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The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of antiLeptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Leptospirosis, a disease of significant economic impact on livestock and public health concern, may exhibit unique epidemiological characteristics in indigenous villages, particularly those located within semiarid climates such as the Caatinga biome in Brazil. This environment often presents conditions unfavorable for leptospire survival. This study conducted serological diagnoses of livestock in indigenous villages within the Caatinga biome, Northeastern Brazil. The survey was carried out in the Mãe Maria and Santa Helena indigenous villages, home to the Xukuru de Cimbres tribe, in the county of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State, Brazil, within the Caatinga biome. Blood samples were collected from cattle (n = 42), goats (n = 41), and sheep (n = 19). Out of the 102 samples tested, 73 (71.6%; 95% CI = 62.8% - 80.3%) were seroreactive (cut-off = 100). The seropositivity rates for cattle, goats, and sheep were 54.8%, 80.5%, and 89.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the proportion of seropositive animals between cattle and goats and cattle and sheep (P < 0.05). Icterohaemorrhagiae was identified as the most probable serogroup across all animal species. The study revealed that livestock in indigenous villages within the Caatinga biome are frequently exposed to leptospires. This finding underscores the importance of a One Health approach, emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies in areas where large human and animal populations coexist. Such studies are crucial for investigating zoonotic infections and for planning and implementing control measures against livestock-associated leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis responsible for highly diverse clinical presentations with a wide range of severity. Variable environment exposures to infected urines of rodents have been described. We report five cases of serologically confirmed leptospirosis leading to hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a French center. These patients displayed neurological, respiratory, and abdominal presentation of leptospirosis with variable level of severity. Either professional, leisure related, or daily living exposures have been retrieved. These cases underline the diversity of clinical presentation and environmental exposure of this infectious disease. They highlight the interest of an exhaustive anamnesis with collection of professional activity, environmental exposures, and leisure activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A leptospirose é uma doença aguda, considerada endêmica em parte do mundo, principalmente nos países de clima tropical, sendo transmitida através do contato com a urina de animais infectados, lama, solo ou água contaminados com a bactéria Leptospira Interrogans. O estudo objetiva-se em descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de leptospirose em Cacoal-RO no período de 2015 a 2019, registrados no banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e NotificaçãoForam notificados 12 casos da doença no período avaliado, destes, 83,33% (10) no sexo masculino, 50% (6) dos indivíduos com faixa etária entre 20-59 anos, 58,33% (7) eram pardos, 33,33% (4) não haviam completado a 5º a 8° série e 66,66% (8) residiam na zona rural. A autocorrelação entre os cinco anos desta pesquisa aponta que o perfil epidemiológico da leptospirose apresentou considerável declínio, apesar de 2018 evidenciar ligeiro aumento no número de notificações.

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Leptospirosis is an infectious disease, caused by spirochetes antigenically distinct from the bacteria Leptospira interrogans. Dogs represent an important link in the transmission of leptospirosis, since, apparently healthy, they can house leptospires and eliminate them in the environment. In order to know the anti-leptospiric serological prevalence in dogs from Cruz das Almas - BA and the risk factors for this zoonosis, blood samples were collected from 200 dogs. The diagnostic test used was Microscopic Soroagglutination, testing 19 serovars. Of the 200 samples tested, 60 were reagents. The results demonstrate that the seroreactivity of dogs represents a risk of spreading leptospirosis to other animals and to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of leptospirosis in the Americas. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis, in the period 1930 to 2017, performed on a search of six platforms: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane. Results. The search found 77 publications of which 53 (68%) were from the period 2000--2017. Of the 77, 62 studies were included in the analysis, from North America (11, 17%), Central America (9, 14%), and South America (42, 67%), and 22 studies were from urban areas. Leptospirosis prevalence in the 62 studies analyzed corresponded to 28% (95% CI [23, 32]). Countries with higher prevalence were United States of America (41%), Colombia (29%), and Brazil (21%). The most frequent serovars found were Icterohaemorrhagiae (43 of 77 publications, 55%), Canicola (35, 45%), Pomona (28, 36%), and Grippotyphosa (26, 33%). Conclusions. There is variability of Leptospira species and serovars with heterogenous distribution throughout the Americas, with high prevalence in some countries, highlighting the need for action to control the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leptospirose é uma zoonose de grande importância social e econômica de distribuição mundial. Foi realizado um questionário online, no qual participaram 1.978 pessoas, com o objetivo de realizar levantamento e análise do conhecimento da população brasileira sobre a leptospirose e suas principais características. A população participante mostrou-se, de forma geral, informada quanto à zoonose e suas principais formas de transmissão e profilaxia, apesar de a maioria negar acometimento prévio ou ciência de indivíduos conhecidos diagnosticados com leptospirose. No entanto, apenas parcelas menores responderam com exatidão todas as questões, enquanto outros indivíduos responderam-nas equivocadamente, confundindo com outras enfermidades como dengue, raiva e Salmonelose. Observa-se, assim, a importância da educação sanitária para esclarecer tais pontos. A maioria afirmou ter acesso a saneamento básico, limitando o levantamento de dados para investigar os conhecimentos sobre leptospirose da população sem acesso ao recurso, sendo recomendada a realização de pesquisas com maiores enfoques nessa parcela da população.

