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For the first time since 1945, with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) a far-right party has now consolidated itself in Germany on all political scales. In the political sciences as well as sociology, but not so much in human geography, there is much debate on the funding reasons. The debate is polarized and unfolds between two positions: on the one hand economic factors are marked as principal forces, on the other a cultural backlash. Electoral analyses have focused on the spatial division of the AfD's success between urban and rural areas as well as West and East Germany. By contrast, we focus on urban divisions. We examine the AfD's results in the general election of 2017 on the scale of districts in the largest city of each federal state by analyzing the correlation of the share of AfD votes with social data. In contrast to the polarized debate in the social sciences we choose a multidimensional perspective and analyze social data related to class, migration, acceptance of democracy and age. First, the resulting picture is heterogeneous across the cities and does not show a pronounced East-West polarization. Second, economic factors as well as factors related to migration correlate with the share of the AfD, whereby the former are pronounced somewhat stronger. Third, lack of trust in democracy is the most uniform indicator for a strong showing of the AfD in our sample; and fourth, in all cities there are districts which run counter to the generalized picture. We can show that in urban settings it is primarily, but not exclusively, in marginalized districts that the AfD has its strongholds. But this does not mean that all marginalized districts are dominated by the far-right party. In order to better understand the spatially highly fragmented social processes, in particular more qualitative research is needed.

The pandemic placed extraordinary demands on agricultural producers and created unexpected challenges for southern Missouri farmers, and pushed the University of Missouri Extension (MUE) to implement new and innovative approaches to help farmers persevere through the crisis. In surveys and reports, farmers have indicated several changes caused by the pandemic that impact their businesses, such as increase in local food demand, reduction in on-farm labor, and limitations on hosting on-farm visits with customers. The MUE StrikeForce project team, a U.S. Department of Agriculture strategic initiative, continued to serve farmers by developing alternative educational opportunities that incorporated social distancing and other preventative actions, and were of immediate use to farmers in a crisis. Several of the educational approaches, including video conferencing, online teaching, digital recordings, video repositories, social media communications, pick up and drop off locations, and the use of multiple online viewing platforms such as Zoom recordings have proven to be effective in helping farmers sustain their businesses and have substantially increased access to programming across the state. The convenience of accessing education and learning opportunities online also appealed to more participants. Overall, online educational delivery was positively received by producers, demonstrating the efficacy of digital learning when paired with offline resources and support from the StrikeForce project team. After the pandemic ends, MUE will continue to implement these approaches. Nevertheless, the traditional Extension approach of one-on-one consulting and farm visits cannot be completely replaced by online educational programming. The pandemic has highlighted inequities faced by many rural Missouri farmers that lack dependable internet or cell phone network access, and had no access to StrikeForce programming when face-to-face visits were paused.

There has been a proliferation of contemporary art biennials in the past 20 years, especially in cities outside of North America and Europe. What biennials represent to their host cities and what is represented at these events reveal a great deal about the significance of this proliferation. The biennial platform entails formalistic notions of representation with regards to place branding or the selection of artists as emissaries of countries where they were been born, reside, or to which they have some kind of affinity. This notion of representation is obscured considering the instability of center and periphery, artists' biographies, practices, and references. In contradistinction to the colonial world fair, the biennial thwarts the notion or possibility of “authentic” representation. The analysis incorporates works shown at the 2018 biennials in Dakar and Taipei, interviews with artists, curators, and stakeholders, and materials collected during fieldwork in both cities.

The Cass Clay Food Partners is a network of professionals, stakeholders, and residents serving Cass County, North Dakota, and Clay County, Minnesota, in creating a healthier, more just local food system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Cass Clay Food Partners quickly implemented a multipronged response that leveraged three critical assets of our network: (1) our unique structure, (2) our nuanced understanding of the social ties across overlapping networks, and (3) our ability to quickly pivot our work to address community needs. In this paper, we describe how our network re­sponded to both the challenges and opportunities presented to our food system by the COVID-19 crisis. We also provide tools and recommendations for other food policy and food network practitioners.

