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The pandemic placed extraordinary demands on agricultural producers and created unexpected challenges for southern Missouri farmers, and pushed the University of Missouri Extension (MUE) to implement new and innovative approaches to help farmers persevere through the crisis. In surveys and reports, farmers have indicated several changes caused by the pandemic that impact their businesses, such as increase in local food demand, reduction in on-farm labor, and limitations on hosting on-farm visits with customers. The MUE StrikeForce project team, a U.S. Department of Agriculture strategic initiative, continued to serve farmers by developing alternative educational opportunities that incorporated social distancing and other preventative actions, and were of immediate use to farmers in a crisis. Several of the educational approaches, including video conferencing, online teaching, digital recordings, video repositories, social media communications, pick up and drop off locations, and the use of multiple online viewing platforms such as Zoom recordings have proven to be effective in helping farmers sustain their businesses and have substantially increased access to programming across the state. The convenience of accessing education and learning opportunities online also appealed to more participants. Overall, online educational delivery was positively received by producers, demonstrating the efficacy of digital learning when paired with offline resources and support from the StrikeForce project team. After the pandemic ends, MUE will continue to implement these approaches. Nevertheless, the traditional Extension approach of one-on-one consulting and farm visits cannot be completely replaced by online educational programming. The pandemic has highlighted inequities faced by many rural Missouri farmers that lack dependable internet or cell phone network access, and had no access to StrikeForce programming when face-to-face visits were paused.

The Cass Clay Food Partners is a network of professionals, stakeholders, and residents serving Cass County, North Dakota, and Clay County, Minnesota, in creating a healthier, more just local food system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Cass Clay Food Partners quickly implemented a multipronged response that leveraged three critical assets of our network: (1) our unique structure, (2) our nuanced understanding of the social ties across overlapping networks, and (3) our ability to quickly pivot our work to address community needs. In this paper, we describe how our network re­sponded to both the challenges and opportunities presented to our food system by the COVID-19 crisis. We also provide tools and recommendations for other food policy and food network practitioners.

First paragraph: Garth and Reese’s edited volume Black Food Matters paints a vivid picture of the evolution of Black food culture as it negotiates the socio-cultural and political complexities surrounding food and race in America. This work centers around the manifestation of Black food in all its stages, from seed to plate, recognizing that it is both a reflection of the lived experiences of Black people in America and an outright rejection of the harm inflicted on them through a persistently anti-Black structural context. The authors trace the resistance and sur­vival praxis of Black food culture from its earliest origins in the practices of slaves on the Middle Passage to the contemporary practices of local-food–based economies in Black urban and rural communities across the nation. In doing so, each of the authors highlights the ongoing threat that racial capitalism poses to the cultural integrity and socio-economic sustainability of Black com­muni­ties. Readers are able to draw valuable com­parisons between the past and present as they see how Black alimentary and economic autarky have consistently been met with multifaceted exploita­tion by mainstream, white-dominated society. And yet, the stories told by the book’s authors are ones of resilience and dignity, highlighting the innova­tion, adaptability, and forti­tude of Black people, as reflected in both African-American and Afro-diasporic food culture. . . .

While the food justice movement was initially asso¬ciated with increasing availability of fresh produce in low-income communities of color through insti¬tutions such as farmers markets, scholars have cri¬tiqued this as imposing a right way of eating. Food justice scholarship has moved away from a focus on healthy eating toward a focus on community economic development, as food enterprises can stimulate job creation. This paper investigates the dual goals of the food justice movement through a case study in San Diego. While food justice has moved beyond promoting a love of produce and is increasingly oriented toward good jobs, for the urban gardeners in this study, the movement is still a lot about vegetables. They see food as medicine, and note the health benefits of moving toward a plant-based diet. Yet, they are reluctant to push this way of eating on others, as they do not want to come across as elitist. Instead, they spread aware¬ness that plant-based diets are an African tradition that should not just be associated with rich white folks. Rather than leading with nutrition, they lead with tradition, taste, and buying Black. To encour¬age consumption of vegetables, they aim to in¬crease the supply of prepared food options in the community, and to market dishes as delicious rather than healthy, all the while supporting Black food entrepreneurs. When selling produce direct to the consumer through farmers markets does not achieve their vision of promoting health or sup¬porting livelihoods, they re-imagine a strategy of promoting food justice through a neighborhood food supply chain.

Local food production (LFP) can play an impor­tant role in ensuring access to food during supply chain disruptions. Because the drafting, adoption, and implementation of policies regulating LFP is under the purview of local governments in many U.S. states, researchers at University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Exten­sion conducted a study to assess whether COVID-19 affected local government stakeholders’ (LGS) (N=92) perspectives on LFP and the role that LFP can play in responding to public health emergen­cies. LGS who oversee the drafting, adoption, and implementation of LFP policies include staff responsible for code enforcement, sustainability initiatives, and planning, as well as elected and ap­pointed leaders, such as mayors, city and county managers, and city and county commissioners. The survey assessed LGS’ attitudes and knowledge about LFP. The survey also asked LGS about their perceptions and awareness of LFP in their commu­nities, including their perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to LFP and the ways in which LFP producers were using the food they produced. Sur­vey questions also focused specifically on COVID-19 and the role of LFP in public health emergen­cies. In particular, survey questions asked whether LGS perceived a change in their own attitudes, knowledge, and perspectives; whether there had been a change in the LFP activi­ties in their communities following COVID-19; and what they thought the role of LFP was in responding to public health emergencies. Direct comparisons of LGS who responded to a 2019 survey (N=43) were assessed for statistically sig­nificant changes in overall attitudes, knowledge, or perceived benefits of LFP following COVID-19. This study found that LGS have generally positive attitudes and perceptions of benefits of LFP, including its role in public health emergencies, but have limited knowledge about LFP or awareness of barriers to its implementation. The results of this study indicate that LGS understand the potential benefits of LFP in public health emergencies but would benefit from information and training to support the development of policies and programs in their communities.

Community food security and food systems resili­ence have received much emphasis in the last two decades, at least partially in response to mounting challenges and pressures on the global food system. While empirical research shows strong evidence that direct-to-consumer relationships in the food system predominantly serve affluent commu­nities, during the COVID-19 pandemic local food providers have become a necessity through their provision of essential services, such as hunger relief and home deliveries for vulnerable populations. In this paper, we examine the challenges and opportunities of food hubs—innovations in local food systems that help connect small farmers with local markets—during the COVID-19 pandemic using quantitative and qualitative data from practitioners on the ground. The hubs were not necessarily equipped or experienced in the response needed, but they quickly adapted to the situation and demonstrated success during the pandemic, as illustrated by 200–300% growth in performance metrics such as revenues generated, employees retained, customers served, and farmers supported. The performance of the hubs in response to the multiple challenges accompanying the pandemic demonstrates their key role in food system resilience through features of diversity, functional redundancy, and connectivity, suggesting that disaster preparation should consider local food hubs a necessary service. We provide policy suggestions for supporting their role in local food system resilience beyond the pandemic.

