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Izzivi logistike pri proizvodnji in prodaji lesenih izdelkov so raznovrstni in se medsebojno razlikujejo v številnih faktorjih, ki na njo posredno ali neposredno vplivajo. Med njimi so geografska umeščenost v gospodarskem prostoru, razvitost gospodarskega okolja, stanje prometne infrastrukture, kvalitete načrtovanja poteka in izvedbe logističnih procesov oziroma medsebojnega usklajenega delovanja členov, ki jo sestavljajo. Za uspešno premagovanje izzivov logistike mora celotna logistika proizvodnega podjetja, vključno z vsemi podsistemi, delovati optimalno. S tem ustvarja pot, ki omogoča dosegati učinkovitost podjetja na vseh gospodarskih področjih ter veča stopnjo robustnosti ter prilagodljivosti proizvodnje in prodaje na različne razmere, ki se pojavijo na trgu. Izboljšanje logistike podjetju pomaga pri premagovanju izzivov, s katerim se proizvodna podjetja soočajo na trgu. Te izzive prinašajo običajne in izredne razmer na trgu, ki smo jim v zadnjem obdobju bili priča med svetovno zdravstveno krizo zaradi epidemije z virusom COVID-19 ter v času zloma ameriške borze leta 2008, ki je privedel do svetovne gospodarske krize. Izzivi logistike, ki se pojavljajo v proizvodnji in pri prodaji lesenih izdelkov, so kompleksna in zahtevna problematika, na katero so proizvodno-prodajna podjetja vedno bolj pozorna. Optimizacija logistike in logističnih procesov podjetju omogoča uspešno soočanje ter učinkovito odpravljanje izzivov logistike, s katerimi se, med poslovanjem, podjetje ukvarja. The challenges of logistics in the production and sale of wooden products are diverse and differ from each other in many factors that directly or indirectly affect it. Among them are, for example, the geographical location in the economic area, the development of the economic environment, the state of the transport infrastructure, the quality of the flow planning and implementation of logistical processes, or the mutually coordinated operation of the members that make it up. To successfully overcome the challenges of logistics, the entire logistics of a production company, including all subsystems, must function optimally. With this, it creates a path that enables the company to achieve efficiency in all economic areas and a greater degree of robustness and adaptability of production and sales to various conditions that appear on the market. Improving logistics therefore helps the company to overcome the challenges that manufacturing companies face in the market. These challenges are brought about by both normal and extraordinary market conditions, which we have witnessed in the recent period, for example, during the global health crisis ignited by the epidemic of the COVID-19 virus and during the collapse of the American stock market in 2008, which led to the global economic crises. The logistics challenges that arise in the production and sale of wooden products are therefore a complex and demanding problem, to which production and sales companies are paying more and more attention. The optimization of logistics and logistics processes enables the company to successfully face and effectively eliminate logistics challenges that the company deals with in the course of its operations.

Prihodnost slovenske lesne industrije leži v fleksibilnih proizvodnjah, ki bodo sposobne hitro razviti in proizvesti visokokvalitetne in cenovno konkurenčne izdelke. Pri razvoju novega izdelka smo uporabili metodo razvoja funkcij kakovosti. Raziskavo smo končali z izgradnjo prvega nivoja hiše kakovosti, to je z določitvijo tehničnih zahtev izdelka, ki optimalno ustrezajo ciljni skupini kupcev, hkrati pa upoštevajo tehnološke zmožnosti in ekonomske zahteve podjetja. Raziskava je pokazala, da kupci želijo izbirati, saj s tem dosežejo maksimalno zadovoljstvo pri prilagajanju njihovim potrebam in željam, hkrati pa dobijo občutek pomembnosti, saj ne izbirajo samo izdelka, ampak tudi vplivajo na določene lastnosti svojega izbora. Pri jedilni mizi, ki je bila predmet naše raziskave, je to predvsem možnost izbiranja velikosti, materiala in površinske obdelave. Nov izdelek se mora kasneje pravilno tržiti, saj je potrebno na nekatere prednostne lastnosti, ki jih ima, kupca posebej opozoriti, ker na prvi pogled niso opazne.

