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BackgroundThe proximal femoral head separation (FHS) or epiphysiolysis is a prevalent disorder affecting the chicken femur epiphysis, being considered a risk factor to infection which can cause bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers. To identify the genetic mechanisms involved in epiphysiolysis, differentially expressed (DE) genes in the femur of normal and FHS-affected broilers were identified using RNA-Seq technology. Femoral growth plate (GP) samples from 35-day-old commercial male broilers were collected from 4 healthy and 4 FHS-affected broilers. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina paired-end protocol. Differentially expressed genes were obtained using the edgeR package based on the False Discovery Rate (FDR ResultsApproximately 16 million reads/sample were generated with 2 × 100 bp paired-end reads. After data quality control, approximately 12 million reads/sample were mapped to the reference chicken genome (Galgal5). A total of 12,645 genes were expressed in the femur GP. Out of those, 314 were DE between groups, being 154 upregulated and 160 downregulated in FHS-affected broilers. In the functional analyses, several biological processes (BP) were overrepresented. Among them, those related to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM), bone development, blood circulation and lipid metabolism, which are more related to chicken growth, are possibly involved with the onset of FHS. On the other hand, BP associated to apoptosis or cell death and immune response, which were also found in our study, could be related to the consequence of the FHS.ConclusionsGenes with potential role in the epiphysiolysis were identified through the femur head transcriptome analysis, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate bone development in fast-growing chickens. In this study, we highlighted the importance of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix related genes in triggering FHS. Furthermore, we have shown new insights on the involvement of lipidemia and immune response/inflammation with FHS in broilers. Understanding the changes in the GP transcriptome might support breeding strategies to address poultry robustness and to obtain more resilient broilers.

Bu çalıĢmada, kısa (3 gün) veya uzun süreli depolanan (10 gün) yumurtalar kuluçkanın 0-10 günleri arasında 38.2 °C kabuk sıcaklığından kademeli olarak 37.7 °C‘ye düĢürülerek ya da kontrol (37.7 °C) kabuk sıcaklığında kuluçkalanmıĢtır. Uygulamanın kuluçka randımanına, kemik geliĢimine, canlı ağırlık ve bacak problemleri görülme oranına etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıĢtır. Kuluçkada yüksek kabuk sıcaklığı yumurta depolama süresinden bağımsız olarak çıkıĢ süresini kısaltmıĢtır. Yüksek sıcakta kuluçkalama, embriyonik geliĢmenin 18.gününde ve çıkıĢta tibia ve incik geniĢliğinde gerilemeye neden olmuĢ ancak bu etki kesim yaĢında önemsiz bulunmuĢtur. Uzun süreli depolama çıkıĢ ağırlığını geriletmekle birlikte kesim yaĢında canlı ağırlık bakımından fark bulunmamıĢtır. Kesim yaĢında, sıcakta kuluçkalanan gruptaki piliçlerde yürüyüĢ kusurları ve valgus-varus görülme oranı kontrol grubundaki piliçlere göre azalırken tibial dyschondroplasia ve femur baĢı nekrozu saptanmamıĢtır. Sonuç olarak, uzun süreli depolanan yumurtaları 0-10 günler arasında 38.2 °C‘den baĢlayarak 37.8°C‘ye giderek azalan bir kabuki sıcaklığında kuluçkalamanın, kuluçka randımanı, çıkıĢ gücü ve etlik piliç performansını etkilemeden, kuluçkadan çıkıĢı toplulaĢtırmak ve piliçlerin yürüyüĢ kabiliyetini artırmak amacıyla kullanılabileceği yargısına varılmıĢtır., The present study aims to evaluate the effect of egg storage duration (either 3 or 10 days) prior to incubation and exposing the eggs to gradually decreasing higher eggshell temperature (from 38.2°C to 37.7°C from d 1 to 10) or control eggshell temperature (37.7°C) on hatching performance, bone development, body weight, and incidence of leg problems. Higher eggshell temperature shortened total incubation duration regardless of the egg storage duration. At 18 d of the incubation and on the day of the hatch, widths of the tibia and shank were reduced by higher eggshell temperature; however, this effect disappeared at slaughter age. Longer egg storage duration reduced chick weight on the day of the hatch. At slaughter age, there was no difference among the treatments for body weight. Better walking ability and reduced incidence of valgus varus was obtained by higher eggshell temperature. Tibial dyschondroplasia and femur neck necrosis was not observed in this study. In conclusion, gradually reduced higher eggshell temperature (from 38.2 °C to 37.7 from d 1 to 10) could be used for the eggs stored for longer duration to synchronize the hatch and to improve walking ability without affecting hatching and chick performance.

