. Although stem pairing is widespread (about 61% of the verbs alternate), about 38% of our 1,330 verb sample are unpaired and immutable. Abui verbal stems combine with aspectual affixes, adverbs and auxiliary verbs, whose distribution is used here together with the stem types to describe aspectual classes, which are understood as lexicalizations of transitional possibilities of lexical items (e.g. inchoative-stative vs. inchoative-gradual.inchoative-stative). The paper takes the bidimensional approach to aspect distinguishing between properties associated with the perfective-imperfective system and other aspectual marking (cf. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 2002. Recent activity in the theory of aspect: accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? Linguistic Typology 6(2). 199–271). Combining the features of both types of aspectual marking, we construct in a bottom-up fashion the aspectual classes in Abui and also show that these may be further refined if contextual features such as valency or degree of change (affectedness) were included. A characteristic feature of the Abui system is the elaborate system of stative-inchoative verbs sensitive to scalar and change properties (e.g. instant vs. gradual). Abui telic verbs show sensitivity to the properties of the resulting state and are formally associated with stem alternation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation types are defined according to three temporal features: dynamism, duration, and telicity. The inherent temporal features of a predicate can be uncovered using test frames with simple sentences. The current study presents a series of such tests and applies them to a set of Thai Sign Language (ThSL) predicates. Based on the test results, five situation types are identified in ThSL: states, activities, accomplishments, achievements, and semelfactives.

Previous studies have shown that the grammatical aspect of verb predicates has an effect on tense-aspect sentence processing. However, it remains unclear as to whether the interaction of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect can influence the form-meaning association in the second language (L2) tense-aspect sentence processing, especially for the learners whose native language is grammatically marked differently from their L2. This study conducts a psycholinguistic investigation to highlight how the prototypical and non-prototypical associations predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis and L2 proficiency level influence the processing of English past tense and progressive morphology by Mandarin Chinese learners at two proficiency levels and native English speakers. The results show that the prototypical associations of English tense-aspect categories predicted in the Aspect Hypothesis, such as achievement verbs with past tense and activity verbs with the progressive aspect, can engender shorter reading time than non-prototypical associations for both native speakers and second language learners. There is no significant difference between native speakers and Chinese learners of English in their processing of prototypical items, while significant differences exist in the processing of non-prototypical items. The L2 proficiency level does not have an effect on the processing of prototypes but on the processing of non-prototypes in the L2 tense-aspect marking. This study extends previous research, showing the interaction effect of lexical aspect and grammatical aspect in the form-meaning association in L2 tense-aspect sentence processing.