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A fourth lactation dairy cow that was 35 days in milk was referred to the clinic for treatment after undergoing unsuccessful treatment of a left displaced abomasum (LDA). The physical examination revealed complications after using the "blind-stitch" method for correction of the LDA; the cow had an abnormal general demeanor, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and local inflammation of the abdominal wall at the site of the suture. Systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and intravenous fluids were administered, and a right flank laparotomy and omentopexy according to Dirksen were performed after cutting the suture and breaking down the adhesions of the localized peritonitis between the abdominal wall and the abomasal puncture site. The cow was monitored clinically and discharged 2 weeks after referral. The cow was milked for another two lactations producing a total of 18,000 kg of milk, with a lifetime production of 59,141 kg. The total cost for the case was 310 € for the first intervention using the "blind-stitch" method and 897 € for the second laparotomic intervention. The costs (excluding tax) of both procedures including physical examination, surgery, medications, diagnostics, and labor were calculated. The lost revenue associated with the withdrawal period and lower milk production was 4,168 €. Percutaneous LDA fixation techniques, such as the "blind-stitch" and "toggle-pin" methods, have gained popularity because they are quick and cost-effective and involve minimal labor. However, many buiatricians are critical of these techniques because of the high risk of complications. The following four factors require careful consideration when choosing a method for LDA correction: (1) Percutaneous methods require precision and adherence to the described inclusion, exclusion, and cancelation criteria; (2) Operator skill is essential, and therefore regularly performing laparotomies increases surgical experience and enables the veterinarian to better manage different and more complex abdominal disorders; (3) By performing a laparotomy, other underlying abdominal disorders such as reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcers may be detected; (4) Postoperative husbandry and treatment are important factors affecting the outcome. The cost calculated for this case underlines the potential benefit and necessity of successful animal health management and the importance of a highly skilled veterinarian and farm workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fourth lactation dairy cow that was 35 days in milk was referred to the clinic for treatment after undergoing unsuccessful treatment of a left displaced abomasum (LDA). The physical examination revealed complications after using the “blind-stitch” method for correction of the LDA; the cow had an abnormal general demeanor, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and local inflammation of the abdominal wall at the site of the suture. Systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and intravenous fluids were administered, and a right flank laparotomy and omentopexy according to Dirksen were performed after cutting the suture and breaking down the adhesions of the localized peritonitis between the abdominal wall and the abomasal puncture site. The cow was monitored clinically and discharged 2 weeks after referral. The cow was milked for another two lactations producing a total of 18,000 kg of milk, with a lifetime production of 59,141 kg. The total cost for the case was 310 € for the first intervention using the “blind-stitch” method and 897 € for the second laparotomic intervention. The costs (excluding tax) of both procedures including physical examination, surgery, medications, diagnostics, and labor were calculated. The lost revenue associated with the withdrawal period and lower milk production was 4,168 €. Percutaneous LDA fixation techniques, such as the “blind-stitch” and “toggle-pin” methods, have gained popularity because they are quick and cost-effective and involve minimal labor. However, many buiatricians are critical of these techniques because of the high risk of complications. The following four factors require careful consideration when choosing a method for LDA correction: (1) Percutaneous methods require precision and adherence to the described inclusion, exclusion, and cancelation criteria; (2) Operator skill is essential, and therefore regularly performing laparotomies increases surgical experience and enables the veterinarian to better manage different and more complex abdominal disorders; (3) By performing a laparotomy, other underlying abdominal disorders such as reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcers may be detected; (4) Postoperative husbandry and treatment are important factors affecting the outcome. The cost calculated for this case underlines the potential benefit and necessity of successful animal health management and the importance of a highly skilled veterinarian and farm workforce.

