Search

Mit dem Konzept des Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) wird das Ziel verfolgt, neue Wohn- und Gewerbenutzungen an regional integrierten Standorten zu entwickeln, die den zukünftigen Bewohnerinnen und Bewohnern sowie den Beschäftigten eine gute lokale Infrastrukturausstattung, abwechslungsreiche öffentliche Räume sowie attraktive Mobilitätsalternativen zur Nutzung des eigenen Kraftfahrzeugs anbieten. In diesem Beitrag wird eine zur Operationalisierung von Transit-Oriented Development entwickelte Methodik vorgestellt und zur Bewertung und Klassi zierung von 747 nordrhein-westfälischen Bahnhaltepunkten angewandt. Mithilfe der operationalisierten TOD-Dimensionen können für Nordrhein-Westfalen fünf Cluster gebildet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Cluster mit überdurchschnittlich hohen TOD-Werten in den Dimensionen Destination Accessibility, Density und Diversity vorwiegend im Rhein-Ruhr-Raum sowie in den solitären Städten des Landes nden lassen. In den peripheren Räumen treten hauptsächlich die Cluster mit geringeren TOD-Werten auf. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es eine Diskrepanz zwischen der Verfügbarkeit von potenziell entwickelbaren Flächen und dem TOD-Grad gibt. Im Umfeld der Haltepunkte der hochleistungsfähigen Bahnstrecken in Regionen mit hoher Wohnungsnachfrage stehen kaum Flächenpotenziale zur Verfügung. Große Flächenpotenziale gibt es hingegen an den Haltepunkten mit geringen TOD-Werten und einem geringeren Druck auf dem Wohnungsmarkt. Die Cluster ermöglichen es, spezi sche Handlungsempfehlungen für die Stadtplanung und politische Entscheidungen zu formulieren, um eine erfolgreiche Implementation von TransitOriented Development zu unterstützen. The concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) aims to develop new residential and commercial areas in regionally integrated sites that provide future residents and employees with good local infrastructure, diversified public spaces and attractive mobility alternatives so that they do not have to use their own car. This paper presents a methodology for the operationalisation of Transit-Oriented Development and applies it to evaluate and cluster of 747 railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Using the operationalised TOD dimensions, five interpretable clusters can be defined for North Rhine-Westphalia. The results show that the clusters with above-average TOD values in the dimensions destination accessibility, density and diversity can be found mainly in the Rhine-Ruhr region and in the solitary cities of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the peripheral areas, primarily clusters with lower TOD values occur. The findings indicate that there is a discrepancy between the availability of potentially developable building land and the degree of Transit-Oriented Development. In the surroundings of the railway stations of the high-capacity railway lines in regions with high demand for housing, there is barely any potential building land available. The majority of potential building land is located at railway stations with below-average TOD values and less pressure on the housing market. The clusters make it possible to formulate specific recommendations for action for urban planners and political decision makers in order to support a successful implementation of Transit-Oriented Development.

Die Lebenszufriedenheit ist nach den Befunden der meisten (inter)nationalen Studien in Kleinstadten hoher als in den einwohnerstarkeren Stadttypen. Um einen detaillierten Eindruck von der Situation in Deutschland zu bekommen, wird in diesem Beitrag mittels einer Bevolkerungsbefragung in acht deutschen Kleinstadten untersucht, wie stark die Bedeutung der Infrastrukturausstattung als Aspekt von Lebensqualitat sowie der Erreichbarkeit von Infrastruktur fur die Lebenszufriedenheit vor Ort ist und ob nicht der Faktor des sozialen Zusammenhalts starker auf die Zufriedenheit wirkt. Es lasst sich festhalten, dass das Infrastrukturangebot als Aspekt objektiv messbarer Lebensqualitat nicht am starksten auf die Lebenszufriedenheit wirkt. Die Bevolkerung der Kleinstadte in zentralen Lagen nimmt offenbar die Infrastrukturangebote der benachbarten Grosstadte und anderer Orte wahr und ist sehr zufrieden mit dem Leben vor Ort, trotz eines geringen Zufriedenheitswerts bezuglich der Infrastrukturausstattung. Damit bestatigt die Untersuchung tendenziell das Borrowing-Size-Konzept, wonach kleine Stadte im Umland von den Funktionen der Kernstadt profitieren. Dagegen sind es die beiden Faktoren des sozialen Zusammenhalts und die Zufriedenheit mit den Leistungen der ortlichen Verwaltung, die stark mit der individuellen Lebenszufriedenheit vor Ort zusammenhangen. Es stellt sich fur die weitere Forschung die Frage, welche Faktoren lokalen Gemeinsinn erklaren und wie dieser durch politische Masnahmen verbessert werden kann.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un análisis sobre la proporción en los edificios monumentales religiosos del departamento de Granada, Nicaragua. Los objetos de estudios fueron los edificios religiosos catalogados como patrimonio inmueble, localizados en este departamento. Se consideró como guía para esta investigación los edificios registrados e Catálogos de Bienes Culturales de Granada. Con base en dos catálogos consultados, la muestra obtenida fue de 11 edificios. Dos análisis probabilísticos fueron realizados, considerando las propiedades de la muestra y los objetivos de la investigación: análisis de regresión y análisis de conglomerados. Se encontró que los edificios catalogados de género religioso, localizados en el departamento de Granada, en un solo conjunto no responden a un solo patrón de proporción. En promedio se aproximan a la relación 1: 2.42. Sin embargo, los coeficientes de correlación y determinación son valores medianamente representativos. Los resultados obtenidos son de utilidad para ampliar los conocimientos en ciencia básica en el ámbito del conocimiento de las proporciones mismas, de los edificios locales de este género. Fortuitamente, podrá ser de utilidad en futuros proyectos de proyección de nuevos edificios que deseen considerar este aspecto formal, adoptando el criterio de diseño tipológico.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la antigua vivienda Mantica Abauza, inmueble que hoy día se conoce como Casa Museo Julio Cortázar, un ejemplar representativo de la arquitectura habitacional del Siglo XX, así como su influencia estilística y su permanencia en el antiguo centro histórico de la ciudad de Managua. Conocer los principales acontecimientos que han marcado a este inmueble a lo largo de sus años edificado. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre su estado actual de conservación, haciendo un levantamiento minucioso de las principales alteraciones y deterioros que le presenta en la actualidad, producto de la falta de mantenimiento y el abandono al que ha estado sometido las últimas décadas.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los principales cambios en la imagen urbana del centro histórico de la ciudad de Granada, un escenario de relevancia local, que toma interés ya que posee valor patrimonial y natural en el contexto nacional, esto ha llevado a que se realicen planes y proyectos de intervención en las últimas décadas. Trayendo consigo nuevas acciones que han alterado y deteriorado la esencia de su imagen y paisaje, así como, han dado paso a otros procesos urbanos, vinculados a la oferta/demanda turística y la globalización, olvidando la importancia y valores patrimoniales que el sitio simboliza para la ciudad y sus habitantes.

