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In recent years, there has been a substantial research and numerous reviews on the subject of gifted students. The current systematic review is dedicated to explore the underachieving in gifted students, aiming to identify and classify the internal and external factors contributing to this phenomenon. In this study, 282 research articles published from 2010 to 2024 were reviewed using three databases including Google Scholar, ERIC, and Science Direct. Applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 articles were selected among the total ones and then a narrative synthesis approach was applied. In this regard, a theoretical model was developed, the observed patterns were described, intersections among studies were explored, and the synthesis was evaluated in light of the theoretical background. The analysis revealed that internal factors such as motivational, emotional-social, and demographic factors, as well as external factors including environmental perception, family, peers, and socio-economic/cultural factors, play significant roles in the underachievement of gifted students. The study underscores the importance of understanding and addressing these factors in all stages of a gifted student's educational journey, from screening and assessment to identification, planning, and rehabilitation. It highlights the need for a comprehensive strategy that goes beyond solely focusing on the psychological empowerment of students. The study emphasizes the critical role of considering contextual factors, including the influence of the parents, teachers, and peers relationships. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of underachievement in gifted students is essential to prevent this phenomenon and by considering a holistic approach that considers both internal and external factors, educational stakeholders can develop more effective interventions and support systems.

Different studies used the construct of frequency of conflict and the extent of conflict issues interchangeably, and there was no distinction between them. While with the development of theoretical models, these constructs became different from each other. However, unlike the construction of frequency of conflict, which had an instrument to measure it, so far no model of assessment has been proposed to measure the construct of the extent of conflict dominations; Therefore, the present study aimed to measure the construction of the extent of conflict dominations and evaluate its role in parent-adolescent relationships. The present study is descriptive and structural equation modeling, and the research sample consisted of 704 adolescents studying in schools in Tehran. To measure the construction of the extent of conflict issues, the definition of the model "process of adolescent perception of conflict with parents" was used, and based on this model, a new scoring was proposed for the revised checklist of parent-adolescent conflict issues, and then this model was tested. The results of exploratory factor analysis identified two factors, and confirmatory factor analysis also approved one-factor and two-factor models for measuring this construction. The results of structural equation modeling also confirmed the effect of this construction on adolescent dissatisfaction with mother and father in the form of a structural model. As a result, researchers can use the proposed measurement model of the present study to measure the extent of conflict issues as a separate construct from the frequency of conflict.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is usually studied under the static description and biological etiology, and hence the subjective experience of patients is rarely investigated. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic system of patients with BD through their lived experience in general and their embodiment in specific. Methods: The current research was qualitative and it was done through the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian participants in 2020 through WhatsApp and Skype. 11 participants with BD type I and II were selected through purposive sampling. Results: The two super-ordinate themes were identified: body in the foreground/background of consciousness and change of power in the body. Themes related to each of them were identified and reported in the phases of depression and mania. The first super-ordinate theme included these themes: hyperembodiment (in depression) and disembodiment (in mania). Painful body (in depression) and heroic body (in mania) were the themes identified in the second super-ordinate theme. Conclusion: At the psychopathological level, our findings encourage the using of dynamic model for patients with BD in order to extend the possibility of psychotherapy for this group of patients.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between sex roles and marital instability and the moderating role played by orientation in women’s sexual relationship. This correlational study is conducted on women living in Tehran. Additionally, 150 people were selected by convenience sampling from different parts of Tehran, who completed questionnaires on marital instability, sex roles and orientation in a sexual relationship. The results showed that orientation in a sexual relationship, except for communal orientation in the role of femininity in women, has a moderating role between sex roles and marital instability. In all cases, greater communal orientation in a sexual relationship reduces the instability of marriage in women. Also, a higher exchange orientation in a sexual relationship increases the instability of marriage in women. Additionally, greater demand in a sexual relationship, except when masculinity is high in women, heightens marital instability in women. In women with higher levels of communal exchange and demand orientation in a sexual relationship, increased sex roles (masculinity or femininity) reduce instability, and in women with lower levels of demand and exchange in sex, increased sex roles (masculinity or femininity) do not change the degree of marital instability. Based on this, the findings of this study can be used to monitor and increase the stability of marriage in Iranian society.

