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Background & objectives: Sandflies are important carriers of Leishmania parasites. Leishmaniasis, spread by sandfly vectors, is a major public health problem worldwide particularly in the tropics and the subtropics. The parasite transmission capacity of vectors, life cycle of parasites in the body of vectors, disease transmission, and the physiology and behavior of carrier vectors can be extensively studied by establishing insect colonies in the insectarium. In addition, response of vectors to repellents and insecticides, mating behaviors, blood feeding habits, interaction between parasites, and vectors, and taxonomic studies can be investigated by establishing insect colonies. The goal of the present study was to establish a colony of Phlebotomus papatasi in the insectarium in a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in Kerman Province of Iran. Methods: The Killick-Kendrick and Killick-Kendrick method (1991) was used for individual rearing and the volf and volfa (2011) method was used for mass rearing of the collected sandflies. The larvae were fed by a diet with liver powder, which is the recommended diet for Phlebotomus papatasi larvae. Adult sandflies were allowed to feed on BALB/c mice blood in the laboratory. Results: Eighty sandflies specimens (75 female + 5 male) were collected with aspirator and reared for f1 and f2 generations in the laboratory. Interpretation & conclusion: Phlebotomus sandflies were colonized in laboratory condition. Then sandflies successfully maintained for the first time as a laboratory species in Kerman Province.

Background & objectives: Amphotericin B, Allopurinol, Glucantime and Beta-Glucan are the main drugs currently used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In present study, we evaluated the effect of medical leeches on BALB/c mice models infected with Leishmania parasites. Methods: To create animal models of leishmaniasis, BALB/c mice were inoculated with the standard Leishmania major strain MRHO / IR / 75 / ER. Treatment was performed through blood sampling with leeches. We used medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis) species. This leech is a European medicinal leech, one of several species known used as medicinal leech. Twenty-two mice infected with Leishmania major were used for the tests. The studied mice were divided into two groups which were named with letters L and D. The duration of blood sampling was 25 min for initial treatment, 20 min for the 2nd blood sampling and 15 min for the third times and onwards. Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) is a pentavalent antimony (SbV) that is recommended by the World Health Organization as a golden standard treatment for all kinds of leishmaniasis, but many side effects are still reported. Criteria for anti-leishmania assessment of leech were including: leech saliva has an anti-leishmania effect by acting on the purin pathway. Leech saliva prevents growth and multiplication of Leishmania by a mechanism of action similar to Glucantim (breaking ATP). Results: The duration of leech treatment in BALB/c mice infected with L. major parasites was about 6-8 weeks. Out of the 22 leishmaniasis mice models that underwent treatment, 13 survived until the end of the treatment duration. The recovery rate was about 56%; lesions improved in five out of the 13 surviving mice models. Paired t-test showed a significant difference between the mean wound size at the beginning of treatment and the 8th week of treatment (PV

Introduction: Rodent control programs have a long history of controlling zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. The present systematic review reports the effect of rodenticides in reducing ZCL in Iran. Materials and Methods: Various electronic databases were explored for reliable research using appropriate keywords between January 1970 and September 2023. Relevant studies were included based on the inclusion criteria. All articles identified from the systematic search were added into Endnote X9 (Clarivate Analytics) and duplicate articles were removed. This study followed standard procedures for systematic reviews and reported results according to systematic reviews guidelines. Results: Overall, 637 documents were identified after screening based on the PRISMA checklist, and finally, 13 papers were included in this systematic review. The findings indicated that most of studies used zinc phosphide (2.5%) and Klerat® mixed with wheat grains in rodents control programs in Iran. The results showed that rodent control programs were implemented in five provinces of Iran, including Esfahan, Yazd, Semana, Golestan, Kermanshah, and Fars, with the highest number of studies in Esfahan province. According to results, the incidence rate of ZCL significantly reduced after rodenticide implementation. Conclusion: This review study provides a better understanding of rodent control programs trends as a promising and practical approach to reducing ZCL incidence in Iran over the past 50 years and can serve as a reference for planning future control and research programs.