In a world where biodiversity is on the decline, examples of conservation success especially of large carnivores are of interest to policy makers and conservation practitioners. Herein, we elucidate the conservation actions that have been responsible for the recovery of tigers and their ecosystems in India; a feat many range countries are struggling to achieve. Demand‐driven poaching resulted in extinctions at two prestigious Tiger Reserves. India's Prime Minister constituted a Tiger Task Force that led to the formation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, scientific monitoring of tiger populations and incentivized voluntary relocation of human settlements from tiger reserves. Tiger Conservation Plans, cognizant of constraints imposed by small reserves embedded in human land uses, aimed to create source populations within tiger reserves with corridor links between sources and to sink habitats. Metapopulation management enhanced occupancy and long‐term viability of tiger populations. Tiger Protection Force and technology like MSTrIPES, E‐eye and drones effectively reduced poaching. Community support was attempted through profit sharing, mitigating human–tiger conflict with a fast, fair and transparent compensation process and removal of problem tigers. Reintroduction and reinforcement of tigers and prey assisted natural recovery. Political will ensured resources. Tigers were monitored using Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture with camera traps and ecological covariates. In 2018–2019 from 381,000 km2 of tiger habitat, 89,000 km2 was occupied. Currently, 50 tiger reserves cover 72,750 km2 and harbour 65% of India's ~3,000 tigers. Tiger reserves are managed with an annual investment of ~1,000 USD/km2 with one staff per 6.5 km2. Tiger reserves were regularly evaluated for Management Effectiveness. Tiger reserves were valued to have benefit flows between 76,900 and 292,300 US$ km−2year−1. In the Anthropocene it is unlikely that tigers will survive without targeted conservation investments. Political commitment and resources can become available for conservation when people and tigers benefit simultaneously. Conscious balance by governments between development for rapid economic prosperity and long‐term ecological security will ensure that wild tigers and their intact ecosystems will survive for future generations. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Though coffee was traditionally grown as an understory crop beneath mature trees (i.e. ‘shade‐grown’ coffee), most farms have been converted to full‐sun monocultures over time, which fail to support ecosystem services or biodiversity. The conversion from shade‐ to sun‐grown coffee has prompted the development of environmentally focused certifications, such as Smithsonian Bird Friendly® coffee, as one market‐based strategy to incentivize sustainable production of coffee. Birdwatchers, of which there are 45 million in the US alone, are among the primary targets for coffee certifications—partly due to their high propensity to participate in and pay for conservation activities that benefit birds. Yet birdwatchers still represent a small market share of certifications, and their purchasing preferences relatively unknown. In 2016, we administered an online survey to 912 donors and/or members of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology who self‐identified as coffee drinkers and ‘birdwatchers’ to assess their familiarity with, receptivity to purchase, and perceived constraints on purchasing certified coffee. Nearly half (49%) of respondents reported considering bird habitat when purchasing coffee. However, only 38% of respondents were familiar with the Smithsonian Bird Friendly® certification and only 9% reported purchasing it. Consumers who were older, female, and more skilled at birdwatching were more likely to consider birds when purchasing coffee, whereas those with higher levels of education were less likely. The highest rated constraints on buying bird‐friendly coffee were lack of awareness, cost, and lack of availability. Because most birdwatchers considered both social and environmental impacts when purchasing coffee, they may be a promising market segment for many coffee certifications. Indeed, about half of the birdwatchers purchased organic (50%) and Fair Trade® (52%) certifications. Our results suggest that uptake of bird‐friendly coffee may be strengthened by better communicating the impact of coffee production on bird habitat, the unique attributes of bird‐friendly coffee (including the high‐quality taste), differences among certification standards and credibility, and easy ways to find and purchase bird‐friendly coffee. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Many coastal communities depend on ecosystems for goods and services that contribute to human well‐being. As long‐standing interactions between people and nature are modified by global environmental change, dynamic and diversified livelihood strategies that enable seasonal adaptation will be critical for vulnerable coastal communities. However, the success of such strategies depends on a range of poorly understood influences. Gleaning, the hand‐based collection of marine organisms from littoral habitats, provides an interesting case study of dynamic change in social‐ecological interactions. It is an important coastal livelihood strategy, yet seasonal gleaning dynamics have not been empirically explored in contemporary communities. We examined seasonal gleaning in eight coastal communities on Atauro Island, Timor‐Leste, using household surveys and satellite‐derived maps of shallow‐water benthic habitats. Our analysis explored the factors affecting household decisions to glean in each season, the relationship between gleaning and seafood consumption, and seasonal gleaning pressure on near‐shore coastal resources. Dynamic marine harvesting strategies differed among households and gleaning activity was seasonally heterogeneous. Not all gleaning households gleaned during the season characterised by rough sea conditions despite rough season gleaning being associated with greater seafood consumption stability among seasons. Households also gleaned less regularly, and catches were smaller, in the rough season. Differences in seasonal participation in gleaning were explained mostly by type and extent of shallow habitat proximate to a community. In the calm season, household gleaning was positively related to the total area of shallow habitat, and in the rough season the percentage of hard‐bottom shallow habitat was also an important predictor of gleaning activity. Our findings illustrate how changes in the biophysical environment mediate human–nature interactions at fine scales through time and space. Consequently, this research highlights the importance of context‐specific perspectives for understanding drivers and dynamics in fishing pressure on littoral ecosystems, access to ecosystem benefits and limits to adaptation. Factors influencing when livelihood activities are feasible and desirable are important for evaluating the social impacts of climate change, particularly in the context of rural communities in the Global South. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Conservationists often assume that connection with and caring about nature's well‐being is strongly linked to ecological knowledge. Existing evidence on the link between ecological knowledge and psychological nature connection is mixed, geographically limited to countries in the Global North, and does not scrutinise potential differences in determinants of ecological knowledge and nature connection. We investigate the relationship between psychological nature connection and ecological knowledge of local bird species, and assess their associations with potential drivers, including access to, contact with, and reliance on nature and socio‐demographic characteristics. Our study is carried among a novel participant population of colonist farmers living along a major deforestation frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Our study context has high conservation relevance and provides an ideal setting to assess the extent to which conservation psychology's insights from the Global North hold true elsewhere. Tropical farm‐forest frontiers suffer from intense habitat and biodiversity loss, and farmers with migrant origins are important yet rarely studied conservation stakeholders. Importantly, farmers' experiences of nature are likely to vary considerably due to the wide range of socio‐demographic, economic, geographical and cultural diversity. Interviewees scored highly on two indices of nature connection, but scores were higher among older people and those with greater contact with nature. Bird identification knowledge was generally low to moderate, and higher among men and younger people. Species more frequently recognised were regionally common, larger‐bodied or associated with non‐forest habitats. Ecological knowledge of birds and nature connection were not correlated, and they did not have any predictors in common. Our results indicate that colonist farmers are capable of forming strong connections with nature, even if they rarely possess detailed knowledge of local forest biodiversity. Considering the complex and apparently context‐dependent relationship between knowing and caring about nature, it is unwise to assume that changing one would automatically affect the other. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Citizen science (CS) is regarded as a promising format in environmental and sustainability education as well as in science education. CS projects often assume that participation in the project influences, for example, participants' knowledge or behaviour. We investigated whether and to what extent biodiversity citizen science (BDCS) projects, from the participants' self-reported perspective, achieve the following six participant outcomes: (a) content, process and nature of science knowledge, (b) skills of science inquiry, (c) self-efficacy for science and the environment, (d) interest in science and the environment, (e) motivation for science and the environment and (f) behaviour towards the environment. For this purpose, we conducted an online survey of 1,160 CS participants across 63 BDCS projects in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Our survey was aimed at adults participating in CS voluntarily. Survey respondents reported positive changes in all six categories. The most notable result across projects was that self-reported increases in knowledge, self-efficacy, interest and motivation were found to be more pronounced when regarding the environment rather than science. Perceived gains in data collection skills were reported to be higher than gains in skills not directly connected to data collection. Reported behaviour changes primarily concerned communication activities, to a lesser degree also gardening activities, and finally more general environmental behaviour. In addition to these six participant outcomes, respondents mentioned a variety of other positive and negative outcomes, for example, health and well-being, enjoyment, a sense of satisfaction, an increased connection to people and nature but also a more pessimistic view regarding the future of the environment. We conclude that BDCS projects could have a high potential for environmental and sustainability education as well as science education. Further research should investigate individual participant outcomes in more depth and should focus on the factors that influence these participant outcomes. Moreover, exploring the perspectives of both project participants and project coordinators would be valuable. In this way, it would be possible to improve the development and design of CS projects. As a result, BDCS projects could more effectively achieve outcomes for the participants, for science and for biodiversity. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. © 2021 The Authors. People and Nature published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society