The “Aghd” period is one of the first stages of the life cycle of Iranian families. Since the “Aghd” period is a period when people are married but have not yet started living together under one roof, it seems necessary to pay attention to this period as the first stage of marriage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian married people during the “Aghd” period. The present study, which was conducted in 1399, was a qualitative study in which 13 participants (based on the principle of data saturation) were selected by purposive sampling method from the study population, which included people who were in the “Aghd” stage living in Tehran, and with the In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify their lived experiences. Finally, the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis method and topics such as challenges and developmental tasks were extracted. Challenges included challenges related to the family of origin and the spouse's family, as well as challenges between spouses. According to the participants, the developmental tasks were divided into three categories: developmental tasks related to the couple, developmental tasks related to the families towards the couple, and individual developmental tasks. Finally, it can be concluded that the results of this study and similar studies can be used in designing premarital education packages based on the challenges and developmental tasks of the “Aghd” period.

Background: Femininity is a complicated term because it does not define a single phenomenon. Different perceptions of femininity are very dependent on one's background and knowledge of everyday actions that the meaning of femininity understood by them. In addition, the concept of femininity is close to the concept of gender, which in all societies is one of the basic structures of human identity and experiences, and the importance and role of it varies from society to society. Aims: Since the definition of femininity varies depending on the culture and standards of each country, examining the perception of women in different countries can clarify various aspects of femininity. Methods: In the present study, using the qualitative metasynthetic method of Noblit and Hare (1988), qualitative studies related to the subject of research in three databases Scopus, Sciencedirect and PubMed in the period 2000 to 2020 were examined. The search retrieved 377 articles and based on PRISMA method and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 articles selected to enter the research . Results: Six different factors were found in the perception of femininity: sexual agency, motherhood, appearance and body, caregiver or self-care, independence and respect, and cultural factor. Conclusion: Identifying different aspects of femininity can help researchers to explain and solve various problems and concerns of women

Background: Parental bonding perception leads to different domains in future life. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of parental bonding perception in predicting the communication patterns of couples in Tehran. Methods: This correlational and descriptive study was done on 338 individuals in Tehran, Iran who voluntarily participated in the research in 2016. Communication Pattern Questionnaire (CPQ) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation method and multiple regression were used for data analysis using the SPSS v. 22 software. Results: Data revealed that in the husband group, father care was the only predictor of higher scores of the mutual constructive communication pattern. In the group of wives, father indifference was the predictor of lower scores of constructive communication pattern and mother encouragement of dependency was the predictor of the higher scores of the constructive communication pattern. Mother encouragement of autonomy was the only predictor of lower scores of husband demand/ wife withdraws but no variable predicted wife demand/ husband withdraw pattern. In addition, fathers’ encouragement of autonomy in husbands was predictive of spouses’ constructive communication patterns. Also, fathers’ encouragement of autonomy in husbands was predictive of spouses’ constructive communication patterns. Conclusion: The association between parental bonding perception and couple’s communication patterns highlight the importance of early years of childhood and parent-child relationship in future life.

Background: Numerous studies have examined the relationship between defense mechanisms and the state of physical and mental health. But there is research on the relationship between emotional suppression and self-control and symptoms of the disease. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between repression and self-control and the symptoms of disease and their distinctions. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study was telegram users in fall 1396 who lived in Tehran. The sample was 250 participants (145 females and 105 males) that completed the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (1990), Baker's Emotional Processing Scale (2010), Tangney Self-Control (2004), and Bartone's Symptom Checklist (1989) based on convenience sampling method. Data was analysis via Pierson correlation and multivariate regression. Results: The results showed that the symptoms of the disease are negatively related to Restraint, Repressive Defensiveness, and Self-Control, and positively correlated with Distress, Suppression, Unregulated Emotions, Impoverished Emotional Experience, Signs of Unprocessed Emotions, and avoidance (P