Abstract Vector-borne diseases, among them leishmaniasis, cause more than 700,000 deaths annually. The lack of an effective vaccination and the increasing resistance of sand flies to insecticides require the urgent development of innovative approaches to contain the disease. The use of engineered bacteria that express anti-parasite molecules (paratransgenesis) shows much promise. However, a challenge for implementation of this strategy is to devise means to introduce modified bacteria into sand flies in the field. In this study, we use rodent food bait as a delivery strategy to introduce two mCherry-fluorescent bacteria, Serratia AS1 and Enterobacter cloacae, into adult sand flies in field settings. Bacteria-infected food was provided to Rhombomys opimus rodents. These bacteria transiently pass through the rodent alimentary tract and are delivered to larval habitats with the rodent feces. The feces are ingested by sand fly larvae and, in the case of Serratia AS1, are trans-stadially transmitted to adults. This is the first report of targeting delivery of Serratia AS1 in a paratransgenic system to control transmission of leishmaniasis under field condition. This novel strategy shows promise for delivering transgenic bacteria to Leishmania vectors in the field.

Background: Kerman Province is one of the endemic foci of scorpionism in southeastern Iran. Totally 17 species are reported for Kerman Province fauna. The current study seeks to determine the fauna of medically important scorpions in northern parts of this province. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to March 2021. The specimens were captured from different areas, by rock-rolling during day and using Ultraviolet light at night. The specimens were pre­served in ethanol (80%) and then identified using reliable identification keys for scorpions. Results: Totally, 499 specimens were captured from eight cities in northern Kerman. In total, 11 species belonging to three families were identified. Buthacus sp. is reported for the first time from Kerman Province. Buthacus sp., Hotten­totta cf. juliae, and Hottentotta cf. schach, were the lowest in frequency of occurrence, against Mesobuthus navidpouri as the highest frequency. Conclusion: The results of this study are useful for the preparation of regional or monovalent antivenom for the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. Additionally, the obtained data are useful for the effective planning of scorpion control programs in the northern parts of Kerman Province, Iran.

Background: Head lice is one of the threats to public health in advanced and developing societies. In previous studies in Kerman Province, the rate of head lice infection was reported to be 3.8%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of head lice infection among female students of elementary schools of Kerman, and to identify the factors involved. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study from September 2019 to March 2019. The statistical population in the present study was female students from first to sixth grade of elementary school in districts one and two of Kerman. In selected schools, 2850 female students were examined by census. 179 people were randomly selected from different classes and after the examination; a questionnaire was completed for each of them. The extracted data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests. Odds Ratio was analyzed with 95% confidence (at the level of P

Abstract Background In Iran, both cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and visceral leishmaniases (VL) are endemic, recording one of the 10 highest CL prevalence in the world. Parasites are transmitted by the bite of infected Phlebotomus sand fly females. Several sand fly species have been identified as vectors in the studied region of Kerman province. Residual spraying to control adult sand flies, is the only way to decrease the spreading of the diseases but, following control treatment against malaria vectors in endemic areas in Iran, resistance or tolerance to insecticides emerged in some sand fly species. The objective of this study was to survey insecticides susceptibility levels of 3 vector species in wild sand fly populations in different foci of the diseases in Kerman province. Ph. sergenti, and Ph. papatasi respectively vectors of anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases and for the first time Ph. alexandri one of the anthroponotic visceral leishmaniases vector were tested against: deltamethrin 0.05%, malathion 5%, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) 4%. Materials and methods In leishmaniases endemic areas species specific sand fly sites were selected in Kerman province, and specimens were collected by manual aspirators at different time intervals during the spring and summer 2019. All the susceptibility tests were performed according to the WHO tube test recommended procedure. Results Twenty five blood-fed female sand flies from the region's prevalent species were used in each pooled test replicates. All wild specimens died within 60 min of exposure to DDT 4%, malathion 5%, and deltamethrin 0.05%, but the mortality rate for Ph. papatasi exposed to malathion and DDT was 91.6% and 66.6%, respectively. Conclusion According to current study results, Ph. sergenti and Ph. alexandri are highly susceptible to all the evaluated insecticides in the study areas. However, Ph. papatasi was susceptible to deltamethrin (100% mortality), possibly resistant or tolerant to malathion (91.6% mortality), and confirmed to be resistant to DDT (66.6% mortality). Graphical Abstract