Submitted by THAYS CRISTINA OLIVEIRA DE QUADROS null (thays_quadros@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-02T18:32:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese completa thays 02.03.16.pdf: 1989348 bytes, checksum: 75edcaa9e80015e2965931de58d7c03e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-04T13:38:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 quadros_tco_dr_jabo.pdf: 1989348 bytes, checksum: 75edcaa9e80015e2965931de58d7c03e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 quadros_tco_dr_jabo.pdf: 1989348 bytes, checksum: 75edcaa9e80015e2965931de58d7c03e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Foram avaliados os efeitos da nutrição in ovo com vitamina D3 e da dieta hídrica contendo alendronato de sódio sobre o desenvolvimento ósseo e parâmetros zootécnicos. O experimento foi constituído de duas fases (incubação e criação). No período de incubação, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (ovos não injetados, injetados somente com óleo de oliva, 1,2μg, 2,4 µg e 3,6 µg de vitamina D3 / 100 µL de óleo de oliva) de injeção de vitamina D3 em 600 ovos férteis de matrizes de frango de corte, favorecendo desafio para fase seguinte, ou seja, promovendo menor desenvolvimento embrionário ósseo, gerando o desafio para a fase de criação para testar os níveis de alendronato de sódio. Na fase de criação o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (vitamina D3 durante o período de incubação e diferentes concentrações de AS no período de criação). A nutrição in ovo de vitamina D3 não afeta a eclodibilidade (P>0,05), no entanto, afeta de maneira negativa a densidade óssea de pintos pós-eclosão. O alendronato de sódio não apresentou dados significativos (P>0,05) para parâmetros de desenvolvimento ósseo. Portanto, conclui-se que se tornam necessárias novas pesquisas a fim de determinar níveis ideais deste fármaco com o intuito de melhorar a condição óssea de frangos de corte. The effects of nutrition in ovo with vitamin D3 and hydro diet containing sodium alendronate on bone development and performance parameters were evaluated on this study. The experiment consisted in two stages (hatching and growing). The incubation period and the experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (not injected eggs; injected only with olive oil; 1.2μg; 2.4 μg and 3.6 μg of vitamin D3 / 100 μL of olive oil) injection of vitamin D3 in 600 fertile eggs of matrices broilers, favoring a challenge to the next stage, ie, a lower bone promoting embryonic development, generating a challenge for the growing phase to test the levels of AS. The stage of growing design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 5 (vitamin D3 during the incubation period and different concentrations of AS in the growing period). The vitamin D3 nutrition in egg hatchability did not affect (P> 0.05), however, negatively affected the bone densitometry post-hatch chicks, as the sodium alendronate showed no significant data (P> 0.05) for bone development parameters. However, it is concluded that further studies are necessary to determine the levels of this drug in order to improve the bone condition of broilers. FAPESP: 2012/15365-1

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:40:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf: 786101 bytes, checksum: 24e92e6c222efad2ae59fbd9050ac8e9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf: 786101 bytes, checksum: 24e92e6c222efad2ae59fbd9050ac8e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf: 786101 bytes, checksum: 24e92e6c222efad2ae59fbd9050ac8e9 (MD5) S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf.txt: 25996 bytes, checksum: fee7dc358209c61f0c4547ca4286eb38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:41:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf: 786101 bytes, checksum: 24e92e6c222efad2ae59fbd9050ac8e9 (MD5) S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf.txt: 25996 bytes, checksum: fee7dc358209c61f0c4547ca4286eb38 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf: 786101 bytes, checksum: 24e92e6c222efad2ae59fbd9050ac8e9 (MD5) S1516-635X2010000300008.pdf.txt: 25996 bytes, checksum: fee7dc358209c61f0c4547ca4286eb38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 Two experiments were carried out at the Poultry Sector of the School of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Grande Dourados to evaluate