The research examined the digital development of the Slovenian wood industry, especially the implementation of the concept of Industry 4.0 into practice. Within this, the implementation of specific technological pillars was studied, with the emphasis on smart factories and smart, innovative products. In the empirical part of the research, we prepared a survey and interviewed selected managers and entrepreneurs. We compared answers regarding sub-sectors, the size of the companies and the level of digitalization. The general results show that around half of the surveyed companies are already implementing the Industry 4.0 concept into their businesses, while the rest are beginners when speaking about digitalization. The biggest obstacles to the implementation of the concept are the high investments in equipment and the lack of financial support from the state. The lack of digital competencies, which is especially prevalent among older workers, is another major barrier that businesses face. Only 30 % of the surveyed companies are engaged in the production of smart products. We can conclude that digitalization in the Slovenian wood industry is still at a relatively low level, but with the latest strategic orientations at both the state and business level, this situation will certainly improve in the near future., U radu je predočeno istraživanje digitalnog razvoja slovenske drvne industrije, posebice istraživanje primjene koncepta Industrija 4.0 u praksi. Unutar toga proučavana je primjena specifičnih tehnoloških stupova s naglaskom na pametne tvornice i pametne, inovativne proizvode. U empirijskom dijelu istraživanja pripremili smo anketu i intervjuirali odabrane menadžere i poduzetnike. Usporedili smo odgovore koji se odnose na podsektore, veličinu poduzeća i razinu digitalizacije. Opći rezultati pokazuju da približno polovica anketiranih tvrtki u poslovanju već primjenjuje koncept Industrija 4.0, dok su ostale tvrtke početnici u digitalizaciji. Najveće su prepreke provedbi koncepta velika ulaganja u opremu i izostanak državne financijske potpore. Nedostatak digitalnih kompetencija, koji je osobito vidljiv među starijim radnicima, dodatna je velika prepreka s kojom se tvrtke suočavaju. Samo 30 % anketiranih tvrtki bavi se proizvodnjom pametnih proizvoda. Može se zaključiti da je digitalizacija u slovenskoj drvnoj industriji još uvijek na relativno niskoj razini, ali s najnovijim strateškim orijentacijama i na državnoj i na poslovnoj razini ta će se situacija u skoroj budućnosti sigurno poboljšati.

V raziskavi smo analizirali motivacijske in demotivacijske dejavnike med zaposlenimi v dveh lesno predelovalnih podjetjih. Raziskava je potekala v letih 2014 in 2015. Opravljena je bila z metodo anketiranja, s pomočjo vprašalnika, ki je vseboval šest vprašanj s ponujenimi možnimi odgovori. Vprašanja so bila zaprtega tipa, anketiranci pa so pomembnost vsebine posameznih odgovorov ocenjevali s štiristopenjsko lestvico. Anketiranih je bilo 180 zaposlenih v vsakem podjetju, rezultati pa so bili statistično obdelani s pomočjo X2 -testa in klasterske analize. S študijo smo ugotovili, da se najbolj pomembni motivacijski dejavniki med zaposlenimi v obravnavanih podjetjih bistveno razlikujejo. Zaposleni so najbolj zaskrbljeni glede socialnih potreb. Menijo tudi, da je v podjetju zelo pomembna psihološka klima. Motivacija zaposlenih je lahko povezana z večjo učinkovitostjo, višjo kakovostjo proizvodnje in poslovnimi rezultati, zato bi bilo treba takšne raziskave pogosteje opravljati. This research analyzed the motivating and demotivating factors amongst employees in two wood processing companies. The research was conducted over the years 2014 and 2015 with a survey using a questionnaire containing six questions with available statements offered. The questions were closed-ended, and respondents used the four-level scale of importance for each statement. A total of 180 employees in each company were surveyed, and results were statistically processed by using the X2- test and cluster analysis. This study established that the motivation factors most important to employees between researched companies are significantly different. Employees were most concerned about social needs. Also, employees consider psychological circumstances of work to be very important. Employees' overall motivation can be linked to higher efficiency and higher quality production and business results, and such research should be conducted more often.