There are 2612 and 80 scorpion species in the world and Iran, respectively. Iran is rich in climatic conditions and biodiversity. In this study, new data on scorpion fauna of different physiographic areas of Iran were obtained from various databases, including plains and deserts, eastern area of the Caspian Sea, western and central areas of the Caspian Sea, heights and foothills, the west coast of the Persian Gulf and the east coast of the Persian Gulf. Then, spatial distribution maps for scorpion species in different physiographic areas were prepared using ARC GIS software. There are three families (Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Scorpionidae), 19 genera, and 80 species and subspecies. In plains and deserts, there are three families, 15 genera, and 37 scorpion species; in the Caspian Sea area, there is only one family with four scorpions; in heights and foothills, there are three families, 14 genera, and 35 scorpion species; in the west coast of the Persian Gulf, there are three families, 13 genera, and 31 scorpion species, and finally, in the east coast of the Persian Gulf, there are three families, 14 genera, and 35 scorpion species. The Buthidae is the most prevalent family in Iran. Because of good climatological conditions on the east and west coast of the Persian Gulf, there are three families of scorpions, 18 genera, and 45 species. The majority of scorpion species inhabit this region, and the highest rate of scorpionism and death due to scorpion sting occurs in this part of Iran.

Background. American cockroaches contaminated with pathogens inside hospital manholes can be one of the major problems that health care systems face. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the fungal infections of American cockroaches in the Esfahan hospital sewage network. The principle goal of the study was about the roaches as a vector of fungi and other pathogens. Method. The type of study was descriptive-analytical. A total of 55 American cockroach specimens from the manhole walls of the sewerage system of 7 large hospitals were captured. Samples were taken from the surface of the body, digestive tract, and haemocoel of cockroaches. The specimens were then cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar separately, and fungi were identified according to the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Results. All cockroaches collected from hospitals were infected with fungi. Among the 24 (13 infected and 11 noninfected) (44%) female cockroaches and 31 (18 infected and 13 noninfected) (56%) male cockroaches, it was identified that 40.00% was infected with Aspergillus niger, 3.64% with Rhizopus, 7.27% with Penicillium, and 5.45% with Mucor. 6 cockroaches had no yeast contamination. 17 (30.91%) cockroaches were contaminated with Candida glabrata, 23 (41.82%) cockroaches were contaminated with Candida krusei, and 22 (40%) cockroaches were contaminated with other yeast species. The results of this study showed that Candida krusei had the highest prevalence among the isolated fungi with 35.37% of the digestive system and Aspergillus niger with 70.97% of the surface of the cockroach body. Conclusion. The results emphasized the role played by cockroaches as potential pathogenic vectors in hospital environments. Therefore, suitable management is needed for controlling this insect to prevent disease transmission in hospitals.

Background: In domestic and per domestic area,insecticides such as DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and, more recently, synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, have been successfully used to control sand flies in many countries. The present study reports the results of time-mortality bioassay to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, cyfluthrin 0.15% and deltamethrin 0.05% in recently colonized Phlebotomus papatasi populations in Iran. Methods: The insecticide susceptibility status of P. papatasi laboratory population was assessed during 2016–2017, following the standard WHO technique for mosquito (WHO, 2013) based on diagnostic dose. Sand flies collected from rural area of Badrood (Matin Abad), Natanz County, Esfahan Province, using aspirator. Results: Susceptibility test to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed on 3534 laboratory-reared P. papatasi (1746 females and 1788 males). The LT50 and LT90 values were measured using probit analysis and regression lines. The test results against males of P. papatasi revealed that LT50 values to DDT 4%, Permethrin 0.75%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15% and Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05% were 439.28, 108.90, 97.75, 5.00 and 57.84 seconds. The figures for females were 641.62, 136.15, 146.44, 8.71 and 72.69 seconds , respectively. Conclusion: According to presented results, the reared population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Esfahan Province is still susceptible to prethroids and Resistance candidate to DDT 4%.

