Search

Research vessels and their equipment are one of the most reliable means we have of accessing diverse marine environments to conduct research. The ocean and its inhabitants play a significant role in the changes facing the globe, and developing our understanding of marine ecosystems is therefore more important than ever. Marine research infrastructures are critical for supporting the continued development of marine scientific evidence. Given their importance, a review of the current European fleet and its capabilities was conducted, with information also gathered on fleet management and operation, and on training. This Policy Brief outlines why we need research vessels, explaining the multiple roles they play in supporting marine science and ocean observing. It presents an overview of the current European fleet and its capabilities, including specialized capacity to conduct research in deep-sea and Polar regions. It highlights the importance of transnational access for European researchers within this context. It also briefly outlines the concerns around training for vessel crew, marine technicians and shore-based staff. It then presents the main recommendations of EMB Position Paper 25, which are applicable to the research vessel and marine science communities, national and Euoprean funders and to policy makers. This publication summarises the main messages and recommendations of the recent EMB Position Paper 25 on “Next Generation European Research Vessels: Current Status and Foreseeable Evolution”, which was produced in collaboration with the European Research Vessel Operators (ERVO) community. The Position Paper provided a comprehensive look at the current research vessel fleet in Europe, updating the findings and recommendations of EMB Position Paper 10 from 2007 on “European Ocean Research Fleets - Towards a Common Strategy and Enhanced Use”.

This thesis describes the implementation and on-sky demonstration of high-resolution integral-field spectroscopy for extreme adaptive optics systems that are used to find and characterize exoplanets. For this work the Leiden EXoplanet Instrument (LEXI) was build, which is a visiting instrument for the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma. LEXI was used a pathfinder for testing new technology. The potential of these technqiues have been demonstrated with the observations of PDS 70 by the MUSE instruments, where we have characterized a proto-planet and found a second proto-planet in the same system. The proposed techniques in this thesis can be implemented on future instruments and telescopes for the characterization of exoplanets.

The aim of the chapter is to present stereotyping as an important discourse strategy and culture-specific linguistic phenomena in tourism advertising discourse. Stereotyping in tourism advertising occurs when the authors of advertisments generalise underlining only those qualities that make a competitive advantage of the advertisied product. Stereotypes therefore play the key role in constituting the identity of tourism product. Besides the tourism product, also the addressee is stereotyped, since the persuasion strategy of the tourism advertising should be adapted to a generalised representation of the specific target audience. In the chapter the stereotyping in the tourism advertising discourse is observed regarding the choice of arguments and modification of their intensity. Further, the intercultural comparison is made between the arguments and their modification in Slovenian and Italian tourism advertising texts. In the final part of the chapter the metaphorization is shown as a discourse strategy complementary to stereotyping.

The goal of our study was exploration of the factor structure of the MFQ-FF inventory on a sample from Serbian population, and the relations of measures from this inventory (friendship functions) with personality traits, as operationalized by the seven factor model proposed by Tellegen and Waller. For this purpose 154 University of Nis students completed the Serbian version of the MFQ-FF inventory and Lexi-70. The results show that factor structures of certain MFQ-FF scales deviate somewhat from theoretical expectations. Confirmatory factor analysis produced relatively poor levels of fit, while exploratory factor analysis showed that loadings of five items differ substantially from theoretical expectations. As for correlations with personality traits, evaluative dimensions and negative emotionality were found to correlate with the MFQ-FF general factor, and correlations of specific functions with Openness to experience, Positive emotionality and Consciousness were also found. All obtained correlations were low.

The article is the third and last in a series of studies on the use of metaphor in the language of football. More specifically, based on a contrastive analysis of Spanish and Italian, the article analyses metaphors based on time, place and the items in a football kit. Previous contrastive work published in 2007 and 2009 analyzed metaphors involving participants and sport as an activity, respectively. Like metonyms and hyperboles, metaphors appear with increasing frequency both in newspapers and in radio and TV commentary. Apart from established formations, however, most metaphors are extremely short-lived. As far as translation between Spanish and Italian is concerned, equivalents are often difficult to find, due to the cultural embeddedness of many metaphorical expressions.