Leptospirosis is a disease transmitted from animals to humans, caused by pathogenic species of Leptospira spp. This microorganism can survive in the environment for several weeks in both water and soil. The main reservoirs include rodents, dogs, pigs, and cattle. Outbreaks are common in tropical and subtropical countries. The initial objective is to identify the risk factors for leptospirosis and the diagnostic methods through a narrative review. A literature search was conducted for articles in Spanish and English, using databases such as Google Scholar, Lilacs, Redalyc, Medigraphic, Scielo, ProQuest, Publimed, and ScienceDirect, from 2016 to 2021. Keywords used included leptospirosis, risk factors, diagnosis, epidemiology, and zoonosis. Based on the narrative review of 50 consulted articles, it was determined that workers most predisposed to leptospirosis are farmers, slaughterhouse workers, fishery workers, garbage collectors, veterinary assistants, farm milkers, and livestock industry workers. Determining factors included inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of knowledge about the disease, consumption of contaminated water, and eating in slaughterhouses, among others. One of the conclusions drawn is the consistency among the different articles consulted regarding infection, which occurs more frequently in men than in women due to their various practices. It was also evident that rural areas have limited medical attention, leading to a high transmission rate of leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La leptospirose est une anthropozoonose dont le tableau clinique est polymorph e et de gravité variable, allant du syndrome pseudo-grippal à l'insuffisance rénale aiguë menaçante. Cette maladie à forte incidence dans les régions tropicales voit son incidence augmenter en France métropolitaine et à la Réunion. L'objectif de cette étude était d'identifier les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques, biologiques et thérapeutiques des formes pédiatriques de la leptospirose en France métropolitaine et à la Réunion. Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte des cas de leptospirose pédiatriques hospitalisés dans les centres hospitaliers dans lesquels exercent des membres de la Société de néphrologie pédiatrique (SNP) entre janvier 2008 et décembre 2020. Parmi les centres répondeurs, six avaient eu des cas de leptospirose, un centre en avait eu un en consultation mais dont les données étaient insuffisantes, et dix n'en ont pas retrouvés. Vingt-et-un cas ont été recensés dans six centres hospitalo-universitaires français (âge moyen 13,4 ± 3,4 ans), majoritairement des garçons (ratio 6:1). Parmi les 21 enfants, 95 % avaient de la fièvre, 71 % avaient des myalgies, 81 % avaient une thrombopénie et 76 % ont présenté des symptômes digestifs. Sur le plan rénal, 18 patients (86 %) présentaient une insuffisance rénale, dont 19 % avec oligoanurie, mais aucun n'a nécessité de dialyse. Environ 30 % des patients présentaient des signes biologiques de tubulopathie comprenant une hypophosphatémie, une hypokaliémie ou une protéinurie tubulaire. Il n'y a eu aucun décès. La prise en charge thérapeutique correspondait aux recommandations avec une antibiothérapie par amoxicilline ou céphalosporine de 3e génération associée à un traitement symptomatique de l'atteinte rénale. Lorsqu'il y a eu un contrôle biologique après la sortie, on observait une décroissance de la créatinine. Dans cette étude rétrospective multicentrique, nous rapportons 21 cas d'infection par leptospirose, avec une proportion importante d'insuffisance rénale, dont l'évolution était favorable. L'évolution vers l'insuffisance rénale chronique ne semble pas être le cas chez les enfants, mais le suivi à distance n'a pas été systématiquement réalisé. Par rapport à des études menées chez les adultes, le pronostic global est meilleur et l'ictère est plus rare. Par rapport à d'autres études pédiatriques, la conjonctivite n'est pas un signe fréquent, mais les atteintes rénales et la survie sont similaires. On pourrait parler de formes rénales anictériques révélatrices. Le recueil de cas n'était pas exhaustif et ne comprenait pas les autres territoires d'outre-mer alors qu'ils regroupent la plus grande proportion d'infection par la leptospirose. La leptospirose est une infection qui peut être responsable d'une défaillance multiviscérale avec une atteinte rénale conditionnant le pronostic vital. Malgré un meilleur pronostic chez l'enfant, il reste important de diagnostiquer rapidement cette infection afin de mettre en place l'antibiothérapie adaptée et un suivi néphrologique en cas d'atteinte rénale. Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonosis with polymorphic clinical symptoms and a high variability of severity, ranging from flu-like syndrome to severe acute kidney injury. This disease is highly incident in tropical regions but there is a trend towards increasing incidence in metropolitan France and in Reunion Island. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic characteristics of the pediatric leptospirosis in metropolitan France and in Reunion Island. We performed a retrospective analysis of leptospirosis cases hospitalized in University hospitals where members of the Paediatric Nephrology Society work in France between January 2008 and December 2020, 6 centers reported leptospirosis cases, one center had one patient in consultation but lack of available data and 10 centers did not find any case. A total of 21 cases were reported (mean age 13.4 ± 3.4 years), mostly boys (ratio 6:1). Out of 21 patients, 95% had fever, 71% were presenting with myalgia, 81% with thrombocytopenia, and 76% with gastrointestinal symptoms. Regarding kidney impairment, 18 patients (86%) had acute kidney injury, including 4 (19%) with oligoanuria, but none of them required acute dialysis. About 30% of patients had biological signs of tubulopathy including hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, or tubular proteinuria. No death due to the disease occurred. The therapeutic management followed the current guidelines with the use of antibiotic therapy by amoxicillin or 3rd generation cephalosporins with symptomatic treatment. When there was biological control after exit, creatinine decreased. In this multicenter retrospective study, we report 21 children with leptospirosis with a significant proportion of acute kidney injury, the outcome was favorable. Children do not seem to be at high risk of chronic kidney disease progression but nephrology follow-up has not been systematically carried out. Compared to studies performed in adults, the prognosis was better and hepatic impairment was rare. Compared to other pediatric studies, conjunctivitis was not a common symptom but kidney injury and survival appeared to be similar. Children were presenting with anicteric renal presentation. The casebook wasn't exhaustive and didn't include the other overseas territories, which account for the highest proportion of leptospirosis infection. Leptospirosis is an infection which may lead to multivisceral failure with kidney involvement conditioning the outcome. Despite a better prognosis in children, it remains important to quickly diagnose this infection in order to start appropriate antibiotic therapy and perform a kidney function monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Introdução A leptospirose figura na lista de doenças de notificação compulsória no Brasil. Objetivo Avaliar o sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da leptospirose no município de Campinas, São Paulo, no período de 2007-2014. Método Foi realizado um estudo de prevalência dos casos de leptospirose no sistema de vigilância epidemiológica. Foram analisados 2.949 casos notificados, considerando-se os atributos do Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems e os parâmetros propostos por Souza et al. (2010) ao Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Foram analisados os seguintes atributos: completude, aceitabilidade, sensibilidade, valor preditivo positivo, representatividade e oportunidade. Resultados A completude foi boa (94,1%); a aceitabilidade foi de 68,3%; o valor preditivo positivo foi de 10,7%; a representatividade foi de 98,4%; e a oportunidade ocorreu em 71,4% dos casos. Conclusão É possível concluir que o sistema de vigilância epidemiológica para a leptospirose em Campinas teve uma completude aceitável e bom percentual de suspeição da doença. Foram observados atraso na notificação e na investigação dos casos e precária integração entre os sistemas de informações. A avaliação do sistema de vigilância traz informações importantes para a organização dos serviços de saúde e deve fazer parte da rotina das ações previstas no sistema. Este trabalho pode ser usado como modelo para a avaliação de sistemas de informação de outras doenças de notificação compulsória.

