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This paper argues that participatory governance initiatives like co-management can be made effective through agency rulemaking. Using the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board as a case study, this paper affirms that it is possible for marginalized stakeholders to participate in co-management and alter decision-making. By using its formal authority to generate rules that reflect community perspectives, this board contextualized environmental assessment in community-based perspectives. The study of participation presented here illustrates: 1) that a high level of agency support for community participation in rule-making can lead to rules which reflect community perspectives; and 2) that agency implementation of community perspectives has led to the increased use of stakeholder collaboration through private agreement. Nonetheless, the paper also addresses limitations on the ability to translate social needs into privately negotiated agreements where negotiations depart from highly commoditized terms. Consequently, this paper questions the use of negotiated agreements to meet the goals of stakeholder participation, as conceived by deliberative democratic strands of new governance. Dans cet article, l’auteure soutient que le pouvoir de règlementation d’un organisme peut rendre plus efficace de nouvelles initiatives en matière de gouvernance telles que la cogestion. Prenant l’Office d’examen des répercussions environnementales de la vallée du Mackenzie comme exemple, elle affirme que des parties prenantes marginalisées ont la possibilité de participer à de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance comme la cogestion et d’influer sur la prise de décision. En exerçant son pouvoir d’adopter des règles inspirées des valeurs communautaires, l’Office a procédé à une évaluation environnementale en tenant compte du contexte communautaire. L’étude de participation présentée ici démontre: 1) que, lorsqu’un organisme appuie fortement la participation de la collectivité à l’élaboration des règles, les règles adoptées peuvent davantage refléter les valeurs communautaires; et 2) que l’adhésion de l’organisme aux valeurs communautaires favorise une plus grande collaboration entre les parties prenantes, grâce à la conclusion d’ententes privées. Quoi qu’il en soit, l’article révèle également que la capacité d’exprimer des besoins sociaux dans des ententes privées négociées est limitée. Lorsque les négociations dévient des termes hautement standardisés et tentent d’inclure différentes valeurs communautaires, la participation des parties prenantes est restreinte. L’article remet par conséquent en question l’utilisation d’ententes négociées pour atteindre les buts fixés en matière de participation des parties prenantes, telle que les conçoivent les courants de pensée s’appuyant sur la démocratie délibérative au regard de la nouvelle gouvernance

Genetic counseling is a field of high-tech medicine, and its development gives rise to many ethical and legal problems associated primarily with the specifics of genetic data. The purpose of this article is to map the problems of bioethical regulation in genetic counseling, as well as approaches to their solution. To structure the problem field, a principlist approach was chosen. Main results: It is shown that bioethical problems of genetic counseling arise not only in connection with adherence to separate bioethical principles, but also in connection with the conflict between the principles of autonomy and beneficence. It is proposed to distinguish two dimensions of this conflict: 1. Individual, associated primarily with the exercise by a person of the right not to know about his/her hereditary risks; 2. Family, associated with the contradiction between the observance of medical secrecy (as part of autonomy) and the potential benefit from informing the patient's relatives about their possible hereditary risks. Conclusions: The models for resolving bioethical collisions highlight new aspects of meaning of autonomy. In the context of genetic counseling, it is possible to understand autonomy not as non-interference, but as an opportunity to control the disposal of genetic data. At the same time, in the context of regulating this disposal, the autonomy of the patient's family members can also be taken into account.

One of the most relevant issues, which todays society face is the use of advanced technologies in the field of GMO and GM-food. Taking a look at the world map of law we can see diverse legal regulation of GMO turnover, especially in the context of regulation and control of genomic studies and their practical application, risk assessment of uncontrollable GMO spreading and technologies of genetic editing of organisms including at the level of research planning. The comparative legal analysis of foreign regulation (including in dominant jurisdictions), provided in this article allows revealing those distinctions, determining the basic tendencies in GMO legal development and connected products with GMO components, including the matters of control with regard to GMO turnover. The analysis allowed drawing several recommendations on borrowing foreign experience for the sake of revising Russian regulation, i.e., taking regulatory measures to develop the relevant sphere of social relationships - legal acts, governmental decrees, etc. oriented towards the development of biotechnologies, raising confidence of citizens in genetics, stimulation of GMO production efficiency, and innovative development. Russia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU); therefore, the article discusses the national laws of these countries concerning GMO and contains recommendations for harmonizing the legal framework of the supranational level in the field of GMO turnover.

On November 19, 2020, the annual International Research and Practice Conference Ignatov Readings took place. It was dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the outstanding scientist - Vadim Nikolayevich Makhov - an Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Legal Sciencies, Full Professor, whose life and scientific work have been inextricably intertwined with the RUDN University for more than a quarter of a century. The article is dedicated to Vadim Nikolaevich Makhov - a practitioner with the richest experience, an outstanding scientist, and a talented teacher!

The publication raises issues of interaction of rapidly developing areas of bio-medicine and international legal standards, and national legislation of states. Attention is focused on the need for legal guarantees in the field of editing the genome of living organisms, in vitro fertilization, etc. It is proposed to form a uni-form attitude and establish the boundaries of what is permissible in the field of genetic practice so that the situation does not get out of the control of the human mind.

The RUDN Law Institute research team headed by the Doctor of Sciences, professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State Nikolay Vlasenko performed an expert and analytical work for the formation of a package of proposals on measures and law-making initiatives in order to implement the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 2020. The aim was to assess the need to determine the additional source of income of a constituent of the Russian Federation for state support for the development programs of higher educational organizations by changing the system of distribution of tax revenues between federal and regional levels of the budget. The research team included Sergei Zinkovskiy, Ph.D., associate professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State, Mikhail Katsarsky, Ph.D., associate professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State, Irina Gronik, Ph.D., assistant professor of the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure Law and Private International Law, Denis Dobryakov, Irina Chernykh and other specialists of RUDN Law Institute. The results of the research can be used by the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Russian Federation to form theoretically based proposals related to the dynamics of financial and legal support for state efforts for programs of higher education organizations development in Russia on the territories of subjects of the Russian Federation in connection with the implementation of the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

This article is devoted to the problem of cognition and understanding of the essence of state power. Actualization is carried out by searching for a new paradigm approach in order to determine the fundamental principles that are correlated with the idea to optimize and increase the efficiency of the corresponding sphere of public relations. Acting as an alternative to the substantial and relativistic approach to the study of state power, the system-synergetic approach analyzes the phenomenon of power based on the definition of system, within which the functions of communication and regulation of public relations are assigned to power. As a result, power is seen as a property or function of a social, in particular, political system, the need for which is determined by the presence of society itself and the task of maintaining its integrity. The analysis allows stating that in most modern concepts there is a consistent rejection of the traditional interpretation of power as the result of subject-object relations, where the subject of power is an active, energetic principle, and the object undergoes impact. In contrast to the position of traditionalism, there is a tendency to interpret power as a complex polysystem permeating the entire social structure of society. As a structural and synergistic effect of the system, power is not a property of its individual element, since each element must certainly be correlated with other units of the given system. Power is an intrasystem relatedness of all elements. As a structural principle, power is realized on the basis of equivalent exchange, which means not the equivalence of the exchanged elements, but a situation in which one element is unconceivable without the other, i.e. one element exists in relation to the other, and co-develops with it. Thus, power really fulfills the function of streamlining socio-political ties, making their separation and differentiation expedient. Power, therefore, is the beginning, creating structures, increasing heterogeneities in a continuous social environment and connecting them together. Such a view allows interpreting power as a principle of functioning of the state system: if the state system, with the help of some value proposition, manages to reproduce the corresponding content of consciousness, then it functions quite stably.