Human–wildlife interactions are usually centred on the conflict between local populations and species that are perceived as problematic. To better understand the human dimension, social science approaches are increasingly incorporated to delimit opportunities for coexistence and species conservation. Here we explore local attitudes and beliefs about one of these ‘problematic’ species, the Endangered Aye‐aye Daubentonia madagascariensis, the largest nocturnal primate on earth. We conducted a literature review on published beliefs and narratives about the Aye‐aye followed by 83 semi‐structured interviews in 11 villages in northeastern Madagascar. The Aye‐aye is generally perceived as a bad omen throughout its range. In many places it has to be killed on sight, while in others it is forbidden to be killed. We did not find any positive attitudes towards this species in the literature. However, this was not reflected by our interviews: although 47.0% of respondents held a negative attitude, more than half had a neutral or even positive attitude towards the Aye‐aye (36.1 and 18.1% respectively). Positive attitudes were linked to perceived pest control services on major cash crops. Negative attitudes are mostly related to the perception that when an Aye‐aye comes to a village, catastrophic things (e.g. deaths of community members) will happen, or that it destroys a village. These major narratives were mostly consistent within villages (79.5 ± 20.7% SD of respondents; range 50–100%) but considerably differed between villages. Negative attitudes towards the Aye‐aye were solely based on vague and generic narratives that are not reflected by its (true) ecology. Positive and neutral attitudes instead were related to observable behaviours benefitting people (i.e. pest control services) or curiosity about the species. This case study illustrates how even firm narratives can vary locally offering valuable starting points for targeted conservation or education programs. We therefore identified the Makira region of northeastern Madagascar as a potential stronghold for Aye‐aye conservation if specific actions highlighting its beneficial value could be initiated. In general, conservation practitioners should feel encouraged to look beyond the often told stories about ‘their’ target species and listen to local voices more often.