COVID-19 has highlighted the dynamic relationship between pandemic threats and global food systems. Despite important connections, research and policy-making on food systems and pandemics largely operate in silos. We propose a framework that integrates food systems and pandemic planning and response, exploring the role of the food system in shaping pandemics and, consequently, the role of pandemics in disrupting a now global food system. This framework highlights important connections between food production, distribution, and consumption at each stage of the pandemic cycle: preven­tion, response, and recovery. We use recent experiences with COVID-19 to illustrate vulnerabilities in systems interaction during the prevention and response phases. Over the long term, in the recovery phase, food systems must transform, adopting an enhanced level of functioning to improve resilience. To reduce population health risks and promote sustainable food systems, we call for implementation of surveillance systems for both emerging infections and food systems functioning in order to strengthen global food supply chains, create stakeholder resource coordination mechanisms, and address underlying socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Multidisciplinary global actors should draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the inevitable next one.

First paragraph: As a leader in Atlanta’s fresh produce supply chain for people with limited access to fruits and vegetables, Concrete Jungle (CJ) has established a robust network of partnerships with food and social service community organizations to support Atlanta’s food-insecure population. Founded in 2009, CJ is an Atlanta-based nonprofit organization that coordinates approximately 1,700 volunteers annually to pick produce within the city and across Georgia and delivers it to community food distribution partners. CJ staff and volunteers also lead healthy food recipe demonstrations. To date, CJ has picked 158,292 pounds (633,169 servings) of produce within Atlanta and across Georgia. . . .

Urbanization and poverty are two important aspects closely linked to sustainable development goals. Urbanization in Indonesia is still far from improving migrant welfare as well as their destination regions. Every 1% growth of urbanization in Indonesia can only increase 4% of GDP per capita. Low economic benefits resulted from urbanization in Indonesia merely shift rural poor to become urban poor. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of urbanization on poverty reduction in Indonesia, both in the regional aggregate and at the rural and urban levels as the origin and destination regions of urbanization. This study used secondary data of population and poverty from Population Census (SP), the Inter-Census Population Survey (SUPAS), and the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). Data analysis was performed using regionalization techniques, Primacy Index, Lorenz Curve, Geographic Information System (GIS), and simple linear regression. The results showed that the rate of urbanization had a positive relationship with per capita income and the population of urban poor, but had a negative relationship with the population of rural poor. A unit increase in urban population variable percentage would increase the average GDP/capita variable by 0,466. This would be followed by an increase in the average urban poor population variable by 0,447 and a reduction in the average rural poor population variable by 0,705.

Policymakers in the world are concerned with carbon emission due to the risk of global warming. Many studies on Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) consider carbon emission as a proxy of environmental degradation. This study aimed to investigate the existence of EKC and identify variations of relationships between carbon emissions and GDP per capita in ASEAN middle-income countries. The study was conducted on Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia based on 1971-2014 time series data using a simultaneous model (2SLS) for each country. The main variables studied were GDP per capita, square of GDP per capita, and carbon emission supported by other variables as the controlling variables. Validation on EKC existence was determined by GDP and GDP squared influence on carbon emission, while variations of relationship between GDP and carbon emission were based on the result of simultaneous regressions. The results showed that the existence of the EKC could not be validated in all countries because energy and transportation policies in each country failed to reduce the emission. On the other hand, carbon emission had a positive unidirectional influence on GDP in all countries. The effect of carbon emission coefficient to GDP showed that Thailand ranked the highest in CO2 efficiency, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. This study recommended that carbon emission reduction policies in the four countries should focus more to easier access to environmentally friendly technology from developed countries for ensuring trade-offs between the economy and environment.

Cultural heritage area in Pontianak needs to be preserved by developing and transforming it as a tourism destination. To do this development, it involves some groups of people or organization as acting stakeholders. The study aimed to identify their involvement and relationship in the management of and strategies for cultural heritage area in Pontianak City. The study used data which was analyzed using qualitative descriptive and stakeholder analysis methods. Then the results were incorporated into pentahelix modeling to explain further the roles and functions of each stakeholder. The results identified those acting stakeholders were of the Local Development Planning Agency of Pontianak City, the Youth, Sports and Tourism Agency of Pontianak City, the Pontianak City Tourism Promotion Board and the East Pontianak District Government with high influence and high importance. The community leaders such as historians and tourists were the stakeholders with low influence and high interests. Lastly, travel agents and tourism supporting business actors were the stakeholders with low influence and low interests.

First paragraph: The cover of this open call issue of JAFSCD is a Google Earth shot of the Schrebergartens outside Mann­heim, Germany. Schrebergartens are named for Dr. Moritz Schreber, a Leipzig University professor who specialized in pediatric health. He is infamous for advocating that children strictly obey adults, but he also suggested that city children should have access to fresh air and green space. Schrebergartens are similar in some respects to the Russian dacha, often including “tiny houses,” raised beds, perennials—and lots of garden gnomes. Entire colonies of Schrebergartens have been established since WWII. . . .

Ran-Lew Dairy quickly adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when many grocers suddenly faced shortages due to disruptions in their supply chains. Ran-Lew expanded into the direct retail market and increased its in-store sales to stay viable. Due to its small scale, vertical integration, and community connections, it was able to pivot models and react rapidly to the changing needs of its community. This case study highlights the importance of small-scale producers in developing food system resilience.

Along the U.S. West Coast, sustainable manage­ment has rebuilt fish stocks, providing an oppor­tunity to supply nutrient-rich food to adjacent coastal communities where food insecurity and diet-based diseases are common. However, the market has not successfully supplied locally sourced seafood to nutritionally vulnerable people. Rather, a few organizations make this connection on a limited scale. We used a “positive deviant” approach to learn how these organizations’ efforts developed, how they overcame challenges, and what conditions enabled their interventions. We found that organizations in these positive deviant cases provided fish from a wide variety of species and sources, and distributed them through different channels to a diversity of end consumers. A key factor facilitating success was the ability to negotiate a price point that was both profitable and reasonable for organizations supplying nutritionally vulnerable or low-income consumers. Further­more, securing access to grants overcame initial costs of establishing new supply channels. All cases highlighted the importance of individual cham­pi­ons who encouraged development and cultural connections between the initiative and the nearby community. Organizations overcame key chal­lenges by establishing regulations governing these new channels and either using partnerships or vertically integrating to reduce costs associated with processing and transport. Oftentimes training and education were also critical to instruct workers on how to process unfamiliar fish and to increase consumer awareness of local fish and how to pre­pare them. These lessons illuminate pathways to improve the contribution of local seafood to the healthy food system.