ABSTRACT Left displaced abomasum (LDA) in postpartum dairy cows contributes to significant economic losses. Dairy cows with LDA undergo excessive lipid mobilization and insulin resistance. Although gut dysbiosis is implicated, little is known about the role of the gut microbiota in the abnormal metabolic processes of LDA. To investigate the functional links among microbiota, metabolites, and disease phenotypes in LDA, we performed 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of fecal samples from cows with LDA (n = 10) and healthy cows (n = 10). Plasma marker profiling was synchronously analyzed. In the LDA event, gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolome were shifted in circulation with an amino acid pool deficit in dairy cows. Compared with the healthy cows, salicylic acid derived from microbiota catabolism was decreased in the LDA cows, which negatively correlated with Akkermansia, Prevotella, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) levels. Conversely, fecal taurolithocholic acid levels were increased in cows with LDA. Based on integrated analysis with the plasma metabolome, eight genera and eight metabolites were associated with LDA. Of note, the increases in Akkermansia and Oscillospira abundances were negatively correlated with the decreases in 4-pyridoxic acid and cytidine levels, and positively correlated with the increases in NEFA and BHBA levels in amino acid deficit, indicating pyridoxal metabolism-associated gut dysbiosis and lipolysis. Changes in branched-chain amino acids implicated novel host-microbial metabolic pathways involving lipolysis and insulin resistance in cows with LDA. Overall, these results suggest an interplay between host and gut microbes contributing to LDA pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE LDA is a major contributor to economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide; however, the mechanisms associated with the metabolic changes in LDA remain unclear. Most previous studies have focused on the rumen microbiota in terms of understanding the contributors to the productivity and health of dairy cows; this study further sheds light on the relevance of the lower gut microbiota and its associated metabolites in mediating the development of LDA. This study is the first to characterize the correlation between gut microbes and metabolic phenotypes in dairy cows with LDA by leveraging multi-omics data, highlighting that the gut microbe may be involved in the regulation of lipolysis and insulin resistance by modulating the amino acid composition. Moreover, this study provides new markers for further research to understand the pathogenesis of the disease as well as to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies.

The aims of the current study were a definitive diagnosis of left displaced abomasum by using ultrasonography furthermore determination of abomasal position and measurements. Study includes sixteen local cattle breed, six have anorexia, weakness and drop milk production, on clinical examination there was decrease rumen contractions 3.6 5 minutes, furthermore a pinging sound heard on auscultation of left intercostal spaces there were diagnosed as left displaced abomasum, other ten clinically healthy cows considered as normal control group. Ultrasonographic imaging was performed for stand nonsedated cows by use 3.5-5 MHz transducer at the ventral midline and in the intercostal spaces 9, 10, 11, and 12 from the left side. Ultrasonography revealed a left side displaced abomasum to an area between the abdominal wall and the rumen, which appeared as hypoechoic fluid content ventrally and hyperechoic parallel echogenic lines of gas gap dorsally, abomasal folds appear as filiform echogenic lines. While in healthy cows an abomasum located in the ventral midline and directed mainly to the right side. In conclusion, ultrasonography as a non-invasive technique could be used as a confirmative diagnosis of left displaced abomasal and help for differential diagnosis of left abomasum displacement a well as can be useful for measurement of abomasum in healthy local breed cattle.

Abstract Background Left displaced abomasum (LDA) occurs at high frequency in the early postpartum period and can affect production performance of dairy cows. Clinical diagnosis of LDA is usually done by abdominal auscultation and percussion. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential applicability of blood biomarkers for early warning and diagnosis of LDA in dairy cows. Results Twenty early postpartum healthy cows and thirty early postpartum LDA cows of similar parity were used. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) method was used to analyze the sensitivity of hematological biomarkers to LDA including energy balance metabolic biomarkers, liver/kidney function biomarkers, and minerals. A cut-off point was defined for each of the selected hematological biomarkers deemed sensitive markers of LDA. Compared with healthy cows, body condition score (BCS), dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were lower in LDA cows. Among energy metabolism markers, serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), insulin (INS), and revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) levels were lower while serum glucagon (GC) was greater in LDA cows. Among the liver/kidney function biomarkers, activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the ratio of AST/ALT and levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and total protein (TP) were greater in LDA cows. Among minerals analyzed, serum Cl, Ca, and K were lower in LDA cows. After ROC analysis, it was determined that serum Ca, INS, RQUICKI, ALT, GGT, and creatinine are potential indicators for early warning and diagnosis of LDA for early postpartum dairy cows. Conclusions Dairy cows with LDA were under severe negative energy balance (NEB), had signs of liver damage and potentially lower insulin sensitivity. A combination of multi-hematological biomarkers including Ca, INS, RQUICKI, ALT, GGT and creatinine has the potential to help identify cows at risk of LDA in the early postpartum period.