Research on interactions between humans and deadly snakes has focused on situations that result in high rates of snakebite; but we can also learn from cases where snakes and people coexist peacefully. For example, coastal bays near Noumea, in the Pacific archipelago of New Caledonia, are used by thousands of tourists and snakes, but bites are rare. Our long‐term studies clarify reasons for this coexistence. Although 97% of snakes encountered in standardised snorkel surveys were a harmless species Emydocephalus annulatus, we recorded dangerously venomous taxa often enough (one snake per 8 hr snorkelling) that we would expect many risky human–snake interactions in these crowded bays. However, the risk is reduced by low overlap between humans and snakes in the timing of activity, both seasonally and on the diel cycle. Mate‐searching male snakes, the group most likely to approach divers, enter the bays only in cooler months of the year when few beach users are present. Also, snakes tend to be active by night, whereas people are not. Risk is further reduced by spatial divergence: bare‐footed beach users stay in sandy areas rather than the adjacent coral‐reef areas that are preferred by snakes. The response of snakes to disturbance is also important: most sea snakes are reluctant to bite even when harassed. Water currents frequently push sea snakes against hard objects, perhaps explaining why the snakes do not interpret brief contact with a human as an attack. The ability of snakes to flee is increased by uniformly high body temperature, and a complex three‐dimensional aquatic environment. Thus, the danger of snakebite for recreational users of these popular beaches is reduced by aspects of human and snake behaviour that (a) decrease encounter rates and (b) render snakes unlikely to bite even if contacted. The risk to snakes is also reduced because snakes are more difficult to detect and kill underwater than on land. As a result, thousands of snakes and people coexist harmoniously within these small bays.