the incidence of leg problems in broilers reared on two distinct types of bedding material: rice husks or wood shavings, both new and reused. In both trials, a randomized experimental design was applied in factorial arrangement (2 x 2 x 2) using two genetic strains (Cobb® or Ross®); two sexes (male or female), and two litter materials (rice husks or wood shavings). In each trial 1080 one day pullets were reared equally divided in the treatments. The birds were placed in 4.5 m² boxes at a density of 10 birds m-2. All birds were fed diets with equal nutritional density, and water was offered ad libitum. Feeds were divided in three phases: starter diet (1 - 21 days), grower diet (22 - 35 days), and finisher diet (36 - 45 days). on day 45, fifty birds were randomly selected in each experiment to evaluate flock leg problems. The following parameters were analyzed: gait score, incidence of valgus and varus disorder, footpad dermatitis, femoral degeneration, tibial dyschondroplasia, and spondylolisthesis. Ambient temperature during rearing and litter caking and moisture content were recorded in four boxes per treatment. The analytical hierarchy process was used to organize the data into specific criteria. Several criteria, related to the attributes that were determinant according to the statistical analysis, were chosen in order to provide the best input to the process. Results indicated that new wood-shavings bedding was the most appropriate bedding to prevent locomotion problems, followed by new rice husks, reused wood shavings, and reused rice husks. However, when leg problems were associated to sex and genetic strain, male Ross birds strain presented less problems when reared on new rice husks, followed by new wood shavings Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Faculdade de Ciências Agrária Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) e vitamina D3 (VD) no soro de pintos de corte de um dia, machos, Hubbard, criados em baterias aquecidas, recebendo dieta básica purificada, suplementada com 5, 10 e 15% de L-Glu combinados com 0, 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 UI de vitamina D3/kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos, quatro repetições e sete aves por repetição. As concentrações máximas de cálcio no soro (9,61 mg/dL) foram obtidas com 15% de L-Glu e 14.181UI de VD; 7,33 mg/dL de cálcio iônico com 15% de L-Glu e 15.664UI de VD; 7,20 mg/dL de fósforo com 10% de L-Glu e 10.863UI de VD. Os maiores valores de atividade de fosfatase alcalina no soro foram obtidos com 10% de L-Glu e na deficiência de VD. Em geral, as aves alimentadas com 10% de L-Glu e 15.000UI de VD apresentaram melhor desempenho, melhor perfil sangüíneo e menor incidência de problemas de pernas. An experiment was conducted with day-old male Hubbard, broiler chicks, reared in electrically heated batteries, and raised in wire mesh floors and fed purified amino acid diets and water ad libitum for a 14 days period. The purified diets containing all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals at adequate levels and was supplemented with 5, 10 and 15% of L-Glu and with 0, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 IU of vitamin D3. The experimental design was a factorial 3 x 4 with four replicates with seven chicks each. The blood calcium increased up (9.61mg/dL) to an estimated level of 15% of L-Glu and 14,181IU of VD, 7.33 mg/dL of ionized calcium was obtained with 15% of L-Glu and 15.664 of VD. The highest blood phosphorus (7.20 mg/dL) was obtained at an estimated level of 10% of L-Glu and 10,863IU of VD. The highest blood alkaline phosphatase was obtained at level of 10% of L-Glu and vitamin D deficiency. Birds fed 10% L-Glu and 15,000IU VD had better performance, good development of bones, and a lower incidence of leg problems.