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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of representation by an advocate of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings as a type of advocacy. The article analyzes the scientific provisions on the representation by an advocate of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings. It is established that representation by a lawyer of the interests of the client in enforcement proceedings should be distinguished from other types of representation in enforcement proceedings. The issues of representation of the prosecutor in enforcement proceedings and the correlation of this representation with the representation of the lawyer are also investigated. It is concluded that the provisions of the legislation regulating the participation of the prosecutor in enforcement proceedings do not comply with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine. When studying the range of persons who can have a lawyer-representative in enforcement proceedings, attention is drawn to the fact that this range is narrow. Only the claimant and the debtor have the right to have a lawyer represent their interests. It is concluded that the right of a participant of enforcement proceedings to have a lawyer as his representative should be recognized for any participant who enters into legal relations with the executor and needs legal assistance. It is necessary to give the right to the lawyer to always act next to the person he represents. The article also investigated the question of whether the executor has the right to have a representativeadvocate. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine does not provide for the possibility of public and private executors to exercise their rights and obligations in enforcement proceedings through representatives, in particular, and lawyers. Thus, state and private executors are obliged to carry out activities on forced execution of decisions exclusively in person. However, in court, the executor has the right to exercise his rights and obligations through a lawyer. The list of documents that may confirm the powers of an advocate as a representative in enforcement proceedings is also defined. It has been established that there is a discrepancy between the lists of these documents provided for by the legislation on enforcement proceedings and the legislation on advocacy. A proposal has been made to provide in the legislation on enforcement proceedings for a legal assistance contract to be one of such documents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to analyze the current legislation regarding the issue of the representation of denunciators in criminal proceedings and to determine the extent of alignment between the legal positions of different normative acts on this matter. Methodology: The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of existing scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of corresponding conclusions and recommendations. The research employed the following methods of scientific cognition: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, and logical-normative. Results: During the research, it was determined that the denunciator emerged in the national legal field due to changes in anticorruption legislation. Among other changes, the denunciator was granted the right to representation in proceedings, which can be realized by using all forms of legal aid provided by the Law of Ukraine “On Free Legal Aid”, engaging a lawyer independently, and appealing to the National Agency on Corruption Prevention. However, certain provisions of anti-corruption legislation, particularly in the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” regarding the representation of denunciators for the protection of their interests, and certain provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and other legislative acts regarding the representation of denunciators in criminal proceedings, require coordination and synchronization. Scientific novelty: In the course of the research, it was established that despite the corresponding provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption”, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine does not provide any guidance on the representation of the denunciator’s interests in criminal proceedings, and does not involve a mechanism for the denunciator to utilize free legal aid. The Law of Ukraine “On Free Legal Aid” does not include the denunciator among the entities entitled to free secondary legal assistance. Also, it was determined that the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine does not regulate the mandatory presence of representatives of the National Agency on Corruption Prevention at court sessions. It was also found that there is no regulation on the right of the National Agency Corruption Prevention to initiate the review of court decisions in judicial proceedings and the procedure for confirming the representation of the denunciator in criminal proceedings. Practical significance: The research results can be used in law-making and law enforcement activities during a pre-trial investigation of corruption offenses and offenses related to corruption.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The majority of literature on digital criminal justice focuses on communication within the courtroom. By contrast, this article discusses the possible implications of digitalization of criminal proceedings for (legally represented) defendants’ access to criminal justice in general. In addition to communications during virtual hearings, it also discusses what happens before and after them. Defence lawyers act as vehicles for access to criminal justice, especially for detained suspects. Therefore, this article focuses on the lawyer-client relationship and their role in digitalised criminal justice. This reflection is based on qualitative interviews with 20 Dutch criminal lawyers as part of a broader study on the impact of digitalisation on the role of criminal defence lawyers. As a conclusion, it recommends that lawyers’ regulatory bodies address new dilemmas relating to legal representation in digitalised criminal proceedings.