Blood the substance and the concept, has long been accorded special significance in both religion (see the different Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions relating to the status of blood and hence how it may be treated or consumed / or not) and in medical science (see Galen, of Pergamon, the Greek Physician, who saw it as the link between body and soul). Consequently, the term ‘blood’ has acquired a series of complex metaphorical meanings in many languages and has come to carry a great deal of “cultural baggage” (Rutman and Rutman 1984) even when used in scientific discourse, post-Harvey. In this study we examine how it is used in two very different oeuvres, that of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), who needs no introduction, and of Edith Durham (1863-1944), the anthropologist famous for her works on the inhabitants of the Balkans and northern Albania and their traditions (a complex patchwork of different ethnic groups including followers of both Christianity and Islam, still adhering in some respects to much older beliefs). This paper will examine the part played by blood as a metaphor for kinship and descendance in the exposition of Darwin’s theory of evolution, which famously failed to take genetics into consideration, and of Durham’s description of Northern Albanian society in particular the importance of so-called blood relationships within the Kanun (or set of traditional laws, then largely unwritten). Both oeuvres present examples of popularisation of science but interestingly moving in different directions, for Darwin, using a traditional “folk-science” concept to explain a radical new theory, and, in the case of Durham, explaining traditional concepts from a foreign culture in terms of anthropology and in another language (English). The method adopted will be to focus on the terms each scholar adopts and the experiential categories underlying them to expound their theory from the perspective of frame semantics (Fillmore 1976) and cognitive grammar (Langacker 1987/1991), from a corpus of 15 of Darwin’s works and 4 of Durham’s, and, secondly through comparison of these with others created from a parallel corpora of drawn from the popular magazine Scientific American (1881-1898).

Despite being of relative insignificance in terms of the development of standard British English, the nineteenth century was a period in which varieties of it were being exported around the world to lay the foundations for the various World Englishes that now exist. The case of Australian English is of special interest. Today, it is regarded as one of the major international varieties of English but, in the nineteenth century, it was confined to a relatively small – but rapidly growing – community of speakers isolated on a distant, and as regards fauna and indigenous population, largely alien continent. Notwithstanding the fact that the English-speaking community was not particularly homogenous, it is remarkable how as early as 1820, a distinct and largely endocentric (Semenets and Rusetskaya: 1991) variety of English, readily recognisable to outsiders as Australian, was established within the various settlements on the island-continent. What was then called “bush idiom”, became known elsewhere within the English-speaking world, and by 1898 had an academic reference work dedicated to it: Morris’s dictionary. This was due to its diffusion by, among other things, popular spoken verse and “bush ballads” (a compendium of subgenres such as convict songs, bushranger ballads and stockmen’s and drovers’ songs) and derived literature such as poetry, short stories and ballads by writers such as Henry Lawson and ‘Banjo’ Paterson, much of which published in influential magazines such as The Bulletin (1890 – 2008). This paper will attempt to map this evolution in lexis by looking at a corpus of nineteenth century spoken verse and bush ballads (some of which published only later – see Stewart and Keesing 1955) in order to identify patterns in the use of distinctively Australian English terms within it (see Delbridge et al. 1987; Horndadge 1986; McArthur, 1992, 1998, 2003; Ramson 1981). The focus will be firstly on the use of non-English native aboriginal terms (e.g. 'boomerang', ‘budgerigar’); secondly the appropriation of dialect words from principally Britain and Ireland (e.g. 'fossik', ‘larrikin’ or 'bloke'); and finally on the creation of original Australian terms whether adaptations of existing ones (e.g. 'creek', ‘bush’) or of completely new coinage (e.g. 'outback', ‘within cooey’).