The relevance of the research is based on the heated discussion that has unfolded in recent years in connection with changes of the current legislation on legal regime of animals as objects of civil rights as well as awkward suggestions aimed at essentially reshaping the civilistic concept of animals and establishing their special legal status by recognizing them, albeit with some restrictions, as subjects of legal rights. The purpose is to analyze the genesis of animals legislation, including but not limited to international legislation, and to reveal the social significance of norms governing the conditions and procedure for acquisition of animals and the limits and principles of their treatment. The article also aims at voicing the authors position on participation in the civil circulation of animals. Research methods applied in the work are as follows: formal-legal, dialectical unity, system analysis, interpretation, modeling, and forecasting. The results of the study (conclusions) are realized in proposing to supplement Art. 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with a new term property as basic in relation to terms things, other property, and property rights. It is also recommended to expand the range of objects of civil rights by identifying animals as an independent object, clarify the revision of Art. 137 of the Civil Code, presenting in it the definition of an animal as an object of civil rights and reflecting the main criterion for classifying animals (turnover). In addition, a judgment was made on changes in Russian legislation introduced in 2020, including the Law On the Animal World, allowing amateur and sports hunting of animals in semi-free conditions and artificially created habitat. This law clearly contradicts international agreements that allow hunting (capture) of animals only for the maintenance of human livelihood.

The article considers the recent case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in cases related to the use of the achievements of biomedicine in the light of the implementation of human rights and freedoms provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights and its additional protocols. In fact, the author pays special attention to the case of Boljević v. Serbia , in which the applicant, a Serbian citizen, alleged that his right to respect for private and family life had been violated as a result of the refusal of the Serbian national courts to reopen paternity proceedings, in which the applicant intended to prove, through DNA testing, that Mr. A was his biological father. It has to be mentioned that in this case in the 1970s the Serbian national courts issued final decision according to which Mr. A was not recognized as the applicant's biological father, and the applicant indicated that at that time it was impossible to carry out DNA test and he did not know about the existence of such decision (during the proceedings, the applicant was represented by a lawyer appointed by local authorities, since he was a minor), and that now there is such a possibility. In this connection, the applicant argued that the denial to satisfy his claims on procedural basis by the domestic courts violated his right to family and private life. The ECtHR ruled that Art. 8 of the Convention has been violated. In that case, the issues of compliance with a balance of private and public interests were dealt with (the interests of the applicant to establish his biological father identity and the interests of the state in maintaining legal certainty).

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of legal values, their classification. Analysis of legal literature led to the conclusion that legal values are considered only in line with legal positivism, which have a faade in relation to the subject of law. According to the author, anthropological approaches - classical, non-classical and post-non-classical - can become a milestone in a conceptually different understanding of the values of law. In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to conduct a study of the values of law in line with anthropological research programs. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to describe the classical (neoclassical), non-classical and post-non-classical anthropological programs; 2) to formulate the concept of legal values and truth within the framework of three paradigms of legal thinking; 3) to classify and rank the values of law. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: The legal value in the classical (neoclassical) anthropological paradigm lies in the safe-guarding and protection of inviolability of the biopsychophysiological integrity of the organism, which identifies an individual as a physical person. Therefore, the law has an objectified and alienated from the individual subject character. The value of law in non-classical anthropological discourse is imperative-attributive experiences (legal psyche) or intentional acts of consciousness that constitute legal reality, with which a person is identified - a legal personality. The post-non-classical model of cognition is focused on the discovery of the true essence of a person through identification with a legal being (or pure consciousness), which is an absolute value and creator of transpersonal and extra-social legal reality.

In Russia, the aim to attain biosafety is declared in the strategic political documents without being adequately addressed in law relating to interaction between human communities and natural systems. To involve the ecological approaches into environmental legislation it seems reasonable to include into the general concept of beneficial quality of the environment the biological health of nature, when the impact of pathogenic, disease generating factors emanated by nature shall be minimized. The legal regulation should be based on the ecosystem and nature-based approach assuming that social development should follow and be in harmony with laws of nature. This approach will allow to upkeep the biological balance and biological health of nature and ensure biological safety of nature for human communities.

The problem of induced termination of pregnancy has been a burning issue for mankind for centuries. An analysis of doctrine and legislation demonstrates that there is no consensus on this issue. The problem of induced termination of pregnancy is defined by ethical, religious, medical, social and legal aspects, which is also associated with the uncertainty of the legal status of the embryo. The aim of the study is to analyze the legislation of Latin American countries regarding the legal regulation of abortion, in order to verify its compliance with the fundamental rights - the right to life, the right to health and the right to inviolability. Special scientific methods were used in the research: comparative law, legal and technical methods. The relevance of the problem stems from the need to solve the controversial issue of legalization of artificial termination of pregnancy. The existence of disagreement lies in the lack of a unified approach in seeking to resolve this situation.

The purpose of the study is to conduct a general theoretical analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of the concept and essence of the legal regime in order to overcome its narrow industrial understanding and identify the role and significance in the process of legal regulation. General scientific and private scientific methods of knowledge including formal legal and comparative legal methods have been chosen as research methods of this paper. Logical techniques allowing to reveal the essence of legal regimes and formulate the author's definition of them have also been applied. The analysis of scientific works expressing various opinions indicates that at present an instrumental approach to the definition of the concept and essence of the legal regime prevails directly (or indirectly through the procedure of legal regulation) as a set of legal means (instruments). The following are mentioned as signs of the legal regime: mandatory normative legal consolidation (formal legal nature), specific target, special regulatory order based on a combination of legal means and methods of legal regulation, in relation to subjects of law, i.e., in a subjective sense, creating of favorable (or unfavorable) conditions to achieve certain interests, systemic and integrated character of a regime and its special structure. As a result, the author's definition of the legal regime is presented as a special procedure for the legal regulation of public relations, based on a certain combination of legal means and methods of legal regulation (permits, prohibitions, and positive obligations) aimed at achieving the relevant legal goals and planned optimal socially significant result.

