Search

Objetivo. Explorar la aceptabilidad de la actual prohibición de Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN) y cuatro propuestas regulatorias (prohibición de saborizantes, espacios libres de emisiones, edad mínima para compra y prohibición de promociones) entre usuarios de nicotina. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de panel realizado en fumadores y vapeadores mexicanos (no­viembre 2018-marzo 2020). Mediante análisis de regresión logística se estimaron razones de momios ajustadas (RMa) para evaluar la asociación entre las variables independientes y el apoyo a la prohibición y cuatro propuestas regulatorias. Resultados. El apoyo de la prohibición fue de 20%. El nivel de aceptación de las propuestas fue de 21% prohibición de sabores, 23.2% prohibición de promociones, 40.5% espacios libres de emisiones, y 47.9% edad mínima para compra. Con­clusiones. En México existe un rechazo generalizado de los usuarios de nicotina a la prohibición de los SEAN, y mayor aceptación sobre regulación de espacios libres de emisiones y edad mínima de compra.

The objective of this descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative basis was to identify MERCOSUR resolutions on pesticide residues in food issued between 1991 and 2022, analyzing the regional harmonization processes of these milestones and their incorporation into the regulatory framework of MERCOSUR founding Member States (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay). The analysis identified important points for the regulation and monitoring of pesticide residues in food in MERCOSUR, such as the synonyms used in the definition of pesticides and the scope of the regulatory system in each country, the marked differences in the scope of the main national regulatory frameworks, the unequal incorporation of international and regional regulations by the Member States and the challenges for harmonizing legislation on pesticide residues in food within MERCOSUR. In addition to the limited advances observed in the attempt to harmonize the relevant legislation within the bloc, there is a need to advance, nationally and regionally, in the processes to regulate pesticide residues in food, so as to ensure the quality of the products and services provided to the population and also to strengthen safer agro/food trade that relies on processes that are less harmful to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Pública de México is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Caracterizar el diseño de los impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en América Latina y el Caribe, y evaluar las oportunidades de aumentar su impacto en el consumo y la salud. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda y una evaluación exhaustivas de legislaciones vigentes a marzo del 2019, recopiladas mediante las herramientas de seguimiento ya existentes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fuentes secundarias, así como mediante una encuesta a ministerios de finanzas. El análisis se centró en el tipo de productos gravados y la estructura y la base de estos impuestos selectivos. Resultados. De los 33 países evaluados, en 21 se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas. En siete países también se aplican impuestos selectivos sobre el agua embotellada y en al menos cuatro, se aplican tales impuestos sobre las bebidas lácteas azucaradas. Diez de estos impuestos selectivos al consumo son de tipo ad valorem con algunas bases imponibles fijadas en las primeras etapas de la cadena de valor, siete son de tipo específico y cuatro son de estructura combinada o mixta. En tres países se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo en función de la concentración de azúcares del producto. Conclusiones. Si bien el número de países en que se aplican impuestos selectivos al consumo de bebidas azucaradas es prometedor, existe una gran heterogeneidad en su diseño en cuanto a la estructura, la base imponible y los productos gravados. Se podrían aprovechar aún más los impuestos selectivos existentes para tener un mayor impacto sobre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y la salud si se incluyeran todas las categorías de bebidas azucaradas, excluyendo el agua embotellada, y si se recurriera más a impuestos específicos ajustados regularmente según la inflación y basados posiblemente en la concentración de azúcares del producto. Todos los países se beneficiarían si hubiera mayor orientación. Futuras investigaciones deberían tener como objetivo abordar esta brecha.

