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This study aims to reveal the mediating role of teachers' moral courage (MC) behaviours in the relationship between school principals' authentic leadership (AL) behaviours and teachers' positive psychological capital (PPC) according to the views of teachers working in primary and secondary schools. In this study "AL Questionnaire", "PC Scale" and "PMC (Professional Moral Courage) Scale" were used. 8665 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in Antalya city centre comprise the population of this study. The sample of the study consists of 474 teachers reached by using the convenient sampling method. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and (Cronbach Alpha Coefficient) alpha coefficients were benefited from the validity and reliability analysis of the scales, and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient, which was used for data that were not normally distributed, was used to determine the relationships between the variables, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used for mediating analysis. A low-level positive and significant relationship was found between school principals' authentic leadership behaviours and teachers' psychological capital and moral courage behaviours. Following the results of the Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis, it has been determined that the moral courage behaviours of the teachers have a mediating role in the relationship between the authentic leadership behaviours of the school principals and the positive psychological capital of the teachers.

Justice emerges as a need like any other human need and the processes of justice play important role within the organization. Social justice leadership includes the practice of leading and advocating for positive social change, equity, and fairness within society. Social justice leaders work to address and rectify systemic inequalities, discrimination, and injustices that affect marginalized and disadvantaged groups. They actively promote inclusivity, diversity, and equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their background, identity, or circumstances. This study is designed in qualitative paradigm as a case study. For selecting the participants, I employed maximum variation sampling which is one of the categories of purposeful sampling that provides the researcher understand the basics of a case or a phenomenon under exploration. The findings of the study revealed that the practices of the school principals include "caring students", "supporting staff" and "promoting positive organizational climate" theme. The challenges and barriers that the principals face with include "parental challenges", "financial issues" and "school conditions". Social justice leadership practices are crucial in ensuring equitable learning atmosphere and barriers should be taken into account in policy making of education.

Using school management settings, this manuscript developed important substantial leadership models such as "instructional," "constructive," and "distributed." University leadership and especially in the private sector is an understudied topic. While private universities need to generate revenue for profits and survival, they should, at the same time, retain sound education philosophies, an extremely difficult task. Studies are yet to be conducted to understand how leaders of private universities handle this challenge, and this issue motivates the present research. Using Bangladesh as a case study, this qualitative study discovers that the "visionary" leadership approach is mainly used for business management models that govern private sector universities. This does not enable an established education leadership model to function well, if at all. This poses a serious challenge to educational philosophy. Innovation of a specialized private sector university leadership model is therefore required.

This study aimed to explore the motivational factors influencing the development of environmental leadership qualities among students in higher educational institutions (HEIs). The study used surveys based on the methods of Zhang and Nunez Alonso, the Karpenko criteria, and the methods of Chen and Semedo. The study revealed that the proposed program, designed to enhance motivation and foster environmental leadership qualities, positively impacted students' motivation. Approximately one-third of students exhibited only an elementary level of environmental culture, indicating a lack of focus on environmental protection. However, applying the proposed approach increased motivation, environmental culture, and environmental leadership among students. Furthermore, a correlation was identified between motivation factors, environmental culture, and environmental leadership qualities. Future research should explore strategies for promoting ecological behavior among students, schoolchildren, and adults.

Leadership is a relational practice that influences early childhood teachers' (ECTs) capability for agency. Agency contributes to the job satisfaction, wellbeing, and retention of ECTs-which are of pressing importance in a climate of global early childhood workforce sustainability challenges. Empirical insights presented in this paper explore the qualities of supportive relationships between positional leaders and ECTs which afford agency. Findings from a qualitative multiple case study that analysed the relationship between ECT agency and retention are provided. Data were collected from six ECTs, five service leaders, and two policy agents working in Victoria, Australia. Through the theoretical lens of Sen's Capability Approach and Gramsci's theory of hegemony, it is argued that positional leaders must cultivate supportive relationships with ECTs despite the neoliberal hegemony that fosters a culture of managerialism. Supportive relationships involve leaders who recognise ECTs' personhood, cultivate encouragement, trust, and respect, and prioritise emotional and psychological safety.

Leadership competencies in early childhood (EC) education present an intricate policy and practice landscape. This article provides insights into these complexities and shares a novel survey evaluation tool that can be used in services for identifying leadership competencies and gaps for ongoing professional development. The research employed a two-phase approach involving thematic analysis of governing documents and focus group interview data. This resulted in the development of five core domains of leadership competencies represented throughout a survey tool. The subsequent validation of the survey revealed both self-identified roles and demonstrated competencies among educators in Western Australian EC services. The article sheds light on discrepancies between perceived and observed leadership, suggesting the need for tailored professional development and succession planning. Insights into these dynamics contribute to a deeper understanding of effective leadership practices, offering a foundation for ongoing discourse and continual enhancement of leadership competencies in the context of EC education.