The article is devoted to the general analysis of self-regulatory practices of genetic research in Russia (conducted by public research institutions and commercial companies). Selfregulation is a special type of regulation, performed by organizations providing genetic research and their associations as well as by relevant professional and scientific community; it is regulated by local acts, agreements, memoranda, professional standards, codes of ethics, etc. and is aimed at establishing relationships in the field of organization, provision and use of results of genetic studies. Basically, selfregulation is especially critical in various aspects of organization and conducting genetic research in the worldwide perspective. The analysis provided by this article allows concluding that self-regulation practice in Russia is applied in several public research institutions, but rather fragmentarily. Moreover, the development of such form of regulation goes slowly. At the same time non-public genomic institutions are trying to evade any significant self-regulation of their activities; they do not provide for any expanded rules or standards of their practices (or they just confine themselves to references and general provisions which are not in line with the specifics of the mentioned activities). On the other hand, it is important to keep in mind that the current Russian legislation is full of gaps in terms of regulating genetic research process. Analysis of several websites of Russian private companies providing genetic profiling services revealed that those organizations almost never place complex information guides on their information portals; they neither provide the standards for performing genetic research in an intelligible form. The websites do not contain any information on possible risks or threats to health connected with application of medical procedures, while the issue of disclosure the gathered genomic information to third parties (e.g., enforcement agencies) is often ignored. More than that, there are hardly any published standards for conducting genomic research or documents on protecting patients rights, etc. Thus, we are forced to acknowledge that the institute of self-regulation in the field of genetic studies is not developed well enough in Russia. The current fragmented nature of legal regulation and selfregulation concerning genetic research may contribute to violation of rights and legitimate interests of patients in terms of confidentiality and safeguarding genetic information, gathered in the process of research. The state therefore should within the established goals of intensive genetic technological development provide all the necessary conditions (including of legal character). However, it is still not clear how the issues of legal regulation of status of genetic research participants, protection of genetic data, incentives for providing genetic research, etc. should be handled. We assume that one of the possible ways of tackling the aforementioned challenges is developing relevant complex legal regulation (including departmental acts) and/or investing the frontline public research institutions with special functions (i.e., within a special council, commission, or association). Such powers will contribute to regulating certain aspects of administering and conducting genetic research and using its results in the framework of legal regulation, which should be mandatory, including for non-public organizations, offering genetic services in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Advances in genomic research, biobanking and DNA identification technologies are expanding the use of biological and genetic evidence in litigation. The discovery of DNA and one of its functions to transmit hereditary information made it possible to look differently at the theory of a genetic predisposition to deviant behavior. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the availability and increase of genetic research allows, along with the traditional use of genetic expertise in litigation (search and identification of a criminal, establishment of paternity), to expand the possibility of using the achievements of genetics by the parties to prove other circumstances in court. In this article, the authors analyze the US jurisprudence regarding the possibility of a party using the protection of genetic evidence in order to present a position in justification of the mitigation of punishment for an accused due to her genetic predisposition to criminal behavior. The authors also paid attention to the consideration of the issue of using the results of genetic testing in civil proceedings in order to prove the fact of the influence of the inherited gene on deviant behavior. In carrying out this study, the authors used a significant number of Russian and foreign sources of scientific literature. General and specific scientific methods of cognition, including the formal legal and comparative legal method, were used as research methods

The article is devoted to the emerging threats to human rights in the context of the development of biomedical technologies, as well as to the identification of social risks requiring legal resolution in this area. It suggests a human rights model for regulating innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the article is to analyze legislation in the field of modern biomedicine, genetic engineering, and related innovative technologies. A comparative legal study applied in the work made it possible to substantiate a framework model for regulating modern biomedicine. The main task of such a model is to identify risks affecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. With this approach, the details of regulation are the subject of bylaws or the corresponding prescriptions of professional medical organizations. Methods . The basis of this research was formed by such research methods as analysis of legal regulation, formal legal and comparative legal methods. The main results of the study are to determine the legal links between modern biomedical technologies and the concept of personalized medicine. In fact, the lack of interaction of new advances in biomedicine with the basic provisions of medical care has been revealed. The article proves the need to impose restrictions on the alleged popularization of innovative technologies by persons without medical education, using them for dubious social purposes. The risks of developing updated eugenics have been outlined. The tendency of relativism in consolidating the principles of mutual relations between a person, state, and society has been identified. Conclusions. The development of biomedicine requires an adequate response from the Russian legislation, which does not yet take into account most of its achievements. This creates certain risks for human and civil rights and freedoms. The article substantiates the introduction of bans on the most ethically questionable technologies and experiments. It is proposed to expand the powers of professional medical organizations (including the transfer of some of the regulatory powers to them).

The topicality of the article is due to the strategy of transition to personalized medicine in Russia, based, among other things, on technologies of preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnostics. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of ethical and legal support for the development of these technologies. The work is based on the study of relevant international regulations, foreign and Russian legislation using the methods of legal-dogmatic and philosophical-legal analysis. The article substantiates the need for a clearer distinction between legal and moral-religious approaches to regulating relations in applying these technologies. The task is to find legal structures that can take into account the moral aspects of the problem without replacing legal regulation with an appeal to moral and religious values and norms. An example of this approach is the development of a legal regime for manipulations with embryo in vitro, in which the necessary legal protection of the embryo is provided by recognizing its special ontological status as a constitutional value of the common good. From these positions, the author identifies a range of issues that should form the organizational and legal context necessary to ensure adequate guarantees of human rights in the field of application of the considered genetic technologies. The legal regulation of this range of issues should be fixed in a special federal law on genetic testing.

The paper deals with the problems of genetic research regulation stemming from the peculiarities of this area of knowledge where research is practically inseparable from patient treatment, and cognitive practices are connected with the development and implementation of new devices, methodologies, and technologies to a much greater extent than in other areas of human activity. The issues of genetic research regulation are analyzed in the context of the concept suggested by Helga Nowotny and Giuseppe Testa distinguishing three human technologies of standardization through which control over the development of knowledge about genes is exercised. These three technologies are law, governance and bioethics, and the efficiency of their interaction is declared a necessary and sufficient condition for the successful development of molecular genetic sciences. The paper examines all the three technologies one by one, identifies the specifics and difficulties of their implementation in present-day Russian science, and assesses the genetic research prospects assuming the implementation of the aforementioned technologies. Particular attention is paid to institutionalization of ethics committees as an element of the genetic research regulation system. Substantiation is provided for the thesis that ethical committees should act as an institution combining rulemaking, management, and expert functions rather than as a structure capable of performing advisory and recommendatory functions only. The ability of the Russian society and state to withstand the grand challenges of our time is associated with the success in solving this problem.