Background: Numerous studies have been conducted on the fundamental emotions of anger and sadness. But research into the physiological correlates of the fundamental emotions of anger and sadness in healthy and depressed individuals has remained neglected. Aims: To investigate the physiological correlates of anger and sadness basic emotions in healthy and depressed individuals. Method: This study was quasi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of girls / women between the ages of 3 and 5 years living in Tehran in summer and autumn of 2018. 66 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research instruments were Beck Depression Inventory (1967). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance and post hoc tests. Results: The results showed that changes in physiological processes in both healthy and depressed groups were different (P< 0/01) but in one direction while experiencing sadness and anger. During anger, increased respiratory rate, heart rate, and respiratory rate ratios on heart rate in depressed people were more than healthy (P< 0/01). Conclusions: This finding confirms the psychoanalytic theory about the etiology of depression. According to this theory, depression is due to repression of anger and depressed people have difficulty in experiencing anger.

Background: The quality of marital relationship is affected by several factors. This study aimed to examine the role of personality factors in the relationship between family-of-origin health status and marital adjustment. Methods: This study is of descriptive method and the design is correlational based on path analysis. The study population consisted of all married men and women in Qazvin who spent at least one year of their marriage. Accordingly, 300 married adults (150 men and 150 women) were selected via available sampling method and participated in the study. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Bootstrap test in the Amos software. The conceptual model of the family of origin health status, personality factors and marital adjustment had goodness of fit. Results: The results of structural equation modeling suggested that family-of-origin health status is directly related to marital adjustment (β=0.490, P

Empty nest stage in family life cycle, which takes place with children leaving home, may cause an increase in the feelings of depression, loneliness and anxiety of parents. Women are more likely to be affected than men. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of unity-oriented psychology based training on loneliness and death anxiety in women at empty nest stage. A quasi-experimental research method with pretest-posttest, control group and 2-month follow-up was used in this study. The statistical population consisted of women experiencing empty nest stage in Tehran. The sampling method was purposive and 24 individuals were selected and randomly assigned into two groups (n=12). The experimental group participated in 6 sessions of Unity-Oriented Psychology based training, once a week, for 120 minutes, and 6 home exercise sessions, and the control group was on the waiting list. Research instruments included Revised Loneliness Scale (UCLA) and the Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAS). Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. The results showed that the unity-oriented psychology based training had a significant effect on reducing feelings of loneliness and death anxiety among women experiencing empty nest stage. These results were also consistent after a 2-month follow-up. According to the findings of this study, unity-oriented psychology based training can be considered as an effective intervention to reduce the feelings loneliness and death anxiety of women at empty nest stage.

The goal of the present study is to compare working memory load during spontaneous EEG (Electroencephalogram) with task condition by monitoring theta power in frontal regions of brain, in children with specific learning disorder. Theta recording was done during eyes closed (EC), eyes opened (EO) and task (VCPT) conditions for 52 children with specific learning disorder aged between 7 to 12 years old (22= girls, 30= boys). The learning disorder diagnosis was done by means of stanford binet IQ test, and Persian Academic Achievement test. EEG data was collected and digitized by means of WinEEG software and analyzed in SPSS with paired samples t-test. The results showed significant differences between theta power in VCPT condition with both EC and EO conditions in Fz. This finding is consistent with finding about normal groups. Although working memory deficit is one of core cognitive deficits in this group, but still cognitive efforts happen for mental processing. Strong significance can shows a source for omission errors in this group, because high amplitude of frontal midline theta may happens with the entrance of irrelevant information in attentional pathways.

Background and Objective: Spouse abuse is a threatening health crisis the short-term and long-term consequences of which negatively affect women, families and the community. Couple burnout and impaired sexual satisfaction are among adverse consequences of spouse abuse among women. Therefore, the factors need to be defined which can minimize such effects on women’s health. For this purpose, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of strategies in coping with the stress caused by spouse abuse on couple burnout. Materials and Methods: This correlational study was conducted in the city of Tehran in 2015. As many as 302 married women who were selected by convenience sampling method in the 22 districts of Tehran participated in the study. Data were collected through self-administration of the three questionnaires regarding Couple burnout measure, spouse abuse and ways of coping. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics 22. A probability level of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean (SD) of spouse abuse and couple burnout were 11.9 (11.1) and 2.6 (0.9), respectively. Spouse abuse was correlated with couple burnout in women (r=0.55). Women who encountered spouse abuse utilized positive reappraisal, self-control and seeking social support as coping strategies. Among strategies in coping with stress, distancing, positive reappraisal and accepting responsibility had balancing effect on couple burnout among women with previous self-encounter of spouse abuse; Beta coefficient equaled 0.134, 0.125 and 0.117 respectively. Women who utilized positive reappraisal developed less couple burnout. Conclusion:Women who encountered spouse abuse suffer more from couple burnout. Coping strategies including distancing, positive reappraisal and accepting responsibility made women feel less burnout in their marriage.