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of various types of criminal offenses that may be committed against lawyers in connection with their professional activities in providing legal assistance. By analysing the status of a lawyer as a victim according to Article 397 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the article suggests focusing on two main aspects. Firstly, the issue of interference with the activities of a defender or representative of a person is thoroughly examined, with the concluding remark that one of the key guarantees of a lawyer's activity is the establishment of criminal liability for interfering with the work of these subjects of human rights protection. The object, objective, and subjective sides of this criminal offense are analysed, as well as the sanctions provided for its commission. Secondly, the threat or violence against a defender or representative of a person using Article 398 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as the main instrument to ensure the safety of defenders and representatives during the provision of legal assistance is discussed. The elements of this offense and the sanctions imposed in case of its commission are described. The article also thoroughly examines Article 399 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, "Intentional Destruction or Damage to the Property of a Defender or Representative of a Person." The objective and subjective sides of the criminal offense are analysed, along with qualifying features. Special emphasis is placed on the manifestations of the objective side - destruction or damage to the property of a defender, representative of a person, or their close relatives. Sanctions for such actions include fines, probation, restrictions, or deprivation of liberty depending on the severity of the consequences. Furthermore, Article 400 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, "Attack on the Life of a Defender or Representative of a Person in Connection with Activities Related to the Provision of Legal Assistance," is studied separately. The composition of the crime, which consists of murder or attempted murder of a defender, representative, or their close relatives due to professional activities, is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advocacy of Ukraine is a nongovernmental, self-governing institution that provides protection, representation and the other types of legal assistance on a professional basis, and independently resolves issues of the organization and activity of the advocacy in the manner established by the law. The advocacy of Ukraine consists of all advocates of Ukraine who have the right to practice law. According to the current legislation of Ukraine, advocatory activities are carried out on the basis of a contract on the provision of legal assistance. In this regard, the study of this type of contract and the clarification of its place in the system of regulators of social relations have become extremely important and are the urgent tasks in the domestic legal science. The contract on the provision of legal assistance is an unnamed type of contract at the level of the codified act. Because of this, the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Advocacy and Advocatory Activity» have been devoted to its legal regulation. The contract for the provision of legal assistance may also be concluded in favor of the client by another person acting in his interests. In such cases, the rules of the art. 636 of the Civil Code of Ukraine should be applied to it. In particular, the execution of such an agreement on the provision of legal assistance can be demanded both by the person who concluded the agreement and by the client for whose benefit it was concluded. Termination of the contract for the provision of legal assistance at the initiative of the client and/or the person who concluded the contract in the interests of the client is not recognized as an indicator of unsatisfactory work of the advocate (advocatory bureau or advocatory association). After all, the essence of advocacy should consist in providing professional legal assistance to clients to achieve justice in exclusively legal and morally justifiable ways. On the basis of the civil legal analysis of the contract on the provision of legal assistance, it is advisable to support conclusions about its consensual legal nature, belonging to the group of contracts on the provision of legal services, bilaterality, the possibility of being paid or unpaid, fiduciary and, under certain circumstances, aleatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the integration of advanced AI technologies, including Python, Gradio, Langchain and Vector database to develop an innovative AI chatbot for legal assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Leveraging cutting-edge models such as Mixtral8x7B and NVIDIA AI endpoints, the chatbot demonstrates enhanced conversational abilities, real-time recommendations, and efficient processing of Bosnian language inputs. Through meticulous tuning and optimization, the system achieves unparalleled accuracy in capturing semantic relationships and delivers contextually relevant responses. Challenges in language processing, ethical considerations, and privacy concerns are addressed through collaborative efforts and proactive measures. The study highlights the significance of technological advancements in AI for bridging language barriers, promoting social inclusion, and ensuring equitable access to legal assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of literature on digital criminal justice focuses on communication within the courtroom. By contrast, this article discusses the possible implications of digitalization of criminal proceedings for (legally represented) defendants' access to criminal justice in general. In addition to communications during virtual hearings, it also discusses what