La investigación urbana en Latinoamérica ha identificado la existencia de nuevos modelos del espacio urbano en las ciudades de la región. Este modelo representa cambios en el patrón de segregación espacial, que en términos socio-habitacionales (o urbano-habitacional) implica que, aunque los grupos se encuentran en mayor proximidad física, están separados por muros o tecnologías de seguridad. En Managua el modelo de crecimiento urbano ha seguido una lógica de dispersión de baja densidad que se expande hacia las áreas suburbanas. El patrón muestra una expansión a lo largo de los ejes viales radiales convertidos en ejes importantes de inversión para desarrollos habitacionales con un carácter muy marcado: las viviendas de la “clase alta” (Rodgers, 2006). El fenómeno de la segregación espacial toma mayor fuerza a partir de la década de 1990 y hoy una serie de proyectos habitacionales que se caracterizan por su carácter segregativo acentúan el proceso de urbanización “desordenado, discontinuo y desigual” (López, 2016, p.28). Seguridad, control, gestión, son los aspectos más importantes sobre los cuales se perciben diferencias de estos espacios habitacionales en relación a la experiencia en la ciudad abierta, y por tanto se han convertido – tanto en su expresión físico-espacial, como en la social – en objeto de una evaluación diferencial, que deviene en una diferenciación de la experiencia urbana-habitacional.

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular: the Town Planning International Rules and Legislation Overview section aims at presenting the latest updates in the territorial and urban legislative sphere. Urban patterns and their intrinsic relationships have completely changed since Covid-19. In particular, the mobility subsystem has undergone a significant change, inducing users to use "soft" such as micromobility. Micromobility is now on the rise, especially in large cities, but at the same time the lack of dedicated routes pushes researchers and technicians in the area to find solutions capable of providing rules to users. This section examines the legislative decrees issued by the Italian government to promote a sustainable mode of travel for cities such as micromobility., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

En las últimas décadas diversas ciudades de la República Mexicana han servido como receptoras de desplazamiento interno debido a contextos de violencia, conflicto y desastres de origen natural y humano, desgraciadamente la respuesta del estado ante el desplazamiento ha sido ineficaz y lento. Esta investigación surge de la necesidad de establecer estrategias y políticas a nivel local sobre la atención y recepción adecuada a poblaciones desplazadas por violencia o desastres, critica la manera en la cual se ha desarrollado el actuar del Estado Mexicano en la ciudad de Chilpancingo, Guerrero con respecto a la atención al desplazado en el momento de solicitar refugio, y finalmente propone cinco dimensiones sistémicas que servirán para aumentar por un lado la resiliencia de la ciudad como refugio y al desplazado como ser vulnerable.