Background and Objectives: Dehumanization is denial of one’s humanity and is one of the fundamentals in interpersonal and intergroup violence as known in previous studies. The role of dehumanization in previous studies was limited to sexual violence and violence against women out of intimate relationships. Therefore this article aims to examine the role of dehumanization in domestic violence. Material and methods: This study was a qualitative grounded theory research and sampling was conducted in two stages. In the fist phase 120 women were selected through convenience sampling method in different areas of Tehran in parks, mosques, etc. The subjects were asked to complete the conflct tactics scale (CTS2). 60 out of 120 women who experienced violence and their score in (CTS2) was higher than the twentyfith percentile were chosen. In the second stage, 60 people were selected for in-depth interviews through theoretical sampling. Data in this research reached theoretical saturation with 10 participants. Data were analyzed through Strauss and Corbin method. Results: Data analysis revealed that dehumanization in the study was observed in the two main categories of objectifiation which contains sub-categories of worthlessness, incontinence, the low ability to understand and emotionlessness, and animalization including sub-categories of the low ability to understand, impulsiveness and irrationality. It was also found that as a core category, female victims of domestic violence consider dehumanization as a factor of spouse abuse. Conclusion: The fidings of this study showed that female victims of domestic violence, dehumanization in two forms objectifiation and animalization is involved with spouse abuse. Accordingly the moderator dehumanization methods can be used to reduce the incidence of spouse abuse.

Middle and old age are two of the most important periods in human life, and people in this period face some physical, sexual and mental disabilities. Due to the increasing population of the middle and old age people in Iran, paying attention to this important period seems necessary. Therefore, the present study was to identify the lived experiences of middle and old age married people. To this end, 16 participants (based on the principle of data saturation) were selected by purposive sampling method among the middle and old age people living in Tehran. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews to identify their lived experiences. Finally, the interviews were analyzed using the Van Mannen method (interpretive phenomenological approach). Findings were divided into two categories: “challenges” and “developmental tasks”. The main themes in the challenges section were “concerns about family’s future”, “spouse relationship”, “individual challenges”, and “taking new roles by spouses”. The main themes obtained in developmental tasks included “developmental tasks focused on children”, and “developmental tasks focused on couples”. As a result, it can be concluded that the challenges and developmental tasks middle and old age people facing appear to be more focused on family and relationship. Applying the results of the present study, experts can design educational packages based on the challenges and developmental tasks these people facing in their lives, in order to increase the quality of life in middle and old age people. Besides, therapists working in the field of the elderly can take advantages of the findings of the present study to lead the process of therapeutic sessions. References Afshari, A., & Hashemi, Z. (2019). 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Background: Studies have shown that cancer creates a variety of problems and issues for children with cancer. It creates unique challenges for both the patients and their families. Despite the severe stress associated with these problems, most children are able to adequately cope with and adapt to cancer. However, some of the patients experience more severe or prolonged problems that require psychological support. The present study investigated the needs and coping strategies of Iranian children aged 9 to 13 with cancer. The goal was to determine the needs, concerns and coping strategies in children after being diagnosed with cancer. Methods: For this purpose, 12 children aged 9-13 with cancer as well as their mothers were selected from among children admitted to Mofid hospital. Patient selection was conducted in a purposeful sampling method. Data was collected in an in-depth semi-structured interview with the child and their mother and then analyzed using content analysis method. Results: The content analysis of individual interviews with the child and mother showed that the main concerns of these children were related to the hospital space, support, society, family and educational needs, which were responded to by five distinct types of coping. These coping methods include spiritual coping, admission of support and assistance, visiting relatives (on a regular basis) in a positive manner and negative behaviors such as active and passive aggression and avoiding presence in the community and society. The findings of this study indicate that Iranian children with cancer have special needs some of which have mental and emotional aspects, including worry about being a burden on their families, and they use different coping strategies to cope with their condition. One of the most important means of coping with cancer are family and relatives. Conclusion: Treatment centers should address these factors in order to improve the mental and physical health of their patients.