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os 438 casos notificados através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e definir um perfil epidemiológico da leptospirose na região metropolitana I do estado do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2015 a 2019. A leptospirose é uma zoonose de notificação obrigatória e de suma importância para a saúde pública devido a elevada incidência de novos casos e pelo seu alto grau de transmissão, principalmente durante períodos de enchentes. Os resultados obtidos através da plataforma DATASUS-TABNET confirmaram a maior prevalência de casos positivos da doença na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e nos municípios da Baixada Fluminense, além disso, observou-se o maior acometimento de indivíduos do gênero masculino, de faixa etária entre 20 a 59 anos e que possuíam um baixo grau de escolaridade, foi verificado um alto percentual de cura nos acometidos, indicando uma melhora considerável desses pacientes. Pôde-se concluir que a prevalência da leptospirose está intimamente relacionada a fatores socioeconômicos como saneamento básico, acesso à informação e uma adequada infraestrutura no local de residência dos acometidos.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção do conhecimento sobre zoonoses das famílias assistidas pelas Estratégias de Saúde da Família no município de Cajari, Maranhão. Realizou-se um estudo observacional descritivo por meio de 288 entrevistas baseadas em um roteiro composto por cinco blocos de perguntas: i) características socioeconômicas; ii) informações sobre os animais residentes com as famílias; iii) conhecimentos sobre zoonoses (raiva, leishmaniose, toxoplasmose e leptospirose); iv) conhecimentos sobre ações preventivas; e v) preferências para participação de ações educativas. No bloco características socioeconômicas verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados é do sexo feminino (54,17%), >50 anos (27,43%) e possui o ensino médio completo (36,11%). Em relação aos conhecimentos sobre as principais zoonoses, 78,82% dos entrevistados não sabem o que é uma zoonose, só conhecem o termo, porém não entendem o que significa. Sobre os conhecimentos de ações preventivas, 48,61% dos entrevistados não sabem como se prevenir das zoonoses, 93,06% sabem como proceder se observar sinais de alguma zoonose nos seres humanos e 54,17% dos entrevistados afirmam saber o que fazer diante de um animal com sinais de zoonose. No que se refere às preferências para participação de ações educativas, 59,38% têm preferência por palestras para receber essas informações e 32,29% relataram que o dia mais apropriado para essas palestras é no sábado. Conclui-se que a população do município de Cajari - MA possui carência de informações e orientações sobre as zoonoses, ressaltando a importância de atividades de educação em saúde para a população.