This study aims at analyzing analogies and differences between the spatial relations regarding land surface temperature (LST) and land covers in May and August 2019. Land cover data are drawn from the most updated spatial datasets available from Copernicus, while LST is retrieved from Landsat 8 satellite images made available by the U.S. Geological Survey. The methodology couples GIS spatial analysis and regression analysis; the latter is used to implement spatial inferential analysis as regards LST. Moreover, on the basis of a “what if” assessment, the impact of future afforestation, as regards rural areas, is detected with respect to decrease in LST, building on the outcomes of the model which relates LST to land cover types. The Sardinian region is taken as case study because its climate homogeneity and its self-containment allow for a pretty straightforward identification of the regional boundaries. The correlation between the spatial distribution of LST and land cover reveals, in the two time periods, that urbanization and the spatial dynamics of heating phenomena are closely connected. The methodology can be easily implemented in other regional contexts, and comparison of analogies and differences are quite effective and useful in identifying stylized facts and policy implications., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Residential mobility is an economic and social recovery process that determines urban growth and regional development. The urban population relocates due to the events in their lives or their dissatisfaction with the conditions. Such individual movements play a role in the construction of urban geography. The aim of the present study was to discuss the factors that affect the residential mobility in Ortahisar district in Trabzon, Turkey. To determine the mobility, a survey was conducted with 445 individuals in 11 neighborhoods with different socio-demographic, economic and physical attributes in Trabzon urban center. The survey findings were analyzed based on a) the analysis of the socio-demographic structure of households, b) evaluation of the residential buildings, c) the analysis of historical mobility, and d) the assessments of causality in mobility. In the study, the causal factors were analyzed based on the life cycle, life course and satisfaction approaches and mobility classification available in the literature, and the study findings were analyzed with descriptive statistics. It was determined that residential ownership, the structure of the household members, and proximity to the workplace factors were effective on residential mobility in Trabzon., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Economy, business and land use section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie socio-economic relationships between firms and territories. The present note underlines the benefits that entrepreneurship exerts on the city, with a specific focus on sustainability and green entrepreneurs. These ones are individuals who start business ventures without just seeking their profit maximization as a unique goal, but rather contribute to the sustainable development of the communities in which they are embedded. However, in order for them to have positive and long-lasting impacts, they need to cooperate with networks that embed several stakeholders and mainly local governments., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie the challenges that the cities have to face. The present note provides an overview of the policies and initiatives undertaken in three European cities in response to the Covid-19 outbreak: Milan, Paris and Brussels. A cross-city analysis is used to derive a taxonomy of urban policy measures. The contribution discusses the effectiveness of each measures in providing answers to epidemic threats in urban areas while, at the same time, improving the sustainability and resilience of urban communities., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Pedestrian movement in the public environment is important in supporting local public life, commerce and physical activity. Countering the decline in the presence of people on the streets is a major focus of urban planning in a wide variety of urban contexts. This research investigates the contribution of a tramway to local pedestrian movement, using the Hong Kong Tramway (HKT) as a case. Flow counts were collected in a field study of the tram corridor that enabled regression analysis. Pedestrian flow was positively related to the following, in descending order of importance: feeder street pedestrian flow, tram alighting rates and irregular crossing rates. These factors cumulatively account for 39% of pedestrian volume on tram corridor segments. Pedestrian flow is negatively related to the degree of barrier fencing and block size. The tram is also used to transit between walking segments, effectively enlarging the individual walking environment. The findings suggest spatial planning measures associated with higher pedestrian flow., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 3 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Raumforschung und Raumordnung = Spatial research and planning 78(5), 455-470 (2020). doi:10.2478/rara-2020-0030, Published by Sciendo, Warsaw

While diversification as an economic strategy could be the solution to territorial development, concepts such as specialisation, individualisation and uniqueness should always be kept in mind in the branding process of any destination. The purpose of this study was to identify to what extent did local authorities understand these principles and what sort of brand elements they considered to be suitable for the administrated commune, in the context of a certain territorial identity that tourism could take advantage of. In order to demonstrate credibility with this topic,theoretical perspective upon the brand image of the 26 investigated communes was provided to illustrate both the tourism potential of the territory and the valuable contribution that local authorities can make to brand development. In order to obtain the discussed information, quantitative and qualitative methods were employed: from observation and synthesis engaged in the literature and official websites review, to semi-structured interviews with 26 representatives of the local authorities (of each commune in the examined area) that were later analysed and expressed through descriptive, statistical, graphical and tabular data. Although the results show that local authorities are aware of tourism’s importance to economic development, their choice of brand elements is rather questionable especially when considering territorial identity. However, some of the local authorities we interviewed did have a good understanding of the local elements that could be employed in territorial branding. They had not only correctly recognized nature-based aspects and cultural heritage attractions including customs and traditions, but had also expanded the cognitive perspective that outsiders tend to have with respect to an unfamiliar destination, by completing it with affective features that tourists equally appreciate.

Urban transport is one of the most unsustainable activities in Romanian cities. Green and smart mobility solutions could help them in becoming more sustainable. However, it is generally acknowledged that successfully implementing green, smart and sustainable solutions depends highly on local stakeholders’ engagement and public acceptance. Against this background, the current study explores stakeholders’ perception and media coverage of some urban transport issues in Romanian cities. Our approach is only exploratory as it is not aimed at testing hypothesis, but rather at 1) exploring stakeholders’ opinionsconcerning the state of urban mobility in Bucharest, Iași and Cluj-Napoca, and at 2) identifying the main urban transport issues reflected in local newspapers from Iași and Cluj-Napoca. Results concerning stakeholders’ opinions suggest, inter alia, an overwhelming influence of local authorities and transport engineers in the decision-making process, a fact that is contrary to sustainable and good governance practices. Urban transport issues reflected in local newspapers pinpoint the high importance of public transport in Romanian post-socialist cities, a rather incipient emergence of green and smart practices, and some significant differences in the propensity of inquired cities to modernise their urban transport services.

The present exploratory study aims to assess if there is any social capital supporting practices regarding the use of energy from renewable sources in Romania. For an effective investigation of the social capital and of the citizens’ cohesion in perceptions and attitudes and their trust in public institutions at the community level t he method used was the discourse analysis framed by a case study. The research material consisted of official documents on renewable energy in the European Union and Romania and of Romanians’ opinions on social media (Facebook, YouTube, newspaper articles, blogs, etc.) concerning this topic. As results show, the presence of social capital can be identified from different perspectives within websites, considering both readers’ and viewers’ comments on the topic of renewable energy. By analysing the discourses, a major conclusion can be drawn: social capital can be either an obstacle or opportunity in formulating renewable energy policies and in implementing practices in Romania. On the one hand, the setbacks could be poor information (strictly profit oriented, unsustainable) and the population’s mistrust of state mechanisms, which lead to community splitting, low proactivity and limiting innovation. On the other hand, sharing successful stories and encouraging civic spirit on social websites are manifestations of social capital resulting in an increase in the proactive level of the civil society.