Objectives: Left displaced abomasum (LDA) is a common postparturient condition of high yielding dairy cattle. The diagnosis of LDA is challenging and has historically been based on findings that are not specific to the condition. The objective of the current study was to investigate the diag¬nostic performance of ultrasonography (USG) in the clinical management of dairy cows identified with left-sided ping sound postpartum. Materials and methods: Cows with reduced appetite postpartum and had audible left-sided ping sounds on abdominal auscultation were eligible to be prospectively recruited onto the study. The results of clinical findings and abdominal USG were recorded along with milk β-hydroxybutyrate levels, pH levels of abomaso/rumenocentesis samples, and findings on exploratory laparotomy. The diagnostic performance of USG and other clinical investigations was assessed by calculating the test sensitivity and specificity using exploratory laparotomy as a gold standard test. Results: A definitive diagnosis of LDA was made in 23 cows, 8 cows were diagnosed with peritoni¬tis, and 4 cows with frothy tympany. The USG findings that were consistent with LDA were present in all cattle diagnosed with LDA at exploratory laparotomy. The USG findings over the past three intercostal space characteristics of LDA, however, were also present in five cases subsequently diagnosed with peritonitis and in all cases diagnosed with frothy tympany on exploratory lapa¬rotomy. The pH of abdomaso/rumenocentesis samples yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy (97.14%) as a single test in the current study. Conclusions: USG over the left abdominal wall despite being a highly sensitive test for the diagno¬sis of LDA has limitations as a diagnostic tool due to suboptimal specificity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 308-313]

Left displaced abomasum (LDA) leads to substantial changes in the metabolism of dairy cows. Surgical correction of LDA can rapidly improve the health of cows; however, changes in metabolism following surgery are rarely described. To investigate the changes of plasma metabolome in cows with LDA before and after surgical correction, blood samples were collected from 10 healthy postpartum cows and 10 cows with LDA on the day of diagnosis, then again from the LDA cows 14 d after surgery. Serum nonesterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, cortisol and histamine concentration, and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) activities were evaluated, and the metabolic profile in plasma was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that cows with LDA experienced severe negative energy balance and oxidative stress, which can be improved by surgical correction. The metabolic profile was analyzed using multidimensional and univariate statistical analyses, and different metabolites were identified. In total, 102 metabolites differed between cows with LDA and healthy cows. After surgical correction, 65 metabolites changed in cows with LDA, compared with these cows during the LDA event. Following surgical correction, AA levels tended to increase, and lipid levels tended to decrease in cows with LDA. Pathway analysis indicated marked changes in linoleic acid metabolism, Arg biosynthesis, and Gly, Ser, and Thr metabolism in cows at the onset of LDA and following surgical correction. Surgical treatment reversed the changes in AA and lipid metabolism in cows with LDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Left displaced abomasum (LDA) is a common postparturient condition of high yielding dairy cattle. The diagnosis of LDA is challenging and has historically been based on findings that are not specific to the condition. The objective of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography (USG) in the clinical management of dairy cows identified with left-sided ping sound postpartum. Materials and methods: Cows with reduced appetite postpartum and had audible left-sided ping sounds on abdominal auscultation were eligible to be prospectively recruited onto the study. The results of clinical findings and abdominal USG were recorded along with milk β-hydroxybutyrate levels, pH levels of abomaso/rumenocentesis samples, and findings on exploratory laparotomy. The diagnostic performance of USG and other clinical investigations was assessed by calculating the test sensitivity and specificity using exploratory laparotomy as a gold standard test. Results: A definitive diagnosis of LDA was made in 23 cows, 8 cows were diagnosed with peritonitis, and 4 cows with frothy tympany. The USG findings that were consistent with LDA were present in all cattle diagnosed with LDA at exploratory laparotomy. The USG findings over the past three intercostal space characteristics of LDA, however, were also present in five cases subsequently diagnosed with peritonitis and in all cases diagnosed with frothy tympany on exploratory laparotomy. The pH of abdomaso/rumenocentesis samples yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy (97.14%) as a single test in the current study. Conclusions: USG over the left abdominal wall despite being a highly sensitive test for the diagnosis of LDA has limitations as a diagnostic tool due to suboptimal specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and fat to protein content (F:P) ratio patterns in the milk of Holstein cows with postpartum diseases throughout the first five months of lactation. This prospective study was performed at Vestjyske Dyrlaeger ApS (Nørre Nebel, Denmark). The milk fat, protein, and BHB were evaluated in the Danish Eurofins laboratory according to the monthly averaged days in milk (DIM1 to 5). According to clinical records, five groups were formed: A (control group; cows without diseases; n = 32), B (cows with left displaced abomasum -LDA- and concomitant diseases; n = 25); C (cows with other diseases up to DIM3; n = 13); D (cows with foot disorders up to DIM3; n = 26); and E (cows with disease manifestations in DIM4 and DIM5; n = 26). All the sick cows were treated after diagnosis, and laparoscopy was performed on cows with LDA. In group B, a higher concentration of BHB (0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.001) was observed than in the control group (0.07 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.001) in DIM1, presenting an odds ratio (OR) = 8.9. In all groups, BHB decreased to 0.03–0.05 mmol/L (p < 0.05) since DIM3. The F:P ratio was higher in group B (1.77 ± 0.07) than in group A (1.32 ± 0.06; p < 0.05) in DIM1. A similar profile is observed in DIM2. It was observed that animals in group B were four to six times more likely to have a F:P ratio ≥1.29 during DIM1 (OR = 4.0; 95% CI:1.3–14.4; p = 0.01) and DIM2 (OR = 5.9; 95% CI %:1.9–21.9; p < 0.01), than cows in group A. There were also moderate and high correlations between the F:P ratio and the BHB for DIM1 (r = 0.57; r2 = 0.33; RSD = 0.09; p < 0.001) and DIM2 (r = 0.78; r2 = 0.60; RSD = 0.07; p < 0.001), respectively. We concluded that animals affected by LDA in the postpartum period have a higher concentration of BHB in milk in DIM1 and all treated animals quickly recover BHB levels up to DIM3. The F:P ratio is a viable and economic indicator, mainly in DIM1 and DIM2, to estimate BHB concentration and energy balance in cows with LDA and other postpartum diseases.

The aim of this study was to determinate impact of glucoroticoids (SAID) and nonsteroidical antiiflamatory (NSAID) drugs on milk yield, cow activity, glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood after omentopexy. For this research, 62 multiparous cows were selected. The left displaced abomasum was diagnosed during the clinical trial. All the cows with left displaced abomasum had surgical treatment according to a right paralumbar fossa omentopexy. According to the additional treatment plan, the cows were divided into three groups: The first group (SAID) of cows were injected with glucocorticoids after surgery DEXAJECT™, (2 mg per mL, Bimeda- MTC Animal Health Inc., Cambridge, ON Canada), with one 20 mg dose, intravenously), n=21. The second group (NSAID1) of cows were injected NSAID with Rimadyl Cattle (carprofen 50 mg/ml) after surgery. This was an intravenous injection at a dosage of 1.4 mg carprofen per kg body weight (1 ml/35 kg), n=21. The third group (NSAID2) of cows were injected NSAID with a single intravenous injection of Loxicom 20mg/ml after surgery at a dosage of 0.5 mg meloxicam/kg body weight (i.e., 2.5 ml/100kg body weight), n=20. For the purpose of biochemical testing, blood samples were collected from v. coccigea right before the surgery (Day 0), and three days (Day 7), fourteen days (Day 14), and twenty-one days (Day 21) after the surgery. Accordig results, SAID injection after an omentopexy increases the glucose level, decreases the beta-hydroxybutyrate, evel in blood, and the milk yield NSAID injection has a positive effect on the milk yield and cow activity. According this conclusion after omentopexy is better to use NSAID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the findings from the BCVA congress workshop discussing left displaced abomasum (LDA) treatment methods. The aim of this workshop was to discuss the various described approaches to surgical correction, advantages and disadvantages for the different treatment methods and learn from the participants' knowledge, experience and expertise. Twenty-six cattle veterinary surgeons took part in the workshop with a mix of male/female participants and years of experience. Participants practiced in Europe, Australia and North America; all contributed to the discussion and gave their consent for the workshop to be recorded. This article is a report of the knowledge and opinions shared by the participants after a brief introduction regarding the different surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared two surgical techniques for treating left displaced abomasum (LDA) in dairy cows. The two techniques were compared in terms of milk production at different time intervals: before surgery; on the day of the surgery; and at 8, 15 and 30 days after surgery. The surgical techniques used in this study were laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy and right flank laparotomy omentopexy. A total of 126 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with LDA were included, 63 of which were treated with laparoscopy, and 63 with right flank laparotomy. Cows with retained foetal membranes, metritis or natural delivery (dystocia) were