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) e vitamina D3 (VD) no soro de pintos de corte de um dia, machos, Hubbard, criados em baterias aquecidas, recebendo dieta básica purificada, suplementada com 5, 10 e 15% de L-Glu combinados com 0, 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 UI de vitamina D3/kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 12 tratamentos, quatro repetições e sete aves por repetição. As concentrações máximas de cálcio no soro (9,61 mg/dL) foram obtidas com 15% de L-Glu e 14.181UI de VD; 7,33 mg/dL de cálcio iônico com 15% de L-Glu e 15.664UI de VD; 7,20 mg/dL de fósforo com 10% de L-Glu e 10.863UI de VD. Os maiores valores de atividade de fosfatase alcalina no soro foram obtidos com 10% de L-Glu e na deficiência de VD. Em geral, as aves alimentadas com 10% de L-Glu e 15.000UI de VD apresentaram melhor desempenho, melhor perfil sangüíneo e menor incidência de problemas de pernas.An experiment was conducted with day-old male Hubbard, broiler chicks, reared in electrically heated batteries, and raised in wire mesh floors and fed purified amino acid diets and water ad libitum for a 14 days period. The purified diets containing all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals at adequate levels and was supplemented with 5, 10 and 15% of L-Glu and with 0, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 IU of vitamin D3. The experimental design was a factorial 3 x 4 with four replicates with seven chicks each. The blood calcium increased up (9.61mg/dL) to an estimated level of 15% of L-Glu and 14,181IU of VD, 7.33 mg/dL of ionized calcium was obtained with 15% of L-Glu and 15.664 of VD. The highest blood phosphorus (7.20 mg/dL) was obtained at an estimated level of 10% of L-Glu and 10,863IU of VD. The highest blood alkaline phosphatase was obtained at level of 10% of L-Glu and vitamin D deficiency. Birds fed 10% L-Glu and 15,000IU VD had better performance, good development of bones, and a lower incidence of leg problems.

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) sobre as concentrações de proteínas colagenosas (PC), proteínas não-colagenosas (PNC), proteínas totais (PT), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), manganês (Mn), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) nos fêmures e tíbias, um experimento foi conduzido com pintos de um dia, machos, Hubbard, criados em baterias aquecidas com piso de tela elevado, alimentados com dieta básica purificada contendo todos os L-aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas e minerais em níveis requeridos e suplementada com 5; 7,5; 10; e 12,5% de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu), por um período de 14 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições de cinco aves cada. Os pintos alimentados com 7,5% de L-Glu apresentaram maior ganho de peso, melhor eficiência alimentar e maiores comprimentos de tíbias e fêmures. Foram necessários 12,5% de L-Glu para reduzir a um mínimo (19,92%) a incidência de deformações nas pernas, sem contudo eliminá-las. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de L-Glu no consumo (P>0,05). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre os teores de PC, PT, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Na e K nas tíbias e fêmures. Os teores de PNC das tíbias e fêmures foram significativamente maiores nos animais alimentados com 12,5% de L-Glu. Embora algumas diferenças tenham sido observadas na composição mineral dos ossos, os conteúdos se encontravam numa faixa fisiológica normal.In order to study the effects of L- glutamic acid (L-Glu) levels on contents of collagenous (CP), non collagenous (NCP) total proteins (TP) and minerals in femur and tibia of male broiler chicks, one experiment was conducted with day-old broiler chicks, male Hubbard, reared in electrically heated batteries with raised wire mesh floors and fed purified amino acid diets and water ad libitum for a 14 days period. The basal diet contained all essential L-amino acids, minerals and vitamins at requirement levels and was supplemented with 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; 12,5% L-Glutamic acid (L-Glu). Each treatment had five replicates of five chicks each. Supplementation of 7.5% L-Glu was sufficient to improve growth, feed/gain ratio and the higher tibia and femur length. To reduce leg problems to a minimum observed (19.92%) were necessary higher level of non-specific nitrogen (12,5% L-Glu). No effects were observed of L-Glu levels upon feed consumption. There was no significant dietary effect in the content of CP, TP and Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Na e K tibia and femur ash. The NCP contents of both the tibia and femur were significant higher in chicks fed 12,5% L-Glu. Increasing the dietary level of non-specific nitrogen, it was observed a tendency to increase NCP content of tibia and femur. Although some differences were observed in the mineral composition of bones, the mineral contents were in physiological range.