Food equity includes the right to food that is cul­turally appropriate. Immigrant neighborhoods can be sites of contestation over who participates in the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Manhattan’s Chinatown is a good example of a neighborhood where food is central to its com­merce, cultural heritage, and reputation as a tourist destination. The coronavirus’ origin in China caused imme­diate material impact on Chinese restaurants and food purveyors in New York City as well as in other cities with major populations of Chinese people. Chinatown suffered disproportionate closures of its grocery stores, restaurants, and produce vendors due to COVID-19 as compared to other neighbor­hoods in NYC. The grassroots response to this crisis is a reminder that people have the power to use food to assert the society that they desire, to shape a highly contested urban space, and to claim their right to the city.

Northern Bandung Area (KBU) plays a vital role and function to surrounding areas as a groundwater catchment area. The West Java Province Spatial Plan (RTRW) stipulates KBU as the Provincial Strategic Area (KSP) for environmental protection. The spatial control governance over the KBU is currently regulated by the Governor Regulation Number 2 Year 2016 about Guidelines for Controling the Northern Bandung Area as the the West Java Province Strategic Area. The KBU development ought to take environmental carrying capacity into account concerning the completion of environmentally based spatial use programs in the KBU. This study aimed to analyze the environmental carrying capacity of land use, and to formulate program recommendation of desired spatial use in KBU. Conservation index method was used to analyze environmental carrying capacity necessary to spatial use program recommendation. The results showed that the land use coverage in 2015 decreased actual conservation function, creating an increase of critical conservation areas by 68.37% and by 69.78% in 2018. In contrast, the conservation index on the land use plan in the RTRW showed a decrease in critical conservation area to 35.90% in 2029. However, such a declining figure has not been supported by environmental programs in the land use plan implementation required to increase the good conservation class by 42.27% while it recorded by 10.78% in 2018. It can be concluded that the IKA and IKC studies showed a distribution expansion of critical lands in KBU, and the IKR analysis proved that the land use plan in the RTRW would reduce critical conservation areas.

One of the government programs to achieve the target of the National Waste Management Policy and Strategy is to build a regional landfill. To support regional landfill operations, the local governments which have utilized regional landfill need to prepare policies and strategies for optimizing waste management services in their area. Depok City is one of four cities that will served by Nambo Regional Landfill. The purpose of this study was to analyze various alternative policy scenarios to optimize waste management services in Depok City and determine their effects on the amount of waste transported to Nambo Regional Landfill. The policy analysis method used simulation model with a dynamic system approach. The simulation was conducted from 2020 to 2045. There were four scenarios, namely business as usual scenario, scenario A for the optimization of existing waste treatment facilities, scenario B which was based on local waste management policies and strategies, and scenario C for achieving 30% target of waste reduction. The simulation results showed the waste generation in 2045 was estimated to reach 3,426 tons/day. Results from all scenarios showed that the amount of waste disposed to landfill exceeds the maximum waste input to Nambo Regional Landfill. From scenario C, the amount of waste to be processed in the local landfill in 2045 was at least 1,180 tons/day. Depok City has a huge amount of waste and will continue to increase, so it is necessary to add waste treatment facilities and local landfill for the next 26 years. Landfill needs can be reduced by increasing waste treatment, but it requires greater waste management costs.

Paddy farming has been affected by climate change phenomena such as high rainfall and long dry seasons which have caused plant and crop failure. To minimize the impact of climate change on their farming, paddy farmers undertake various strategies for dynamically adapting to climate change. This study aimed to analyze and assess the dynamics of the mitigation response by paddy farmers in West Java to minimize the impact of climate change. The object of research was paddy farmers in West Java. The research sample was selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling technique to collect 300 respondents. Data analysis methods used descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (manova). The results showed that paddy farmers in West Java have dynamically mitigated climate change along with climate change over time. Types of climate change mitigation response applied by the majority of paddy farmers in West Java included planting shading trees, using energy saving technologies, cultivating organic agriculture, planting different crops instead of rice, changing farming to animal husbandry, migrating, looking for other income sources outside farming and renting/selling their land. Other mitigation responses that have rarely applied but interesting to explore were of shifting the planting and harvesting periods, selecting planting varieties, adapting plantation patterns and irrigation techniques. Farmers in Subang District who applied the most four types of climate change mitigation response earned higher income greater than those in Indramayu and Karawang.

The increase in salt consumption is not proportional to the growth of salt production land. So far, the mapping of salt ponds has been carried out on a small to medium scale, so the accuracy is not too good. This study aimed to analyze changes in large-scale salt ponds in Rembang Regency during the period of 2005-2015. The data source used is a Very High-Resolution Satellite Image (CSRST) which has been corrected and other secondary data. Salt area was calculated through visual interpretation and manual detection. CSRST data usage by visual interpretation methods and manual detection had advantages in terms of geometric accuracy compared with the use of medium-sized image of automation methods. The analysis showed that the area of salt land in Rembang Regency increased during 2005-2015. The biggest increase occurred in 2005-2011, which increased by 546,255 ha or by 32%. The increase in area during 2011-2015 was not significant by 198.45 ha (11.46%). Area expansion was expected to occur in the next few years, but it was not expected to be significant because of the optimal land use in the most of Rembang already. Expansion of salt ponds remained possible by converting the existing rice fields on the coast of Rembang Regency. However, a comparative study of the economic value of rice fields and salt ponds must be carried out before converting the paddy fields to salt ponds.

This exploratory study investigates perceptions of the transition to certified organic production among farmers in the U.S. state of Oregon who were actively transitioning all or part of their operation to certified organic production. It examines the influence of farmer experience with organic farming systems on motivations and obstacles to transition to certified organic farming. The analysis creates and compares three categories of farmers based on their total years of farming experience and years of farming using organic methods—Experienced Organic Farmers, Beginning Organic Farmers, and Experienced Farmers Beginning Organic—and provides insights into the economic and ideological motivations for transitioning to certified organic, as well as the economic, production, and marketing obstacles inherent to certified organic transition.