included and registered on field sheets for subsequent statistical analysis. Cows with clinical mastitis were excluded. A blood sample (5 mL) was obtained from the medial coccygeal vein and analyzed for total proteins, total bilirubin, total calcium, glucose, b-hydroxybutyrate, sodium, potassium, and chloride. No differences were found between the two groups of operated cows with respect to the number of lactation days, body condition score (BCS), rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate before surgery. No differences were observed between groups regarding the biochemical parameters (P > 0.05) analyzed, except for chloride, which presented lower average values in the omentopexy group (P <0.05). Return of milk yield within the study period did not differ significantly between the laparoscopy and laparotomy groups (P > 0.05), although a significant change in post-surgery time was observed.. ● Two surgery techniques were used to address left displaced abomasum in dairy cows. ● A total of 126 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were included in this study. ● There were no differences in blood parameters except for chloride between the groups. ● There were no differences concerning return to milk production between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Little is known about the occurrence rate, underlying etiology or treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in beef calves. Objective Describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in 4 beef calves. Animals Four client-owned beef breed calves with left displaced abomasum ( LDA). Methods Retrospective case series. Hospital medical records were reviewed to identify all beef breed cattle under the age of 6 months diagnosed with LDA. Results Four beef calves were treated for left displacement of the abomasum. All four had a history of decreased appetite and left-sided abdominal distention. Two had recently been treated for necrotic laryngitis and one was being treated for clostridial abomasitis. Ultrasonography confirmed the abomasum to be displaced between the rumen and the left body wall in all calves. The calves were initially treated by rolling to correct the abomasal displacement. The abomasum redisplaced in 3 of 4 calves within 1 hour to 6 days; 1 calf developed a mesenteric volvulus. A right paramedian abomasopexy was performed in all cases. Three of 4 calves grew well and remained in the herd 6-18 months later; 1 calf was euthanized because of complications associated with necrotic laryngitis. Conclusions and clinical importance Left displacement of the abomasum should be considered as a differential diagnosis for beef calves with abdominal distention. Concurrent necrotic laryngitis can increase the risk of abomasal displacement in beef calves. Treatment should include surgical correction as rolling is not curative and might be associated with mesenteric volvulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a frequent disease in Holstein-Friesian cattle with a big economic impact in dairy farms. LDA is a multi-factorial disease and genetics is known to play a role (low to moderate estimated heritability). It is therefore of interest to look for genetic polymorphisms associated with LDA in order to find involved genes and clarify the pathogenesis of the condition. In a population of 62 Italian Holstein-Friesian cows, LDA cases and SNP genotypes were recorded, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed. A genetic signal of association with LDA was detected on BTA 12, within the sequence of the SLITRK5 gene. This gene is involved in neurological activities such as axonogenesis and synaptic transmission, and this may be related with abomasal hypomotility and atony, which are considered the primary causes of LDA. The results of this research suggest a role for the SLITRK5 gene, and more generally for all nearby genes of the SLITRK family, in the pathogenesis of LDA in dairy cattle. The involvement of the SLITRK gene family may lead to novel approaches for the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of LDA, and could also be used in enhanced selection schemes for healthier animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-series impact analysis was used to compare differences in the rate of reporting of left displaced abomasum (LDA) and uterine torsion by veterinarians in the UK before and after an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 2001. There were 150% and 35% increases in the reported incidences of LDA and uterine torsion, respectively, following the outbreak. Changes to feeding practices are likely to have been a major contributor to the increased incidence of LDA, but this factor is unlikely to have influenced the changed incidence in uterine torsion. Given that abdominal size and shape of dairy cows are recognised risk factors for both disease processes, the findings of this study suggest changes in these parameters may have a role in the altered incidences. Additional research is required to further elucidate the risk factors contributing to the increased incidence of LDA and uterine torsion in dairy cows under UK conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA), a costly disease occurring primarily in multiparous dairy