The article analyzes the topical issues of international legal regulation of genetic research; it provides a comparative analysis of two groups of international acts regulating relations related to genetic research and application of their results on creation, use and circulation of genetically modified organisms (except humans), on the study of human genome and application of their results. The article deals with the issues of objects and methods of genetic research regulation, balance of interests as the basis for legal regulation of public relations in the field of genomic research. It also considers approaches to ensuring a balance of private, group and common (public) interests. Criticism of certain provisions of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine is given, the question of the inadmissibility of legal opposition between the protection of human rights and the interests of science and society as a whole is raised. The authors put forward proposals on the implementation of a number of international norms in Russian legislation and its further improvement, as well as on the use of blockchain technology in genetic research.

The problem of legal regulation of gene editing in recent years has obviously become global in nature due to the lack of unified systematic legislation in the world. The authors set a goal to study the main existing regulatory legal acts and determine whether there is currently an array of legislation that protects and at the same time establishes responsibility for the editors of the genome and persons who have given consent to it, before future generations, who will receive the edited gene, but who did not actually ask for it. The authors analyzed the most known general public cases related to patent disputes for the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology and came to the conclusion that the strong desire to obtain the legal status of the author of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome modification technology is explained not by scientific ambitions but by commercial interest in a promising technology.

Since its creation, the International Criminal Court has faced the refusal of the United States to cooperate, which, in addition to staying outside the Rome Statute, has undertaken a real strategy of weakening the Criminal Code. The argument put forward by the US Government against the Rome Statute is that an international treaty cannot create obligations for a non-party state and therefore the United States denies any jurisdiction of that jurisdiction over its nationals. As early as 2000, that country had unsuccessfully introduced a proposal before the Preparatory Commission to prevent bringing American military personnel to the Court. The American Service Members Protection Act (ASPA), bilateral immunity agreements and Security Council resolutions constitute the arsenal used by States at that time to neutralize the ICC. Recently, the United States signed an order authorizing the United States to prevent and penalize employees of the International Criminal Court from entering the country. The US administration, which has been critical of the ICC for months, is opposed to launching investigation into war crimes in Afghanistan. Is not that a sign of difficulty with the US Legal Justifications? In other words, does this weakness open up the possibility of prosecution in the event of a violation of international law by US?

Apresenta a edição n. 1 do vol. 50 da Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, relembrando das dificuldades que giram em torno da editoração de revistas, especialmente em tempos pós-pandêmicos e de contínua acumulação de atividades por parte de todos que participam do processo editorial, incluindo autores/as, avaliadores/as e a própria equipe editorial. Salienta, nesse giro, que a Síndrome de Burnout é comum entre os professores universitários, especialmente entre mulheres, de maneira a festejar a participação de 32 autoras (de um total de 57) na presente edição comemorativa de aniversário de 50 anos da Revista da FADIR/UFU. Ademais, em alusão ao dossiê que compõe esta edição, frisa-se que a digitalização da vida trouxe diversos desafios para a garantia e efetividade de direitos fundamentais, para além dos casos de burnout. Assim, frisou-se sobre o relevante papel que o Direito, especialmente desde um olhar crítico, apresenta para (re)pensar a realidade.

This research aims to understand the implementation of supervision law supervision toward Articles 5 and 14, and the law enforcement toward Article 28 of Law No.4 Year 1997 on People with Disability in Sleman Regency. Data are obtained through interviews and literature related to the problem. The results of this research show that the implementation toward article 5 and 14 are not yet effective and the law toward article 28 is not implemented yet in Sleman.

Notary is a public official who is authorized to make an authentic act. Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Amendment of Law No. 30 Year 2004 on Notary, explains that, to take a photocopy of a Notary deed minuta and call a Notary in law enforcement, no longer through the Regional Supervisory Council permission. So the question arises, how the basic formation of the Honorary Council of Notaries in Act No. 2 of 2014, and how to call the Notary deed made. Based on research outputs by the author, Honorary Council of Notaries of birth, due to the need of legal protection against a Notary in deed. Notary Honorary Council is indispensable in the implementation of the law enforcement process, where the calling Notary by law enforcement (police, prosecutors, judges) must obtain permission from the Notary Honorary Council. To fill the legal vacuum, because the Honorary Council of Notaries has not been established, the Notary can use the right Dissenters, Indonesian Notary Association urged the government to establish a Notary Honorary Council Implementing Regulation. Keywords : Notary Public; Law Enforcement; Law Notary. Intisari Notaris merupakan seorang Pejabat Publik yang berwenang untuk membuat sebuah akta otentik.Undang Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 Tentang Jabatan Notaris, menjelaskan bahwa, untuk mengambil fotokopi minuta akta seorang Notaris dan memanggil seorangNotaris dalam penegakan hukum, tidak lagi melalui izin Majelis Pengawas Daerah. Maka timbul pertanyaan, bagaimana dasar pembentukan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014, dan bagaimana memanggil Notaris yang membuatkan akta, Paska Perubahan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris Nomor 30 Tahun 2004. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang penulis lakukan, Majelis Kehormatan Notaris lahir, akibat kebutuhan perlindungan hukum terhadap seorang Notaris dalam pembuatan akta. Majelis Kehormatan Notaris sangat diperlukan didalam pelaksanaan proses penegakan hukum, dimana pemanggilan Notaris oleh para penegak hukum (polisi, jaksa, hakim) harus mendapat izin dari Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. Untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum, karena Majelis Kehormatan Notaris belum terbentuk, maka Notaris bisa menggunakan hak Ingkar, Ikatan Notaris Indonesia mendesak pemerintah untuk membentuk Peraturan Pelaksana Majelis Kehormatan Notaris. Kata Kunci: Notaris,penegakan hukum, Undang-Undang.