An important measure of the success of a tertiary education programme is the attributes that graduates possess at the completion of their studies. Universities have sought to address this issue by developing formal curriculum and programmes such as internships and work-integrated learning. However, little is known about how university-based extracurricular activities contribute to graduate attributes. The purpose of this study is to explore participation in extracurricular activities from a student perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 student leaders of university-based sporting, social and academic clubs. Data collection and analysis were guided by a qualitative approach to thematic analysis. The findings indicate that students developed a range of graduate attributes in areas such as such as leadership, teamwork, communication and resilience. The theory, communities of practice, is used to interpret the participants' experiences which was found to coalesce around their social interactions and relations. The study concludes with several recommendations for universities to create greater opportunities for their students to participate in extracurricular activities.

The U.S. education system has been a critical site in the nation's ongoing fight for racial equity. Yet, despite many attempts to promote equity within and across schools, efforts fall short in a system designed to uphold norms rooted in whiteness and white supremacy. We need anti-racist educational leaders who can identify and push back at the racial bias embedded in educational policies. Through a research-practice partnership with a Midwestern high school, we sought to understand how an anti-racist policy decision-making protocol can be used to redress inequitable policies to be racially just. The anti-racist policy decision-making protocol promotes social justice by empowering school practitioners to become policy agents. Implications from our findings point to the need for school practitioners to be critically introspective and identify and directly address the politics of whiteness that can ensue when working in partnership to do anti-racist policy change.

Three-year longitudinal and concurrent associations of leadership with overt aggression, exclusion of others, effortful control (EC), popularity, unpopularity, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement were assessed in this study of Indonesian adolescents. Participants were initially assessed in the 10th grade (n = 462, 256 girls; M[subscript age] = 15.14, SD = 0.62) and followed for 2 years. Concurrent analyses revealed that leadership was positively associated with exclusion of others, EC, and popularity and negatively associated with overt aggression at 12th grade. The positive associations between leadership and exclusion of others only emerged for youth with high levels of EC. Positive associations of leadership with academic achievement were found in the longitudinal analyses and concurrent analyses at the 11th and 12th grade and concurrent associations between prosocial behavior and leadership were found each year. These findings reflect Indonesian cultural norms in which leaders are expected to maintain interpersonal harmony and avoid overt conflict.

This study explored the impact of the alternative learning activity (ALA) program offered in the Philippine Science High School-Ilocos Region Campus toward students' leadership abilities. A mixed-methods approach was used to conduct the study through a survey of 132 student leaders affiliated with ALA clubs in the years 2022 to 2024. The results indicated that the participants exhibited strong expertise in communication, critical thinking, character development, citizenship, diversity appreciation, global understanding, and skill development in the measured indicators, suggesting that the ALA program is effective in producing well-rounded leaders. The findings also showed that almost all dimensions of leadership qualities exhibited the strong positive relationships between indicators, indicating their significant relationship and hinting that effective leadership is multidimensional. In ALA clubs, it was found that excellent leadership practices include providing diverse learning opportunities ("kataguyod"), offering targeted skill training ("katuwang"), offering mentorship and peer support ("kaagapay"), provision of leadership support ("kalakbay"), and inclusivity enhancement ("kabahagi"). These are beneficial practices, not only instill skills among the members but they also promote personal development. These findings show the importance of specialized leadership training in preparation for varied leadership roles.

Multiculturalism is increasingly present in schools, especially in Melilla (Spain), where cultural diversity is one of its defining features due to its geographical location on the border between Africa and Europe. In the light of the importance of educational leaders in dealing with this diversity, this research proposes two main objectives. First, to analyze initial and ongoing training in terms of interculturality, skills, and knowledge that an educational leader must have in their position, and second, to determine the impact of COVID-19 on school management in education centers. We used a qualitative methodology with semi-structured face-to-face interviews to collect data, and content analysis as a data analysis method. The participants (school leaders) represent the six districts that comprise the city of Melilla, nine infant and primary education and six secondary education school leaders. The results reveal that the training received by educational leaders is rather limited and not very useful in practice. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the inequality gap between families from the schools, given that the situation exacerbated their economic status.