Se describe el estado actual y los avances en la aplicación de las medidas de control del tabaco contenidas en la Estrategia y Plan de Acción para Fortalecer el Control del Tabaco en la Región de las Américas 2018-2022 y se identifican los logros alcanzados entre los años 2016 y 2020 y los retos que aún se deben enfrentar para cumplir las metas previstas. Para ello se utilizaron los datos del Informe de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sobre la Epidemia Mundial de Tabaquismo de los años 2015, 2017 y 2019, así como las normativas nacionales para determinar su consistencia con los criterios de la OMS. Se constatan importantes avances en la aplicación del Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del Tabaco en las Américas. Al 2020, la mayoría de los países contaban con normativas sobre ambientes 100% libres de humo en lugares cerrados públicos y de trabajo, y el transporte público, y advertencias sanitarias gráficas grandes en los paquetes de tabaco. Desde el 2016 se duplicó el número de países que prohíben la publicidad, la promoción y el patrocinio del tabaco y que aplican impuestos al tabaco al nivel mínimo recomendado por la OMS. Sin embargo, aún no se ha alcanzado la meta prevista al 2022 para ninguna de esas medidas ni para la ratificación de los tratados internacionales en el tema. Aunque se ha avanzado en la Región, el avance no ha sido uniforme, y a menos que el ritmo de aplicación de las medidas de control del tabaco contenidas en la Estrategia y Plan de Acción se acelere, es poco probable que se logren las metas establecidas. La interferencia de la industria tabacalera se mantiene como uno de los principales retos.

En este estudio se identifican y describen los cambios introducidos en el entramado constitucional y legal, y la política económica y social de Cuba entre los años 2015 y 2020 que inciden en el acceso a la salud y se actualiza el mapa conceptual sobre salud pública y propiedad intelectual en Cuba (MC SPPIC). Se realizó la búsqueda de documentos, ajustada al período de tiempo analizado, en la Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba y los sitios en Internet de la Oficina Cubana de la Propiedad Industrial, los organismos de la Administración Central del Estado y del Grupo de las Industrias Biotecnológica y Farmacéutica BioCubaFarma. El MC SPPIC actualizado refleja los cambios en la nueva Constitución de la República de Cuba adoptada en 2019, la actualización de los Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social para el quinquenio 2016-2021 y las leyes, decretos leyes y otras disposiciones legales relacionados con la propiedad intelectual en el período 2015-2020. La Política sobre el Sistema de Propiedad Industrial aprobada se fortaleció con legislaciones específicas para la protección de la propiedad industrial, en especial las que inciden en la protección de los resultados obtenidos por la industria biotecnológica y farmacéutica cubana. Los cambios reflejados en el MC SPPIC actualizado favorecen la interacción y la sinergia entre los diversos actores que inciden en el acceso a la salud –en su sentido más amplio– de la población cubana.

Objective. To assess the correlates of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) in public and private settings. Materials and methods. Data came from the 2016 National Survey of Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco use. Multilevel Poisson models were conducted to evaluate factors associated with SHS. Results. Having a higher education, being male and being a young adult were associated with higher SHS in bars and restaurants. Men had greater SHS at work, while women and adolescents had greater exposure at home. Adults older than 45 years had higher SHS on public transportation compared to adolescents between 12-17 years old. Conclusions. Exposure to SHS remains high and affects the population differentially. To reduce SHS, it is necessary to apply Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Objetivo. Estimar para 2015 el consumo tabaco en adultos y el cumplimiento de las disposiciones incluidas en la Ley General de Control del Tabaco y sus Efectos Nocivos en la Salud y su reglamento. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal utilizando la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos (GATS) en hogares, con representación nacional basada en un muestreo probabilístico en tres etapas, por sexo y zona de residencia. Resultados. Se visitaron 9 632 hogares donde se realizaron 8 607 entrevistas individuales. La tasa de respuesta fue 89%. Los fumadores actuales fueron 8,9% (IC95%: 8,1-9,8). La prevalencia en hombres fue 13,4% (12,0-15,0), en mujeres, 4,4% (3,7-5,2), en las zonas urbanas, 9,6% (8,5-10,7), en las rurales, 7,1% (6,2-8,2), y la media de la edad de inicio y la de cigarrillos fumados cada día, 16,1 años (15,6-16,6) y 13,4 cigarrillos al día (12,2-14,7), respectivamente. El grupo de 45 a 64 años presentó la mayor prevalencia: 10,4% (9,0-12,0). El 47,5% de los entrevistados nunca había oído hablar de cigarrillos electrónicos, el 6,3% había estado expuesto al humo del tabaco en el lugar de trabajo y 7,9%, en restaurantes. Conclusiones. Esta encuesta brindó información política y sanitaria relevante para la vigilancia, la asistencia sanitaria y el control de la legislación antitabaco del país. Debe hacerse un mayor esfuerzo para que se cumplan todas las obligaciones establecidas en la Ley 9028, y los resultados se mantendrán vigentes hasta la segunda encuesta GATS en 2020.