Customary harvests of wildlife underpin the livelihoods, cultural identities, well‐being and ecological knowledge of many Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC), whereas government restrictions on harvests can erode these relationships. Supporting IPLC in place‐based resource management, including sustainable customary harvests, can aid wildlife, their habitat and the cultures that value them. Using an experiment jointly initiated by the Māori tribe Ngāi Tahu and researchers (Māori and non‐Māori) in Aotearoa/New Zealand, we identified low‐impact strategies for harvesting black swan (kakī anau, Cygnus atratus) eggs at an important coastal lagoon, Te Waihora/Lake Ellesmere. The experiment tested whether nest‐level hatching success (number of eggs hatched) depended on nest‐level harvest pressure; whether this effect was additive; and the extent to which harvest influenced post‐harvest egg laying and hatching probability, relative to several control variables. Nest‐level harvest pressure determined nest‐level hatching success and had a non‐additive effect on population‐level hatching success. Specifically, harvesting one‐third or two‐thirds of a clutch caused a loss of approximately one hatchling per egg removed, because swans tended to replace few of those harvested eggs and hatching probability of unharvested eggs was generally high (but lower in nests with two‐thirds of eggs removed). Conversely, harvesting an entire clutch caused a loss of approximately one hatchling for every two eggs removed, because swans often subsequently re‐laid new, albeit smaller, clutches. During fixed‐output harvests, removing entire clutches early during nesting could induce re‐laying and prevent abandonment of unharvested eggs. Moreover, harvesting from areas of nesting colonies with low nest density, where hatching probability of unharvested eggs was lowest, could limit disturbance. Finally, restoring foraging habitat in degraded wetlands surrounding nutrient‐overloaded waterbodies could offset eutrophication effects by providing plant resources that swans require to lay eggs indeterminately. In addition to improving IPLC well‐being, implementing strategies such as these could enhance place‐based resource management by supporting IPLC engagement with nature, which increases the number and detection resolution of ecological feedbacks (e.g. population numbers, habitat conditions) and resilience to environmental change. Moreover, customary harvest could be a practical, culturally appropriate and less wasteful alternative to non‐consumptive culling for mitigating human–wildlife conflict (e.g. waterfowl grazing on pasture). A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Determining the dynamics and sustainability of human interactions with threatened species is essential to inform evidence‐based conservation, but data can be challenging to collect across large areas and multiple user groups. Chinese giant salamanders Andrias spp. are critically depleted across China. Wild populations were exploited during the 20th century, and more recently to support a large‐scale farming industry. However, robust data remain largely unavailable on the timing of population declines in relation to changing human pressures, on primary drivers of exploitation, or on the effectiveness of conservation legislation. We conducted a series of large‐scale interview surveys across the range of giant salamanders in China, targeting potential rural and urban user groups, and stakeholders involved with giant salamander exploitation and policy management (comprising 2,932 rural households, 66 salamander farms, 115 county government officials and 835 urban consumers). Giant salamander populations were probably declining from at least the 1980s due to exploitation for food, and negative cultural values associated with these animals have not prevented rural consumption. There has been a major escalation in exploitation following the establishment of a large‐scale giant salamander farming industry in the 2000s. Our results demonstrate wide‐scale and largely unregulated illegal hunting to stock farms at a country‐wide scale in order to support demand by urban consumers for high‐prestige rare meat. We estimate there were at least 42,000 wild‐caught breeding adult giant salamanders and 164,000 wild‐caught subadults in farms across China at the time of our survey. Salamander farming probably poses unsustainable pressure on giant salamander populations. Existing legislation has clearly proved ineffective at preventing the stocking of farms with wild‐caught animals, and our findings highlight an important gap in the effectiveness of China's conservation protection for some of its highest‐priority threatened species. Tackling this problem will likely require multiple coordinated approaches, including enforcement of legislation, increased penalties for removing giant salamanders from the wild, permanent identification of captive‐bred giant salamanders, and consumer‐focused interventions to reduce urban demand. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Changes in the vegetation of Brazilian Cerrado may occur over time. However, long-term dynamics are not fully understood yet, especially woody plant encroachment (WPE). The objective of this study was to examine changes in vegetation structure in a preserved area in Triângulo Mineiro region, within the southern Brazilian Cerrado domain, over 32 years (1987, 2005, and 2019). We based the study on field and literature surveys, as well as satellite imagery, and hypothesized that, due to the absence of periodic fires or grazing, Cerrado open formations (i.e., grassland or savanna) tend to become denser due to WPE. Shrubby grassland cover assessed in 1987 disappeared in the following periods (from 30.0 % to 0.0 % in 2019) while forest formations increased (from 7.0 % in 1987 to 11.0 % in 2019). Changes between 2005 and 2019 occurred within the stricto sensu cerrado subdivisions, with reduction of sparse cerrado (from 34.2 % to 7.7 %) and an increase in dense cerrado (from 6.9 % to 39.8 %). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) applied for similar periods indicates a progressive increase of values over time (from 1986 (0.61±0.10) to 2004 (0.65±0.06) and 2018 (0.78±0.05)) and corroborates the WPE process. These patterns imply the loss of biodiversity in open plant formation. Another major consequence was the reduction of wetlands and possible impact on water supply. Such patterns are important to support plant management plans for the threatened Cerrado open plant formations.