Rural school principals in Tennessee face serious challenges in leading their schools, including isolation, high turnover, and a lack of instructional leadership skills. Facilitated by a state university, the Tennessee Rural Principals Network (TRPN) was developed to provide professional learning opportunities for rural school principals. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of principals in rural schools who participated in the TRPN during the years 2019-2021 (n = 133). The study used a basic qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews of 12 participants. Through our data analysis, key learning strengths and challenges were identified and organized under the codes of learning needs, coaching, mentoring, and networking. From these categories, we developed three themes: (a) sharing and collaborating through networks; (b) building capacity through mentoring and coaching; and (c) addressing the learning needs of principals in a rural context. Findings revealed that principals were pleased with the network and felt it helped them better navigate their roles as rural principals by providing the tools to develop best practices and a network to share ideas and resources.

When it comes to equity and access through culturally proficient practices, what schools intend to do versus what they actually do can be incongruous by defaulting to traditional accountability metrics over change and innovation. Utilizing the Conceptual Framework for Culturally Proficient Practices, the purpose of this study was to investigate formal and nonformal educational leaders' perceptions regarding the barriers and next steps of Cultural Proficiency implementation following a 10-day Cultural Proficiency training. Findings indicated variations based on individual identity, position in the school system, and external socio-political factors that influence how individuals perceive the implementation, advancement, and/or limitations of Cultural Proficiency work.

The study investigated the potential role of human resources exemplified by leaders' psychological capital (PsyCap) as a resource that may cross over to team-member exchange (TMX), and bring about desired organizational outcomes. We suggest a model where TMX of senior management teams serves as a team resource mediating the relationship between leaders' PsyCap and organizational outcomes, as represented by team innovation, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and employees' job satisfaction. The study, carried out among 86 elementary and junior high schools, indicated a positive relationship between leaders' PsyCap and TMX. In addition, we found a significant relationship between TMX and the three measures of organizational outcomes. Furthermore, TMX partially mediated the relationship between leaders' PsyCap and the desired outcomes, excepting innovation. The findings provide support for the importance of the leaders' personal resource of psychological capital as a complementary perspective that may enhance our understanding of leadership's impact on organizational success. In addition, the study provides significant support for the expanded model, broadening the definition of the crossover model by examining the translation of positive resources from leaders' PsyCap to organizational outcomes via teams' positive resources. From a practical perspective, the findings bring to the forefront the importance of psychological capital as a state-like construct that can be developed through leader preparation and professional development programs.

Pedagogy plays an essential role in the learning process. Ecopedagogy and digital pedagogy are two of its derivatives. This study focuses on the combination of the two pedagogical models, namely Eco-Digital Pedagogy (EDY). It proposes to reveal the effectiveness of the implementation of the EDY model on the readiness of prospective 21st century teachers. This study's population was Geography students at Semarang State University (UNNES) in Indonesia. The data obtained were tested by paired t-test and strengthened by the N-Gain test. The results show that the implementation of the EDY model has proven effective in increasing the ability of prospective teachers, namely in: 1) showing the leadership skills, 2) creating an environment that respects the diversity of students, 3) understanding every content they deliver, 4) facilitating learning to their students, and 5) reflecting on their teaching practices. This positive result indicates that the EDY model can be used to further develop the abilities of prospective teachers to generate better outputs in the learning process.

This case study explores the implementation of a collaborative initiative that transformed the traditional role of teaching assistants (TAs) into student-faculty partners in two psychology courses. The objective of the collaboration was to leverage the insights and contributions of undergraduate students as co-creators of instruction for students' engagement and meaningful learning experience. The case study highlights the processes, impacts, and challenges of these partnerships, revealing opportunities for student partners to develop pedagogical and assessment literacy, enhance communication and leadership skills, and gain insights into student behaviors and preferences. Pedagogical and curricular gains were observed, including the incorporation of student insights into instructional activities and improved teaching materials. However, challenges related to power dynamics and student perceptions of privilege were also identified. The findings emphasize the importance of careful navigation and the creation of meaningful opportunities for student engagement in higher education.

Students' parents are important stakeholders of school leadership. Student mobility and some other problems in a school environment may occur when the expectations of students' parents cannot be met. Hence, I studied the expectations of the parents of secondary school students about the leadership of school principals through focus-group interviews using a phenomenology design. According to the findings, the leadership expectations of parents about school principals were categorised in 4 sub-themes: behaviour, values, skills and competencies, and characteristics. Parents of students expect school principals to prioritise student success, create unity and integrity, ensure open and sincere communication, and student safety and happiness. They also expect values that include managerial competence and problem-solving skills, showing interest and sensitivity, sensitivity to differences, respect for justice and equality, and a democratic attitude. At the same time, parents of students expect school principals to be innovative, visionary, consistent, empathetic, and disciplined -- they want principals to be good role models for students.