Universities are important economic actors and make a considerable impact on the demand and supply side of their local economies. The aim of this paper is to quantify, compare and classify the different economic demandand supply-side contributions of the university locations within Lower Saxony (Germany) using a combination of multiplier analysis and spatial econometrics on a NUTS 3 level. In comparison to numerous other studies, this paper does not focus on the economic impact of individual cases or a selected university location but gives a complete picture of the importance and significance of all university locations within Lower Saxony. The income-induced direct and indirect demand effects are estimated using a rich data set of higher education statistics in combination with an income and employment multiplier derived from a regional input-output table. The supply-side effects, i.e. the impact of the education and research outcomes, are estimated with the help of spatial panel regressions, a model derived from human capital theory and knowledge spillover theory. The estimation results give a complete and reproducible impression of the importance and significance of the different university locations, offering the opportunity for comparisons and classifications. Hochschulen sind wichtige Wirtschaftsakteure und haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf Angebot und Nachfrage in ihrer regionalen Wirtschaft. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen nachfrage- und angebotsseitigen Beiträge der niedersächsischen Hochschulstandorte mithilfe einer Kombination aus Multiplikatoranalyse und räumlicher Ökonometrie (spatial panel) auf NUTS 3-Ebene zu quantifizieren, zu vergleichen und zu klassifizieren. Im Vergleich zu zahlreichen anderen Studien, welche die ökonomische Bewertung von Hochschulstandorten vornehmen, stellt dieser Beitrag nicht auf die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen einer bestimmten Hochschule bzw. Hochschulregion ab, sondern bietet ein umfassendes, vollständiges und konsistentes Bild aller Hochschulstandorte in Niedersachsen. Die einkommensinduzierten direkten und indirekten Nachfrageeffekte werden anhand eines detaillierten Datensatzes der Hochschulstatistik in Kombination mit Einkommens- und Beschäftigungsmultiplikatoren aus einer regionalen Input-Output-Tabelle berechnet. Die angebotsseitigen Effekte, das heißt die Auswirkungen von Bildung und Forschungsergebnissen, werden mithilfe von Spatial-panel-Regressionen geschätzt, einem Modell, das aus der Humankapitaltheorie und der Theorie zur Wissensverbreitung (knowledge spillover theory) abgeleitet ist. Die Schätzergebnisse vermitteln einen vollständigen und nachvollziehbaren Eindruck von der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der verschiedenen Hochschulstandorte in Niedersachsen und ermöglichen Vergleiche zwischen den Standorten sowie Einordnungen bzw. Gruppierungen.

The emergency at COVID-19 has changed the face of our cities, preventing most urban activities, limiting travel on large, medium and short distances and drastically reducing the number and intensity of social relationships. The organization of the built environment, combined with the characteristics of the pedestrian network, has taken on greater weight in relation to the restrictive measures that COVID-19 has imposed on entire populations. Social distancing, the limitations of movements allowed almost exclusively for the achievement of the services identified as essential, together with the ban on carrying out certain activities, on the one hand have changed people's living habits and on the other have revealed the need to reorganize quickly the network of canals and open spaces to adapt them to the current emergency situation, but probably also to the conditions of a "different normal". Local decision makers are faced with a new demand for mobility and accessibility by moving in completely unexplored waters., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 2 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

In Berlin, measures that promote cycling and walking have moved up the political agenda and gained momentum over the last couple of years. This is in parts due to the strong involvement of civil society actors in designing, planning and implementing said measures. This article will use one of the measures planned in Berlin, as an example to illustrate the benefits and potential of cooperative planning and civic involvement in the design and implementation of drastic sustainable transport measures in cities. Cycling and walking are vital to achieving “Tomorrow’s Cities”, a vision developed by the German Environment Agency. Tomorrow’s City avoids unnecessary traffic. It is quiet, compact, green, climate-friendly and dominated by mixed-use developments. However, drastic measures changing the status quo are necessary to achieve this vision. This article argues that allowing for more civic participation and involvement and promoting experiments for sustainable mobility in public space help gain support for sustainable mobility in general, as well as the measures needed to achieve this goal. Flaniermeile Friedrichstraße, a mobility lab planned for 2020 at the heart of Berlin, serves as an interesting case of long- term civic involvement, cooperative public experiments translating an idea of sustainable mobility into temporary practice., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 2 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships between urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made of five parts: Urban planning Literature Review; Town Planning International Rules and Legislation Overview; Urban Practices, Projects, and Innovative Approach; Framework of Scientific News and Events; Economy, Business and Land Use. Each of these sections examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban Planning Literature Review section aims at presenting recent books and journals, within global scientific panorama, on selected topics and issues. This contribution aims at discussing the main impacts and consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on our lives and urban systems. While for the last issue of TeMA, this section of the journal was dedicated to the emergency phase, according to the new policy and strategic actions aimed at improving the coexistence of the new coronavirus within urban environments, this contribution is focused on how policy makers can enhance urban resilience, in sight of potential new health crisis., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 2 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

The emergency of COVID-19 changed the face of our cities, preventing most of the urban activities, limiting travels on large, medium and short distances and drastically reducing the number and the intensity of social relationships. The restrictive measures, imposed to the entire population, sensibly affected the experience of our built environment as well as the assets of pedestrian and cycling network that lead to the achievement of essential urban services. On one hand these limitations drastically imposed a change in the people's habits who spend now more time walking and cycling in absence of any other entertainments; on the other, they have revealed the need of a reorganisation of pedestrians and cycling paths as well as of open spaces. The morphology of these urban spaces are unable to cope with the current social-distancing situation and to adapt to a “new different routine”. Local decision makers face with a new demand of urban space for pedestrian and cycling accessibility which have been so far unexplored. In order to contribute to future planning decisions, the document proposes a comparison between pedestrian flows and accessibility to urban services during the blockade, taking two districts in the city of Aberdeen as a case study. By adopting an urban rhythmic analysis, the selected areas were monitored on a weekly basis during different periods during the days in order to quantify the intensity of the user, the available services and their opening and closing times also change the date obtained from rhythmic analysis they are associated in a GIS environment in order to classify urban areas. Drawn on the concepts of new social distancing and switch of life/working habits as main factors for redesigning the pedestrian and cycling urban spaces, the paper proposes, as a conclusion, specific urban design recommendations in order to deal with emergency situations, such as an outbreak movement limitation., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 2 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Since early spring 2020, the outbreak of the COVID-19 in Italy caused schools and universities to lock and shift from traditional face-to-face classroom education to online education. In the academic field of spatial planning, online education and examples of on-line participatory process (e.g. e-planning, e-governance, etc.) are traditionally not very frequent. Through the application of an on-line participatory process to build a future vision of Bari (Apulia Region), this study explores elements related to the behavior of the knowledge agents involved in the process and compares them with the application of previous face-to-face classroom examples. The results obtained allow to collect some suggestions not only on the performance of the application in two different times, but also on the potential elements of difference to be associated to the temporal and psychological context related to the diffusion of COVID-19. Since these conditions are clearly exceptional and practically (hopefully) unrepeatable, the results seem to show a mixed perspective of effectiveness for the use of online education to build a future vision of a city., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 2 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