Velike spremembe v poslovnem okolju in hitri tehnološki razvoj ter drugačni pristopi k opravljanju dela zahtevajo od zaposlenih v podjetjih (tudi lesnih), da neprestano razvijajo svoje sposobnosti in širijo znanja. Učenje je pomemben del razvoja posameznika, s katerim pridobiva nova znanja. S tem zagotavljamo razvoj kompetenc zaposlenih in večjo konkurenčnost podjetij. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti stanje kompetenc za različne profile zaposlenih v lesni proizvodnji in ugotoviti vpliv načrtnih usposabljanj na zmanjšanje deficitov teh kompetenc. Ugotovili smo, da so bili pred usposabljanji največji manki kompetenc na področju razvoja, obvladovanja in kontrole kakovosti, uporabe računalniških orodij ter programiranja in upravljanja računalniško krmiljenih strojev (CNC). Zaključimo lahko, da je stanje kompetenc proizvodnih delavcev v slovenskih lesnih podjetjih dobro. Predvsem lahko postavimo v ospredje velik vpliv načrtnega usposabljanja zaposlenih na dvig njihovih kompetenc, saj se je večina kompetenc zelo izboljšala (povprečno za 51,8 %). The great changes in business environment, rapid technological development and different approaches to work execution demand from employees in industry, including woodworking, to constantly develop their capabilities and widen their knowledge. Education and training are key parts of development of each employee, through which he can gain new knowledge. It is the key to ensuring their competencies for the job, which in turn leads to greater competitiveness of the companies. The objective of the research was to assess the level of competencies for different profiles of employees in wood industry production and to determine the effect of systematic training on the reduction of deficits in competencies. We have established that the biggest deficits in competencies prior to training were in the fields of development, quality management and control, use of computer tools and programming and management of CNC technologies. It can be concluded that the state of competencies of production workers in wood industry is good. Particularly notable is the positive effect of systematic training on the improvement of their competencies, as there was a significant progress of almost all competencies (by 51.8% on average).

V raziskavi smo oblikovali model celostne zasnove odločanja, ki integrira dobre lastnosti sodobnih pristopov, pri čemer smo v model vgradili tudi intuitivno odločanje. S pomočjo analize, ki je bila opravljena v dvanajstih lesnoindustrijskih podjetjih v Sloveniji smo proučevali, na osnovi česa se managerji v slovenskih lesnoindustrijskih podjetjih odločajo in kakšno je njihovo poznavanje možnosti uporabe intuicije pri odločanju. Primerjava dobljenih rezultatov s trendi na področju odločanja v svetu je pokazala, da jeproces odločanja v lesnoindustrijskih podjetjih v Sloveniji dokaj konzervativen in da se lahko z dodatnim izobraževanjem sedanjega managementa procesi odločanja bistveno izboljšajo. A model of integral decision-making scheme is presented, combining positive attributes of contemporary approaches. Intuitive decision-making was integrated into the model as well. With the aid of analysis carried out in twelve wood industry enterprises in Slovenia, we tried to establish on what basis the managers of Slovene woodprocessing firms make their decisions and what is their knowledge as far as the possibility of using intuition in decision-making is concerned. A comparison of the obtained results with the current world trends in the sphere of decision-making has shown that the process of decision-making in Slovene woodworking companies is fairly conservative and that with additional training of the existing management the decision-making processes could be substantially improved.

Enterprises with inflexible production structures can no longer survive in a turbulent market, as they cannot react to changes that would lead to their development. In order to satisfy specific customer needs related to quality, quantity, cost and delivery terms, it is necessary to restructure the existingenterprises according to the Taylor principle. One of reconstruction possibilities is the implementation of new co-operation forms that lead to virtual enterprises i.e. changeable networks. A changeable network can only achieve efficiency by means of a modern information and communication technology. This paper presents an idea of a changeable network that can be acceptable for all participants within a virtual enterprise. Podjetja z nefleksibilno proizvodno strukturo ne morejo več preživeti na turbulentnem trgu, saj ne morejo odreagirati na spremembe, ki bi lahko vodile v njihov razvoj. Zato, da bi zadovoljila specifične potrebe potrošnikov, povezane s kakovostjo, količino, stroški in dobavnimi roki, je nujna reorganizacija obstoječih podjetij po Taylorjevem principu. Ena izmed reorganizacijskih možnosti je implementacija nove kooperacijske oblike, ki vodi do virtualnih podjetij oz. spremenljivih mrež. Učinkovitost lahko zagotovijo samo spremenljive mreže, in to s pomočjo moderne informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije. Članek predstavlja idejo spremenljivih mrež, ki jelahko sprejemljiva za vse udeležence v virtualnih podjetjih.