Objective. To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health. Methods. A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes. Results. Out of the 33 countries analyzed, 21 apply excise taxes on SSBs. Seven countries also apply excise taxes on bottled water and at least four include sugar-sweetened milk drinks. Ten of these excise taxes are ad valorem with some tax bases set early in the value chain, seven are amount-specific, and four have either a combined or mixed structure. Three countries apply excise taxes based on sugar concentration. Conclusions. While the number of countries applying excise taxes on SSBs is promising, there is great heterogeneity in design in terms of structure, tax base, and products taxed. Existing excise taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on SSB consumption and health by including all categories of SSBs, excluding bottled water, and relying more on amount-specific taxes regularly adjusted for inflation and possibly based on sugar concentration. All countries would benefit from additional guidance. Future research should aim to address this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of flavor capsule cigarette, use among Mexicans who are 10 years and older, to determine the proportion of smokers who use flavor capsules, and to characterize the sociodemographic correlates of flavor capsule cigarette use. Materials and methods. Data came from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. The prevalence and proportion of flavor capsule cigarette use were estimated by sex, age, education, and wealth. Poisson models were used to evaluate sociodemographic factors associated with flavor capsule cigarette use. Results. Among Mexicans, the prevalence of flavor capsule cigarettes use was 6.6%, which is 43% of all smokers. Women, adolescents, and young adults were more likely than other groups to use flavor capsule cigarettes. Conclusions. Mexicans report a high prevalence of flavor capsule cigarette use. Banning cigarettes with flavors may reduce the appeal of smoking, particularly for youth and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clinica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Pública de México is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Specialized literature points the importance of occupational therapists during violent conflicts when reporting thoughts and experiences; however, works that explore the scope and career possibilities of occupational therapists in the light of current legislation are scarce. Objective: To analyze provisions in the Colombian legal framework related to armed conflict to identify content related to occupational therapy. Materials and methods: Documentary research on Colombian law regarding armed conflict. Results: The provisions consulted during this research do not mention occupational therapy. Regulations, according to practice areas, are distributed as follows: social welfare 21.8%, psychosocial welfare 21.8%, social and occupational welfare 20.6%, biosocial welfare 20.6% and education 14%, which mostly cover victims of the conflict and are interested in forced displacement. Differential perspectives regarding children protection and procedures such as direct care, group activities and intervention with families stand out. Conclusions: Occupational therapy should be promoted by professionals in settings different from the clinical context. The lack of clarity in the population and the ignorance of legislators regarding the scope of professional occupational therapists can be one of the causes of the omission of occupational therapy in the analyzed provisions. Challenges include the participation in scenarios involved in public policies, the dissemination of professional experiences in violent conflicts and the promotion of programs aimed at armed groups.

El tamizaje neonatal pretende detectar al nacimiento anomalías susceptibles de tratamiento antes de la apari-ción de enfermedad. Su objetivo es evitar discapacidad e incluso la muerte de algunos recién nacidos. Con los desarrollos tecnológicos los beneficios se han extendido a la familia y a la sociedad. Contrariamente, también se han documentado daños psicológicos, sociales e incluso físicos. La probabilidad de daño está influenciada por consideraciones asociadas con principios bioéticos como la confidencialidad, la cual se relaciona con los principios de dignidad y autonomía. Aparecen entonces controversias como el tiempo de retención de muestras. De forma similar, hay otras controversias asociadas a consideraciones bioéticas como la prioridad de la persona o el consentimiento. A pesar del panorama descrito, la legislación no aborda de forma integral las consideraciones bioéticas. Colombia no es la excepción; la normatividad específica para tamizaje neonatal no considera ni siquiera de forma aislada consideraciones fundamentales en este tópico. En este contexto, el derecho blando da directivas como el deber de garantizar el acceso o las circunstancias en las cuales es posible realizar el tamizaje neonatal sin beneficio directo para el neonato. Sin embargo, no aborda otras consideraciones como el consentimiento y la confidencialidad, lo que amerita un debate bioético integral.