International audience; Feeding broilers by alternating different diets for 1 or 2 days is known as sequential feeding, and it possibly reduces leg problems since it slows down early growth and may enhance general activity. The present study compared continuous feeding with a standard diet (C: metabolisable energy = 12.55 MJ/kg, crude protein = 190 g/kg) with alternations of a high-energy/low-protein diet (E+P-:+7% ME; -20% CP) and a low-energy/high-protein diet (E-P+: -7% ME, +20% CP) and investigated its effects on growth, behaviour and gait score in 352 male Ross broiler chickens. Sequential feeding was carried out during ten 48-h sequential-feeding cycles from 8 to 28 days of age. Three treatments were compared: complete diet (C) and two alternations of diets varying in protein and energy contents (Si: E+P- followed by E-P+; and S2: E-P+ followed by E+P-). Chickens received the same feed during the starter and finisher periods (0 to 7 and 29 to 38 days of age). Body weight (BIN), feed intake, general activity and gait score, bone quality and carcass conformation were measured to evaluate leg condition and general performance. Sequential feeding significantly reduced BW at 28 days of age (S1: -9.1 %; S2: -3.7%/C group; P < 0.05) and S1 were lighter than S2. In both sequential groups, time spent standing increased (C: 28%; S1:33%; S2: 35%; P < 0.05) and leg abnormalities decreased (mean gait score: C: 2.61; S1: 2.45; S2: 2.38; P < 0.02). This improvement was not related to changes in bone quality. BIN at slaughter was impaired in Group S1 only, and the feed conversion ratio throughout the rearing period was not significantly impaired by sequential feeding. However, abdominal fat was higher in the S2 group. Sequential feeding using diets varying in energy and crude protein can be a useful method of reducing leg problems in broilers since it improves gait score without impairing growth performance when used as early as 8 days of age and up to not less than 8 days before slaughter in order to compensate for reduced growth. This improvement can be explained by reduced early growth and enhanced motor activity. However it appears that the low-energy diet should be given first in order to avoid a reduction in BIN at slaughter.

International audience

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos ionóforos e balanços eletrolíticos da dieta (BED) no desempenho e na incidência de discondroplasia tibial (DT) em frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1.600 pintos de corte, machos, "Cobb", distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com três níveis de BED (230, 260 e 290 mEq/kg) e dois ionóforos (lasalocida e salinomicina), mais dois tratamentos controle (230 e 260 mEq/kg), isentos de ionóforos, totalizando oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 50 aves por unidade experimental. Verificou-se interação entre ionóforos e balanços para o peso aos 21 dias (P21) e consumo de ração (CR). Desdobrando essa interação, observou-se que, com a utilização de lasalocida, houve comportamento quadrático, em função do BED para o P21 e CR, sendo os valores mínimos para essas variáveis obtidos com 261 e 268 mEq/kg, respectivamente. Quando se utilizou salinomicina, não houve efeito do BED. A conversão alimentar (CA) não sofreu influência dos ionóforos e do BED. Na comparação utilizando contrastes, constatou-se melhor P21 das aves com a adição de ionóforos às dietas, todavia, para o CR e CA não foram encontradas diferenças. Na comparação entre ionóforos, as aves que receberam salinomicina apresentaram peso superior àquelas que receberam lasalocida. O uso de salinomicina não mostrou efeito do BED sobre as áreas epifisárias, entretanto, com o uso do lasalocida, o incremento do BED proporcionou aumento linear dessas áreas. Concluiu-se que o uso de dietas com lasalocida reduziram o desempenho dos frangos, sendo que as aves que receberam salinomicina apresentaram maior P21 e não sofreram influência do BED na incidência de DT. No entanto, para lasalocida, houve aumento das áreas ósseas, que caracterizam a DT, com o aumento do BED. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different ionophores and acid-base balance of diets (DEB) on young broiler chicks (one to twenty one days of age) performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). One thousand and sixty one day old "Cobb" male broilers chickens were allotted to a completely randomized design in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (DEB = 230, 260 and 290 mEq/kg x ionophores = lasalocid e salinomicin) and two control treatments (230 and 260 mEq/kg). The ionophores x DEB interaction, for weight at 21 days (W21) and feed intake (FI), was unrolled and, by using lasalocid, it was observed quadratic effect, in function of DEB levels for W21 and FI. Minimum values for these variables were obtained at levels of 261 and 268 mEq/kg, respectively. When salinomycin was used, DEB effect was observed. Feed: gain ratio was influenced neither by ionophores nor by DEB. In the contrasts comparison, the better W21 was observed when the ionophores were added to the diets, but for the feed intake and feed: gain ratio no differences were observed. In the comparisons between ionophores, the birds fed salinomycin showed better weight than those fed lasalocid. There was no effect of salinomycin on the epiphysis areas, independently of DEB, however, when lasalocid was used, these areas increased, as DEB levels increased. It was concluded that the use of diets with lasalocid reduced the broiler chicks performance, and the birds fed salinomycin showed better W21 and were not affected by DEB on TD incidence. However, when lasalocid was used, the bone areas increase, that characterized TD, as DEB levels increased.

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) sobre as concentrações de proteínas colagenosas (PC), proteínas não-colagenosas (PNC), proteínas totais (PT), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), manganês (Mn), sódio (Na) e potássio (K) nos fêmures e tíbias, um experimento foi conduzido com pintos de um dia, machos, Hubbard, criados em baterias aquecidas com piso de tela elevado, alimentados com dieta básica purificada contendo todos os L-aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas e minerais em níveis requeridos e suplementada com 5; 7,5; 10; e 12,5% de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu), por um período de 14 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições de cinco aves cada. Os pintos alimentados com 7,5% de L-Glu apresentaram maior ganho de peso, melhor eficiência alimentar e maiores comprimentos de tíbias e fêmures. Foram necessários 12,5% de L-Glu para reduzir a um mínimo (19,92%) a incidência de deformações nas pernas, sem contudo eliminá-las. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de L-Glu no consumo (P>0,05). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre os teores de PC, PT, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Na e K nas tíbias e fêmures. Os teores de PNC das tíbias e fêmures foram significativamente maiores nos animais alimentados com 12,5% de L-Glu. Embora algumas diferenças tenham sido observadas na composição mineral dos ossos, os conteúdos se encontravam numa faixa fisiológica normal. In order to study the effects of L- glutamic acid (L-Glu) levels on contents of collagenous (CP), non collagenous (NCP) total proteins (TP) and minerals in femur and tibia of male broiler chicks, one experiment was conducted with day-old broiler chicks, male Hubbard, reared in electrically heated batteries with raised wire mesh floors and fed purified amino acid diets and water ad libitum for a 14 days period. The basal diet contained all essential L-amino acids, minerals and vitamins at requirement levels and was supplemented with 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; 12,5% L-Glutamic acid (L-Glu). Each