happens before and after them. Defence lawyers act as vehicles for access to criminal justice, especially for detained suspects. Therefore, this article focuses on the lawyer-client relationship and their role in digitalised criminal justice. This reflection is based on qualitative interviews with 20 Dutch criminal lawyers as part of a broader study on the impact of digitalisation on the role of criminal defence lawyers. As a conclusion, it recommends that lawyers' regulatory bodies address new dilemmas relating to legal representation in digitalised criminal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decisions of regulatory government bodies and courts affect many aspects of citizens' lives. These organizations and courts are expected to provide timely and coherent decisions, although they struggle to keep up with the increasing demand. The ability of machine learning (ML) models to predict such decisions based on past cases under similar circumstances was assessed in some recent works. The dominant conclusion is that the prediction goal is achievable with high accuracy. Nevertheless, most of those works do not consider important aspects for ML models that can impact performance and affect real-world usefulness, such as consistency, out-of-sample applicability, generality, and explainability preservation. To our knowledge, none considered all those aspects, and no previous study addressed the joint use of metadata and text-extracted variables to predict administrative decisions. We propose a predictive model that addresses the abovementioned concerns based on a two-stage cascade classifier. The model employs a first-stage prediction based on textual features extracted from the original documents and a second-stage classifier that includes proceedings' metadata. The study was conducted using time-based cross-validation, built on data available before the predicted judgment. It provides predictions as soon as the decision date is scheduled and only considers the first document in each proceeding, along with the metadata recorded when the infringement is first registered. Finally, the proposed model provides local explainability by preserving visibility on the textual features and employing the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Our findings suggest that this cascade approach surpasses the standalone stages and achieves relatively high Precision and Recall when both text and metadata are available while preserving real-world usefulness. With a weighted F1 score of 0.900, the results outperform the text-only baseline by 1.24% and the metadata-only baseline by 5.63%, with better discriminative properties evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic and precision-recall curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search of criminal accountability for individuals who have committed domestic and family violence is a central demand of victimized women, and the Public Defender's Office plays a relevant role in criminal proceedings for their access to justice. The main objective of this study is to identify the perceptions, needs and expectations of women in relation to criminal proceedings, to identify the possibilities of action of the Public Defender's Office in this scenario and to assess the challenges faced by the institution to ensure the effectiveness of the performance in these processes. Based on the documentary analysis of the research “The Judiciary Power in confronting domestic and family violence” (CNJ; IPEA, 2019), as well as the literature review, it was sought to contribute to the improvement of the policies and institutional practices of the Public Defender's Office in criminal cases involving women in situations of domestic and family violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional CONSINTER de Direito is the property of JURUA EDITORIAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prevalence of dementia keeps rising in the Taiwan aged society, which involves debates over how to identify the "true intention" of the metal capacity of a concerned elderly. How to assess and judge, in the fields of medicine, law, or welfare administration, the metal capacity of an elderly with dementia who has entered into a marriage with another person? How to provide protective placement services for an elderly with dementia of all kinds? How can legal assistance (or guardianship) be availed of to guarantee the legal rights of an elderly with dementia who has entered into a marriage? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The scientific article describes the positive foreign experience in managing the free legal aid system in such countries as the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Estonia, and the Republic of Bulgaria for further application and implementation of its elements in reforming the system of free legal aid management in Ukraine. Furthermore, this article analyzes the regulatory and legal framework for managing the provision of free legal aid in the abovementioned countries, including the Free Legal Aid and Education Act in the Republic of Poland, the Law on State Guaranteed Legal Assistance in the Republic of Lithuania, State Legal Aid Act in the Republic of Estonia, and the Legal Assistance Act in the Republic of Bulgaria. The article highlights the features of providing free legal assistance in abovementioned countries. Besides, we have listed the main tasks of the subjects of management of the free legal aid system, the features of their powers, the purpose of their activities, the features of the internal structure of work, as well as the interaction of management bodies with each other. The article characterizes the main differences in the legislative regulation of the management of the sphere of providing free legal aid in the abovementioned countries. At the same time, the article emphasizes that in most of the countries studied there is a special governing body for the provision of free legal aid, but in the Republic of Estonia, such a body is not created. In Ukraine, such a body is the