This research aims to discuss the Status Users Budgets and the Budget User Proxy and Its Implications. This paper uses normative research. Results of this writing, the Regulation number 21 of 2011, or a change to a 2 Regulation No. 13 of 2006 was duly converted again, to make room for the regional head of local government in the Province / District / City, to set a minimum threshold associated with the use of money UP / GU, toward direct payments to third parties related goods and services. Presidential Decree number 54 of 2010, has given space to nominal 100 million, related to spending or procurement for the procurement of goods and services directly. Direct procurement is not to see the properties or provide provisions in terms of spending on goods and services, but it belongs to the category of capital expenditures space. Key words: budget, budget users Abstrak Penulisan ini bertujuan membahas Kedudukan Pengguna Anggaran dan Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran dan Implikasinya. Tulisan ini menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil dari tulisan ini, Peraturan nomor 21 tahun 2011, atau perubahan ke 2 Peraturan nomor 13 tahun 2006 sepatutnya diubah lagi, untuk memberikan ruang bagi kepala daerah pemerintah daerah di Provinsi/Kabupaten/Kota, untuk menetapkan batas minimum terkait dengan penggunaan uang UP/GU, terhadap pembayaran langsung kepada pihak ketiga barang dan jasa yang terkait. Keputusan Presiden nomor 54 Tahun 2010, telah memberikan ruang sampai nominal 100 juta, terkait belanja atau pengadaan barang dan jasa atas pengadaan langsung. Pengadaan langsung bukan untuk melihat sifat atau memberikan ketentuan didalam hal belanja barang dan jasa, tetapi hal ini termasuk kategori ruang belanja modal. Kata kunci: anggaran, pengguna anggaran

This paper examines and analyzes the role and constraints of the Department of Social Welfare and Labor of Padang in carrying out child protection economically exploited. This paper uses socio legal research. The results of this paper are: Department of Social Welfare and Labor of Padang has been quite active in implementing the protection of children who are economically exploited, by conducting raids, coaching and training. The obstacles foundwere classic, namely: the nature of the child, the family, the fade of religious values, education, community, economic, cultural shift, the lack of facilities for the development of children, the lack of human resources, and inadequate funds. The author expects that in the future the child is considered by the government of Padang and also by the Child Family and Community. Key words: child, Department of Social Welfare and Labor, economics, padang, exploitation Abstrak Tulisan ini meneliti serta menganalisis peran dan kendala-kendala Dinas Sosial dan Tenaga Kerja Kota Padang dalam menjalankan perlindungan anak yang dieksploitasi secara ekonomi. Tulisan ini menggunakan penelitian socio legal. Hasil dari tulisan ini adalah: Dinas Sosial dan Tenaga Kerja Kota Padang sudah cukup aktif dalam melaksanakan perlindungan anak yang dieksploitasi secara ekonomi, dengan mengadakan razia, pembinaan dan pelatihan. Kendala yang ditemukan, adalah kendala yang terbilang klasik yaitu: sifat dari anak, keluarga, nilai-nilai agama yang luntur, pendidikan, lingkungan masyarakat, masalah ekonomi, pergeseran budaya, fasilitas pembinaan anak yang kurang, sumber daya manusia yang kurang, dan dana yang kurang memadai. Penulis mengharapkan kedepannya, agar anak lebih diperhatikan oleh Pemerintah Kota Padang serta Masyarakat dan Keluarga anak. Kata kunci: anak, dinsosnaker, ekonomi, padang, eksploitasi

On 21 February 2020, the Annex VII Tribunal rendered its Award concerning the jurisdiction in the Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait (Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait (Ukraine v. the Russian Federation), PCA Case No. 2017-06, Award Concerning the Preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation [Award], 2020). The Award opened a new chapter in the high-stakes legal battle between Ukraine and the Russia Federation over the alleged seizure and exploitation of oil fields on Ukraine’s continental shelf, fisheries near the coast of Crimea, navigation through Kerch Strait, the construction of Kerch Bridge, and the conduct of studies of underwater archeological and historical sites in the Black Sea. The Award reflected on six objections raised by Russia. Thus, the Tribunal backed Russia’s arguments that ruling on most Ukrainian claims concerning the rights in the Black Sea will inevitably require the Tribunal to first decide on the issue of sovereignty over Crimea. Therefore, it won’t have jurisdiction over those claims. Addressing the objection concerning the status of Kerch Strait and the Sea of Azov, the Tribunal stressed that the issue does not possess an exclusively preliminary character and cannot be resolved without judging on the merits. It also disagreed with the Russian objection that UNCLOS does not at all regulate a regime of internal waters. The Tribunal listed three examples of provisions of UNCLOS that are applicable to internal waters. They regulate 1) the boundaries of the internal waters areas; 2) execution of the right of innocent passage in internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, and 3) protection and preservation of the marine environment. The Tribunal declined further objections of the Russian Federation and set 20 August 2021 as a deadline for the submission of memoranda by the parties.

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana identitas Melayu Riau dikonstruksikan dalam upaya mewujudkan budaya melayu yang berintegritas. Melalui observasi dan studi kepustakaan serta studi dokumentasi ditemukan beberapa upaya yang mendukung keberlangsungan identitas Melayu di tengah berbagai tantangan saat ini. Analisis artikel ini disandarkan pada data yang diperoleh dari kebijakan mengenai upaya mempertahankan budaya Melayu. Demikian pula, dilakukan wawancara untuk mengetahui sikap masyarakat mengenai dinamika budaya Melayu saat ini. Selain itu, data juga diperoleh dari naskah Gurindam Dua Belas yang hingga saat ini masih diperpegangi oleh masyarakat Melayu. Artikel ini menegaskan bahwa tiga hal terkait dengan identitas Melayu Riau. Pertama, identitas Melayu dipertahankan melalui berbagai upaya, termasuk legitimasi kultural melalui kerjasama antara Lembaga Adat Melayu (LAM) dengan pemerintah daerah. Kedua, terdapat stigma terhadap identitas Melayu yang direspons dengan upaya membangkitkan kembali identitas secara utuh melalui berbagai simbol. Ketiga, identitas Melayu senantiasa diidentikkan dengan Islam sebagai upaya untuk menunjukkan bahwa ia tidak saja merupakan identitas kultural, tetapi juga agama. Ketiga hal tersebut, dalam perspektif teoretis dikenal dengan konstruksi identitas yang mencakup identitas legitimasi, resisten, dan proyek. Artikel ini merekomendasikan perlunya dilakukan berbagai kajian mengenai identitas lokal di Indonesia untuk dijadikan dasar pembangunan secara lebih luas sehingga tidak terjadi gesekan antara nilai-nilai lokal dengan semangat pembangunan yang lebih cenderung mengadopsi nilai-nilai modernitas.

Global powers such as NATO, European Union, China and Russia have different characteristics and interests in world politics. Russia after Soviet Union tends to be in a relatively weak position in terms of influence, security and economy. Today Russia's relations with the European Union and the United States have improved after the Cold War. In recent years, Russia and NATO have not only strengthened the economy and security related to the military, but have gone so far as to strengthen the influence of its main State in Eastern Europe. This study will analyze Russia's political policies towards NATO and Eastern Europe from the perspective of security and economic interests. The method used is qualitative by conducting an in-depth study of the data obtained from the results of previous research. The results of this study indicate that Russia and NATO are involved in competing for strategic influence in Eastern Europe, especially Ukraine and the former Soviet Union. Russia and NATO, which is sponsored by the United States, are trying to achieve their respective interests by making efforts to increase strength which includes political, security and economic.