Objective. To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. Methods. Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization's Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. Results. A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. Conclusion. In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Study federal and state regulations to determine to what extent road safety recommendations are followed with regard to different risk factors and protective factors. Methods. A descriptive analysis was made of the legal frameworks for road safety at the federal level and in the 32 Mexican states, identifying those that had regulations respecting the main risk factors (speeding, drinking and driving, and cellphone use while driving) and the main protective factors against road injuries (helmet use, seat belt use, and use of child restraint systems). The adequacy of these regulations was analyzed on the basis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) recommendations. The types of sanctions prescribed in these regulations are also described. Results. Slightly less than 10% of the entities studied had specific regulations respecting the six protective and risk factors considered. It was noted that "drinking and driving" and "helmet use" are, respectively, the risk factor and protective factor most commonly included in state laws. Adequate regulations were found in only two states: Zacatecas (regarding speeding) and Jalisco (seat belts, child restraint systems, and helmet use). Monetary fines are the most frequently applied sanction. Conclusions. It is a key priority to promote comprehensive laws with provisions that adequately address technical and scientific criteria for protection and prevention, as well as appropriate mechanisms for monitoring, regulation, and sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Bioetica is the property of Conselho Federal de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To determine the knowledge of the Andalusian ''Legislation of Rights and Guarantees of the Dignity of Individuals during the Death Process'' and perception of the formation on attention to terminally ill patients by students of health sciences at Universidad de Granada, Spain. Methodology. Cross-sectional descriptive study, conducted in 2010, with the participation of 572 students from the Nursing, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy careers of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Universidad de Granada. A questionnaire including 19 variables was used. The data gathered was analyzed with the SPSS 15.0 program. Results. Half of the participants know of this Legislation. A total of 86.7% of the students did not know that the limitation of the therapeutic effort is a legal practice throughout Spain; 97.9% did not know either that the limitation of vital support measures is a legal practice. 64.2% of the students feel capable of addressing this issue with terminally ill patients and their families. 83.3% of those surveyed report not having sufficient knowledge to provide information about the ''Living testament''. Nursing students have greater knowledge of the Legislation studied; likewise, those who took the Palliative Care course obtained better results than students who did not. Conclusion. Students do not have adequate knowledge of the Andalusian legislation of dignified death. Although the participants do not feel prepared academically to deal with these types of patients, they do consider themselves capable of doing so.Objetivo. Determinar el conocimiento sobre ''Ley de Derechos y Garantías de la Dignidad de la Persona en el Proceso de la Muerte'' y percepción sobre la formación en la atención a enfermos terminales del alumnado de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad de Granada, España. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, realizado en 2010, en el que participaron 572 alumnos de las titulaciones de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Terapia Ocupacional de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Granada. Se empleó un cuestionario que incluía 19 variables. Los datos recogidos se analizaron con el programa SPSS 15.0. Resultados. La mitad de los participantes tienen conocimiento de esta Ley. 86.7% del alumnado no sabía que la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico es una práctica legal en toda España. 97.9% tampoco sabía que la limitación de medidas de soporte vital es una práctica legal. 64.2% de los estudiantes se siente capacitado para tratar este tema con el enfermo terminal y su familia. 83.3% de los encuestados reporta no tener el suficiente conocimiento para dar información sobre el ''Testamento Vital''. Los estudiantes de Enfermería tienen mayor conocimiento sobre la Ley en estudio; asimismo, aquellos que cursaron Cuidados Paliativos obtuvieron mejores resultados que quienes no lo hicieron. Conclusión. Gran parte de los alumnos no tiene un conocimiento adecuado de la Ley andaluza de muerte digna. Aunque los participantes no se sientan preparados académicamente para tratar con este tipo de pacientes, sí se consideran capaces para hacerlo desde la práctica.Objetivo. Determinar o conhecimento sobre a lei andaluza da ''Lei de Direitos e Garantias da Dignidade da Pessoa no Processo da Morte'' e percepção sobre a formação no atendimento a enfermos terminais do corpo discente de ciências da saúde da Universidade de Granada, Espanha. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo de tipo transversal, realizado em 2010, no que participaram 572 alunos das titulações de Enfermaria, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Granada. Empregou-se um questionário que incluía 19 variáveis. Os dados recolhidos se analisaram com o programa SPSS 15.0. Resultados. A metade dos participantes têm conhecimento desta Lei. 86.7% do corpo discente não sabia que a limitação do esforço terapêutico é uma prática legal em toda Espanha. 97.9% também não soube que a limitação de medidas de suporte vital é uma prática legal. 64.2% dos estudantes se sentem capacitados para tratar este tema com o enfermo terminal e sua família. 83.3% dos interrogados reportam não ter o suficiente conhecimento para dar informação sobre o ''Testamento Vital''. Os estudantes de Enfermagem têm maior conhecimento sobre a Lei em estudo; assim mesmo, aqueles que cursaram Cuidados Paliativos obtiveram melhores resultados que o corpo discente que não o fez. Conclusão. Nos alunos não é adequado o conhecimento da Lei andaluza de morte digna. Ainda que os participantes não se sentam preparados academicamente para tratar com este tipo de pacientes sim que se consideram capazes para fazê-lo.