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A ocorrência de desastres tecnológicos, como os que são provenientes de rompimento de barragens e cujas consequências no ambiente são de caráter permanente, como a destruição de ecossistemas e a degradação do solo, chamam a atenção para a ocorrência de transmissão de zoonoses, sendo a mais destacada a leptospirose. A partir de um relato de caso de um cão adotado infectado por leptospirose após o rompimento da barragem de rejeitos de minério de ferro em Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, o presente artigo busca discutir de maneira crítica as práticas humanitárias de adoção de animais em estado de vulnerabilidade sem os devidos cuidados de saúde iniciais, suscetíveis a transmissão de doenças.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento do conhecimento da população acerca da zoonose leptospirose, na qual foram entrevistadas 684 pessoas de diferentes idades, ocupações e condições de moradia. Devido a circunstância do isolamento social decorrente da pandemia de Covid-19, utilizamos o método de entrevista remota Google Forms. Buscamos reunir diferentes profissionais, tentando associar suas respostas as de profissionais da saúde também questionados, para que fosse avaliada a discrepância ou equivalência das respostas, de acordo com o grau de conhecimento de cada grupo em relação a Leptospirose. Após a realização do questionário, foi disponibilizado um folder digital com as informações corretas sobre a doença, visando conscientizar a população. A bactéria Leptospira é o agente responsável pela infecção da Leptospirose, que se adapta em ambientes úmidos e quentes. Os principais reservatórios da doença são os roedores sinantrópicos que eliminam o agente pela urina. Por isso, condições de baixo saneamento básico e áreas de inundações são áreas de risco que propiciam a infecção. Sendo importante que a população tenha um conhecimento mínimo acerca da doença para poder preveni-la e com isso, combater os focos de contaminação. O nosso estudo teve acesso ao conhecimento de pessoas de diferentes ocupações com intuito de avaliar se as campanhas governamentais estão sendo efetivas com a oferta de informação e conscientização.

While leptospirosis is currently described as an emerging pathogen, there have likely been numerous cases worldwide each year for centuries. Hurricanes and other flooding events contribute to its spread through rodent urine, many cases of which go undiagnosed. This is especially problematic in developing countries where laboratory techniques may be out of date. There are over 100 cases per year in the United States of America, but millions of cases occur worldwide annually. Caused by many different species of fastidious, spiral-shaped Leptospira, it is difficult and slow to culture. Strides have been made to improve culture techniques in order to reduce the time to grow this genus of bacteria. Greater understanding of this disease by laboratorians, physicians, and other healthcare workers and improved laboratory identification techniques will help increase diagnoses and decrease morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO A leptospirose é um problema de saúde pública mundial. No Brasil, ela é uma doença de notificação compulsória e está relacionada a áreas com precárias condições sanitárias. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico retrospectivo para observar a distribuição espacial e temporal de casos confirmados da leptospirose em escala nacional no período entre 2007 e 2017. A espacialização da leptospirose utilizou técnicas de geoprocessamento por análise de padrões pontuais e por mapas de densidade Kernel. Os resultados revelaram que, no período, foram registrados 42.310 casos confirmados de leptospirose no País, com média anual de 3.846 casos e prevalência de 1,9 a cada 100 mil habitantes. As localidades com mais casos prevalentes foram as regiões Sul e Norte. O Sudeste apresentou taxa de prevalência inferior à taxa nacional em virtude da alta densidade demográfica. O método Kernel se mostrou útil na análise global da situação epidemiológica da leptospirose nas regiões do Brasil.

A leptospirose é uma das doenças de veiculação hídrica que mais preocupam o setor de saúde no Brasil. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo foi, por meio de levantamento de trabalhos existentes, identificar, analisar e descrever os fatores socioeconômicos, ambientais e climáticos que podem estar diretamente relacionados ao aumento dos casos de leptospirose. Por meio de pesquisa nas bases de dados de periódicos CAPES e LILACS, o presente trabalho selecionou 43 artigos que trataram de leptospirose e inundações no Brasil. A maior parte desses trabalhos relacionou a ocorrência de eventos hidrológicos extremos ao aumento do número de casos de leptospirose; os demais trabalhos relacionam outros fatores como acúmulo de resíduos, falta de drenagem urbana, atividades laborais, entre outros

O conceito de Saúde Única baseia-se sobretudo na interrelação existente no trinômio saúde humana, saúde animal e meio-ambiente. Do relacionamento contemporâneo entre os seres humanos e os animais no ambiente que os circundam emergem doenças, dentre elas as zoonoses, transmitidas dos animais ao homem. Levando-se em consideração a leptospirose, uma doença zoonótica, infecciosa, febril, aguda ou crônica de etiologia bacteriana cuja propagação está associada a fatores ambientais, pretende-se discutir, contextualizar e criticar, além da necessidade de adequação da infraestrutura das cidades na sustentação do pleno relacionamento entre os seres humanos e os animais à luz da Saúde Única, medidas profiláticas como a vacinação canina contra a leptospirose, levando-se em conta as atuais diretrizes.