El ensayo invita a reflexionar en torno a las relaciones entre aguas y fronteras desde la perspectiva de los territorios concebidos como yuxtapuestos, en constante transformación e inscritos en tiempos y espacios particulares. Se fundamenta en la polisemia del concepto de fronteras y en un trabajo de campo de más de dos décadas en escenarios fronterizos del sur de México y de Centroamérica. A partir de una serie de ilustraciones de las relaciones, se evidencian las encrucijadas múltiples que surgen en la observación empírica, y cuando se plantea su análisis teórico en dos vertientes.

El presente artículo plantea analizar la transición ecológica global y sus implicancias en la escala local de la cuenca del salar de Atacama en Chile. Como punto de partida, se reflexiona en torno a la transición hacia la movilidad eléctrica que articula un proceso de extractivismo de litio que genera degradación ambiental, afectando la disponibilidad hídrica y las formas de relación con la naturaleza del pueblo indígena lickanantay. El artículo se divide en cuatro partes: en la primera, fundamentalmente de revisión documental en torno al nuevo modelo de desarrollo sustentable, analizamos cómo este se articula a un proceso extractivista en países de la periferia del desarrollo. En la segunda, examinamos datos estadísticos para comprender la importancia de Sudamérica como fuente de litio en los flujos económicos de escala global. En tercer lugar, profundizamos en el trabajo de terreno en cuanto a un análisis de discurso de la introducción de nuevos actores y la confrontación de estos a la perspectiva del pueblo lickanantay. Finalmente, proponemos un análisis desde la matriz teórica de la ecología política para indagar la gobernanza hídrica e identificar implicancias del proceso de degradación medioambiental constatadas a partir de los relatos de actores indígenas sobre el proceso de transformación.

Este artículo presenta un enfoque analítico para estudiar la emergencia de la cuestión ambiental en Argentina y muestra el papel que juegan los conflictos ambientales en ese proceso. Por un lado, se presenta un enfoque teóricometodológico para examinar los resultados de esos conflictos en términos de la identificación de problemas sistémicos de las políticas públicas y de asuntos que son excluidos por el sistema político. Por otro lado, se analiza la experiencia de los movimientos de justicia ambiental y su significado para el estudio de un caso: el conflicto por la recomposición ambiental de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo. Aquí se propone una reflexión sobre los dilemas de la justicia ambiental urbana en relación con los principios que orientan los criterios de distribución y reconocimiento en una sociedad.

Resumen no disponible

Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) has always had water spaces within its urban layout which have historically characterized the city. Just as in the cases of many other cities, Rosario’s relationship with water has implied a historical challenge throughout an urban process dealing with groups of individuals, devices and artefacts conceived for specific water spaces.Water in its natural state along with its ties with land, i.e., wild water, is an object whose presence -from the urban point of view- deserves particular attention. Within the Argentine dialectic “civilization or barbarism” framework and taking into account the particular case of wild water subjected to domestication, the hypothesis of the work is that domestication was developed as an urbanistic ideology. As a praxis issue, it was grounded on the political thought which led to outcomes that went beyond the transformation of water spaces and exerted their influence on the entire city shaping.The aim of this work is to interpret this wild/domesticated water dichotomy through conceptual discussions about spatial injustice, i.e., a set of social asymmetries that results from the capitalist city.

El presente trabajo se propone incorporar la mirada de la ecología del paisaje en el estudio de los paisajes culturales ambientales, entendiéndolos asimismo como sistemas complejos y dinámicos. De esta manera, se plantea que el análisis llevado adelante en esta investigación pueda contribuir como insumo para una gestión sostenible del territorio que busque la equidad en el acceso al espacio urbano y a los recursos naturales que son su soporte. Con este objetivo se toma como área de estudio un sector que comprende la zona sur de la ciudad de Rosario y el norte de Villa Gobernador Gálvez en relación al Arroyo Saladillo. A partir de reconocer que en inmediaciones de este componente natural se emplazaron, a través del tiempo, asentamientos urbanos y productivos con características diversas que influyeron en el desarrollo de las problemáticas socio-ambientales y que hasta el día de hoy están presentes en ese territorio de borde.