First paragraph: Garth and Reese’s edited volume Black Food Matters paints a vivid picture of the evolution of Black food culture as it negotiates the socio-cultural and political complexities surrounding food and race in America. This work centers around the manifestation of Black food in all its stages, from seed to plate, recognizing that it is both a reflection of the lived experiences of Black people in America and an outright rejection of the harm inflicted on them through a persistently anti-Black structural context. The authors trace the resistance and sur­vival praxis of Black food culture from its earliest origins in the practices of slaves on the Middle Passage to the contemporary practices of local-food–based economies in Black urban and rural communities across the nation. In doing so, each of the authors highlights the ongoing threat that racial capitalism poses to the cultural integrity and socio-economic sustainability of Black com­muni­ties. Readers are able to draw valuable com­parisons between the past and present as they see how Black alimentary and economic autarky have consistently been met with multifaceted exploita­tion by mainstream, white-dominated society. And yet, the stories told by the book’s authors are ones of resilience and dignity, highlighting the innova­tion, adaptability, and forti­tude of Black people, as reflected in both African-American and Afro-diasporic food culture. . . .

While the food justice movement was initially asso¬ciated with increasing availability of fresh produce in low-income communities of color through insti¬tutions such as farmers markets, scholars have cri¬tiqued this as imposing a right way of eating. Food justice scholarship has moved away from a focus on healthy eating toward a focus on community economic development, as food enterprises can stimulate job creation. This paper investigates the dual goals of the food justice movement through a case study in San Diego. While food justice has moved beyond promoting a love of produce and is increasingly oriented toward good jobs, for the urban gardeners in this study, the movement is still a lot about vegetables. They see food as medicine, and note the health benefits of moving toward a plant-based diet. Yet, they are reluctant to push this way of eating on others, as they do not want to come across as elitist. Instead, they spread aware¬ness that plant-based diets are an African tradition that should not just be associated with rich white folks. Rather than leading with nutrition, they lead with tradition, taste, and buying Black. To encour¬age consumption of vegetables, they aim to in¬crease the supply of prepared food options in the community, and to market dishes as delicious rather than healthy, all the while supporting Black food entrepreneurs. When selling produce direct to the consumer through farmers markets does not achieve their vision of promoting health or sup¬porting livelihoods, they re-imagine a strategy of promoting food justice through a neighborhood food supply chain.