This research explores the crucial role of leadership transitions in educational institutions, particularly at Immaculate Conception College of Balayan, Inc. (ICCBI). Recognizing the profound impact of leadership practices on organizational effectiveness, this study addresses nuanced aspects of employee engagement during transitions. Using qualitative case study design involving face-to-face interviews, common themes emerge regarding the transition of leadership, such as inclusive decision-making, resistance to new policies, unclear communication, continuity in vision, mission, and commitment, and transparency. The findings underscore the substantial influence of leadership transitions on the institution's dynamics, shaping its mission, vision, and commitment to both students and employees. Proactively addressing challenges is emphasized as crucial for maintaining a positive work environment and enhancing organizational effectiveness. The study further recommends a strategic focus on transforming challenges into opportunities, prioritizing employee engagement, and implementing the outlined strategies to foster a healthy work-life relationship within Immaculate Conception College of Balayan, Inc.

The aims of this research are to: (1) study the conditions for fostering ethical leadership in the 21st century among school administrators. Under the jurisdiction of the Sukhothai Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, Thailand; and (2) propose guidelines for strengthening ethical leadership in the 21st century of educational institution administrators. Under the Sukhothai Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, Thailand, this is descriptive research. The group of informants in the research were nine school administrators using purposive sampling. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview form. Data were analysed using content analysis. The research results found that: (1) Conditions for enhancing ethical leadership in the 21st century among educational institution administrators. Under the jurisdiction of the Sukhothai Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, Thailand, it was found that the conditions for fostering ethical leadership in the 21st century among school administrators have 6 elements, consisting of: (1) justice; (2) honesty; (3) respect for others. Other (4) Responsibility; (5) Kindness; (6) Self-control; and (2) Guidelines for enhancing ethical leadership in the 21st century among school administrators. Under the jurisdiction of the Sukhothai Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, Thailand, it was found that there should be guidelines for strengthening for educational institution administrators. By applying the principles of good governance Adhere to the principles of morality, ethics, adhere to the principles of democracy. Use the rule of law in complying with various laws and regulations with transparency. Honest Can be checked transparently. Adhere to the principles of participation Respect others Be responsible in your duties Know how to control yourself Limited resources are used efficiently. Set a good example in working so that work is efficient and effective.

This report describes two integrated projects initiated by the 2020 3M National Teaching Fellowship Award (NTF) cohort on the concepts of educational leadership in Canadian universities and the role of authenticity among exemplary teachers. A thematic analysis of 3M NTF award-winning dossiers identified six prevalent traits characteristic of educational leaders: innovation, persistence, responsiveness, reflectiveness, curiosity, and positive opportunism. The analysis also revealed aspects of educational leadership in practice, including being committed to a cause and being action-oriented, being community-engaged, being multi-disciplinarity, building bridges, freely sharing, trailblazing, and using applied methods. Educational leaders' relationships with others tended to foreground elements of collaboration, empowerment, support, and mentorship, and their actions had an impact beyond their own classrooms or institutions. In the second project, qualitative interviews with cohort members articulated ways in which authentic teaching is expressed by educational leaders. The actions of authentic teachers were viewed as influential and inspiring, and authentic teachers tended to be recognized as instruments of change. These results were shared in an interactive workshop at STHLE 2022, which discussed how educational leadership is currently framed in higher education, and guided participants in self-reflection as educators and leaders to formulate calls to action involving educational leadership and authentic teaching.

Agriculture, food, and natural resource (AFNR) systems need leaders to catalyze positive change. Thus, Extension professionals have consistently developed innovative and impactful leadership programming. In the current study, the alumni of one such program in Michigan were surveyed to evaluate the sustained impact of the program. Program alumni rated themselves highest in Empowerment and Perspective Development and perceived the strongest programmatic impact in Empowerment and Emotional Resilience. These data were further analyzed to create a "Leadership Impact Factor," which illuminates the impact of a program using a single number. Recommendations are made for Extension professionals facilitating similar leadership education programming.

Instructor leadership is widely recognized as essential for facilitating meaningful online learning in higher education. While previous studies have applied organizational leadership theories to the study of instructor leadership, fewer studies have investigated online instructor leadership. This predictive correlational study detailed the associations between the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework and servant leadership (SL) theory and employed multiple regression analyses to investigate the predictive relationships of seven SL dimensions on the three CoI presences. Survey data were gathered from 148 graduate students enrolled in online courses in education, communication, and engineering master's degree programs using the CoI Survey (Arbaugh et al., 2008) and the SL-28 (Liden et al., 2008). The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between the instruments. The predictive model as a whole explained 66% of the variance in students' perceptions of a CoI. Three SL predictor variables demonstrated the most influence: helping subordinates grow and succeed, conceptual skills, and creating value for the community. Additional analyses at the CoI subscale level revealed that the SL variables accounted for 73% of the variance in teaching presence, 55% of the variance in cognitive presence, and 31% of the variance in social presence. Implications and limitations are discussed and recommendations are proposed to implement online instructor SL.