Tourism is frequently proposed as a strategy to revitalize rural economies. The current mushroom¬ing of web platforms for the tourism sharing eco¬nomy affords rural microentrepreneurs opportu¬nities to capitalize on the growing demand for authentic experiences. However, these platforms may actually be widening the socio-economic gap between individuals across the digital and urban/ rural divides. In addition, the well-established urban culture of entrepreneurial mentorship is not taking hold in the rural areas, which direly need to attract and support nascent entrepreneurs. Farms are increasingly adopting tourism to diversify their business models, and Extension agents are trusted mentors par excellence of agribusiness entrepreneurs; therefore, this study explores the extent to which Extension agents feel able to address the mentoring needs of farm tourism microentrepre-neurs. We measured both tourism e-microentrepre¬neurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) among farmers and tourism e-microentrepreneurial mentoring self-efficacy (TeMMSE) of Extension agents. Results show that farmers have relatively low self-efficacy in the dimensions of e-marketing and marshalling resources, and that agents may be efficacious men¬tors in these dimensions. Farmers also show low self-efficacy in adapting to externalities; however, agents do not perceive themselves as efficacious mentors in this dimension. We conclude with a discussion of practical implications for train-the-trainer strategies to enable farm tourism micro¬entrepreneurship success.

First paragraph: Craft chocolate is a model within the global chocolate industry, promoting accountability, transparency, and ethical practices, while often citing unfair labor or poor agricultural practices recognized in conven­tional chocolate. However, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the craft chocolate industry is particularly vulnerable, and specialty cacao farmers may be asked to pay the price. . . .

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased food insecurity, especially among low-income Black and His¬panic families in the United States. Food insecurity is associated with poorer health and higher mortality in adults and greater risk of impaired cognitive development and behavioral problems in children. Pro-viding food for low-income families is an important priority of the COVID-19 response. Food That Connects Us All is a program that provides healthy meals to low-income Black and Hispanic families in Baltimore City. The meals follow guidelines for the planetary health diet, a reference diet developed by the EAT-Lancet Commission to optimize health and be sustainable within planetary boundaries. The planetary health diet consists largely of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and unsaturated oils, with a low to moderate amount of seafood and poultry and with little or no red or processed meats, refined grains, starchy vegetables, and added sugar. In a food survey, participants showed a high level of satisfaction with the taste, appearance, and healthfulness of the meals. Food That Connects Us All is a direct approach to reducing health disparities and demonstrates the feasibility of providing an ideal reference diet to vulnerable low-income families at high risk for poor health outcomes during the pandemic.

First paragraph: Before COVID-19, livestock producers across the U.S. had been complaining to Congress about a lack of meat processing options closer to their farms (Swanson, 2015). Publications used examples of farmers shipping their animals hundreds of miles to be processed (Miles, 2012) and placed the blame on the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and industry regulations (Linnekin, 2016). Others have warned that decades of consolidation of meat-processing facilities have left fewer reliable options for livestock farmers, threatening the farm-to-table economy (Shanker, 2017). . . .

First paragraph: Food sovereignty,” write Habib Ayeb and Ray Bush, “is a framework and set of policy praxis that prioritises the principle and policies to deliver food as a human right rather than as just another com­modity exchanged for cash or kind. People’s sur­vival depends on growing and distrib­uting food, which can only be provided in a sustainable way if it is made part of national and public sovereignty” (2019, p. 150). This insight lands with particular poignancy in the context of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, when urban and rural communities across the globe face issues of food access and agricultural laborers are con­stantly exposed to COVID threats in order to continue supplying consumers with produce (Wozniacka, 2020). Ayeb and Bush’s monograph thus centers around food sovereignty, a concept which advocates for not only access to food, but the ability of producers and consumers to partici­pate in decisions around what is produced and how it is produced and consumed (La Via Campesina, 2003). . . .

Transdisciplinary research, involving scholars and practitioners from a variety of fields, disciplines, and experiences, helps identify and explore the dynamic, multidimensional intersections among food systems challenges. While a valuable practice for exploring the food system in a meaningful way, transdisciplinary research in and of itself is a complex collaborative process. To support efforts for transdisciplinary approaches to food systems challenges, the Food Systems department at the University of Vermont sponsored a two-day workshop. This article uses poetic transcription drawn from participants’ written evaluation of the workshop to analyze and share themes in experi­ences with transdisciplinary research and collabora­tions. The results, presented in a set of poems, promote conversation and understanding around the importance of transdisciplinary collaborations, as well as their challenges and opportunities for food systems.

Sektor industri pengolahan menjadi penggerak utama perekonomian nasional, dan memiliki struktur keterkaitan yang kuat. Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur memprioritaskan pengembangan industri yang mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Jawa Timur diharapkan akan menjadi pusat industri pengolahan sumber daya alam dan pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sektor unggulan industri pengolahan untuk dikembangkan di Propinsi Jawa Timur dan mengidentifikasi keterkaitannya dengan sektor pertanian. Data penelitian ini menggunakan Tabel Input Output Propinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis keterkaitan dengan menggunakan indek daya penyebaran (IDP) dan indek daya kepekaan (IDK) serta kontribusi sektor-sektor industri pengolahan dalam struktur ekonomi wilayah Jawa Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sektor industri makanan dan industri pengolahan tembakau adalah sektor industri unggulan Jawa Timur. Secara relatif permintaan akhir keduanya merangsang pertumbuhan produksi lebih besar dari rata-rata, dan dapat memenuhi permintaan akhir diatas kemampuan rata-rata. Kedua sektor tersebut juga berkontribusi besar dalam pembentukan output, nilai tambah dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Sektor industri pengolahan Jawa Timur mempunyai keterkaitan ke belakang yang tinggi dengan sektor pertanian melalui pemanfaatan produk pertanian sebagai bahan baku industri. Total transaksi output sektor pertanian perikanan dan kelautan yang digunakan sektor industri pengolahan adalah Rp 180.01 Triliun, 72.79% diantaranya digunakan sektor industri makanan. Disisi lain kebutuhan industri makanan akan bahan baku impor juga masih tinggi (21.66% dari total kebutuhan bahan baku), untuk itu pemanfaatan sumberdaya lokal sebagai substitusi bahan impor harus ditingkatkan. Pengembangan keterkaitan antar sektor dan pemanfaatan komoditas lokal terus didorong untuk mengurangi ketergantungan bahan baku impor.