Background & objectives: Association between polymorphisms in the natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been demonstrated worldwide; however, the reported results were inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association of NRAMP1 variants with susceptibility to CL infection and patients′ response to treatment in Isfahan province of Iran. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 150 patients with CL and 136 healthy controls. The CL patients were treated with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate. The polymorphic variants at NRAMP1 (A318V and D543N) were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. The chi-square test and Fisher′s exact test were used to compare frequencies of alleles and genotypes of polymorphisms between patient and healthy control populations. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the D543N (rs17235409) polymorphism between the CL patients and healthy controls (p=0.008). However, no significant association was detected for A318V (rs201565523) polymorphism between groups (p=0.26). In addition, there was a lack of association between D543N and A318V genotypes with response to treatment (p=0.54 and p=0.31, respectively). Interpretation & conclusion: The results indicated that genetic variations of D543N (rs17235409) might be associated with susceptibility to CL infection. These data may be used for detection of sensitive individuals and prevention of CL in endemic areas.

Background: Isfahan province is one of the common foci of the cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, particularly the wet or rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Due to the lack of information about the epidemiology and prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan province, Iran, this study was designed. Methods: Data were collected from the recorded data of patients with leishmaniasis referred to Isfahan Province Health Care Center, Isfahan, Iran. The patients were diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of the samples. Data concerning demographic features, the number and location of lesions, duration of disease, area of residence, work location, the history of travel within the past two months, address, and telephone number of the patients was collected. The epidemiological status of leishmaniasis was determined from the recorded data. Findings: In total, data of 28315 patients with leishmaniasis during 2001 to 2011 were studied. Among them, 10809 (38.2%) patients were women and 17491 (61.8%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 22.40 ± 16.52 years (range: 1-100 years). The incidence of lesions was 12.1% in face, 12.3% in hands and legs, 4.5% in face and hands, 24.1% in legs, 32.3% in hands and 11.5% in the other parts of body. 12163 patients (43%) had one, 6330 (22.4%) had two, 503 (8.1%) had three, and 8008 (28.3%) had more than three lesions. Overall, 17883 patients (63.2%) lived in urban areas and 8241 (29.1%) in rural areas and most of the cases were seen among those who lived in cities and urban areas. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Isfahan province, eliminating the leishmaniasis vector and its reservoirs in this endemic area seems to be necessary. During the years, it has been showed that leishmaniasis is endemic in Isfahan province; hence, a more extensive epidemiologic study is recommended.