Transformational leadership (TL) is a leadership approach that inspires followers and encourages their effective engagement to contribute adequately to organizational goal achievement. By inspiring followers to pursue and attain exceptional performance levels, TL accrues high follower satisfaction in their jobs and with their organizations (Asencio, 2016; Banks et al., 2016; Barnett, 2017; Bass & Riggio, 2006). This study examined faculty perceptions/ratings of transformational leadership behaviors of their department chairs at two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the southeastern United States. A thorough examination of the data collected revealed that the faculty rated idealized attributes (IA) the highest ([x-bar]=2.80, SD=0.13), followed by individualized consideration ([x-bar]=2.58, SD=0.35), idealized behavior ([x-bar]=2.51, SD=0.35), inspirational motivation ([x-bar]=2.50, SD=0.29), and intellectual stimulation ([x-bar] =2.43, SD=0.35). Overall, the faculty ratings of their department chairs' transformational leadership behaviors appear low compared to other established transformational leadership norms (Avolio & Bass, 2004; Bass & Bass, 2008).

The objective of this study is to investigate the principals' leadership skills in elementary schools to meet the national educational strategy outcomes based on the teachers' views. A quantitative- descriptive approach was applied. The questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was measured and the reliability results using Cronbach alpha were 0.948 for educational leadership skills and 0.859 for educational outcomes. The questionnaire was distributed in both male and female schools. A random sample of 385 teachers was included. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling to measure the effects of different variables. The findings indicated that the teachers in the sample had five to fifteen years of experience. The teachers showed principals in the elementary schools have moderate educational leadership (3.39). The results showed that the highest trait that existed among the principals was crisis management with a high-weight regression coefficient (0.693), visionary leadership (0.653) and ethical leadership (0.601). The effect of adaptability, communication skills and strategic planning was less. The least common traits among the principals of elementary schools were emotional intelligence and decision-making skills. The research suggested establishing a programme for elementary school principals to develop their leadership skills in order to support the achievement of national educational objectives.

This study mainly aims to identify the correlations between school principals' toxic leadership characteristics and teachers' perceptions of mobbing. Beside its fundamental purpose, this study also aims to identify the levels of school principals' toxic leadership characteristics and of teachers' mobbing perception and whether or not those levels differ according to demographic and occupational properties. The study uses the relational survey model and quantitative design. The sample was composed of 455 teachers teaching in schools in Çanakkale city centre and in the county of Çan in 2023-2024 academic year. The research data were collected with the Demographic Information Form, Mobbing Scale and Toxic Leadership Scale. Percentage analysis, frequency analysis, regression analysis, correlation analysis, Mann Whitney-U test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Kolmogrov-Smirnow test and Kruskal Wallis-H test were used in analysing the data. As a result, teachers' perceptions of school principals' toxic leadership characteristics and their perceptions of mobbing were generally found to be at medium level. In addition to that, teachers' perceptions of toxic leadership differed significantly according to gender, level of education and school where they taught. On the other hand, positive and significant correlations were found between principals' toxic leadership characteristics and teachers' perceptions of mobbing. As a result, school principals' behaviours and performance can be monitored and evaluated, and administrators can be offered training by giving feedback in relation to their toxic leadership and mobbing behaviours.

Will the imposter phenomenon influence critical leadership competencies, specifically decision-making self-efficacy, and innovative work behavior? This prospective study will propose a framework to investigate the impact of the imposter phenomenon on essential leadership skills, focusing on exploring whether self-esteem acts as a mediating factor. The research will seek to evaluate the potential effects of the imposter phenomenon on leadership competencies, such as innovative work behavior and decision-making self-efficacy, among managers in South Africa. The significance of this proposed investigation stems from a recognized gap in previous studies addressing the relationship between the imposter phenomenon and these leadership skills within the South African context. By adopting a quantitative approach through a cross-sectional correlational survey design, the study aims to achieve its objectives by testing hypotheses and addressing pertinent research questions. The target population will comprise managers from both the public and private sectors in South Africa, and purposeful sampling will be employed to ensure a representative sample of leaders and managers. Analytical tools will be used for data analysis, including descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling. The anticipated results are expected to reveal whether the imposter phenomenon has a detrimental effect on decision-making self-efficacy and innovative work behavior, with self-esteem as a mediating variable. The findings from this prospective study are anticipated to contribute to a heightened awareness of the imposter phenomenon, providing valuable insights for the better management and mitigation of its effects. The enhanced understanding of the imposter phenomenon can empower managers and leaders to make more effective decisions and exhibit innovative behavior.