Objetivou-se investigar a prevalência e os fatores de risco da Leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros da mesorregião do Rio Doce, ES, composta por seis municípios: Aracruz, Ibiraçu, João Neiva, Linhares, Rio Bananal e Sooretama. As propriedades foram sorteadas aleatoriamente, sendo duas propriedades por município. Admitiu-se como critério de seleção destas propriedades por não apresentarem o manejo de realização da vacinação anti-Leptospira nos animais. O número de amostras sanguíneas em cada propriedade foi de acordo com a disponibilidade de animais, que totalizou 100 amostras de sangue. A técnica sorológica utilizada foi a de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). As amostras de soro foram submetidas a diluições com 10 (dez) antígenos vivos que inclui os sorovares: L. australis, L. butembo, L. copenhageni, L. bratislava, L. canicola, L. grippothyphosa, L. hardjo prajitno, L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. Wolffi do gênero Leptospira spp. da espécie interrogans. A prevalência dos sorovares neste estudo foi de Wolffi (24%); Bratislava (15%); Hardjo prajitno (11%); Pomona (10%); Butembo (10%); Australis (8%); Canicola (5%); Icterohaemorragiae (5%); Grippotyphosa (4%); Copenhageni (3%). Os resultados demonstram que a Leptospirose bovina está presente na mesorregião com 50% de prevalência em indivíduos, sendo os principais fatores de risco a não vacinação, presença de roedores, criação conjunta e rebanho aberto.

Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus are bacterial pathogens that can infect humans and animals. The present study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira and anti-B. abortus antibodies and verified the presence of factors associated with seropositivity in cats. One hundred and eighty serum samples were collected from domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) from the urban area of the municipality of Araguaína-Tocantins by phlebocentesis of the cephalic and jugular veins. The samples were subjected to detection of anti-Leptospira and anti-B. abortus antibodies, respectively, by microscopic seroagglutination and buffered acidified antigen testing, followed by confirmation by the 2-mercaptoethanol test and slow seroagglutination in tubes. Data from the epidemiological questionnaire (the age, sex, origin, breed, and presence of clinical signs) were analyzed using Epi Info® software with seropositivity data found to search for associated factors using the chi-square test. In the present study, the prevalence of Leptospira spp. was 5.56% (10/180). However, no sample was reactive to B. abortus. None of the studied variables were associated with seropositivity for the pathogens evaluated. Therefore, there is contact between Leptospira spp. and the feline population of the municipality, indicating the possibility of the circulation of pathogenic serovars and that the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies does not depend on the variables analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haematuria is a serious clinical manifestation of urinary system disease, occurring in micro or macroscopic forms. In this article two cases of macroscopic haematuria associated with Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola infection are related. The initial clinical examination revealed macroscopic haematuria, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, increased capillary perfusion time, intestinal hypomotility, in addition to jaundice of the oral mucosa. Leukocytosis, proteinuria, glycosuria, pyuria and azotemia were common findings in both cases. Microscopic serum agglutination test was performed for titration of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans. Treatment included supportive therapeutic measures (fluid therapy), hematuria control and antibiotic therapy. Seven days after the manifestation of the initial clinical signs, both animals were discharged from the hospital without complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirose é uma doença endêmica no Brasil. Sua ocorrência é relacionada a diversos fatores de vulnerabilidade social e exposição ocupacional, sendo sua cadeia epidemiológica complexa, envolvendo o homem, animais e meio ambiente. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo dos casos novos de leptospirose confirmados no estado do Paraná entre os anos de 2007-2017. A incidência média para o período foi de 2,98 casos por 100.000 habitantes com letalidade média de 10,53 óbitos por 100 casos. A maior parcela da população afetada foi do sexo masculino (84,4%), cor branca (72,9%) habitantes do perímetro urbano (56,2%) que se infectaram no domicilio (40,4%), sendo em sua maioria confirmados por análises laboratoriais (93,3%). A doença apresentou aumento em comparação à sua incidência no período de 1993 a 2001 no estado do Paraná, com distribuição sazonal ao longo do ano.

A leptospirose se relaciona a problemas de saneamento ambiental, com incremento de casos em períodos de inundações. Levando-se em consideração as questões relacionadas a mudanças climáticas, as inundações tendem a um aumento. As inundações não atingem as populações de maneira homogênea, em geral os menos favorecidos em termos socioeconômicos são os mais acometidos. Para saber se o número de inundações aumentaria a incidência de leptospirose e sua relação com as variáveis contextuais, utilizou-se dados socioeconômicos, ambientais e de ocorrência da doença no nível municipal. Os municípios que tinham problemas no esgotamento sanitário apresentaram maior risco para a ocorrência da leptospirose. O total de inundações adquirida a partir da decretação pela autoridade municipal constituiu um importante marcador de risco para a ocorrência de leptospirose. A modelagem de árvore de regressão mostrou-se útil para estimar a ocorrência de leptospirose no Brasil.