Los registros de ensayos clínicos (EC) constituyen una de las mayores fuentes de información de investigaciones en intervenciones en salud que se han o se están llevando a cabo en el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud estableció un conjunto mínimo de datos que se deben registrar (20 ítems), consensuado a nivel internacional con las partes interesadas, y estableció una red de registros primarios y de registros asociados. Existen actualmente dos registros primarios en las Américas (Brasil y Cuba) avalados por la OMS, además del registro ClinicalTrial.Gov (de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica) que aportan datos a la plataforma internacional de registros de EC de la OMS (ICTRP). Adicionalmente, hay avances importantes en la región relacionados con las regulaciones, el desarrollo e implementación de registros nacionales y la adhesión de comités de ética y editores a la iniciativa.Clinical trial registries are one of the main sources of information concerning health research interventions that have been or are being carried out throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) established a minimum data set to be recorded (20 items), which was agreed upon internationally with the stakeholders, and established a network of primary and associated records. In addition to the register ClinicalTrial.Gov (of the United States of America), there are currently two primary registries in the Americas (from Brazil and Cuba) that meet WHO requirements and provide data to WHO’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Furthermore, there are important advances in the region related to the regulations, development and implementation of national registries and to the support of the ethics committees and editors to this initiative.

Revisão bibliográfica cujo objetivo foi identificar a legislação brasileira relacionada à exposição ocupacional a material biológico entre os trabalhadores de saúde e compará-la com as principais recomendações da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A busca de informações se deu por acesso aos sites do Ministério da Saúde, Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, OIT e CDC. Os dados coletados foram categorizados em cinco temas para melhor compreensão e análise. Identifica-se que a legislação brasileira contempla grande parte das recomendações internacionais, porém a obrigatoriedade do fornecimento de dispositivos de segurança foi tardiamente incluída na legislação. Conclui-se que os trabalhadores precisam obter informações sobre seus direitos e deveres frente à exposição ao risco biológico

El tamizaje neonatal pretende detectar al nacimiento anomalías susceptibles de tratamiento antes de la aparición de enfermedad. Su objetivo es evitar discapacidad e incluso la muerte de algunos recién nacidos. Con los desarrollos tecnológicos los beneficios se han extendido a la familia y a la sociedad. Contrariamente, también se han documentado daños psicológicos, sociales e incluso físicos. La probabilidad de daño está influenciada por consideraciones asociadas con principios bioéticos como la confidencialidad, la cual se relaciona con los principios de dignidad y autonomía. Aparecen entonces controversias como el tiempo de retención de muestras. De forma similar, hay otras controversias asociadas a consideraciones bioéticas como la prioridad de la persona o el consentimiento. A pesar del panorama descrito, la legislación no aborda de forma integral las consideraciones bioéticas. Colombia no es la excepción; la normatividad específica para tamizaje neonatal no considera ni siquiera de forma aislada consideraciones fundamentales en este tópico. En este contexto, el derecho blando da directivas como el deber de garantizar el acceso o las circunstancias en las cuales es posible realizar el tamizaje neonatal sin beneficio directo para el neonato. Sin embargo, no aborda otras consideraciones como el consentimiento y la confidencialidad, lo que amerita un debate bioético integral.