Insects with over 30,000 aquatic species are known as very successful arthropods in freshwater habitats. Some of them are applied as biological indicators for water quality control, as well as the main food supply for fishes and amphibians. The faunistic studies are the basic step in entomological researches; the current study was carried out emphasizing on the fauna of aquatic insects in Karaj River, northern Iran. A field study was carried out in six various sampling site of Karaj River during spring 2013. The aquatic insects were collected using several methods such as D-frame nets, dipping and direct search on river floor stones. Specimens were collected and preserved in Ethanol and identified by standard identification keys. Totally, 211 samples were collected belonging to three orders; Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera. Seven genuses (Perla, Isoperla, Hydropsyche, Cheumatopsyche, Baetis, Heptagenia and Maccafferium) from five families (Perlidae, Perlodidae, Hydropsychidae, Batidae, Heptagenidae) were identified. The most predominant order was Plecoptera followed by Trichoptera. Karaj River is a main and important river, which provides almost all of water of Karaj dam. So, identification of aquatic species which exist in this river is vital and further studies about systematic and ecological investigations should be performed. Also, monitoring of aquatic biota by trained health personnel can be a critical step to describe water quality in this river. Understanding the fauna of aquatic insects will provide a clue for possible biological control of medically important aquatic insects such as Anopheles as the malaria vectors.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet radiation can contribute to various damages to body organs especially to skin. However, the effect of Ultraviolet B on the function of viruses, immunologic changes and antioxidants levels which protect human skin health are still unknown. We aimed to find the harmful level of UVB that can be helpful in taking preventive action against the increasing depletion of Ozone layer. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted in Isfahan population, two areas with high and low levels of UVB radiation were investigated based on the information obtained from Meteorological Office. Samples in each area were selected by a cluster-sampling method. 250 persons were assigned to each group. The antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxide level of samples were measured. Data were analyzed with Student t test by using SPSS software. RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation) of Malondialdehide in high and low UVB radiation areas were 2.8 ± 0.32 and 1.65 ± 0.38 nmoles/ml, respectively (P < 0.001). Mean (± standard deviation) of antioxidants capacity levels were 81.6 ± 2.36 μmol/l in patients living in low UVB radiation area and 76.5 ± 2.6 μmol/l in patients living in high UVB radiation area (P < 0.0001). Glutathione Peroxide levels were 38.2 ± 1.7 and 35.3 ± 1.9 μmol/l in areas with low and high UVB radiation respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Findings of this study indicates that the amount of free radicals and antioxidant capacity in high UVB radiation areas are less than areas with low levels of UVB radiation. Therefore, it is suggested that necessary considerations should be taken into account for the residents of such areas in order to reduce its health damages. Keywords: Ultraviolet B, antioxidant, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxide.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is still considered as a health problem in the world. Several methods of control in different regions, together with obtaining integrated information on its natural foci, are needed to decrease its prevalence. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of simultaneous interventions on CL control. Materials and Methods: A standard questionnaire was used to identify patients among pilgrims to Emamzadeh Agha Ali Abbas (Isfahan Province, Iran). Subsequently, three methods of controlling the disease, including, spraying residential buildings with Baygon, baiting with zinc phosphide poisons, changing the vegetative cover of the region, improving the environment, and mounting a mesh on all doors and windows of buildings in residential areas were used. The control measures were then evaluated by comparing the number of pilgrims affected by CL after and before the interventions. Results: While 23 pilgrims (1.4%) were affected with CL before the intervention (pretest), five (0.3%) persons were found to have CL after taking control measures. The Chi-square test did not indicate any significant difference in the relative frequency of CL (P = 0.731). Conclusion: The only scientific method for preventing and controlling zoonotic CL (ZCL) is a combination of the control methods (improving the environment and fighting off the disease districts and vectors) together with changing the vegetative cover of the region. Any measure for controlling this disease must be taken and programmed in accordance with the relevant experts′ views, in coordination with the participation of other organizations and the society.

Background: Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by leishmania protozoa. Knowledge about health effects associated with environment situation and human behavior in national and local levels seems to be very necessary. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in three adjacent counties of Isfahan province in Iran. Data were collected by face-to-face interviewing and recorded structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and logistic. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The economic level had significant association with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant association between existence of food storage and transmission of CL. We, however, found significant reduction of CL transmission following use of insect control measures (P < 0.05). The odds ratio for peridomestic transmission was 0.420 for houses that weren′t round with any old or ruined houses. Conclusion: We conclude that among aforementioned risk factors, the impact of peridomestic factors is stronger in CL transmission when compared with domestic and behavioral factors.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is still considered as a health problem in the world. Several methods of control in different regions together with obtaining integrated information on its natural foci are needed to decrease its prevalence. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of simultaneous interventions on CL control. Methods: A standard questionnaire was used to identify patients among pilgrims of Emamzadeh Agha Ali Abbas (Isfahan Province, Iran). Afterward, three methods of controlling the disease including spraying residential buildings with Baygon, baiting with anticoagulant poisons, changing the vegetative cover of the region, improving the environment, and mounting mesh on all doors and windows of buildings in residential parts. The control measures were then evaluated by comparing the numbers of pilgrims affected by CL after and before the interventions. Findings: While 23 pilgrims (1.4%) were affected with CL before the intervention (pretest), 5 (0.3%) persons were found to have CL after taking control measures. Chi-square test did not indicate any significant difference in relative frequency of CL (P = 0.731). Conclusion: The only scientific way for preventing and controlling zoonotic CL is a combination of control methods (improving environment, fighting off the disease districts and vectors) together with changing the vegetative cover of the region. Any measure for controlling disease must be taken and programmed in accordance with the relevant experts' views, in coordination with other organizations, and with the society's participation.