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Background: Leptospirosis is included in the list of diseases of compulsory notification in Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the leptospirosis epidemiological surveillance system in the municipality of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2007 and 2014. Method: A study on the prevalence of leptospirosis cases was carried out in the epidemiological surveillance system. A total of 2949 reported cases were analyzed considering the attributes of the Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems and the parameters proposed by Souza et al. (2010) for the National Epidemiological Surveillance System. The following attributes were assessed: completeness, acceptability, sensitivity, positive predictive value, representativeness, and timeliness. Results: The following percentages were found for the respective attributes: completeness (94.1%), acceptability (68.3%), positive predictive value (10.7%), representativeness (98.4%) and timeliness (71.4%). Conclusion: The leptospirosis epidemiological surveillance system in Campinas presented acceptable completeness and good positive predictive value of disease suspicion. Delays in the notification and investigation of cases and poor integration between the information systems were observed. The evaluation of the surveillance system provides important information for the organization of health services and should be part of the routine of actions provided for in the system. This study can be used as a model to evaluate information systems of other noticeable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A leptospirose é uma doença de distribuição cosmopolita, que apresenta incidência significativa, sendo, portanto, mais comum em países tropicais de clima quente e úmido. A doença é uma antropozoonose direta que acomete humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. O gênero Leptospira é formado por espiroquetas que pertencem a ordem Spirochaetales, família Leptospiraceae são consideradas bactérias patogênicas, aeróbias obrigatórias, espiraladas, flexíveis e móveis. Nos equídeos, a leptospirose pode apresentar sintomatologia reprodutiva, ocular e respiratória, porém muitas vezes os animais são assintomáticos. Através de dados epidemiológicos e pela sintomatologia clínica, associando tais fatores aos testes laboratoriais, se pode chegar ao diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. Não existe um protocolo fixo para o tratamento da leptospirose em equídeos, porém, existe um consenso entre os clínicos e pesquisadores a respeito da utilização de antibióticos. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura, enfatizando os fatores de riscos associados a leptospirose em equídeos.

A leptospirose é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa que pode acometer os animais e o homem. Nos países tropicais e em desenvolvimento ocorrem 70% dos casos humanos, com mortalidade variando entre 10 a 70%. Os cães podem se tornar portadores assintomáticos por um longo período, podendo transmitir a Leptospira para humanos. Devido ao intenso convívio com o ser humano, os cães podem servir como sentinelas da contaminação ambiental. Esse trabalho investigou a frequência de ocorrência da leptospirose canina em populações assintomáticas da região sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Para isso foram examinadas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT), amostras de sangue provenientes de 572 cães assintomáticos dos municípios de Apiaí, Cananeia, Itapeva e Itu por amostragem de conveniência, oriundos de campanhas de castração. Em Apiaí, foram encontrados 40,5% dos animais reagentes para Leptospira spp.; em Itapeva, 42,6%; em Cananeia, 7,7% e em Itu, 5,1%. Os dados encontrados demonstram que, pelo menos, um animal dos municípios de Itapeva, Apiaí e Cananeia apresentaram título igual ou maior que 800, indicando a circulação da bactéria nessas localidades e que a equipe envolvida nas campanhas de castração precisam ser alertadas sobre o correto uso de equipamento de proteção individual, principalmente no esvaziamento mecânico da bexiga antes do procedimento cirúrgico. O estudo também sugere que as campanhas de castração podem ser estratégicas no monitoramento de doenças zoonóticas e poderiam auxiliar no estabelecimento de ações preventivas para a saúde humana e animal.