There is a fragmented and complex literature about higher education leadership representing a diversity of ideological perspectives about its nature and purposes. Internationally, the literature has been strongly shaped by the importation of concepts and theories from management studies and a tradition of scholarship led by university leader-researchers. Drawing on an extensive literature review--drawing on over 250 books, book chapters, reports and journal articles--this paper identifies three key perspectives. The "Traditionalist" perspective is concerned with the cultural context, arguing that the import of neoliberal business practices into university leadership and management has undermined academic self-governance. The "Reformist" perspective focuses on values from a social justice perspective arguing for a more democratic and inclusive style of leadership including participation from historically under-represented groups. Finally, the "Pragmatist" perspective is more functionally focused in identifying the capabilities, skills and competences needed for effective leadership in universities at all levels. These three perspectives provide important insights into the culture, values and competences of university leadership reflecting the distinctive culture of higher education (traditionalist), its values as a reflection of wider society (reformist) and how best to practically manage and achieve positive change in such an environment (pragmatist). An appreciation of these perspectives and the skills, values and knowledge embedded in the literature will facilitate the evolution of leadership development and practice in alignment with contemporary organisational needs and societal expectations.

This article focuses on the research and scholarship of leadership training. We begin by defining and giving context to the concept of leadership training. Then, we provide a high-level literature review of the history and components of leadership training (e.g., content, pedagogy, and assessment). Next, we connect leadership training with the leadership learning framework (LLF) to address common critiques of leadership training. The article concludes with projections of leadership training in the future and ethical questions for leadership educators to consider when designing leadership training programs.

By incorporating the culturally relevant leadership learning model (CRLL) into the leadership learning framework (LLF), this article provides leadership educators with an inclusive approach to leadership learning. The authors illustrate how educators can integrate the five dimensions of campus climate into leadership knowledge, observation, development, training, engagement, and metacognition. We describe practical ways to address leadership identity, efficacy, and capacity development for all college students, especially those belonging to traditionally underserved identities. Finally, the authors present a new visual for integrating CRLL into the LLF--a kaleidoscope leadership learning model.

Observation is the throughline and synthesizing catalyst of the leadership learning framework (LLF). Observation serves as both a stimulus and clarifier through which all other LLF elements come together. This article explores the literature on both intentional and unintentional observational learning and how learners are socialized. Leadership educators should consider how observation of leadership influences students' perception of leading before arriving in the learning space and how they can intentionally imbed observational learning within curricular and extracurricular experiences with special attention given to access and representation.

Higher education institutions have a key role in forming the specialists of the future. In fulfilling their role there is need for transformational leadership, culture of excellence, and academic leadership development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between transformational leadership, shaping a culture of educational excellence, and leadership development, as perceived by tertiary education leaders in the UAE. The qualitative approach is of focus groups, using semi-structured questions, with leaders in academia. The main finding is that in the initial stages of an organization life cycle, leadership development precedes transformational leadership and a culture of excellence. In later stages, leadership development is a mediator of transformational leadership and a culture of excellence. In the mature stages of organization life cycle, the three elements engage in an ongoing spiral and synergistic process.

The ability to work in a team is a skill of special relevance for multiple facets of life, increasing performance and optimizing the process in any task. This work aimed to study whether teamwork skills were related to different health variables. The sample consisted of 671 military personnel from the Spanish Army. The instrument is composed of the Health Literacy Questionnaire--the Teamwork Skills Questionnaire, and Rosenberg's self-esteem scale. The study concludes that the level of teamwork skills of the military is high, as well as their level of health literacy and their self-perception of health. However, their self-esteem is medium. Teamwork competencies are positively associated with a higher level of health literacy, with a high self-perception of their health, with the level of physical activity and negatively with self-esteem and the number of hospital admissions.