El anclaje territorial de una actividad productiva y los agentes que participan de ella es un componente difícil de aprehender desde el punto de vista empírico. En este trabajo construimos una tipología para clasificar a las industrias lácteas y desarrollamos una propuesta para medir el anclaje de estas. Lo complementamos con el análisis de los discursos de los entrevistados en relación con los comportamientos adoptados. Nos interesamos por una cuenca lechera (el oeste de Entre Ríos) donde la diversidad en términos de anclaje territorial puede ayudar a explicar sus condiciones de funcionamiento. El análisis realizado nos permite plantear que, mientras ciertos agentes se apoyan en la ampliación de los mercados y el desarrollo de las tecnologías que facilitan las interacciones a la distancia, otros hacen de la proximidad su fortaleza. Lo anterior no supone negar la influencia de las dinámicas multiescalares, sino en todo caso, apunta a poner de manifiesto cómo estas son intermediadas en los espacios locales., The territorial anchoring of a productive activity and its agents is difficult to grasp from the empirical point of view. In this paper we construct a typology to classify dairy firms and we develop a proposal to measure their anchoring. We also analyze the discourses of the interviewees regarding their behaviors. We are interested in a dairy basin (the west of Entre Ríos) where the diversity in terms of territorial anchoring can help to explain its conditions of operation. The analysis carried out allows us to argue that while certain agents rely on the expansion of markets and the development of technologies that facilitate interactions at a distance,others base their strength in proximity. This does not reject the influence of multi–scalar dynamics, butaims to show how the latterare mediated in local spaces., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

espanolEste articulo se propone indagar en los conflictos que surgen a raiz de la articulacion en-tre patrimonio, turismo y desarrollo en la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina) a partir de su inscripcion como patrimonio mundial por la Organizacion de Naciones Uni-das para la Educacion, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) en el ano 2003, bajo la categoria de paisaje cultural. Se analizan brevemente los discursos que justificaron la inscripcion y el proceso de valo-rizacion patrimonial y turistica. Luego se realiza un breve recorrido conceptual por la ca-tegoria de desarrollo, teniendo en cuenta su vinculacion con el patrimonio. Y, por ultimo, se abordan las tensiones y demandas que emergen a partir de los usos del patrimonio y el territorio como un recurso economico para el desarrollo de la region. La investigacion doctoral que sustenta este articulo se llevo a cabo a partir de una pers-pectiva socioantropologica y se recurrio a diferentes estrategias metodologicas de reco-leccion, construccion y analisis de la informacion proveniente tanto de fuentes primarias como secundarias EnglishThis article examines the conflicts that arise from the relationship between heritageand tourism development in the Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina), from itsinscription as world heritage for the Organization of United Nations for Education, Scienceand Culture (UNESCO) in 2003, under the category of cultural landscape.We analyzed the speeches that justified the inscription of the Quebrada to the World HeritageListand the process of patrimonial and tourist valorization. We work with the category ofdevelopment, taking into account its link with heritage. And finally, we analyse the tensionand demands arising from the uses of heritage and territory as an economic resourse for thedevelopment in the region.The doctoral investigation that sustains this article was carried out from a perspective socioanthropological and we used different methodological strategies for the collection, constructionand analysis of information from both primary and secondary sources.

espanolCon el fin de abordar la problematica de las transformaciones territoriales, al tratar de dar cuenta simultaneamente de la materialidad del territorio y de las relaciones sociales, nos propusimos poner a prueba en un caso de estudio un esquema analitico que articula los abordajes metodologicos provenientes de dos disciplinas diferentes. El primer abordaje consiste en el dibujo intencionado del territorio como medio de interpretacion y de generacion de nuevo conocimiento; y el segundo en el analisis de los actores que participan en el proceso de transformacion territorial, entendido como un proceso de acciones y decisiones. El trabajo presenta el caso del barrio Sumay Pacha, en las periferias de las ciudades de Tilcara y de Maimara en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina), a partir del cual reflexionamos sobre los alcances conceptuales y metodologicos del esquema analitico utilizado. English1. In order to address the issue of territorial transformation simultaneously trying to account for the materiality of the territory and the social relations, we intend to test in a case study a methodological framework that articulates two analytical approaches from different disciplines. The first one is the intentional drawing of the territory as a means of interpretation and generation of new knowledge; and the second one is the analysis of the actors involved in the process of territorial transformation, understood as a process of actions and decisions. The paper presents the case of neighbourhood Sumay Pacha, on the peripheries of the cities of Tilcara and Maimara in the Province of Jujuy (Argentina), from which we discuss conceptual and methodological issues related to the analytical framework used.

espanolEste trabajo busca analizar dos usos de suelo que entran en competencia en la Region Metropolitana de Buenos Aires: el uso productivo intensivo y el uso residencial. Conceptualmente partimos desde la perspectiva de la agricultura periurbana, y como ambito territorial especifico nos centramos en el periurbano de la Region Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Sin embargo, nos preguntamos: ?es posible sostener la pequena agricultura periurbana atendiendo al contexto territorial complejo en el que se desarrolla? Aproximarnos a esta pregunta implica analizar procesos ligados a modalidades de expansion residencial que se desarrollan en el periurbano y que crecieron vertiginosamente a partir de 1970, donde el Estado ha jugado un rol clave. Se utiliza un enfoque que conjuga estudios urbanos y rurales, una metodologia cualitativa basada en analisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Las conclusiones plantean reflexiones sobre el rol del Estado en el despliegue de logicas contradictorias en el periurbano. EnglishIn order to address the issue of territorial transformation simultaneously trying to account for the materiality of the territory and the social relations, we intend to test in a case study a methodological framework that articulates two analytical approaches from different disciplines. The first one is the intentional drawing of the territory as a means of interpretation and generation of new knowledge; and the second one is the analysis of the actors involved in the process of territorial transformation, understood as a process of actions and decisions. The paper presents the case of neighbourhood Sumay Pacha, on the peripheries of the cities of Tilcara and Maimara in the Province of Jujuy (Argentina), from which we discuss conceptual and methodological issues related to the analytical framework used.

espanolLas transformaciones productivas de las ultimas decadas han impactado de forma profunda en la ruralidad, alterando las formas de vida, de consumo y valores en el mundo rural. Este nuevo escenario demanda la conformacion de un marco conceptual que de cuenta del mundo rural actual y que permita comprender los profundos cambios que en el se procesan. En tal sentido, el objetivo de este articulo es revisar las distintas concepciones de lo rural con la finalidad de mostrar la relevancia que adquieren los «pueblos rurales» en las miradas sobre la ruralidad contemporanea; en segundo termino ilustrar, con un conjunto de evidencia para Uruguay, la dinamica demografica actual de los pueblos. Con esto, el articulo busca ser una contribucion al debate sobre una definicion del mundo rural actual buscando que la atencion se enfoque en los pueblos rurales como articuladores de la ruralidad contemporanea. EnglishThe productive transformations in the last decades have had a profound impact on rurality, altering the ways of life, consumption and values ​​in the rural world. This new scenario demands the creation of a new conceptual framework that shows the current rural world and that allows to understand the profound changes that are processed in it. The objective of this article is to review the different conceptions of the rural with the purpose of showing the relevance acquired by the «rural towns» in the views on contemporary rurality; secondly, illustrating, with a set of evidence for Uruguay, the current demographic dynamics of the rural towns. With this, the article seeks to be a contribution to the debate on the definition of the current rural world by seeking to focus attention on rural towns as articulators of contemporary rurality