The present study aimed to evaluate the perception of knowledge about zoonosis of families assisted by Family Health Strategies in the city of Cajari, Maranhão. A descriptive observational study was conducted through 288 interviews based on a script composed of five blocks of questions: i) socioeconomic characteristics; ii) information about animals residing with families; iii) knowledge about zoonosis (rabies, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis); iv) knowledge about preventive actions; and v) preferences for participation in educational actions. In the socioeconomic characteristics groups, it was found that the majority of respondents were female (54.17%), over 50 years (27.43%), with only completed high school (36.11%). Regarding knowledge about the main zoonosis, 78.82% of the interviewees do not know what is zoonosis, or they only know the term, but do not understand what it means. Regarding the knowledge of preventive actions, 48.61% of respondents do not know how to avoid contracting zoonosis, 93.06% know how to proceed if they observe any clinical sign of any zoonosis in humans and 54.17% of respondents know what to do to an animal with clinical sign of zoonosis. Regarding preferences for participation in educational activities, 59.38% have preference for lectures to receive this information and 32.29% reported that the most appropriate day for this meeting / lecture is on Saturday. It is concluded that the population of Cajari-MA has lack of information and guidance on zoonosis, highlighting the importance of health education activities for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of great importance in public health. One hundred and four urine samples from slaughtered cattle in Midwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil were evaluated to detect Leptospira spp. The samples were kept in PBS and in cultures of EMJH and Fletcher. We observed growth of microorganisms in 13 samples of Fletcher medium, although it was not observed in EMJH medium. By PCR, 25 animals (samples) were positive with LEP1/LEP2 primers, which of them 16 samples were kept in PBS, six samples in Fletcher medium and three in EMJH medium. The 25 samples were submitted to PCR with the LipL32 gene to verify the pathogenicity. One sample amplified and by sequencing resulted in 99.77% of similarity to Leptospira kirschneri serovar Canicola and Leptospira interrogans serovar Pyrogenes. This is the first report of isolation of Leptospira kirschneri serovar Canicola and Leptospira interrogans serovar Pyrogenes from bovine urine sample in the Midwest Region of São Paulo state, Brazil. We concluded the importance of leptospirosis in the herd evaluated and the attention for the occupational risk, because of the possibility of contaminated urine in the pastures and the spread of infection to other animals and contacting persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution caused by the bacterium Leptospira. In Colombia, it has been mandatory to report this disease since 2007. Objective: to perform an epidemiological analysis of human leptospirosis in Colombia at the national, departmental and municipal levels for the period between January 2007 and December 2015. Methods: A retrospective ecological study of the temporal trend and spatial distribution of leptospirosis cases reported between January 2007 and December 2015 was conducted. The variables of sex, age, municipality of residence, area of residence (urban, rural), date of onset of symptoms, and lethality were analyzed. Results: A total of 23,994 suspected cases were reported, of which 39.51% were confirmed; 82.4% came from urban areas; 68.87% presented in men; the lethality was 2.66% in men and 2.04% in women. The departments with the highest number of cases were Valle del Cauca (n=2032), Antioquia (n=1747), Atlántico (n=1159); the incidence varied between 2 (Arauca) and 465.4 (Guaviare) per 100,000 inhabitants. At the municipal level, Cali had the highest number of cases (n=682), followed by Barranquilla (n=612) and San José del Guaviare (n=448). The highest incidence was 1597.6 in Pueblo Rico (Risaralda), followed by Sabanas de San Ángel (Magdalena) with 883.4 and San José del Guaviare (Guaviare) with 742.5; the majority of municipalities had incidences between 0 and 50 per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Leptospirosis is distributed throughout Colombia with 85% of the cases concentrated in 10 of its 32 departments. At the municipal level there is a large degree of variation in annual incidences. Six hotspots for cases were also identified, indicating that there are areas of high risk for the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on serological surveys of leptospirosis performed in several localities in Brazil, the present work performed a bibliographic research, listing the most frequent reacting leptospirosis serovars, complementing with a serological survey based on data from a private laboratory located in the West Zone of São Paulo. With the results, a critical analysis was performed based on the main vaccines available on the market, highlighting the serovars present with the most frequent serovars in the bibliographic analysis and the serological survey performed. In addition to the importance of canine vaccination contributing to the reduction of the infectious agent in the environment, the existence of the most frequent serovars not contained in the researched and commercially available vaccines opens up the scope for assessing the real need to develop other vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leptospirose é uma zoonose potencialmente fatal causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Espécies animais hospedeiras adaptadas a sorovares específicos podem ser portadoras e dispersoras ambientais da bactéria. De 2009 a 2011, 45 mamíferos silvestres (39 gambás Didelphis albiventris, quatro ouriços Sphiggurus villosus, um ratão-do-banhado Myocastor coypus e uma capivara Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris) encontrados por munícipes em áreas antrópicas de Monte Mor, SP, foram capturados, contidos e tiveram amostras de soro coletadas para detecção de anticorpos para Leptospira. As amostras foram tituladas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT) para diferentes sorogrupos. Um total de 35,56% (16/45) animais foram reagentes para presença de anticorpos para um total de 11 sorogrupos diferentes. O sorovar dominante mais frequente, dentre os 12 identificados, foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae (6/16), seguido de Gryppotyphosa (4/16) e Pyrogenes (2/16). Didelphis albiventris, espécie mais abundante no estudo, apresentou uma prevalência de 35,9% (14/39) de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, enquanto S. villosus teve 0% (0/4) e ambos M. coypus (1/1) e H. hidrochaeris (1/1) 100%. Dentre os Didelphis albiventris avaliados, houve maior frequência de reatividade sorológica à Leptospira interrogans, sorogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae, com 35,71% (5/14) e Gryppotyphosa com 28,57% (4/14), indicando contaminação ambiental por tais leptospiras e a possibilidade de exposição e infecção de humanos e animais domésticos para tais bactérias na área estudada.

O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e os fatores associados à soropositividade para Leptospira spp. em ovinos do estado de Sergipe, Brasil, a partir de 1.200 amostras coletadas de sessenta propriedades das suas três mesorregiões entre os anos de 2011 e 2012. Foi observada, pela reação de soroaglutinação microscópica, 37,7% (452/1.200; IC: 0.357-0.396) de ovinos soropositivos com 93,3% (56) de propriedades com pelo menos um animal positivo. Os sorogrupos reagentes predominantes foram: Sejroe (32,1%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (23,5%) e Grippotyphosa (22,4%), com presença também de reações para Australis (7,1%), Pomona (3,8%), Autumnalis (3,5%), Panama (3,3%), Ballum (1,8%), Andamana (1,3%), Hebdomadis (0,9%) e Seranga (0,4%). As titulações variaram de 100 a 3.200, sendo que 77,2% delas ? 400. Os fatores associados à presença de ovinos soropositivos a Leptospira spp. foram: criações de subsistência (p=0,000, OR=3,08, IC95%=1,99-4,78) e com finalidade de produção de matrizes e reprodutores (p=0,000, OR=2,19, IC95%=1,46-3,28). As infecções por Leptospira spp. estão ostensivamente presentes nos rebanhos ovinos do estado de Sergipe, sendo necessária a adoção de práticas de manejo adequadas, direcionadas ao controle de roedores e criação consorciada com bovinos que podem levar a contaminação dos alimentos e pastagens.

A Leptospirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que apresenta o cão como importante hospedeiro, sendo crucial seu diagnóstico e tratamento nesta espécie, que possui estreita relação com o homem. Um canino foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Piauí em Teresina, Piauí, apresentando histórico de hematúria, hiporexia e letargia há dois dias. O exame físico revelou letargia, mucosas oral, ocular e peniana ictéricas, dor à palpação abdominal e febre. Na análise hematológica foi detectada anemia macrocítica hipocrômica, trombocitopenia, leucocitose por neutrofilia, além de um aumento nos valores de ureia, AST, ALT, fosfatase alcalina e bilirrubinas. O exame de soroaglutinação microscópica mostrou resultado reagente a Leptospira interrogans sorovar Australis na titulação 1:100. O animal foi efetivamente tratado com Ampicilina, Doxiciclina e terapia de suporte.

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Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Lepstospira spp, of high worldwide prevalence, related to the circulation in multiple domestic and peridomestic reservoirs. The present review aimed to provide data on infection by Leptospira spp in possible animal reservoirs. A narrative review of the literature was developed where maximum prevalence values were found in canines up to 63%, in felines 68%, in swine 86%, in equines 75% and in bovines 89%. According to the prevalence of Leptospirosis, they should be taken into account from the routine diagnosis of pathology in animals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leptospirosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by Leptospira interrogans responsible for heavy loss both economically and in health, in humans and animals. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo infection in cattle in the state of Setif, northeastern Algeria. Methodology: Between the period 2015 and 2019, a total of 48 randomly selected herds of cattle were investigated, and 406 sera from apparently healthy cattle were analyzed using an indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). In order to determine possible risk factors related to leptospirosis, a pre-validated questionnaire was administered to herd owners. Results: The herd prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo was 31.25% (15/48, 95% CI 19.95- 45.33) while the cattle prevalence was 5.42% (22/406, 95% CI 3.61-8.07). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the age of cattle between 3 and 6 years (OR = 9.25; p< 0.03), breeding herd size > 20 cows (OR = 13.65; p< 0.01), and semi-intensive management system (OR = 0.21; p< 0,02) were significantly associated with seropositivity to Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. Conclusion: We concluded from this study that Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo is circulating among cattle farms in the state of Setif, Algeria. Furthermore, we recommend more studies to be carried out to prove the infectivity and implementation good hygienic practices among cattle farms and people at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The morbidity and mortality of leptospiros is have been associated with the delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment. • Our study performed in Reunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean, investigated the determinants of treatment delay. • We demonstrate that the treatment delay is longer if the patient first consults a general practitioner, and if the infection occurs during the winter period (dry season). Leptospirosis is a life-threatening zoonotic disease for which delayed treatment onset has been associated to poor prognosis. The purpose of the study was to identify the determinants of therapeutic delay in hospitalized leptospirosis cases. We carried out a retrospective multicenter study in the 4 public hospitals of Reunion Island, South Western Indian Ocean. Medical records of confirmed leptospirosis cases occurring in 2014–2015 were reviewed for socio-economic, demographic, geographic and medical data. The primary outcome measure was the therapeutic delay, defined as the time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and initiation of antibiotics. Of the 117 patients included, 107 were men, with an average age of 44.9 ± 15 years. The median therapeutic delay was 4 days (interquartile: 2–5 days) and this delay was not found to be associated with severity. The following were found to be at increased risk of having a longer therapeutic delay: cases occurring outside the epidemic period, or rainy season (OR 2.8 [1.08–7.3], P = 0.04) and cases with first medical evaluation in primary health care (OR 4.63 [1.43–14.93]; P = 0.01) instead of emergency unit. No socio-economic or geographic characteristics were found to be linked to a longer therapeutic delay. Although delayed treatment was not associated to disease severity, our results indicate that leptospirosis awareness is needed all year in the subtropical area of Reunion Island and particularly in primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is one of the waterborne diseases that strongly concern the health in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify, analyze, and describe the socioeconomic, environmental, and climatic factors that can be directly related to the increase of the leptospirosis cases. In addition, the present study carried out a temporal and spatial analysis to demonstrate the relationship between publications and cases-deaths in Brazil. By searching the databases of the CAPES and LILACS, we selected 43 papers that dealt with leptospirosis and flood in Brazil. Most of the evaluated papers related the occurrence of extreme hydrological events to the increase in the number of cases of leptospirosis. The others focused other factors such as waste accumulation, lack of urban drainage, working services, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine leptospirosis disease has been suspected clinically and serologically in 50 tested dogs, living mainly in communities. The microagglutination test was performed using a battery of 21 leptospirosis antigens and has shown positive results in three dogs vaccinated against leptospirosis; the last booster being dated back to more than 6 months. Two dogs died and autopsied and one survived after treatment. Positive reactions were recorded towards the leptospirosis serovars: L. interrogans Copenhageni, L. interrogans Bratislava and L. borgpetersenii Hardjobovis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description in North Africa of canine leptospirosis associated with these serovars in dogs. The authors discussed the pathogenic role, the epidemiological-clinical data of such serovars as well as the interest that may constitute the serovar determination (to determine the cause of the emergence of a new disease, the nature of the Leptospira reservoir and choice of vaccine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]