Textbooks are among the most important means of education in terms of instilling leadership skills in students. The characters presented as models in the textbooks play an important part in building up such leadership skills with the help of quotes from such characters, texts written with reference to them, and the activities developed accordingly. Thanks to his leadership qualities, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is one such character who continues to provide guidance even after a century. As a model for the students, he arguably plays a role in helping them develop leadership skills. Therefore, it is important to analyze his description in the textbook from a scientific perspective. Against this background, this study presents an analysis of the 8th grade textbook for "The History of Turkish Revolution and Kemalism" course used in the academic year 2021-2022, with reference to Ataturk's leadership traits and the types of leadership deemed important in the 21st century (strategic, authentic, charismatic, servant, transformative, transactional, etc.). The data gathered through document review was then subjected to descriptive analysis. The analysis led to the conclusion that the text represented Ataturk's leadership traits in tune with the types of leadership prevailing in the 21st century. It is also understood that Ataturk's strategic, visionary, transformative, charismatic, entrepreneurial, and creative leadership skills were more prominent in the text. [Paper presented at the Social Studies Education Symposium (Turkey, Jun 9-11, 2023).]

The purposes of this research were to study and compare a competency in school administration of school administrators as perceived by teachers in school under the BSESAO. The study employed a survey research design with samples consisting of 308 teachers in the academic year 2022. The samples were categorized by using the Cohen' sample sizes which were selected by stratified random sampling. The instrument was a questionnaire with a reliability of 0.986. Mean, standard, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Scheffe's multiple comparison method were used to analyze the data. The findings were as follows: 1) the results of competency in school administration of school administrators was at high level, considering each dimension of the opinion, all of them were also at high level; and 2) the comparison' s levels of school administrators: the opinions's competency in school administration of school administrators with different service area offices, academic standings, and school sizes were found to be no difference.

This mixed methods research was applied and divided into two phases. In phase one, was conducted with two main objectives: 1) to study the spiritual leadership of school administrators according to the perspectives of teachers in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA); and 2) to compare the spiritual leadership of school administrators according to the perspectives of teachers in BMA, classified by areas, school sizes, education levels, and academic standings. The samples included 370 teachers from educational school inthe BMA. Next, multi-stage random sampling was used to select teachers from the BMAas participants in this research. The research instrument for phase one was a five-point Likert scale. In phase two, was conducted with the objective of creating spiritual leadership development guidelines for school administrators under the BMA. Using purposive sampling,there was a total of nine participants, including two deputy directors, four education supervisors, Department of Education, BMA; and three school administrators, BMA. The research instrument used was structured interviews. The results of the research found that: 1) the spiritual leadership of school administrators from the perspectives of BMA teachers were at high levels overall and in each aspect; 2) the spiritual leadership of educational institution administrators from the perspectives of teachers within the BMA classified by areas, school sizes, education levels, and academic standingswere not different overall and in each aspect; and 3) approaches to the spiritual leadership development of school administrators under the BMAinclude development of knowledge and skills, forming of attitudes, and implementation.

As institutions, schools hold a place of significant value for their stakeholders. Selznick (1957/1984) recognised that institutions require a particular type of leadership that is concerned with the promotion and protection of values. Although not a new theory, institutional leadership has not received much attention by both researchers and practitioners since its formation, which has given way to the more familiar concepts of transactional and transformational leadership. A systematic literature review was carried out to survey what enactments of institutional leadership are taking place in different institutions and what impact Selznick's theories still have on leadership practice. A thematic analysis of the literature found institutional leaders acting in five areas: (1) managing institutional identity, (2) leading followers, (3) managing the external environment, (4) organisational management, and (5) management of the self. The findings could be useful to school leaders who seek to adopt a leadership style that ensures the survival of their institutions.

This narrative inquiry explores three Chinese university leaders' intercultural competence as a key dimension of their leadership that overseas leadership development programmes enabled them to develop. The leaders visited three different countries -- namely, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada -- storied their experiences in the programmes and connected their reflections to leadership in the Chinese higher education system. Our narrative analyses show that the overseas leadership development programmes were mediators in the construction of leadership, for which there were two focal themes: (1) leadership as a personal and contextual construction process and (2) intercultural competence as a key dimension of university leaders' leadership. Betwixt and between different higher education systems in different cultural contexts, the reconceptualisation of leadership with intercultural competence is unfurled in the liminal space, which goes beyond the functionalist paradigm of leadership and is also of international interest and value in the global communication of higher education.

As educators, we seek engaging ways to demonstrate how crucial leadership is to advancing organizational success. This exercise uniquely emphasizes how much leaders may learn from their predecessors in the same role. Participants explore leadership by researching two former Bishops of Rome--John Paul II and Benedict XVI--and the incumbent pontiff, Francis. Participants investigate the personal traits, biographies, and accomplishments of each pope to understand each leader's style and effectiveness and make recommendations to Pope Francis using this situational data of his predecessors. In doing so, the exercise creates a perspective for how participants might enhance their own leadership skills within their own professional organizations. Variations for other organizational contexts where leadership is essential are included as well as variations for online delivery modes.