cows during early lactation, have been reported to have 40% lower circulating concentrations of vitamin E. It is unknown, however, whether the lower circulating α-tocopherol concentrations precede LDA or remain after LDA. Using a nested case-control design, blood samples taken at d -21, -14, -7, -3, -1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 postpartum from 7 multiparous Holstein cows diagnosed with LDA between d 6 and 32 postpartum and 10 healthy Holstein cows from the same herd were analyzed for serum concentrations of α-tocopherol and indicators of energy and nutrient status and inflammation. In addition to indicators of negative energy balance and inflammation, lower serum α-tocopherol concentrations preceded LDA and persisted after LDA correction. At the last blood sampling before LDA diagnosis, cows had serum α-tocopherol concentrations 45% lower (5.0 ± 0.9 vs. 9.1 ± 0.9 ≥M) and α-tocopherol to cholesterol molar ratios 39% lower (1.90 ± 0.19 vs. 3.09 ± 0.26) than those of healthy cows. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations remained lower (<10 vs. ~15 ≥M) up to d 49 postpartum in cows that had LDA. These findings indicate that lower serum α-tocopherol concentrations are a potential early indicator for the development of LDA in multiparous cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left displaced abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattle resulting in major economic loss within the dairy industry. The ability to predict the occurrence of LDA, especially in the early weeks of post-parturition is crucial. In the present study, 14 biochemical parameters in cows with LDA before and after parturition were compared to those of healthy control cows using the logistic regression statistical model. Significant changes ( p < 0.05) in six parameters, including beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, sodium and potassium, were detected between the groups and were included in the prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we describe two cases of left displaced abomasum (LDA) in Holstein cattle at 6 and 9 months of twin gestation. Clinical examination revealed signs of proximal ileus with marked abdominal distension, but no ping sounds. An unusually high position of the gravid uterine horn on the left side was observed with ultrasound. Left exploratory laparotomy confirmed that the abomasum was displaced to the left and entrapped between the rumen and twin gravid uterine horn. A left surgical approach was necessary to correct the condition. Both animals recovered and gave birth to healthy twins. The present cases indicate that the subomental position of a heavy twin gravid uterine horn is a possible mechanical cause of LDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to induce abomasal displacement to the left, and to let the undergraduate and post graduate students get used to the ping sounds of abomasum and other clinical manifestations. The procedure was carried out on eight young bulls, they were sedated and a 2 m flexible tube was inserted through the nasal canal into the rumen. By laparo-rumenotomy, 20 cm of the tube was inserted into the abomasums through the omaso-abomasal groove. The rumen wall and abdominal wall were apposed routinely. The animal was casted on its right side on the floor. The abomasum was inflated through the external end of the tube which was tied to bull's horn base. Then the animal was allowed to stand on its feet. The gas filled abomasum was mobilized to the left flank between the body wall and the rumen. The left abomasal displacement was confirmed by ping and ultrasonography. Experimental induction of left abomasal displacement by inflating the abomasum using a nasal abomasal tube following rumenotomy is a safe and suitable technique for educational and research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the 5-month pattern (averaged days in milk; DIM1 to 5) of milk beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration and fat to protein content (F:P) ratio patterns from Holstein cows presenting postpartum diseases which have been treated. Cows presenting left displaced abomasum (LDA) and concomitant diseases within the first three months had higher concentrations of BHB than the control group (cows without diseases) in the first, but not in the second month postpartum. The F:P ratio had a similar evolution pattern also for DIM2. Animals with LDA were four to six times more likely to have a F:P ratio ≥ 1.29 than the control group during DIM1 and DIM2, respectively. Moderate and high correlations were also observed between the F:P ratio and BHB in DIM1 and DIM2, respectively. We concluded that animals suffering from LDA within the first three months postpartum have a significantly higher concentration of BHB and F:P ratio in milk than cows without postpartum diseases during the first two months. The treated cows with LDA quickly recovered normal levels, up to DIM3. The F:P ratio is a viable and economic indicator, mainly between the first two months postpartum, to estimate BHB concentration and energy balance in cows presenting LDA and in recovery. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and fat to protein content (F:P) ratio patterns in the milk of Holstein cows with postpartum diseases throughout the first five months of lactation. This prospective study was performed at Vestjyske Dyrlaeger ApS (Nørre Nebel, Denmark). The milk fat, protein, and BHB were evaluated in the Danish Eurofins laboratory according to the monthly averaged days in milk (DIM1 to 5). According to clinical records, five groups were formed: A (control group; cows without diseases; n = 32), B (cows with left displaced abomasum -LDA- and concomitant diseases; n = 25); C (cows with other diseases up to DIM3; n = 13); D (cows with foot disorders up to DIM3; n = 26); and E (cows with disease manifestations in DIM4 and DIM5; n = 26). All the sick cows were treated after diagnosis, and laparoscopy was performed on cows with LDA. In group B, a higher concentration of BHB (0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.001) was observed than in the control group (0.07 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p < 0.001) in DIM1, presenting an odds ratio (OR) = 8.9. In all groups, BHB decreased to 0.03–0.05 mmol/L (p < 0.05) since DIM3. The F:P ratio was higher in group B (1.77 ± 0.07) than in group A (1.32 ± 0.06; p < 0.05) in DIM1. A similar profile is observed in DIM2. It was observed that animals in group B were four to six times more likely to have a F:P ratio ≥1.29 during DIM1 (OR = 4.0; 95% CI:1.3–14.4; p = 0.01) and DIM2 (OR = 5.9; 95% CI %:1.9–21.9; p < 0.01), than cows in group A. There were also moderate and high correlations between the F:P ratio and the BHB for DIM1 (r = 0.57; r2 = 0.33; RSD = 0.09; p < 0.001) and DIM2 (r = 0.78; r2 = 0.60; RSD = 0.07; p < 0.001), respectively. We concluded that animals affected by LDA in the postpartum period have a higher concentration of BHB in milk in DIM1 and all treated animals quickly recover BHB levels up to DIM3. The F:P ratio is a viable and economic indicator, mainly in DIM1 and DIM2, to estimate BHB concentration and energy balance in cows with LDA and other postpartum diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Eating and rumination variables were recorded using a pressure sensor integrated into the noseband of a halter in 60 cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA) before and after postoperative administration of flunixin meglumine (FM). Group 1 comprised 9 healthy control cows that were used to establish reference intervals. Group 2 included 60 cows with LDA that received one of the following three treatments: intravenous saline solution (2A, n=20), 1.1 mg/kg FM (2B, n=20) or 2.2 mg/kg FM (2C, n=20) once daily for 3 days after right-flank omentopexy. Median eating times on the day before surgery were 93 (2A), 80 (2B) and 114 (2C) min, which were below the reference interval (246 to 381 min). On the day after surgery, eating times had increased significantly to 201 (2A), 172 (2B) and 216 (2C) min, after which time they continued to increase. Eating and rumination times, numbers of regurgitated feed boluses per day and chewing cycles per bolus did not differ among treated groups. Postoperative administration of FM did not affect eating and rumination variables in this study, and normalisation of these variables was attributable to surgical correction of LDA.

Background: Left displaced abomasum (LDA) occurs at high frequency in the early postpartum period and can affect production performance of dairy cows. Clinical diagnosis of LDA is usually done by abdominal auscultation and percussion. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential applicability of blood biomarkers for early warning and diagnosis of LDA in dairy cows. Results: Twenty early postpartum healthy cows and thirty early postpartum LDA cows of similar parity were used. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) method was used to analyze the sensitivity of hematological biomarkers to LDA including energy balance metabolic biomarkers, liver/kidney function biomarkers, and minerals. A cut-off point was defined for each of the selected hematological biomarkers deemed sensitive markers of LDA. Compared with healthy cows, body condition score (BCS), dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were lower in LDA cows. Among energy metabolism markers, serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), insulin (INS), and revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) levels were lower while serum glucagon (GC) was greater in LDA cows. Among the liver/kidney function biomarkers, activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the ratio of AST/ALT and levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and total protein (TP) were greater in LDA cows. Among minerals analyzed, serum Cl, Ca, and K were lower in LDA cows. After ROC analysis, it was determined that serum Ca, INS, RQUICKI, ALT, GGT, and creatinine are potential indicators for early warning and diagnosis of LDA for early postpartum dairy cows. Conclusions: Dairy cows with LDA were under severe negative energy balance (NEB), had signs of liver damage and potentially lower insulin sensitivity. A combination of multi-hematological biomarkers including Ca, INS, RQUICKI, ALT, GGT and creatinine has the potential to help identify cows at risk of LDA in the early postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]