Las ciudades de Villa Nueva y Villa María están situadas en cada orilla del río Ctalamochita al sudeste de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina). Esta zona ha sido un enclave por donde pasó el trazado del Camino Real y que más tarde sería confluencia de diferentes vías férreas y de rutas nacionales y provinciales. Al ser ciudades lindantes, los discursos históricos basados en los momentos fundacionales de estas recurrieron al antagonismo en torno a la dualidad progreso–tradición representados en otros tantos imaginarios sociales. Subyace la idea de Villa María como una ciudad pujante y planificada desde sus bases y Villa Nueva entendida como detenida en el tiempo, atrasada, con rasgos conservadores y clericales. El objetivo es analizar de qué manera los discursos históricos sobre el pasado fundacional de construyen (o no) imaginarios sociales en torno a un territorio con identidad regional. Esto será través del análisis de discurso de un corpus de estudio integrado por la historiografía en cuestión. The cities of Villa Nueva and Villa María are located on each bank of the Ctalamochita riverbed in the southeast of the province of Córdoba (Argentina). This area has been an enclave where the route of the Camino Real passed and which later would be the confluence of different railways and national and provincial routes. Being adjoining cities, the historical discourses based on the foundational moments of these, were constituted by resorting to the antagonism around the Progreso–Tradition duality represented in other so many social imaginaries. That is to say, the idea of Villa María underlies as a thriving and planned city from its bases and Villa Nueva understood as detained in time, backward, with conservative and clerical features. The objective is to analyze how historical discourses on the foundational past of both cities construct (or not) social imaginaries around a territory with regional identity. This will be through discourse analysis of a corpus of study integrated by the historiography in question. Fil: Barrera Calderon, Juan Emanuel. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina Fil: Bovo, Guillermo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Flooding is a threat to coastal cities such as Makassar City. To Avoid the threat of flooding, it is necessary to determine the ground level of the building. This study aims to develop a spatial model for determining the ground level of buildings for Makassar City based on climate change data and environmental geography. Prediction of sea level rise using MAGICC/SCENGEN application, GIS-based satellite image analysis, rainfall analysis using Thiessen polygon method, surface runoff coefficient value determined by Cook method, and design flood discharge analysis with HSU Nakayasu method. The spatial model of the ground level of Makassar City building for 2030 is a function of sea tides, sea level rise due to climate change, alluvial floods and inflow floods that can occur simultaneously. The model produces a spatial map with attributes of geographic coordinates (x,y,z).

Third place didefinisikan sebagai ruang yang sering didatangi untuk berinteraksi secara informal (Oldenburg, 1989). Perkembangan teknologi, cenderung memberikan kemudahan bagi manusia dalam melakukan aktivitas kesehariannya, misalnya dalam berinteraksi, bekerja, dan lain-lain. Perkembangan ini turut menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bentuk interaksi dan aktivitas yang dilakukan di dalam third place, sehingga dapat merubah karakteristik third place. Kafe merupakan salah satu bentuk third place yang ada di Yogyakarta, dan mengalami pertumbuhan pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Salah satu kawasan dengan pertumbuhan kafe yang pesat yakni kawasan sekitar kampus perguruan tinggi, sebagai contoh adalah Kawasan Karangwuni dan sekitarnya (Karangwuni, Karanggayam, Karangasem baru, Karangbendo, dan Karangmalang). Pertumbuhan pesat kafe mampu menimbulkan beragam tipologi dan perkembangan spasial pada kafe sebagai third place, yang turut dipengaruhi oleh faktor pembentuk tipologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan karakteristik kafe sebagai third place, tipologi dan perkembangan spasial, serta mengidentifikasi faktor pembentuk tipologi pada kafe sebagai third place di Kawasan Karangwuni dan sekitarnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode mix-method dengan pendekatan penelitian deduktif-eksploratif. Penelitian dilakukan pada kafe sebagai third place yang dibuka antara tahun 2016-2018 dan berlokasi di Kawasan Karangwuni dan sekitarnya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner kepada 248 responden, dan observasi lapangan. Data dianalisis dengan melihat kecenderungan secara kuantitatif berdasarkan analisis grafik dan analisis crosstab, kemudian dibandingkan dengan metode kualitatif guna menarik kesimpulan tentang fenomena yang terjadi terkait karakteristik third place, penentuan tipe dalam tipologi, dan faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam pembentukan tipologi. Penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode convenience sampling, dengan kriteria responden yang pernah mengunjungi kafe sebagai third place di Kawasan Karangwuni dan sekitarnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik third place pada kafe di Kawasan Karangwuni dan sekitarnya masih sesuai dengan karakteristik yang dikemukakan oleh Oldenburg. Namun demikian, ditunjukkan pula mulai terjadinya pergeseran bentuk interaksi dan aktivitas yang dilakukan. Analisis tipologi yang dilakukan menunjukkan adanya beberapa tipe kafe yang sesuai dengan bentuk penggunaan co-working space dan terdapat kecenderungan spasial dalam tipologi berdasarkan aktivitas. Adapun beberapa faktor pembentuk tipologi memiliki hubungan dengan setting ruang dalam mendukung perilaku penggunanya. Third place is defined as a space often visited for interactions in an informal nature (Oldenburg, 1989). Technology advancements tend to ease human in daily activities, such as social interactions, works, etc. It also triggers the transformation of the characteristics of third place, especially in the forms of interactions and activities. One type of the third place that exists in Yogyakarta is cafe, which have been facing significant developments within the past few years, more specifically cafes in higher education campuses surrounding areas, such as Karangwuni and the areas nearby (Karangwuni, Karanggayam, Karangasem baru, Karangbendo, dan Karangmalang). It drives the creation of typology and spatial development of those cafes, which are affected by a number of factors that construct the typology. This research is aimed to explore the third place characteristics, typology, spatial development, and identify factors that construct the typology of cafes as third place in Karangwuni area and the area nearby. The research method used in this study was a mix-method, with deductive-explorative approach. This study is conducted on cafes as third place, which were opened during the period between 2016 to 2018, and located in Karangwuni area and the areas nearby. The data were collected using questionnaire method, with 248 respondents, as well as field observation. The data were analysed by quantitatively perceiving the trends, conducted through graphic analysis and crosstab analysis. It is, then, followed by comparing the findings through a qualitative method in order to draw the conclusion on the phenomenon happened to the third place characteristics, types identification in typology analysis, and the identification of factors in constructing the typology. The sampling in this study used the convenience sampling method, with criteria of respondents, who visited cafes as a third place in Karangwuni and the areas nearby. The results of this study shows that the characteristics of cafes in Karangwuni and the areas nearby as a third place are still in accordance with Oldenburg's characteristics. However, it is also revealed that there have been shifts of the form of interactions and activities within the cafes space. Typology analysis showed that there are several types of cafes that match with the form of co-working space, and there are spatial trends in typology based on activity. Meanwhile, some factors constructing the typology have relation with space settings in determining the behaviors of the users.