El presente artículo forma parte del proyecto de investigación promovido por la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, titulado “Riesgo Urbano: aproximación diagnóstica para la ciudad de Managua” el cual se ha desarrollado desde el 2019 y en el transcurso del 2020. El cemento y la mampostería de bloques huecos son de los materiales más utilizados para la construcción en américa latina, así mismo son de los principales volúmenes de desechos que se generan al acabar la vida útil de un edificio, creando impactos negativos al entorno natural. Pero existen otras alternativas para este tipo de desechos como es la reutilización en sub-base para carreteras y la integración en diseños de mezclas para elementos de concreto, bloques u otro tipo de piezas implementadas en la construcción. En este artículo se exploran tres investigaciones realizadas respecto al tema y se proponen actividades que favorezcan un estudio en la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería aplicando pruebas básicas al alcance de la tecnología con que se cuenta, a la vez que se sugieren opciones de usos para las diferentes mezclas de concreto reciclado acorde a su capacidad estructural.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar las principales tendencias de intervención, sobre rehabilitación y conservación de edificios, existente en las fuentes documentales. Para esto se realizó una revisión literaria de algunos textos que se consideran influyentes en la enseñanza de la arquitectura, esta información se ordenó mediante una matriz que presentara las actividades por métodos de cada autor, en la cual se analizaron cuáles fueron las actividades más frecuentes por autor y si existían probabilísticamente diferencias significativas, como resultado de la matriz se obtuvieron gráficos de la frecuencia relativa por métodos y cantidad de actividades por método, finalmente se elaboró una propuesta esquemática de método de intervención en edificios patrimoniales retomando las actividades propuesta por los autores y clasificando cada actividad por etapas.

Se presentan los resultados de la estancia de investigación realizada en el estado de Puebla, en función del rastreo de evidencias que sustenten la tesis de que existe una intervención sostenible de la imagen urbana mexicana durante la última década, a través de dos de las expresiones de arte urbano más conocidas como es el muralismo y el grafiti. Partiendo de la realidad, se analizan las repercusiones de ambos referentes urbanos, defendidos desde la perspectiva de cada uno de sus actores, como es el caso del Colectivo de murales denominado “Tomate” y el grafitero Christian Zacek Siet, que bajo el ojo crítico de especialistas en urbanismo como el Dr. Eloy Méndez Sainz son cuestionados en cuanto a su margen de acción, sus razones de intervención, sus variantes y sus mecanismos de trabajo dentro del contexto mexicano. Por tanto, el término de sostenibilidad se vuelve muy sutil en la medida en que se desarrollan los distintos procesos de intervención e incluso muchos piensan que puede llegar a perderse.

Many complex systems are organized in the form of a network embedded in space. Networks appear naturally in many fields of science, and are often inherently complex structures. Many complex networks show signs of modular structure, uncovered by community detection. Communities allow researchers to understand better the network by reducing its complexity. This study analyzes the inter-regional commuting systems of region Attica in Greece, employing approach of detection of complex network communities. In particular, in this paper, the administrative units of Attica are presented as a complex network, using as a criterion for the existence of a functional relationship and the identification of network communities (FUAs) the daily commuting. Network communities are identified through the modularity maximization method used to analyze complex networks. In parallel with this, through regression model application, the main factors affecting the out-commuting intensity of the municipalities of Attica are defined. The conclusions reached are of special interest for Greece as commuting in this country has not been studied yet extensively., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 1 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

In recent decades, climate change has become one of the most discussed topics within the territorial planning debates, both at European and Italian level. Urban and territorial planning addresses the topic in different ways according to the territorial and legislative context and according to the level of government of the territory involved. In the following article, firstly, the role of planning at European level in the fight against the negative effects of climate change is defined. Subsequently the focus is shifted to the Italian territorial context; in particular, to the role that the level of government of the metropolitan area, introduced in 2014 with the law 56/2014, better known as the Delrio Law, can play within these environmental challenges. Although the Italian metropolitan cities are widely differing in terms of territory, population and economy, they can represent, according to some visions, a potential pivot for the development of the entire nation. In 2017, Italian metropolitan cities signed the ''Bologna Charter'', a document that places them as protagonists of environmental protection and sustainable development. By means of this document, metropolitan cities undertake to counteract the negative effects of climate change by achieving eight macro objectives. The process of analysis of metropolitan cities and their planning tools has enabled the identification of virtuous metropolitan planning cases, which were found to be those of the Metropolitan Cities of Bologna, Milan and Venice. Subsequently, the actions that the three metropolitan cities have in order to achieve the eight objectives of the Bologna Charter, were analyzed. Precisely through this critical reading, it was possible to identify the best practices implemented. The topics most dealt within the metropolitan strategic plans are: sustainable mobility, energy efficiency, prevention of the effects of climate change, urban green areas and the protection of biodiversity. In relation to these issues, the three selected case studies implement noteworthy actions, which have been identified as possible models for other metropolitan bodies. The conclusion reached at the end of this analysis and comparison work, appears to be the belief that Italian metropolitan cities could actually play a coordinating role in climate change policies, promoting an integrated approach to spatial planning. To ensure that this result can be achieved, the promotion of a strong integration between the level of government of the metropolitan area and the local one is necessary. The latter, in fact, is indicated by supranational policies as the most suitable for dealing with the problem of climate change. The further conclusion reached concerns the importance of the mayor in this context. This figure is the most suitable for implementing the integration between the two levels of government of the territory. The Delrio Law establishes, indeed, that the mayors of the metropolitan bodies coincide with those of the main town., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 1 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Cycle tourism is a popular recreational activity in Europe, where the distances between the places are relatively short and the itineraries are full of attractions and points of interest. Tourism that involves the use of bicycles to get to know the area is expanding both at European and Italian level. At the basis of this phenomenon there is certainly an attitude of awareness of the risks for the environment and a progressive evolution of critical awareness towards more conscious consumption. Cycling in the suburban area, in particular for reasons related to leisure, sport and tourism, is usually linked to medium - long distance itineraries, put into a system with short distances, often also used by residents of the territories concerned. The cycling routes run along routes of great tourist attraction and are lots of opportunity to visit historic cities, UNESCO sites or places with environmental value. The cycling route Adda project starts from the analysis and enhancement of the environment and the existing cycle network. The analysis and research developed through the comparison with other experiences with a focus on intermodal dimension of mobility. The main result of the project is that it provided a homogeneous and systematic framework of the efforts needed for the completion of the cycle path, articulated according to a priority logic. A framework in which, in relation to the specificities of each area, are indicated some of the design solutions, in the knowledge that a project of this importance should be implemented in an incremental manner, acting in multiple directions, through coordination of action and governance., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 13 No 1 (2020): The city challenges and external agents. Methods, Tools and Best Practices