Background: Pentavalent antimonial compounds are the main treatment option for cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, their clinical use has limitations such as lack of efficacy by oral route, long-term treatment period, emergence of drug resistance in about 10-15% of cases, cardiac toxicity, and reversible renal insufficiency. Curcumins are phenolic derivatives extracted from turmeric rhizome which have anti-leishmania effects. Intraperitoneal injection of licochalcone A, extracted from licorice root, prevents ulcer in BALB/c mice infected by L. major. As a part of screening of Iranian herbs with potential antileishmanial activity, the effects of total extract of turmeric and licorice on L. major culture were assessed in this study. Methods: Serial concentrations of 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml were prepared from the dried plant extract. Moreover, 400 microliters of the parasite suspension was added to all test tubes except for the negative control in which only the culture media was added. Amphotericin B 0.1 mg/ml was used as the positive control. The average numbers of promastigotes of all three series of test tubes were calculated. For each concentration, percent of alive parasites at different times were recorded. The results were expressed as IC50 of each extract. Findings: The 2 mg/ml concentration of turmeric extracts resulted in rapid death of promastigotes compared to 0.2 mg/ml concentration which killed them after 88 hours of exposure. The effects of licorice total extract were similar to negative control at lower concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg/ml). Increasing the concentration up to 16 mg/ml killed more promastigotes. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both turmeric and licorice total extracts have antileishmanial effects in-vitro. However, the overall activity of licorice on promastigotes is much less than turmeric. It also kills parasites at higher doses.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite from trypanosomatidae family with a wide spectrum in tropical and subtropical areas. The purpose of the study was to characterize various species of Leishmania isolates from Isfahan, Iran with negative direct smears. Methods: This study used culture methods and PCR-RFLP to detect cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients who referred to the Center for Research in Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Iran, with negative direct smears. Samples taken from the lesions of patients were cultured on NNN and RPMI1640 mediums. Out of 100 smear negative samples, 50 turned positive for leishmania promastigotes whose DNA was extracted. The amplified ITS1 region of DNA was then analyzed through PCR-RFLP. After digesting the isolates by HaeIII enzyme, the species were determined according to standard strains. Findings: Among 50 isolates from Isfahan region, 46 isolates were identified as L. major and 4 as L. tropica. Conclusion: The present research showed that PCR-RFLP is an accurate method for specifying agent species of CL. It was also found that L. major and L. tropica were the main two species responsible for various kinds of skin involvement in the region.

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease which has different clinical forms. The aim of this study is to compare the response to leishmanin skin test (LST) in three forms of CL including plaque type, lupoid type, and sporotrichoid type. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The patients enrolled in this study had three clinical forms of CL confirmed by positive smear of their lesions and then LST was performed for them. Results were categorized as negative (0-5 mm induration), positive (6-14 mm), and strongly positive (≥15 mm). The data were documented in the patients′ files and analyzed with SPSS windows software version 16 (Inc.Chicago, USA). Results: 200 patients were enrolled in the study. In the group with plaque type, 86% had a positive LST, 13.3% were negative, and 0.7% were strongly positive. In the lupoid group, these figures were 45.8%, 8.4%, 45.8%, respectively. In the sporotrichoid group, LST was positive in 27.3%, negative in 72.7%, and none of the patients had a strongly positive reaction ( P < 0.05). Discussion: The most of the positive LST were belong to plaque and lupoid groups, the most of strongly positive were belong to lupoid, and the most of negative LST were related with sporotrichoid type. Conclusion: It can be suggested that lupoid and sporotrichoid types of CL are parts of a continuous spectrum of the disease with an enhanced cellular immunity in lupoid form and a decreased state in sporotrichoid type.