P reviou s researches on political marketing found several gaps in terms of content and essence as a process of political exchange and interaction. Based on this, the researcher aims to actualize the essence of the basic theory or concept of political marketing into the 2018 regional election of East Java through the use of social media as an interactive media . For the content aspect, researcher selected political stream as a society cultural system. It considered as one of the determining aspects for voter preferences, especially in East Java. Qualitative approach with the content analysis method conducted for this research by applying political marketing theories and the political stream concepts from Clifford Geertz . The result of this research revealed that political stream also revolves around the political elite. Each candidate tries to display some stream characteristics that are considered familiar by the public to increase redundancy or message certainty. In this case, Gus Ipul-Puti is considered to be stronger and more varied than Khofifah-Emil. However, from public reaction, not all of the political streams conveyed can be clearly captured by the users . This occurred because there are some cultural differences between the message sender and it’s receiver. Nevertheless , the implications of this research can be used as a benchmark of how to utilize political stream effectively in order to get a positive response from the public . Then, it also can be literacy medium to recognize the cultural symbols raised in political contestation in Indonesia.

This study is intended to indicate that Indonesia's electoral system always experiences rapid dynamics in policy development. This study uses empirical normative legal research or a legal research method that uses a set of regulation relating to general elections and the rules of making positive law as reference of norms. Empirical research is also used to observe the results of human behavior in the form of physical archives. The methods are combined with the historical approach: an approach that is carried out by analyzing the debate arguments that occurred in the special committee meeting (Panitia Khusus) of the Election Draft Bill. The result of this research is the decision of the presidential threshold of 20% in the holding of presidential elections of 2019 contains the orthodox legal substance. This is because politically the law of its formation (Law No. 7 of 2017) is full of practical political interests of the ruling parties. Parties consisting of 6 factions gave a dominant opinion which leaned towards the 25% -30% threshold suggested by the government, while the other 4 factions do not agree with the high nomination threshold, because the concept of election must provide free space for each party to nominate their respective presidential candidates. The government had its own agenda to continue and extend the existing incumbent president and prevent the possibility for others. Therefore, in order to protect the agenda, high nomination threshold was proposed. Through content analyses of the regulation it can be stated that the high threshold has logical consequences for holding elections which create an insubstantial election environment and make the political climate in Indonesia unbalanced.

A função jurisdicional do órgão regulador brasileiro é ainda pouco debatida, em parte pelo fato de a Lei Geral de Telecomunicações não ter aberto possibilidades novas e significativas para a atuação da Administração Pública nesse sentido. O artigo analisa como órgãos reguladores estrangeiros exercem a função de dirimir conflitos entre operadoras de telecomunicações e, particularmente, como são usadas a arbitragem e a mediação para isso. A partir desse estudo, analisam -se criticamente os meios que a ANATEL possui para atuar na resolução dessas disputas, formulando-se sugestões para que esse papel do órgão regulador nacional possa ser aprimorado.

The article presents the current state of knowledge regarding the use of analogy in domestic jurisprudence, with the aim of outlining its place and role in the process of finding the law. The performed analysis makes it possible to identify two main functions that the analogy performs, namely the heuristic function and, under certain circumstances, the legitimization function. If the analogy is to constitute a legitimate and retrospectively verifiable instrument of filling statutory gaps, the reasoning behind its use in a case under consideration must be presented in a logical form, which means the premises lying behind the argumentation by analogy must be reconstructed. Therefore, a deciding authority should, in particular, deal with a question of why the given case was a so-called analogous situation in law, justify the choice of the source of analogy (a particular legally regulated case or legal principle), and the way to resolve discrepancies between the case under consideration and the analogous one. The article concludes with an overview of the main problems that deciding authorities should pay attention to in situations where they fill statutory gaps using analogy, in which case their resolutions can be expected to increase the pro-systemic approach to law in the processes of law finding.

The paper analyzes the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, especially its first section and the clauses contained in it: the citizenship clause, the privileges or immunities clause, the due process clause and the equal protection clause and the historically variable interpretation of those by the Supreme Court, the decisions of which often accounted for fundamental changes in the perception of the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment. Quite frequently, it was the Supreme Court that stood behind the significant social changes throughout history, whether in the area of racial segregation that still lasted for many years in the United States even after the end of the civil war, or later in the area of the right to privacy. The paper also deals with the approach of the dominant methods of interpretation to the Fourteenth Amendment, it compares the different approaches and the resulting interpretative conclusions. A special attention is dedicated to the contradictory interpretations of the originalist theory and the Living Constitution theory, the conflict between the advocates of these two lasting until today and still constituting an important part of the constitutional law debate in the United States.

Public participation in decision-making processes is an important tool for environmental protection, whether we look at it from the point of view of everyone’s right to a favourable environment or as a separate value that needs to be protected for itself. Despite its recognition at the international level, obligations arising for the Czech Republic from the Aarhus Convention and EU law and a number of benefits that come with it, the possibilities of the members of the public in the Czech Republic to participate in environmental decision-making has been significantly reduced in recent years. The reason seems to be, among other things, insufficient awareness or underestimation of the benefits of this institute. The article therefore focuses on summarizing the benefits associated with public participation in decision-making, the risks to be avoided and the typology of forms of public participation and that in order to contribute to a deeper understanding of this institute.

En el presente artículo se habla del papel de la persona humana dentro del Estado Social de Derecho, lo que involucra una remembranza del deber que les es propio a las instituciones públicas, en todos los órdenes, de velar en todo momento por la primacía de los derechos que competen a la dignidad humana. A través de la presentación de los argumentos que sirvieron de base a la implementación del Estado Social de Derecho contemporáneo, se puede vislumbrar el papel que en este tipo de ordenamientos se le brinda a la persona humana, así como los riesgos que, desde posiciones teóricas se profesan a tal concepto en los ordenamientos actuales.

El 13 de octubre de 2007, con ocasión de la fiesta musulmana Eid al-firt Al Mubarak 1428 A.H., líderes y académicos musulmanes enviaron una carta abierta a los cristianos de todo el mundo concerniente el diálogo interreligioso y los derechos humanos. Este comunicado es conocido como “Una palabra común entre nosotros y vosotros”, el cual quiere mostar que el tema del amor a Dios y el amor al prójimo es una idea común en el Islam y en el Cristianismo. Este terreno común proviene de los principios fundamentales de ambas creencias expresados en el Corán y en la Biblia. En este artículo, se analiza la propuesta musulmana de tener una base en común para el diálogo interreligioso. En primer lugar, se estudia la propuesta dada por los musulmanes en la carta abierta, para luego, destacar los aspectos positivos que esta iniciativa contiene y que pueden ayudar a mejorar las relaciones entre los creyentes. Además, se exploran algunas ambigüedades de la propuesta musulmana las cuales pueden causar dificultades en la construcción de un diálogo fraterno y sincero entre las religiones. Finalmente, se sustenta que la propuesta musulmana debería ser llevada hacia una óptica más inclusiva en el encuentro con otros, que tenga presente a creyentes y no creyentes, con el fin de promover mas ampliamente los derechos humanos.