Ausgangspunkt des Beitrages ist die Annahme, dass nachhaltige Raumentwicklung in substanzieller Hinsicht an ein relationales Raumverständnis und prozedural an die Auseinandersetzung mit Konflikten gebunden ist. Diese Anforderungen werden auf einen konkreten Gegenstand der räumlichen Planung bezogen: landschaftsbezogene Identitäten. Deren Konzeptualisierung erfolgt als individuelle Deutungen landschaftlicher Spezifik, die sich der Materialität ebenso wie gesellschaftlicher Deutungsmuster bedienen. Für die empirische Erfassung werden landschaftsbezogene Identitäten als Zuspitzung der 'angeeigneten physischen Landschaft' konkretisiert. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen also solche Merkmale, die zur individuellen Konstruktion spezifischer Landschaft 'zusammengeschaut' werden und auf die sich Zugehörigkeits- bzw. Zusammengehörigkeitsvorstellungen sowie emotionale Zuwendungen beziehen. An diesen als Referenzpunkte bezeichneten Merkmalen kommen auch identitätsrelevante Konflikte zum Ausdruck, also gegensätzliche Deutungen landschaftlicher Spezifik. In einer ländlichen Fallstudienregion werden so verstandene landschaftsbezogene Identitäten mit qualitativ-rekonstruktiven Methoden sichtbar gemacht. Die Ergebnisse von 28 leitfadengestützten Interviews belegen ein vielfältiges Spektrum an Referenzpunkten, die zwar individuell unterschiedlich besetzt sind, aber dennoch wiederholt auftreten. Zudem zeigen sich gegensätzliche Deutungsmuster: Dieselben Merkmale gelten den einen als identitätsstiftend, den anderen nicht. Die Diskussion resümiert die theoretisch-konzeptionellen und methodologischen Überlegungen vor dem Hintergrund der empirischen Ergebnisse und leitet Implikationen für die räumliche Planung ab. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf Handlungsempfehlungen zur Bearbeitung konfliktär verfasster Lesarten landschaftsbezogener Identität. This paper is based on the assumption that sustainable spatial development requires a relational perspective on space and a specific focus on conflict resolution. These general requests are applied to a specific spatial planning topic: landscape identities. The latter are defined as individual interpretations of specific landscape features referring to both physical environments and social place meanings. For an empirical assessment, landscape identities are operationalized as a variation of the 'appropriated physical space'. Thus, our core interest is on spatial features used for subjective interpretations about landscape distinctiveness, for the formation of a sense of belonging and togetherness as well as for emotional attachments. Based on these so-called reference points, a determination of identity-relevant conflicts becomes possible, i.e. of opposing landscape identity interpretations. In a rural case study region, landscape identities are made visible using qualitative-reconstructive methods. The results of 28 semi-structured interviews indicate a diverse spectrum of reference points. These features were repeatedly discussed even though the individual meanings ascribed to them vary. Furthermore, our results show conflicting interpretations: the same features are regarded by some as identity-creating, but explicitly not by others. In face of the empirical results, the theoretical and methodological considerations are discussed and planning implications are suggested. A particular focus is on opportunities to deal with conflicting interpretations of landscape identities.

Eine Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung, die dem Flächensparziel verpflichtet ist, erfordert ein genaues Monitoring. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt, wie die Flächenneuinanspruchnahme für Siedlungs- und Verkehrszwecke mit verschiedenen Planverfahren in Deutschland zusammenhängt. Am Beispiel 30 repräsentativ ausgewählter Gemeinden wurde empirisch ermittelt, in welchem Maße Bund, Länder und Gemeinden zur Flächeninanspruchnahme beitragen. Das Ergebnis dieser Untersuchungen zeigt, dass rund zwei Drittel der Flächenneuinanspruchnahme durch Gemeinden im Rahmen ihrer kommunalen Planungen verursacht werden. Sonstige Entwicklungen, die zum Beispiel aus Planfeststellungsverfahren resultieren und von Bund und Ländern getrieben sind, tragen zu einem Drittel der Flächeninanspruchnahme bei. Der relativ hohe Anteil nicht kommunal veranlasster Flächenneuinanspruchnahmen war so nicht erwartet worden. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass Flächensparbemühungen auf allen Raum- und Planungsebenen erforderlich sind, um die Nachhaltigkeitsziele zu erreichen. Derartige Untersuchungen benötigen flächendeckende und laufend aktualisierte Geometriegrundlagen zur tatsächlichen Flächennutzung. Nur so sind Veränderungen der Flächennutzung realistisch und zeitnah messbar und eine Überprüfung der Wirkungen der Flächensteuerung möglich. Die laufenden methodisch bedingten Veränderungen in der Flächenerfassung (Geodatenmodellierung, Flächennutzungsnomenklatur) und deren zeitversetzte und unterschiedliche Umsetzung in den Bundesländern beeinträchtigen allerdings das Flächennutzungsmonitoring. Controlling settlement development, which is committed to the land-saving objective, requires precise monitoring of settlement development. This paper describes how the use of new land is related to various planning procedures in Germany. The extent to which the Federal Government, the Federal States and the municipalities contribute to land use was empirically determined on the basis of 30 representatively selected municipalities. The results of these studies show that around two thirds of Germany-wide land use is caused by municipalities within the framework of their municipal planning. Other developments resulting from planning approval procedures, for example, are driven by the Federal Government and the Federal States and contribute to one third of land use. The relatively high proportion of non-municipally induced new land use was not expected to be as high. The result shows that efforts to save land at all spatial and planning levels are necessary in order to achieve the sustainability goals. Such investigations require comprehensive and continuously updated geometric bases for actual land use. This is the only way to measure changes in land use realistically and promptly and to verify the effects of land management. However, the ongoing methodological changes in land-use recording (geodata modelling, land-use nomenclature) and their time-delayed and different implementation in the Federal States have a negative impact on land-use monitoring.