Local food production (LFP) can play an impor­tant role in ensuring access to food during supply chain disruptions. Because the drafting, adoption, and implementation of policies regulating LFP is under the purview of local governments in many U.S. states, researchers at University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Exten­sion conducted a study to assess whether COVID-19 affected local government stakeholders’ (LGS) (N=92) perspectives on LFP and the role that LFP can play in responding to public health emergen­cies. LGS who oversee the drafting, adoption, and implementation of LFP policies include staff responsible for code enforcement, sustainability initiatives, and planning, as well as elected and ap­pointed leaders, such as mayors, city and county managers, and city and county commissioners. The survey assessed LGS’ attitudes and knowledge about LFP. The survey also asked LGS about their perceptions and awareness of LFP in their commu­nities, including their perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to LFP and the ways in which LFP producers were using the food they produced. Sur­vey questions also focused specifically on COVID-19 and the role of LFP in public health emergen­cies. In particular, survey questions asked whether LGS perceived a change in their own attitudes, knowledge, and perspectives; whether there had been a change in the LFP activi­ties in their communities following COVID-19; and what they thought the role of LFP was in responding to public health emergencies. Direct comparisons of LGS who responded to a 2019 survey (N=43) were assessed for statistically sig­nificant changes in overall attitudes, knowledge, or perceived benefits of LFP following COVID-19. This study found that LGS have generally positive attitudes and perceptions of benefits of LFP, including its role in public health emergencies, but have limited knowledge about LFP or awareness of barriers to its implementation. The results of this study indicate that LGS understand the potential benefits of LFP in public health emergencies but would benefit from information and training to support the development of policies and programs in their communities.

Community food security and food systems resili­ence have received much emphasis in the last two decades, at least partially in response to mounting challenges and pressures on the global food system. While empirical research shows strong evidence that direct-to-consumer relationships in the food system predominantly serve affluent commu­nities, during the COVID-19 pandemic local food providers have become a necessity through their provision of essential services, such as hunger relief and home deliveries for vulnerable populations. In this paper, we examine the challenges and opportunities of food hubs—innovations in local food systems that help connect small farmers with local markets—during the COVID-19 pandemic using quantitative and qualitative data from practitioners on the ground. The hubs were not necessarily equipped or experienced in the response needed, but they quickly adapted to the situation and demonstrated success during the pandemic, as illustrated by 200–300% growth in performance metrics such as revenues generated, employees retained, customers served, and farmers supported. The performance of the hubs in response to the multiple challenges accompanying the pandemic demonstrates their key role in food system resilience through features of diversity, functional redundancy, and connectivity, suggesting that disaster preparation should consider local food hubs a necessary service. We provide policy suggestions for supporting their role in local food system resilience beyond the pandemic.

COVID-19 has highlighted the dynamic relationship between pandemic threats and global food systems. Despite important connections, research and policy-making on food systems and pandemics largely operate in silos. We propose a framework that integrates food systems and pandemic planning and response, exploring the role of the food system in shaping pandemics and, consequently, the role of pandemics in disrupting a now global food system. This framework highlights important connections between food production, distribution, and consumption at each stage of the pandemic cycle: preven­tion, response, and recovery. We use recent experiences with COVID-19 to illustrate vulnerabilities in systems interaction during the prevention and response phases. Over the long term, in the recovery phase, food systems must transform, adopting an enhanced level of functioning to improve resilience. To reduce population health risks and promote sustainable food systems, we call for implementation of surveillance systems for both emerging infections and food systems functioning in order to strengthen global food supply chains, create stakeholder resource coordination mechanisms, and address underlying socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Multidisciplinary global actors should draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the inevitable next one.

This paper develops three analytical categories – range, supporting capacity, exigency/notability – to capture how supra-individual phenomena affect the people studied by empirical research. Researchers face a tension between constructivist and realist perspectives as the examined phenomena are simultaneously social constructs, in the way people perceive and understand them, and social facts in their consequences. Taking a critical perspective on the notion of large social phenomena – popularized by Theodore Schatzki – the paper develops an explorative terminology that aims to facilitate practice-oriented field research. Examples of empirical research on transition and degrowth initiatives illustrate how research subjects estimate the range of a phenomenon by trying to grasp whether they are in or out of its reach; the supportive capacity of a phenomenon by exploring how far it carries certain processes; and they experience the exigency of a phenomenon and ascribe a certain notability to it. Taken together, this terminology grasps the way phenomena are matters of concern, rather than matters of fact, for the research subjects.