Planning as a decision-making tool got intervention from the actors involved in it, through deliberation which is transactive planning and face-to-face dialogue between planners as transfer agents and the community. This situation has resulted in a mismatch between the priority policies for using the budget set at the local level and the implementation guidelines set by the central government. Questions arise how interactions between actors occurred in a transactive process. This article evaluates the interaction between involved actors in the transactive process, which occurs during a practice of local development planning program activity. Evaluations were carried out on village fund program cases in Indonesia, through qualitative approach analysis. The study aims to provide an understanding of the interactions between transfer agent actors during deliberation at the local level. The results show that the interaction between transfer agents conduct through the practice of dominating ideas, which tend to emphasize the dominance of certain parties in prioritizing budget use policies.

Seasonal floods that occur in residential areas affect the socio-economic conditions of the community which will gradually lead to a level of survival. Resilience occurs because of the encouragement of the community that exposed to flood disasters to absorb and overcome the disturbances and get recover to keep continue the life, including to the community who live in flood-prone settlements in Barabai District. This study aims to analyze the ability of community survival as resilience in flood-prone areas in Barabai District. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive with scoring method whose assessment is based on the Resilience Radar index. This research asseses the social, economic, preparedness and physical dimensions. The results of the study found that the high-resilience element of the community resilience in Barabai is social dimension, and the low-resilience element is physical dimension. In aggregate, the community in flood-prone settlements in Barabai has a medium level of survival capability to flood disaster.

First paragraph: Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) all over the world, countries have tried several strategies to minimize its impacts on their citizens and the economy. The first case in Nigeria was reported on February 27, 2020, and since then the infection has been spreading like wildfire, making Nigeria one of the three most affected African countries in Africa and the most affected in West Africa (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2020-a). To slow down its pace, governments at all levels have taken measures to curb its impacts. Measures taken include mandating social distancing, curfews, and, in some cases, complete lockdowns. The lockdown of virtually all sectors of the economy, especially the agricultural sector, has exacerbated food shortages in the country, espe­cially among urban dwellers. Unfortunately, agriculture in most developing countries is highly related to physical, rather than mechanized, labor. The labor shortage due to movement restrictions (both intra- and interstate) and social distancing as a result of COVID-19 are starting to affect agricultural producers in the hinterlands, thus worsening the food supply to urban centers that are coincidentally the epicenters of the disease.

While Florida is known for theme parks and beaches, its agricultural sector is the second largest industry in the state and accounts for a substantial proportion of the United States’ annual production of many fruit and vegetable crops. Florida’s farmers have capitalized on the fact that Florida is a top tourism destination, with 70-80% of large producers’ sales targeting the theme-park, hotel, restaurant, and cruise line industries that were decimated by stay-at-home orders. With the exception of citrus, peak harvest for these crops is from March to May, which coincided exactly with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020. Florida producers were left with hundreds of millions of pounds of produce with no available market. Florida farmers utilized innovative sales and market opportunities to sell as much of their highly perishable produce as they could. In addition, despite substantial personal hardship and financial losses, producers paid to harvest and transport produce to food banks and other hunger-relief organizations that were overwhelmed with demand from people who recently lost their jobs or were furloughed due to the closures of restaurants, hotels, theme parks, and cruise lines due to the pandemic. However, with the sheer volume of perishable produce left without buyers, some crops simply had to be tilled under or terminated. The COVID-19 pandemic increased awareness of and demand for Florida agricultural products among Florida residents, leading some grocery stores around the state to commit to buying more produce from Florida growers. A variety of programs and resources to help connect Florida growers to buyers were developed by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; industry groups; and state and regional organizations. This provides a valuable foundation to support food system resilience for future public health emergencies and natural disasters.

First paragraphs: Feast Down East is a regional nonprofit dedi­cated to creating a healthy, accessible local food system that supports economic growth in southeastern North Carolina. We began as The Southeastern North Carolina Food Systems Pro­gram at the University of North Carolina Wilming­ton (UNCW), founded by Leslie Hossfeld and Rev. Mac Legerton, to address poverty and high job loss in the Southeastern North Carolina region—one of the three major areas of poverty in the state. Now known as Feast Down East, our nonprofit has developed a vast network of partnerships with both private and public agencies in 11 counties. Today, three main programs make up the heart of our organization: farmer support, produce distri­bution, and the Local Motive Mobile Farmers Market. Each of these programs is essential to our nonprofit’s overall mission. We support local farm­ers by connecting them with educational opportu­nities and technical services through either our organization or others in our statewide network. We also work with farmers to promote local food and their products through marketing tactics and consumer education. Alongside these efforts, Feast Down East helps farmers distribute their products through our food hub, providing farmers with reduced distribution costs and added income. To encourage new farmers, we have an Emerging Farmers program, which provides classes to a cohort of new farmers to help them successfully expand their farm businesses. . . .

Congestion in urban areas is vulnerable because of the impact of the growth of activities and an increasingly specialized and complex economy. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate a good urban transportation policy to accommodate increased urban transportation needs. Google Traffic is a feature found on Google Maps to see the level of congestion in an area. Google Traffic can detect an area with red, yellow or green indications through the principle of Real Time Data using data from the Global Positioning System (GPS). This study wanted to see how the use of the Google Traffic Feature as input to urban transportation policies by looking at existing urban transportation policies, analyzing the movement system model on Google Traffic, and analyzing the development of Google Traffic model policies, which would be useful for the development of Urban Transportation Policies, especially Bandar Lampung City as a case study.

Starting in 2000, the growth of population and industries sector rapidly increased in Brantas Hulu’s river. This phenomenon brought environmental issues since most of industries dispose of their waste including organic-based pollution to the surrounding river. It contaminates the river and lowers the water quality. Minimum assessment on water contamination in Brantas River attracts the research on the area. The study aims to assess water quality on Brantas River based on several parameters: water quality pattern using QUAL2Kw model, determine of pollution level using pollutant index and pollution load capacity. The research relied on a quantitative description by measuring pollution level and calculating acceptable pollution load. The result shows that 10 from 12 sampling areas produced low pollution levels, while the others are moderate level of pollution. The most pollutant found in the Brantas River were BOD, nitrate, ammonia and phosphate. Simulation results from QUAL2Kw model accounted for 10.7% of error rate.

The phenomenon of urban transformation also occurs in Sidoarjo Regency which is located around the city of Surabaya. Its evidence is the expansion of built up area in several districts like Krian district. The aims of this resech are analyzing the spatial transformation in term of land use change and evaluating the percentage of land use that it is accordance with spatial document policy. The analysis technique use Geogrphical Information System and Remote Sensing then proceed with descriptive evaluative. The result of this research can be seen that the transformation of built up area since 1995-2018 is 5,23% while those that are not accordance with spatial documen are 7,63%.