El fomento de un entorno seguro es una función esencial de las enfermeras, que ocupa cada vez más un lugar central en la gestióndel cuidado. El propósito de este artículo es develar la existencia de una relación ético-jurídica entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión deriesgos, en el contexto de la seguridad del paciente. Método: bajo un criterio ético-jurídico se reflexiona sobre la atención de enfermeríay la seguridad del paciente. Resultados: se demuestra una vinculación de carácter ético-jurídico entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestiónde riesgos. Se define a qué orden pertenece dicha vinculación y cómo se integra a la gestión del cuidado. Por último, se propone la supervisiónpor riesgos. Conclusiones: al demostrar la vinculación ética y jurídica existente entre la gestión del cuidado y la gestión de riesgos,la seguridad del paciente se levanta, para las enfermeras y la enfermería, como un imperativo moral y profesional. DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2015.15.1.13

The analysis of medical malpractice claims related to adverse events in Spain reveals that it is commonly accepted as legal criteria that some doctors have innate and special abilities to carry out their activity. They also distinguish between ability and learning. This article reflects on adult learning theories and ways to facilitate professional development. It analyzes the consequences that the chosen criteria may influence the way healthcare providers are trained. It also reflects on the influence these criteria may have in judicial decisions related to the assessment of professional performance. The use of clinical simulation as a new training tool is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Bioetica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Promoting a safe environment is an essential function of nursing and occupies an increasingly central role in care management. The purpose of this article is to show the existence of an ethical-legal relationship between care management and risk management in the context of patient safety. Method: The article reflects on nursing care and patient safety from an ethical-legal standpoint. Findings: An ethical-legal link between care management and risk management is demonstrated. The order of that relationship and how it fits in with care management are defined, and risk supervision is proposed. Conclusions: Demonstrating the ethical and legal relationship between care management and risk management enhances patient safety as a moral and professional imperative for nurses and nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the development of anaesthesia worldwide, not all operating rooms follow minimum stringent safety standards. One of the violations of patient safety standards is simultaneous anaesthesia, which threatens the life of the patient and compromises medical ethics and professionalism. Objective: To describes the frequency of the practice of simultaneous anaesthesia among a group of anaesthetists and anaesthesia residents who attended a Latin-American Anaesthesiology Congress. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study of a universe of 954 participants who registered to the XXXII Congress of CLASA, held in Asunción, Paraguay (September 30th to October 3rd, 2013). Participation in the study was voluntary after verbal informed consent on the part of the respondents, and the questionnaire was answered anonymously. This study was approved by the Research Committee of the Colombian Society of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation (Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación - S.C.A.R.E). Results: Of the 112 anaesthetists and 29 anaesthesia residents surveyed, 30% recognized that simultaneous anaesthesia is given habitually at their place of work; 26% do not apply the checklist; 24% consider that the practice is justified; and 84% are in favour of penalizing this behaviour. Conclusion: There are places where simultaneous anaesthesia is still practiced and where the checklist is not used. A vast majority of the respondents agree that this breach must be penalized in order to improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Identify and evaluate studies that analyzed characteristics of right-tohealth litigation in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Methods. Studies were evaluated that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation identified through a search of PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Scirus (April 2012). Two reviewers evaluated the studies. Variables collected were, among others, grounds for litigation, proportion of lawsuits for benefits covered by the health system, and lawsuits on high-cost technologies. Results. Thirty studies were identified (Brazil 19, Colombia 10, and Costa Rica 1). Judgments were frequently in favor of plaintiffs: Colombia (75%-87%), Costa Rica (89.7%), and Brazil (70%-100%). In Colombia, lawsuits were filed for benefits included in the Compulsory Health Plan (range: 41%-69.9%). In Brazil there was considerable variation in the amount of lawsuits between the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program (13%-31%) and basic medicines in the Unified Health System (approximately 50%). Lawsuits on drugs varied as a percentage of all lawsuits (Colombia 11.9%-35.6%, Costa Rica 30.2%, and Brazil 49.6%). A study in Brazil found a