In Deutschland setzt sich der Trend zu steigendem Pro-Kopf-Wohnflächenkonsum fort. Das Erreichen der Reduktionsziele hinsichtlich des Energieverbrauchs von Wohngebäuden wird damit konterkariert. Während die strukturellen Treiber hinter dieser Entwicklung - beispielsweise Präferenzverschiebungen, zunehmender Wohlstand und der demographische Wandel - im Einzelnen deskriptiv gut erforscht sind, herrscht über deren quantitative Einflusskraft Unklarheit. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird anhand von Daten der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS) für Deutschland zwischen 1978 und 2013 untersucht, inwiefern die Entwicklung des Wohnflächenkonsums durch sozioökonomische und soziodemographische Veränderungen im Zeitverlauf erklärt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse einer Dekompositionsanalyse zeigen, dass demographische Veränderungen, insbesondere die Verkleinerung der mittleren Haushaltsgröße durch Remanenzeffekt und Singularisierung, hauptsächlich für den Anstieg des Pro-Kopf- Wohnflächenkonsums verantwortlich sind. Diese Entwicklung geht mit steigenden Wohnkosten einher, welche alle Einkommensgruppen, jedoch überproportional ärmere Haushalte, zunehmend belasten. Die Wohnkostenbelastung dämpfte eine weitere Ausweitung des Wohnflächenkonsums in den vergangenen Jahren. Regional lässt sich zudem ein Ungleichgewicht zwischen Wohnungsangebot und Wohnungsnachfrage identifizieren. Dieses könnte verringert werden, indem kleinere Wohnungen und Häuser gebaut, bestehende Gebäude umgebaut und ältere Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner mit übergroßen Wohnflächen zu einem Umzug motiviert würden. Steuernd müssten dazu regulatorische Maßnahmen und/oder Anreizmechanismen implementiert werden. In Germany, the trend towards increasing per capita living space continues. The achievement of the reduction targets with regard to the energy consumption of residential buildings is thereby counteracted. While the structural drivers behind this development - for example shifts in preferences, increasing prosperity and demographic change - have been well-researched individually, their proportional quantitative power of influence remains uncertain. Based on data from the Income and Expenditure Survey (EVS) for the time period of 1978 to 2013, this paper examines to what extent the development of housing consumption in Germany can be explained by socioeconomic and demographic changes over time. The results of a decomposition analysis show that demographic changes, in particular the reduction of the average household size, are the main responsible drivers for the increase in living space consumption per capita. This development is accompanied by rising housing costs, which increasingly burden all income groups, but especially poorer households. In recent years, the housing cost burden dampened a further expansion of living space consumption. In addition, an imbalance between housing supply and demand can be identified on the local level. This could be reduced by building smaller homes, rebuilding existing homes and encouraging the elderly in oversized homes to relocate. For this purpose, regulatory measures and/or incentive mechanisms would have to be implemented.

Wenn man räumliche Planung verstehen möchte, ist es wichtig, die Selbstverständnisse und beruflichen Identitäten der handelnden Akteure zu kennen. Bislang ist dazu in Deutschland kaum geforscht worden. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem Forschungsansatz, der berufliche Identitäten als Ergebnis des Zusammenwirkens gesellschaftlicher Anforderungen und eigener Handlungen in den Fokus rückt. Es wird gezeigt, welche Rollen Regionalplanern von außen zugewiesen werden und wie Regionalplaner selber ihre beruflichen Identitäten wahrnehmen und daran arbeiten. Anhand von Dokumentenanalysen und autobiographisch-narrativen Interviews wird untersucht, welche Subjektpositionen in schriftlichen Diskursfragmenten, die sich auf Regionalplanung und Windenergie beziehen, zu finden sind, welchen äußeren Anforderungen sich Regionalplaner ausgesetzt sehen, welche Ansprüche sie selber an ihr berufliches Handeln stellen, welche Techniken des Selbst sie praktizieren und welche diesbezüglichen Spannungen sie wahrnehmen. Die Ergebnisse knüpfen an internationale Untersuchungen über planerische Identitäten an und können als Angebot an die Praxis gelesen werden, individuelle Praktiken und Spielräume der Identitätsarbeit zu reflektieren. If one wants to understand spatial planning, then one needs to know about the self-conceptions and professional identities of the key actors. So far, this has hardly been the object of scientific inquiries in Germany. This paper relies on a research design that analyses professional identities as resulting from the interplay of external discursive interpellations and own practices of identity work. It examines the roles, which are assigned to spatial planners at regional level in Germany, and how planners themselves perceive and shape their professional identities. The empirical part uses textual analyses and autobiographic narrative interviews to elucidate subject positions in published documents. It furthermore shows, which discursive interpellations spatial planners see themselves exposed to, which standards and norms they define for their professional work, which techniques of the self they employ und which tensions they perceive in this regard. The results tie in with international research on planners' roles and identities. The findings call on planning practitioners to reflect upon individual practices and existing opportunities of identity work.