Coordination Centre for Legal Aid Provision, which is an independent subject of management. Moreover, given the existence of legislative regulation on the issue of filing a request for state legal assistance in international affairs in the State Legal Aid Act (the Republic of Estonia), the article proposes to further provide such an opportunity for persons in need of such assistance in Ukraine. In addition, the article emphasizes the need to develop a legislative framework for the establishment of the Unified Register of Free Legal Aid Provision in Ukraine with its assignment to the management of the Coordination Center for granting the right of assistance. The creation of the Unified Register of Free Legal Aid Provision will significantly facilitate the maintenance of documentation, reporting, and analytics by the entities authorized to grant the right, and also reduce the time for clarifying organizational issues that arise when making a decision on the provision of free legal assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The right to defense is one of the essential principles of the criminal process. Violation of this right affects the fairness of the process and leads to procedural sanctions. In this article, the role of international and national legislation and practice will be analyzed regarding the application and observance of the principle of ensuring the right to defense, the role of the Constitutional Court and other legal institutions in this regard. Or, states are obliged to effectively guarantee the accused persons the right to defense, as this is a condition for the realization of the act of justice in a democratic state. Following the analysis carried out, we come with recommendations and explanations regarding the content of this principle, because it should not be seen as simple legal assistance, but has a more complex content.

This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the Women’s Housing, Land and Property (HLP) Rights in Syria as a crucial pillar to ensure social and economic development and increase the enjoyment of human rights. The paper explores two perspectives to address women’s HLP needs: gender and legal aid services. It also addresses challenges in accessing land that women face in prescribed gender roles, unequal power dynamics, and traditional norms that deny women the chance to access land adequately. To this end, the paper presents the results of desk reviews of the national and international studies that revealed the importance of addressing HLP Rights of women in the post-conflict context to prevent increasing poverty and vulnerability faced by women although it has not focused on the Syrian context directly. The paper provides an analysis of the legal framework used to support interventions on the access to HLP rights by displaced Syrian women. Contrary to what has been assumed, the laws alone are insufficient to guarantee equal access to HLP Rights, when structural gender inequality compromises women’s HLP Rights. This paper may constitute the object of future studies that could investigate the association between HLP Rights and sustainable development. A complex and inclusive approach needs to be adopted by engaging the relevant authorities, community, and international organisations to promote gender justice in addressing women’s HLP Rights and contribute to peacebuilding, sustainable return and reinforcing the rule of law.

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bucharest University Annals - Law Series is the property of CH Beck Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUSTA is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author of the article identifies the main directions of reforming the criminal procedural legislation on investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession. In particular, the author emphasizes that it is necessary to offer: clarification of the content of the concept of "housing" and "other personal possession" stated in Part 2 of the Art. 233 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; clear definition of the interpretation of the terms of "search of housing or other personal possession" and "inspection of housing or other personal possession" contained in Part 1 of the Art. 234 and Part 2 of the Art. 237 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; clarification of the provisions of Part 2 of the Art. 237 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine on the grounds for inspection of housing or other personal possession; providing the possibility of conducting search of a vehicle, where the detainee was, in accordance with Part 3 of the Art. 208 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine; definitions in the Articles 234, 236, 237, 240 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine of the interrogator as a subject of search, inspection and investigative experiment. It is emphasized that perspective areas for the development of criminal procedural legislation to regulate investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession is to solve the problem of attracting free legal aid for a person who has no procedural status, but investigators continue investigative (search) actions against that person; determination of the procedural status of witnesses who are involved into investigative (search) actions; determination of the mechanism of addressing of the property’s owner with the petition to return the seized property during carrying out investigative (search) actions restricting inviolability of housing or other personal possession. It is emphasized that the elimination of the above gaps in the criminal procedural legislation, in order to ensure the functioning of an effective mechanism to ensure respect for constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms during pre-trial investigation and court proceedings, is the primary and main task for reforming criminal procedural legislation regarding investigative (search) actions that restrict the inviolability of housing or other personal possession.