Pri procesu proizvodnje kosovnega pohištva iz lesa vpliva na obremenjevanje okolja veliko parametrov. V raziskavi smo definirali ključne parametre in oblikovali model za razvrščanje teh izdelkov glede na obremenjevanje okolja. Za oblikovanje modela je bila uporabljena metoda večkriterijskega odločanja. Funkcije koristnosti so bile izračunane z metodo analitičnega hierarhičnega procesa (AHP). Podatke smo zbrali na osnovi ekspertnih mnenj, ki so bila predhodno statistično obdelana. Oblikovani matematični model omogoča kritično primerjavo izdelkov z vidika obremenjevanja okolja in prikaze izrazitih prednosti oziroma slabosti določenega izdelka. There are many parameters influencing environmental burdening in the process of wooden furniture production. The aim of this research was to ascertain the key parameters and to form a model for classifying these products regarding their environmental burdening. The multi-criteria decision-making method was used for the model formation. Utility functions were calculated with the analytic hierarchy processes method (AHP) on the basis of prior statistically processed expert finding. The mathematical model formation enables a critical comparison of products from the viewpoint of environment threatening as well as exposure of explicit advantages and disadvantages of a certain product.

Wood industry is among the most important industrial sectors in Slovenia and Croatia. In both countries, wood sector is a part of the national strategy plans and one of the industrial branches considered national economy boosters. But media coverage of wood industry and furniture manufacturing in Slovenia, as well as in Croatia, is far behind the promotion enjoyed by other industrial branches. This paper will give the current situation in promotional activities of wood sector in Slovenian and Croatian media and demonstrate the existing differences among given countries. Also, it will present some ideas on improving this situation according to media share of other highly profiled industrial branches in some southeastern European countries. Lesna industrija je ena izmed najpomembnejših industrijskih panog v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem. V obeh državah je lesni sektor del nacionalnih strateških načrtov in se uvršča med industrijske panoge, ki naj bi ojačile nacionalno gospodarstvo. Toda medijska pokritost lesne industrije in proizvodnje pohištva v Sloveniji, kot tudi na Hrvaškem, je daleč za promocijami drugih industrijskih panog. V članku je prikazano sedanje stanje glede promocijskih dejavnosti v lesnem sektorju v slovenskih in hrvaških medijih, prikazane pa so tudi obstoječe razlike med obravnavanima državama. Prav tako so predstavljene nekatere zamisli za izboljšanje tega položaja glede na medijski delež drugih visoko profiliranih industrijskih vej v nekaterih državah jugovzhodne Evrope.

Podjetje Elan Marine je izrazilo željo, da bi za jadrnico Elan Impression 384 po postopku predfabriciranega tika vnaprej izdelali tikovo palubo, ki ne bi bila privita na podlago, temveč lepljena s pomočjo lepilne mase Sikaflex. Pri starem sistemu so vsako letvico na pohodnem delu posebej obdelali, prilepili na palubo in privili. Vijak so prekrili z leseno krpo. Pri novem sistemu tikovo oblogo izdelamo na šabloni in jo kot predfabrikat po zelo enostavnem in hitrem postopku montiramo na plovilo. Predfabricirane tikove obloge lahko v prihodnje popolnoma zamenjajo klasičen način polaganja take palube pa so izdelane mnogo hitreje, veliko bolj kakovostno in to s pomočjo nižje kvalificiranih delavcev. Bistvo predlaganega postopka je, da oblogo na plovilo le montiramo, da je ne izdelujemo na njem, ter tako zelo skrajšamo proizvodni čas. Elan Marine, a yacht producer, expressed a wish to produce a new type of teak wood deck for its Elan Impression 384 yacht. The deck was to be made using the prefabricated teak wood procedure where teak wood panels would not be screwed into the underlying base but rather glued on it by the Sikaflex adhesive. The established classic approach implied every deck panel board to be measured and fitted separately, glued on the surface and finally screwed on the deck base. Each screw was then covered by a wooden patch. Under the new system the teak wood panel boards are first measured and cut on the basis of a deck model, and then fitted on the vessel deck following a simple and quick procedure. In the future such prefabricated teak wood panels could entirely replace the established classic approach since their production is faster, of higher quality and can be done by workers of lower skill levels. The essence of the suggested new approach is the use of prefabricated wooden deck panels that are simply fitted on the vessel, thus replacing the classic approach where the wooden deck was actually made in-situ on board of each yacht.