Reseña de texto: Lakoff, George (2017). “No pienses en un elefante: Lenguaje y debate Político”. Bogota: Península

Este articulo parte del interés académico sobre dos de las categorías de los signos distintivos, la marca colectiva y la denominación de origen. Colombia es un país diverso en muchos aspectos, lo cual influye en sus productos artesanales, agroalimentarios que los hace tener características únicas, que puede hacerlos merecedores por sus calidades de categorías de reconocimiento nacional e internacional con un signo distintivo, como una marca colectiva o una denominación de origen. La primera identifica productos que responden a unos reglamentos de uso previamente establecidos que entran a identificar este tipo de productos. La segunda, trata de protegerlos, siempre que cumplan con condiciones de factores geográficos y humanos que los individualicen. Categorías con diferencias conceptuales, aspectos jurídicos, sociales y económicos a tener en la cuenta al momento de optar por una u otra de estos signos distintivos. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa para analizar estos signos distintivos. Tanto la marca colectiva como la denominación de origen, identifican productos de calidad, qué llevan a escoger por parte de los empresarios, productores y población en general la promoción de sus productos, para concluir que tanto la marca colectiva como la denominación de origen son categorías que adquieren importancia por su impacto social, económico y el gran beneficiado es el consumidor final.

El proceso del trabajo suele asociarse con determinadas y excluyentes jurisdicciones. El servicio público, el juicio disciplinario y el trabajo particular tienen procedimientos específicos que deben incluirse en un concepto amplio del manejo del conflicto en materia laboral. La tesis del presente texto es articular dichos estancos en torno a principios que los rijan indistintamente, pues a pesar de las tensiones entre precedentes de una y otra Corte, el trabajo independiente o subordinado, público o privado, requiere soluciones uniformes, que recurran a desarrollos jurisprudenciales de obligatoria observancia por mandato constitucional y legal. Dada su importancia procesal, se explora el principio de buena fe, donde resultan evidentes la armonía y desarmonías entre Corte Constitucional, Consejo de Estado y Corte Suprema de Justicia.

RESUMEN: La industria turística en Colombia ha crecido de manera significativa en los últimos años y, en particular, la oferta de paquetes turísticos que responde a una modalidad contractual compleja, tanto en su configuración como en las dificultades que pueden surgir para el usuario. En este artículo se pretende dar cuenta de la reflexión sobre la protección efectiva con que cuenta el usuario de planes turísticos en Colombia, al considerar que la normativa especial que tiene el sector turístico resulta insuficiente para lograr un real amparo ante las vicisitudes que enfrenta el consumidor. Para tal fin, mediante el uso predominante de fuentes primarias de información, se presenta un contexto general de los paquetes turísticos en Colombia, las dificultades que enfrenta el usuario y la protección normativa que existe en esta materia. ABSTRACT: The tourist industry in Colombia has grown significantly in recent years. Particularly, the supply of tourist packages which attend to a complex contractual arrangement, both in their configuration and in the difficulties that could arise for the customer. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the effective protection for the customer of tourism plans in Colombia, considering that the special regulations on the touristic sector are inadequate to achieve a real protection against the vicissitudes that the consumer faces. To this aim, through the predominant use of primary sources of information, this paper will present the general context of the tourist packages in Colombia, the difficulties that the customers face and the normative protection that exists in this area.

El presente artículo identificó las medidas preventivas adoptadas en el ámbito internacional para la protección de los menores de edad víctimas de ciberdelitos. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo, se conocen estadísticas de ciberdelitos a nivel mundial. Se utilizó el método de análisis, jurídico deductivo, ya que se reflexiona en cuanto al uso de dichas medidas. Se constató que los instrumentos internacionales se centran más en la respuesta y sanción, sin embargo, vemos que han surgido medidas preventivas que protegen a menores de edad contra los ciberdelitos: Declaración de Río 2008; SaferNet; programa ThinkUKnow; Línea de ayuda a los menores a través del número 116111, las cuales han sido impulsadas por la Organización de Naciones Unidas; Brasil; Reino Unido y la organización internacional I-Safe4; Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones; Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información (CMSI) celebrada en Túnez en noviembre de 2005.

La configuracion del Estado genera una fuerte tension dentro del marco de las competencias entre el centro y los territorios. Lo anterior contrapone los principios de la unidad nacional y la autonomia de los territorios estableciendo limites mutuos entre ambos conceptos en la distribucion de recursos y competencias entre los niveles de gobierno.

La actividad contractual en Colombia es de naturaleza reglada, por lo tanto la objetividad es su principal característica. Si bien en otras ramas del derecho la aplicación de la norma se ha hecho más transversal al incluir otras fuentes como la costumbre y el derecho de los jueces al nivel jerárquico de la ley, en derecho administrativo no se ha dado este fenómeno de manera tan absoluta, en virtud de los principios especiales que lo rigen y que lo convierten en una rama sujeta manifiestamente a la norma. Esta naturaleza reglada, ha obligado a los servidores públicos y a los particulares que ejerzan función pública a sujetar todas sus actuaciones, administrativas y contractuales, a aquello que la Constitución y la Ley les permitan. De allí que conforme al artículo 6 de la Carta, los servidores públicos respondan por infracción de la Constitución y la Ley y además por omisión y extralimitación en sus funciones. Sin embargo, algunas autoridades a nivel local han optado por apartarse de estas disposiciones en el ejercicio de la actividad contractual que desarrollan en uso de sus facultades y atribuciones legales, la cual, deberíaestar encaminada a asegurar la prestación de los servicios públicos, en función del interés general y para el cumplimiento de los fines del Estado, pero que en este contexto se tergiversa su finalidad en la transgresión de los principios y valores normativos quefundamentan el actuar de los servidores públicos. En el presente artículo se pretende aclarar esta sujeción obligatoria de las autoridades públicas al ordenamiento jurídico superior en ejercicio de sus facultades contractuales y en desarrollo de esta actividad, referenciando la normatividad que rige hoy por hoy lacontratación pública en Colombia y los desafíos que enfrenta la aplicación de esta, en las entidades territoriales frente a la permisividad ciudadana y judicial que ha venido otorgandoa los mandatarios locales facultades exorbitantes como la de constituir cajas menores, sin permiso legal para ello y destinar sus fondos al pago de contratos que no cumplen con los requisitos normativos para su validez.