Currently, the process followed to determine the age of unaccompanied foreign minors is based solely on medical tests and could be seriously questioned for being unreliable and failing to fully respect the minors' privacy. According to experts, in particular the European Economic and Social Committee, a holistic multidisciplinary method would be a more suitable alternative as it would take into account the personal circumstances of each individual while calibrating the intrusiveness of the tests they have to undergo. This article describes the current process followed to determine the age of unaccompanied foreign minors and proposes an alternative that guarantees that minors in an irregular situation are protected under national child protection systems and the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. During the process of publishing this article, the Spanish Council of Ministers approved a Draft Law that regulates the age of unaccompanied foreign minors procedure. In this sense, a brief addendum is included herein in which the main modifications introduced by the aforementioned Preliminary Draft are listed in which, although there are issues that must be reviewed and/or require further reflection, an attempt is made to address the main controversial issues raised in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE EUROPEAN UNION REPRESENTS AN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION AND, UNLIKE TRADITIONAL INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN STATES, THE ESSENTIAL NOVELTY OF THE EU CONSISTS IN THE FACT THAT THE MEMBER STATES HAVE GIVEN UP SOME OF THEIR SOVEREIGNTY RIGHTS IN FAVOR OF THE COMMON LEGAL NORMS. THE LEGAL ORDER, A TRUE FOUNDATION OF THE EU, GIVES IT THE CHARACTER OF A COMMUNITY OF LAW, ON THE BASIS OF WHICH IT IS WORKING. ONLY BY CREATING SUCH AN OWN LEGAL HARMONIZED SYSTEM CAN BE ACHIEVED THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE E. U. ROMANIA HAS FULLY TRANSPOSED EU LEGISLATION AND POLICIES NECESSARY IN THE FIELD OF JUSTICE AND INTERNAL AFFAIRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is motivated by the role of the university legal clinic under the spirit of implementing the third of university role in the field of community service. In practice, legal aid services at universities are not different from general aid agencies in general. One of the uniqueness of the university legal clinic program is the direct involvement of student paralegal in helping the clients to get legal aid services within the university and court. The student paralegal encounters various opportunities and challenges. The main opportunities, they have their passion and strong motivation to become justice fighters for justice seekers, while they have also the main challenges such as limited time, facilities, knowledge, and legal skills. However, the existence of student paralegal has proven to be very helpful for the clients not only in processing applications and registering cases in court but also in assisting clients in the form of consultation and legal assistance during non-litigation and litigation. Therefore, the university legal clinic program needs to be further strengthened and developed at PTKIN because it has proven positive implications for helping underprivileged people and justice seekers to get access to justice.

This article explores the possible impact of the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) on international judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The starting point is the clarification that the EPPO is the authority that does not exercise the criminal jurisdiction of the EU, but the criminal jurisdictions of the EU member states bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939. It means that not only the relations between the EPPO and the criminal jurisdictions of the EU member states not bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 and between the EPPO and the criminal jurisdictions of non-member states of the EU have the character of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, but also the internal relations within the EPPO between the criminal jurisdictions exercised by the EPPO. Each of the three different areas of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters is then separately analysed and the analyses are followed by concluding remarks. While the international judicial cooperation in criminal matters between the EPPO and the EU member states not bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 will probably at least remain on the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states, the international judicial cooperation in criminal matters between the EPPO and non-member states of the EU is at risk of worsening (compared to the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states and non-member states of the EU), depending on the willingness of non-member states of the EU to cooperate with the EPPO as a new actor on the stage. On the other hand, the international judicial cooperation between the EU member states bound by Regulation (EU) 2017/1939, i. e. within the EPPO, might be better than the current level of judicial cooperation between the EU member states, partly due to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 (although they are not too innovative) and partly due to the fact that higher level of willingness to cooperate is expected “under one roof” of the EPPO than between the authorities of various EU member states.