Objectives: The theory of mind hypothesis states that children with autism are impaired in the development of the ability to appreciate their own and other people's mental states. The people with Autism Spectrum Disorder needs treatment approach which to strengthen their movement, focus of attention, eye contact and relaxation. "Dohsa-hou" is a Japanese psycho-rehabilitation method by motor training, that many of researches investigated its effectiveness on many aspects of autism spectrum disorders The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dohsa training on theory of mind in high-functioning autistic children. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test designs without control group, 6 children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder participated in the study Pre-test was administered for all participants by theory of mind questionnaire. Participants were given Dohsa training for a period of 4 weeks, 3 sessions of one hour a week. At the end of training, the post test was done by the same questionnaire. In the study, two tools for measuring the effect were used Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire and Theory of mind Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the subjects participated in treatment before and after the intervention, and indicated that in the subjects after the 2 weeks of enforcement of treatment and one month after performing the post-test there was no significant difference. Discussion: As data showed, Dohsa training was an effective treatment for autistic children and movement has very important role in cognition, learning and cognition performance, especially theory of mind because movement and rhythm stimulate the brain. Together these findings suggest that it may be the autistic children motivation to move in ways they have not tried before that led their improvement during this psycho-rehabilitative program which affect their cognition and theory of mind.

"nSelf- inflicted burn is one of the prevalent and grievous methods of suicide in Iran and encompasses different underlying reasons. Although several studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence and the underlying causes of self- inflicted burn in Iran, a large number of strong and weak points can be pointed out in these studies. As a consequence, there seems to be a need for a systematic review to determine the existing gaps and highlight the recommendations for any future studies. This study aims at determining the prevalence of self- inflicted burn and its underlying reasons among the population over 15 years old in Iran through a systematic review. Electronic and manual search methods were applied in order to search the resources. Eventually, only 24 out of 64 abstracts accessed fulfilled the inclusion criteria which were included in the systematic review. The results of the studies showed that self- inflicted burn lied among the main ways of suicide in Iran, and was responsible for 30- 70 percent of suicide mortality. Among all locations where studies were conducted, the highest rates of self- inflicted burn was reported in Masjed Soleiman district. Self- inflicted burn was more prevalent among individuals in the age range of 24.9- 27.2. Most of the attempters were female; these were mainly married housewives with low educational levels. Marital and family conflicts were the most frequently reported stressors. Inadequate information resources, the existing gaps in the conducted studies, and inconsistencies among the reported self- inflicted burn statistics can be noted as limitations of this study. On the other hand, most of the studies have been performed in the western part of the country where self- inflicted burn has a higher rate, a fact that reminds us that their results can not be generalized. To date, the reasons for the higher prevalence of this method of suicide in this part of the country has remained unclear. Conclusion: Precise assessment of prevalence of mental disorders among this group is one of the existing gaps in the literature.

Objectives: The object of this research was to investigate the «quality of life» and relation to demographic characteristics in elderly peopel of Tehran. Methods & Materials: the method of this research was a descriptive-correlation. In this research 243 of elder were selected with accessible sampling from people who referred to elder centers, cultural centers, and public parks in deferent districts of Tehran. The instruments were “demographic characteristics” and “quality of life questionnaire” (WHOQOL-BREF). in order to analyze data, descriptive statistics and stepwise regression were used. Results: In this research 134 male and 109 female were participated and their mean age was 71.41. Results of regression showed that in physical health, mental health and social relationships, good family relations was a positive predictor and in sequence physical illness, mental illness and weak family relations were predictors of decreasing scores. In environment domain, good economic status was a predictive factor of increasing scores and weak family relations was predictor ofdecreasing scores. Conclusion: according to data it’s clarified that family relations isone of the most effective factors on various domains in quality of life.