treatment had five replicates of five chicks each. Supplementation of 7.5% L-Glu was sufficient to improve growth, feed/gain ratio and the higher tibia and femur length. To reduce leg problems to a minimum observed (19.92%) were necessary higher level of non-specific nitrogen (12,5% L-Glu). No effects were observed of L-Glu levels upon feed consumption. There was no significant dietary effect in the content of CP, TP and Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Na e K tibia and femur ash. The NCP contents of both the tibia and femur were significant higher in chicks fed 12,5% L-Glu. Increasing the dietary level of non-specific nitrogen, it was observed a tendency to increase NCP content of tibia and femur. Although some differences were observed in the mineral composition of bones, the mineral contents were in physiological range.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de três níveis (5, 10 e 15%) de ácido L-glutâmico (L-Glu) e quatro níveis (0, 5000, 10.000 e 15.000 UI/kg) de vitamina D3 (VD) nos parâmetros ósseos de pintos de corte machos, Hubbard. Os animais foram criados em baterias aquecidas e alimentados, à vontade, com dietas de aminoácidos purificados de 1 a 14 dias de idade. O experimento foi realizado em esquema fatorial, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado 3 x 4, com quatro repetições de sete aves cada. Observaram-se comprimentos máximos (37,61 e 50,36 mm), com 9,51% de L-Glu e 15.000 UI de VD e 9,99% de L-Glu e 15.000 UI de VD, para o fêmur e tibiotarso, respectivamente. O diâmetro do fêmur (3,62 mm) e tibiotarso (3,17 mm) aumentou até o nível máximo estimado, de 10,49% de L-Glu e 15.000 UI de VD, e 11,04% de L-Glu e 15.000 UI de VD, respectivamente. A resistência máxima estimada para o fêmur (52,47 kgf/mm) foi determinada com 7,57% de L-Glu e 8.978 UI, e a do tibiotarso (43,35 kgf/mm) com 6,24% de L-Glu e 12.591 UI de VD. Não foi observado efeito de tratamento nas concentrações de proteínas colagenosas (PC) no fêmur, que foi constante e igual a 23,44 mg/100 g. As menores concentrações de proteínas não-colagenosas (PNC) (2,5 mg/100 g e 2,15 mg/100 g) foram obtidas com 9,32% e 9,73% de L-Glu, no fêmur e tibiotarso, respectivamente. As maiores concentrações de proteínas totais (PT) no fêmur e tibiotarso foram de 30,04 mg/100 g e 30,03 mg/100 g. As aves alimentadas com 10% de L-Glu apresentaram adequado desenvolvimento dos ossos, baixas concentrações de PNC nos ossos e menor incidência de problemas de pernas. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of three levels (5, 10 and 15%) of L-Glutamic Acid (L-Glu) and four levels (0, 5000, 10,000 and 15,000 IU/kg of diet) of vitamin D3 (VD) on bone parameters of 14 days male broilers, Hubbard. They were fed purified amino acid diets and reared in electrically heated batteries. The experimental design was a factorial 3 x 4 with four replicates with seven chicks each. The length of bones increased up to an estimated level of 9.51% of L-Glu and 15,000 IU of VD for femur bone (37.61 mm) and 9.99% of L-Glu and 15,000 IU of VD for tibiotarsus (50.36 mm). The femur (3.62 mm) and tibiotarsus (3.17 mm) diameters increased up, respectively, an estimated level of 10.49% of L-Glu and 15,000 IU of VD and 11.04% of L-Glu and 15,000 IU of VD. The maximum breaking strength for femur (52.47 kgf/mm) and tibiotarsus (43.35 kgf/mm) was obtained with 8,978 IU and 12,591 IU, respectively. No significant effects were observed on femur collagenous proteins contents (23.44 mg/100 g). On the other side, the smallest contents of non-collagenous proteins (NCP) were observed with 9.32% and 9.73% of L-Glu on femur (2.5 mg/100 g) and tibiotarsus (2.15 mg/100 g), respectively. The highest contents of total protein in femur and tibiotarsus were, respectively, 30.04 mg/100 g and 30.03 mg/100 g. Chicks fed 10% L-Glu and 15,000 IU VD had good development of bones, better performance, lower NCP contents and a lower incidence of leg problems.