The article discusses the problem of receiving governmental support by individuals involved in substance abuse. The study was conducted as a part of a regional project funded by the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. The demand study for social, psychological and legal assistance was conducted in the course of work with individuals who use drugs and applied for legal assistance to solve difficult living situations. The main driver for seeking help and the difficulties associated with receiving/refusing help are analyzed. The majority of the respondents are disabled and need social assistance. Assisting families of drug addicts with a criminal record is a peculiar problem. A series of data related to the health status of drug addicts, to the special personality traits and emotional condition was obtained. Reasons for applying for legal and medical assistance are identified.

Spanish Procura is a unique function, usually considered anachronistic and thus, regularly censured. This paper analyses how an apparently minor change in a side-regulation might open for those professionals a market, as legal representatives of Public Administrations. Something vital, as the subsistence of the profession itself is being questioned.

The purpose of this paper is to study the issues of ensuring information security in lawyers’ activities, primarily in the context of revealing the theoretical and applied aspects of maintaining the legal professional privilege policy when an advocate uses information technologies. In the process of studying the subject matter of this paper the authors applied a set of general scientific and specific methods being characteristic of legal science, both to achieve the aim of the work as well as to ensure the scientific objectivity, thoroughness, reliability and credibility of the obtained results. In particular, with the help of the system-structural method the general structure of the scientific research was formed, which enabled the authors to elaborate the issue in question and solve the set tasks profoundly. The dialectical method of cognizing legal reality has made it possible to analyze different types (classes) of threats to the information security of advocacy. The general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis have been extensively employed in this scientific paper. This article reveals the theoretical approaches of scholars to determining the nature and types (classes) of threats to the information security of advocacy activity, as well as clarifies the provisions of the domestic legislator which are aimed at ensuring the protection of advocate secrecy (also know as attorney-client privilege). The major part of the work is devoted to the analysis of practical aspects related to the implementation of advocacy guarantees that aim to ensure information security, in particular, such as bans on interfering with communication between a lawyer and a client, the advocate’s testimonial immunity, and guarantees in case of searching or inspecting the dwelling, the advocate’s other possessions, premises where he conducts advocacy practices). Attention is drawn to the main shortcomings in the regulatory framework for the aforementioned guarantees and there have also been put forth the appropriate proposals to remedy them, taking into account, first of all, the experience of foreign countries and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On the basis of the conducted research, it is concluded that ensuring the proper level of information security in a lawyer’s activity depends not only on the quality of legal regulation, in particular, the guarantees of a lawyer’s activity and their observance in practice, but also on the fact whether a lawyer himself takes into account the possible security threats to his information activity. (of all its classes). The use of information technologies by a lawyer in his professional activity is aimed not only at improving the ability to obtain, process, store and transmit information of any kind, but also requires that an advocate should take more active steps to ensure its confidentiality (the adequate level of information security of advocacy).

Copyright of Neue Kriminalpolitik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and some states of Southeast Asia, the international financial institutions and individual donor states have initiated wide-scale legal-aid programmes to assist these states in their transition from socialism to a market economy. Whereas the aid from financial institutions vis-à-vis recipient states is often agreed upon specific conditionalities, the donor states design their foreign legal aid according to individual preferences, although sometimes with references to universal goals. Currently, various donor states provide legal aid to Uzbekistan. Given the fact that Uzbekistan is the former Soviet Republic that still bears multiple traces of a socialist legal system and additionally integrates indigenous informal law, this research provides an analysis of how different donor states base their legal-aid activities on entirely different philosophies and levels of gravity, and how receptive the hybrid structure of Uzbekistan's law is towards such aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article talks about the importance of the process of harmonization of legislation on the bar of the CIS and EEU member States and the concept of regulation of Russian market of professional legal assistance.