The present study analyzed concurrent and predictive validity of single-item scales for assessing principal stress and coping. We examined concurrent and prospective relations among stress and coping single-items with principal job satisfaction, overall health, perceptions of school safety, and principal leadership self-efficacy. We also compared principals and teachers on their stress and coping levels using the same single-item scales. Consistent with the literature on teacher stress and coping, the correlations of principal coping with different outcomes-job satisfaction, overall health, leadership efficacy, and safety perceptions--were stronger in comparison to the correlations between principal stress and those same outcomes. In regression models with both stress and coping, only principal coping predicted concurrent and future principal job satisfaction and overall health, as well as change in those outcomes. Coping also predicted concurrent but not future perceptions of school safety. Stress and coping did not consistently predict concurrent or future measures of leadership self-efficacy. Last, we found that principals reported even higher levels of stress than the well-documented high levels reported by teachers. We discuss areas for further research and potential use of these measures.

University is a remarkable institution which is always expected to change the world through its constantly innovative technology and science advancement and civilization promotion. Academic institution relies on its efficacious leader with vision and implementation to fully accomplish its missions. However, limited attention goes to this crucial leader's requirements and characteristics, even faculty members in the higher education institutions studiously conduct research for external organizations. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis addressing innovative academic leader's characteristics based on the current global situation, university mission, and unique culture. Finally, this article concluds the competencies and characteristics of efficacious academic leader demands in this changing era: envisioning the institutional future, integrating social resources with reciprocity, modeling the way with morality and integrity, executing university missions with professions and humanity, empowering team members with full support, and inspiring students with humanity. Those integrated characters could effectively guide faculty members for their future self-development, and contribute to achieving university mission on science development, producing high-quality human resources, and contributing of the human civilization promotion. This conclusion retrospectively raises further suggestions for future study, how faculty members build these characters considering the unique and complex situation of interpersonal and external factors within the university.

This article examines the potential for classroom-based teacher research to support teacher leaders, instructional experts who are committed to examining and improving teaching and learning in schools. The authors share their research examining the intersection of teacher research and teacher leadership. Study participants, practicing teachers in a M.Ed. program, completed electronic open-ended surveys, and participated in group interviews. Findings suggest that conducting teacher research in their classrooms and schools and sharing knowledge of the research process and/or research question or topic beyond the classroom, provided opportunities for teachers to assume both formal and informal leadership positions. Concluding that teacher research can build teacher leader capacity, the authors suggest ways in which schools can support teachers who, by the knowledge, skills, and confidence developed by conducting teacher research, can lead in uncertain times.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the potential attributes of teacher leadership among preservice teachers with higher levels of reflection, especially in the Chinese context. Design/Approach/Methods: A mixed research method was adopted in this study. First, a quantitative research method was conducted to examine preservice teachers' reflection depth. The top 10% of the preservice teachers with higher levels of reflection were selected as the target respondents for comparison. Second, qualitative data analysis was conducted to identify potential attributes of emergent teacher leadership in these preservice teachers. Findings: This study identified five potential attributes of emergent teacher leadership among preservice teachers who showed deeper reflection depth. Additionally, this study identified how the unique attributes fit into preservice teachers' professional development in the Chinese context. Originality/Value: This study proposes a new development model to develop preservice teachers that emphasizes the role of continuous reflections in context for professional growth. This study holds implications for understanding the potential attributes of emergent teacher leadership among Chinese preservice teachers. Additionally, this study appeals to the importance of cultivating preservice teachers to practice teacher leadership during the teacher training stage to support them to become outstanding future teachers.

Debriefing may be the most important factor for learning in simulations. This exploratory case study investigated a modified Plus-Delta approach to debriefings following mixed reality simulation-based learning. The findings suggested that educational leadership students who encountered debriefings from simulations developed leadership skills and dispositions and perceived that those acquired skills and dispositions would transfer to leadership positions currently or in the future. Implications and recommendations are provided.

Using competencies for volunteer organizations and applying those competencies to both situational and servant leadership, the Delphi study method was used to identify leadership competencies necessary for titled leaders within NACADA's Advising Communities Division. Surveys were administered to former and outgoing chairs within the division. Results from 10 experts identified important competencies, including knowledge of the advising community, communication, time management skills, and the ability to conduct meetings. At the end of the chair term, important competencies identified were a deeper knowledge of the advising community; communication; the ability to determine, organize, and prioritize the needs of the advising community; and people management skills. Implications for practice and areas for additional research are discussed.