Ugotovili smo, da je v Sloveniji kar nekaj nad 200 let starih hiš, pri katerih je bil kot glavni gradbeni material uporabljen les. Na deželi so bile hiše pred dobrimi 100 leti skoraj izključno lesene. Trenutno stanje pa kaže, da je v Sloveniji le okrog 2 % hiš lesenih. Poraba lesa pri gradnji zaostaja za porabo drugih nelesnih gradbenih materialov. Z anketo smo pri slovenskih podjetjih, proizvajalcih lesa za gradbene in konstrukcijske namene, ugotavljali vzroke za takšno stanje in razloge za majhno porabo lesa pri novogradnjah. Ugotovili smo, da kupci oziroma investitorji premalo poznajo les kot gradbeni material in prednosti njegove uporabe v stavbarstvu. To mnenje bi lahko spremenili z aktivno propagando, raznimi strokovnimi članki in objavami. S tem bi povečali rabo lesa in vplivali tudi na razvoj slovenskega lesnega gospodarstva. It was found out that there are some over 200 year old wooden houses in Slovenia, mainly built from wood. 100 years ago our houses were exclusively made of wood in the countryside. These days there are only 2 % of wooden houses in Slovenia. The consumption of wood as a building material diminishes in regard to the usage of other building materials. By questioning the Slovenian companies producing wood for building purposes we found out the reasons for this situation, why they do not use more wood in building industry. We also found out that buyers so as investors do not know wood as a building material well enough, they do not know its positive qualities. This situation could be changed by active propaganda and writing various professional articles. In this way whole Slovenian wood economy could also be influenced.

V zadnjih letih so tudi v manjših podjetjih postopki naročanja in nabave materiala, zaradi povečanja števila majhnih naročil in širitve proizvodnje, postali zelo kompleksni, predvsem pa z obstoječimi postopki neobvladljivi. Ti problemi so prisotni tudi v manjših lesnih podjetjih. Z anketiranjem smo podrobneje preučili nabavni postopek ter ugotovili, da podjetja v večji meri uporabljajo zastarelo informacijsko in komunikacijsko tehnologijo ter neustrezne postopke. Na osnovi ugotovljenih ključnih problemov in zahtev smo oblikovali informacijske potrebe za izgradnjo sodobnega informacijskega sistema za naročanje. Sledilo je logično in fizično podatkovno modeliranje in modeliranje postopkovnega dela. Izdelane modele smo potem uporabili pri izgradnji baze podatkov in aplikacije v MS Access-u. Za implementacijo informacijskega sistema smo predlagali tudi nekatere nujne aktivnosti za učinkovitejšo uporabo sodobne komunikacijske tehnologije, vključno z zagotavljanjem varnosti. In the last years the procedures of ordering and purchasing of material became, also in small firms because of the minute orders' increase and the spreading of production using existing procedures, very complex and more or less intractable. These problems are present also in smaller wood firms. Using a poll the purchasing procedure was researched in detail. It was found out that these firms use obsolete information and communication technology and unsuitable procedures. Based on the found key problems and demands of investigated firms, information needs for the construction of contemporary information system for ordering were designed. Logical and physical modelling and modelling of the procedure phase followed. Afterwards, the elaborated models were used to construct database and application in MS Access. In its implementation some necessary activities for more efficient use of the contemporary communication technologies were also proposed, setting up the adequate security.

V lesnem podjetju Svea, d.d. smo preučili in opisali postopke za izdelavo kakovostnejših izdelkov in doseganje boljših ekonomskih rezultatov. Predstavili in razložili smo možne nadgradnje sistema vodenja kakovosti in ravnanja z okoljem ter posledice le-teh. Predstavili smo pojem kakovosti, njegove opredelitve ter osnovna načela vodenja kakovosti, ki jih mora podjetje upoštevati, če želi oblikovati učinkovit sistem vodenja kakovosti. Vključili smo tudi predstavitvi skupin standardov ISO 9000 in ISO 14000, njun nastanek, razvoj ter posledice vpeljave v domača in tuja podjetja. Delo temelji na metodah "opazovanja z udeležbo", "analize dokumentov" in "posega v zgodovino" ter na pogovorih s predstavniki podjetja. The procedures accompanying the manufacturing of better quality products and providing better economic results are studied and described. Possible improvements of the company`s system for managing of quality, and providing better measures for Svea d.d. Company to protect the environment, and the consequences it suffers, are also presented and explained. All the definitions of the term "quality" are explained, as well as the basic principles that the company always has to consider, when it comes to creating an effective system for quality managing. What is also included is the presentation of the ISO 9000 and ISO 1400 standards, their background, development and consequences of their introduction to our and foreign companies. Thesis is based on the methods of "observing with actual participation", "document analysis" and studying of the company`s history", as well as on conversation with representatives of the company.