statistically significant difference when comparing lawsuits on exceptional drugs versus all other drugs, by social class; and in another study, according to lawsuits from municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators. A concentration of lawsuits on drug prescribing by a limited group of physicians was reported. Prescribing was not always supported by scientific evidence. Another study found that in half of the cases, the cost of legal proceedings was higher than the cost of the services being claimed. Conclusions. There are similarities in the grounds, nature, and impact of litigation in the context of the countries studied. The studies included show weaknesses of health systems to ensure access to different services as well as in the introduction of new health technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislating five of the main risk factors for road traffic injuries (RTIs), as much as enforcing the law, is essential in forging an integral culture of road safety. Analysis of the level of progression in law enforcement allows for an evaluation of the state of world regions. A secondary analysis of the 2009 Global status report on road safety: time for action survey was undertaken to evaluate legislation on five risk factors (speed management, drinking and driving, motorcycle helmet use, seatbelt use, and use of child restraints) in the Americas. Laws were classified depending on their level of progression: the existence of legislation, whether the legislation is adequate, a level of law enforcement ≥ 6 (on a scale of 0-10), and whether the law is considered comprehensive. A descriptive analysis was performed. The totality of the countries has national or subnational legislation for at least one of the five risk factors. However, 63% have laws on the five risk factors studied, and none of them has comprehensive laws for all five. Seatbelt use appears to be the most extended enforced legislation, while speeding laws appear to be the least enforced. There are positive efforts that should be recognized in the region. However, the region stands in different stages of progression. Law enforcement remains the main issue to be tackled. Laws should be based on evidence about what is already known to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigacion & Educacion en Enfermeria is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The law on advance directives (LAD) in Mexico City regulates the will or intent of any person not to undergo unnecessarily life-prolonging treatment. Article 8 of the law stipulates the donation of organs for transplant must be manifest. Objective: The aim of this paper is to document knowledge of LAD. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted using a previously validated semi-structured interview. Results: In all, 278 interviews were carried out and 64% of those surveyed were unfamiliar with LAD. Among those who are familiar with LAD (n = 100), only 43% know what it stipulates regarding organ donation. Conclusion: There is an evident lack of knowledge about LAD, because the public has not been duly informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trial registries are one of the main sources of information concerning health research interventions that have been or are being carried out throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) established a minimum data set to be recorded (20 items), which was agreed upon internationally with the stakeholders, and established a network of primary and associated records. In addition to the register ClinicalTrial.Gov (of the United States of America), there are currently two primary registries in the Americas (from Brazil and Cuba) that meet WHO requirements and provide data to WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Furthermore, there are important advances in the region related to the regulations, development and implementation of national registries and to the support of the ethics committees and editors to this initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To review tobacco bills introduced in Colombia's Congress and to compare these proposed measures to those of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Methods. Bills on tobacco-related products in the Congress of the Republic of Colombia in July 1992-July 2007 were identified from the records of the Senate and the House of Representatives' Legal Office. Eighteen semistructured interviews of key players were conducted and the debate proceedings of three bills were observed. Results. Eighteen bills were evaluated; none was comprehensive-even when FCTC measures were included, these were partial or went in a different direction, indicating little awareness of the most effective tobacco control measures. Little compromise was observed on the part of the Congress, the Executive Branch, or the authors who were themselves seeking approval of the proposal. None of these bills became law. Conclusions. The tobacco bills in the Colombian Congress during the study period could not ensure the development of legislation that is sufficiently effective in controlling tobacco in the country and could not provide a successful journey through a rigorous legislative process. Bills must be comprehensive, even when measures evolve gradually, and more attention must be given to the legislative process that must be completed for approval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]