El presente artículo es un aporte crítico al ensayo escrito por el constitucionalista, Owen Fiss, sobre el inmigrante como paria. El fundamento de estas páginas se encuentra en intentar replantear la tesis de Fiss, según la cual, los inmigrantes son parias sólo en la medida en que carecen de derechos sociales. La intención reside en tratar de demostrar que la figura del inmigrante como paria surge, también, de la exclusión política, de la ausencia de reconocimiento en el espacio público, es decir: de la no pertenencia de los inmigrantes a la Comunidad de iguales.

Colombia, como Estado Social de Derecho que es, se rige por una filosofía y unos principios propios de la democracia participativa con fundamento en la Constitución de 1991; esto trajo consigo toda una serie de roles y herramientas para garantizar la participación de los ciudadanos en la gestión pública. Con la participación ciudadana el gobierno busca que los ciudadanos ejerzan vigilancia, acompañamiento y control a las diferentes acciones de funcionarios e instituciones públicas donde intervenga la autoridad gubernamental. Es por esto que a diario se dialoga más sobre lo público, derivando esto en iniciativas y estrategias jurídicas y políticas para garantizar la participación del ciudadano. Esta idea de hacer partícipe de la gestión pública al ciudadano encuentra un apoyo fundamental en los medios de comunicación. El rol de los medios es tan fundamental como herramienta para propiciar la participación ciudadana que no es un exabrupto afirmar que si la información de las decisiones públicas no le llega apropiadamente a la ciudadanía, debido a falencias o deficiencias en cómo una administración pública utiliza los medios y canales de comunicación, podría cuestionarse hasta qué punto se puede hablar de una democracia realmente participativa. Por todo esto, resulta de vital importancia en una sociedad democrática gozar de un escenario mediático plural, donde existan todas las voces y fuentes posibles para que la verdad y el poder no supongan una fusión. Colombia, como Estado Social de Derecho que es, se rige por una filosofía y unos principios propios de la democracia participativa con fundamento en la Constitución de 1991; esto trajo consigo toda una serie de roles y herramientas para garantizar la participación de los ciudadanos en la gestión pública. Con la participación ciudadana el gobierno busca que los ciudadanos ejerzan vigilancia, acompañamiento y control a las diferentes acciones de funcionarios e instituciones públicas donde intervenga la autoridad gubernamental. Es por esto que a diario se dialoga más sobre lo público, derivando esto en iniciativas y estrategias jurídicas y políticas para garantizar la participación del ciudadano. Esta idea de hacer partícipe de la gestión pública al ciudadano encuentra un apoyo fundamental en los medios de comunicación. El rol de los medios es tan fundamental como herramienta para propiciar la participación ciudadana que no es un exabrupto afirmar que si la información de las decisiones públicas no le llega apropiadamente a la ciudadanía, debido a falencias o deficiencias en cómo una administración pública utiliza los medios y canales de comunicación, podría cuestionarse hasta qué punto se puede hablar de una democracia realmente participativa. Por todo esto, resulta de vital importancia en una sociedad democrática gozar de un escenario mediático plural, donde existan todas las voces y fuentes posibles para que la verdad y el poder no supongan una fusión.

The article analyzes the distinctive features of the financial collateral in cash as a special form of commercial charge. The analysis is relevant for its legal qualification and distinguishment from another form of charge established in the Civil Code – the pledge of monetary funds in the bank account of a pledgor. A proper legal classification of the collateral in cash is important not only for determining the extent of the rights and obligations between the collateral taker and the collateral provider, but also affects the possibility of other financial collateral provider’s creditors to have their claims satisfied in insolvency proceedings. The classification of collateral in cash through the lens of legal consequences, which is used in the legal practice, does not reveal the peculiarities of this type of collateral, therefore the article will examine its other legally significant features. The article also analyses the causes of legal qualification errors and ways to eliminate them.

espanolEsta investigacion tiene como objetivo identificar los vacios estatales derivados de la ausencia de mecanismos suficientes para una reparacion efectiva de los habitantes afrodescendientes del municipio de Riosucio (Choco), que han sido victimas del conflicto armado. Para cumplir con el objetivo planteado, se procede mediante una metodologia de analisis documental y jurisprudencial de sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos y de la Corte Constitucional, asi como informes estatales, resenas testimoniales y fuentes secundarias. A partir de alli, se realiza un estudio de caso de la comunidad de la cuenca del Rio Cacarica, en Riosucio (Choco). El analisis de los documentos de estudio, testimonios y la jurisprudencia proferida al respecto a nivel nacional e internacional, permite establecer que el Estado, como principal protector de derechos fundamentales, ha faltado a los compromisos legales adquiridos respecto de la reparacion a la comunidad desplazada de la cuenca del Rio Cacarica, donde acontecieron operaciones militares contra la poblacion civil, una de ellas denominada ‘Operacion Genesis’. En definitiva, este articulo concluye que el Estado no cumple los compromisos relacionados con la reparacion de victimas y carece de instrumentos internos para garantizar una reparacion satisfactoria y total de los afectados. EnglishThe objective of the present investigation is to identify the state gaps, derived from the absence of sufficient mechanisms for an effective reparation, specifically of Afro-descendant inhabitants of the Municipality of Riosucio (Choco) who have been victims of the armed conflict. The methodology applied corresponds to the documentary and jurisprudential analysis of judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court, state reports, testimonial testimonies and secondary sources; through them, a case study of the community of the Cacarica River basin, in Riosucio (Choco), is conducted. The analysis of the study documents, testimonies and the jurisprudence proffered in this regard at national and international level, allows to establish, if the State, as the main protector of fundamental rights, has failed to comply with the legal commitments acquired regarding the reparation to the displaced community. Of the Cacarica River basin, where military operations against the civilian population took place, one of them called 'Operation Genesis'. Everything allows to conclude that the State does not fulfill the commitments related to the reparation of victims and lacks internal instruments to guarantee a satisfactory and total reparation of those affected.

This article explores the multidimensionality of legal facts in their various aspects, which are considered atypical in “mechanical jurisprudence.” As a result of the research, the author concludes that the multidimensionality of legal facts is represented by actual, legal and terminological, behavioral, documentary, and other aspects.

Este articulo presenta una revisión bibliográfica y reflexiones varias sobre el diseño institucional colombiano para el control del poder. Su objetivo principal es el de evidenciar las falencias que presenta el sistema de control político y judicial en Colombia. También muestra la evolución que desde los inicios de la vida republicana ha tenido el esquema constitucional como dique de contención del poder. Se enmarca el caso colombiano en la reflexión sobre la globalización y la incidencia que este fenómeno tiene en la formación de nuevo derecho y de nuevas herramientas para el control político y el reconocimiento de derechos.