Urban heritage conservation planning seeks to produce place experience with historical characteristics to bring sense of place that is a relation between human and place. However heritage urban planning that focuses on the sense of place actually gets criticized for being stuck in place-making purposes only and ignores the human dimension. The study of the sense of place potential in the urban heritage conservation is indeed still limited even though this potential needs to be studied futher because urban heritage place have cultural significant values which should be conserved by involving human dimensions. This paper is a literature review that intends to explore others sense of place potential related to human dimensions that can be used to successfully urban heritage conservation. In urban heritage conservation, besides being beneficial for place-making, it was found that the sense of place also has the potential as guidance information in the urban heritage spatial planning, factors that influence the participation of local residents to be involved in urban heritage planning and factors related to heritage conserving behavior.

The economy as an indicator of the development of the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) becomes important to understand its relationship with activity level of the industrial sector in supporting the economic wheel. This study objectives are to determine the current development optimization to project economic improvement in the province of NTT by utilizing the local potential of renewable energy (RE) in order to support the Indonesian National Energy Policy (INEP) through implementation of the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system for the period 2015 to 2030 with existing industrial sub-sectors in the province with integrated of operating systems and energy systems assessments. The results show that the largest primary energy use is the food and beverage industry, while the largest secondary energy consumption is from the cement industry, due to government efforts to boost large-scale industries. The mix of electric energy sourced from RE showed a drastic increase up to 2030, which amounted to 19.05% compared to other types of energy while achieving the INEP target, namely the utilization of RE as much as possible and minimizing oil use, then optimizing gas use. Thus, the economy of NTT Province is currently still adequate to optimize the use and utilization of long-term RE.

School is one system activities that generates movement and will attract movement from settlements as student residence. The objectives of this research are, to analyze the attraction of school students, to analyze the factors that influence the selection of public transport modes towards schools, analyzing the selection of student public transport modes and to formulate the direction for effective plan for developing school transportation in Bogor City. The methods used are flow mapping method, binary logistic regression method, proximity analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results show that the attraction of elementary students is sufficiently appropriate because they followed the zoning regulation which can be seen from the majority of students come from designated zone, while the result of junior high school student’s attraction show relatively insufficient because the majority of the students come from outside the designated zones. The estimation results of factors that significantly influence the choice of modes of transportation are gender, school distance, travel time, costs, consideration of costs, consideration of walking, and consideration of time. Half of elementary school students use angkot by 51% and 49% others students used other modes towards school. Most junior high school students also use angkot by 73% and 27% others students used other modes. The direction of school transportation development is focused on implementing a zoning system that is maximally implemented so that the movement of students to school is more organized and deviding of school clusters so that the school bus service will run effectively.

Kumpulrejo Village becomes the priority of Salatiga City in the sustainable village development based on the local potential of agrotourism. Kumpulrejo holds potential in livestock farming, nearly 80% of the population are dairy farmers. Suboptimal institutional capacity of the Livestock Farmer Groups in managing potentials results in problems regarding sustainable village development program in Kumpulrejo. The community’s social capital is expected to significantly affect the Livestock Farmer Groups’s institutional capacity strengthening. The present study aims to find out the affect of social capital on the institutional capacity strengthening with regard to argoturism-based sustainable village development in Kumpulrejo. The method that used was quantitative-descriptive, data obtained from questionnaires, observation, and interview. The sampling technique used by simple random sampling, to the 60 respondents. The study showed that social capital which consist of a trust, social network, and norms significantly affect to the institutional capacity strengthening by 57,9%. Partially, a trust did not hold significantly affect, while social network and norms significantly affect the institutional capacity strengthening of livestock farmer groups in Kumpulrejo Village.

Agriculture sector performs prominent role in the economy of Pinrang Regency. As the national food-estate area of South Sulawesi Province, RGDP agriculture sector of the regency increased from 4.72 to 7.94 trillion IDR in 2013-2017. This study aims to analyze food-crop agriculture land development based on primary commodities in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. This study was conducted in twelve sub-districts in the regency’s area from September 2018 to June 2019. Application of geospatial technology was expected to present new approach with more accurate and easily updated land development planning in the area. The research data consisted of primary field survey data and secondary data of spatial pattern map of RTRW 2012-2032 from Bappeda and food-crop harvested area and production from BPS Pinrang Regency, characteristics and existing land use map from BBPPSDLP, and forest and water conservation area map from KLHK. Primary commodities was detemined based on Location Quotient and Shift Share Analysis. Potential land arrangement was referred to FAO Land Suitability Evaluation. Land development plan was formulated using selection and screening procedure based on Boolean logic. Five primary commodities was determined with 5,871 Ha potential land suitable for their development out of 7,324 Ha available land that consisted of land uses planned for paddy (3,529 Ha), cassava (1,398 Ha), corn (657 Ha), soybean (187 Ha), and sweet potato (100 Ha). The land development plan for these commodities was categorized into the first (147 Ha) and second (5,724 Ha) priority.

Industry 4.0 fosters the local economy to be globalized because of technological innovation and the use of the internet. In Indonesia, MSMEs play a vital role in determining national economic performance. In the era of industry 4.0, MSMEs in Indonesia must adopt the technological changes affected by Industry 4.0; otherwise, their business loses competitiveness in the future. To win the competitiveness in the era of industry 4.0, Banana chips MSMEs should formulate the strategies which address the technological improvement and innovation on the component of MSMEs development. This study aims to examine the effect of industry 4.0 on the aspects of MSMEs development, pervades production and infrastructure, networking and financing support, sales and marketing, and human resources. This study used a quantitative approach and conducted a regression analysis to discover which aspect is affected by Industry 4.0. The results of the study revealed that only two components of Banana Chips MSMEs development affected industry 4.0. They are the component of sales and marketing and human resources components.

Agricultural productivity in the border region of Bengkayang Regency is low, on one side the area of agricultural land is quite extensive (89.23%) coupled with a population density of only 44 people/km2. The research objective was to determine the leading agricultural commodities in the border region of Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province to support the development of a national food barn. This study uses secondary data covering data on crops harvest area, horticulture crop production, plantation production, and livestock populations in 2011-2015 obtained from the Bengkayang Regency Central Statistics Agency (BPS), West Kalimantan. The data is analyzed by analysis of Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share Analysis (SSA). The results of the study showed that oil palm was the plantation’s leading commodities in the border region of Jagoi Babang Subdistrict and pepper in Siding SubDistrict. Cows, pigs, and ducks are the leading commodities of livestock in the border region of Jagoi Babang Subdistrict and ducks in Siding Subdistrict.