Humans have caused a catastrophic decline to animal species and look to emerging technologies to stop the decline. Gene drive is a potential tool that may eradicate invasive rodents known for their devastating impact on native animals. The use of gene drive will be significantly influenced by public opinion and support, thus early dialogue with society is needed. Framing is a communication technique in which certain beliefs or values are emphasized that resonate with the target audience. Framing may increase how much people objectively think about new information and update their opinions; framing may mitigate emotive and polarising public opinion of contentious topics. Four framed articles were developed that aligned to values of four pre‐identified segments (scientific, humanitarian, pragmatic and individualistic). A representative sample of New Zealanders (n = 1,600) read two frames (one aligning to their segment and one to another segment) and were surveyed. Four constructs were measured: (a) public support for gene drive for conservation gains; (b) motivated reasoning (how fixed the opinion is and thus susceptible to bias processing); (c) affective response (how emotive the topic is) and (d) risk perception (the extent the tool is perceived as detrimental to humans and nature). Our study found no evidence of motivated reasoning or heightened emotional response to the counter‐aligned frames, suggesting gene drive remains a new topic to the public and entrenched opinion has not been established. While the scientifically framed article was regarded as the most objective and credible, it elicited the greatest perception of risk from the humanitarian group. While current support for gene drive is currently high amongst this group, long‐term exposure to scientifically framed messages may result in reduced support and polarisation. Communicating with this group using language that recognises the sanctity of all life and humaneness of gene drive may be more effective in facilitating an open dialogue over time. Early and effective public engagement about gene drive should occur prior to entrenched public attitudes, which is the current context in New Zealand, and not wait for further technology development. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

First paragraph: As a leader in Atlanta’s fresh produce supply chain for people with limited access to fruits and vegetables, Concrete Jungle (CJ) has established a robust network of partnerships with food and social service community organizations to support Atlanta’s food-insecure population. Founded in 2009, CJ is an Atlanta-based nonprofit organization that coordinates approximately 1,700 volunteers annually to pick produce within the city and across Georgia and delivers it to community food distribution partners. CJ staff and volunteers also lead healthy food recipe demonstrations. To date, CJ has picked 158,292 pounds (633,169 servings) of produce within Atlanta and across Georgia. . . .

There is mounting concern that people living more urbanised, modern lifestyles have fewer and lower quality interactions with nature, and therefore have limited access to the associated health and well‐being benefits. Yet, variation in the different types of nature interactions and the factors that influence these interactions across populations are poorly understood. We compared four types of nature interactions by administering surveys across two cities that differ markedly in urbanisation pattern and population density—Singapore and Brisbane—: (a) indirect (viewing nature through a window at work or at home); (b) incidental (spending time in nature as part of work); (c) intentional interactions in gardens; and (d) intentional interactions in public urban greenspace. Our results show that Singapore respondents spent about half as much time (25.8 hr/week) interacting with nature as Brisbane respondents (52.3 hr/week), and indirect interactions were the most prevalent across both cities. Nature orientation, age, income and gender significantly predicted the duration of nature interactions in both cities, while self‐reported health, education and ethnicity additionally predicted the duration of nature interactions only for Brisbane. Also, the relationship(s) between each factor and duration could differ in direction and effect size between the types of nature interactions. As such, we conclude that there is much local variation in the dynamics of interactions between people and nature, and that focused studies are needed to develop effective interventions addressing declines in nature interactions in different locations. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Urbanization and urban lifestyles increasingly disconnect people from nature in a process that was termed the ‘extinction of experience’. This loss of human–nature interactions can undermine both cognitive (ecological knowledge) and affective (emotional connection to nature) relations to nature, further impacting capabilities to experience, care for, benefit from and act to protect nature. Yet, the extent to which the urban life influences both cognitive and affective relations to nature, remains poorly understood and research is confined to a few countries and cultures. We explored how cognitive and affective relations to nature can be related to people's childhood and current place of residency. We expected that urban dwellers, who have less opportunities to experience nature than their rural counterparts, will be less connected to nature and will demonstrate lower ecological knowledge than their rural counterparts. We conducted four surveys in Israel, in urban and rural settings between 2015 and 2018 (N = 1706) to measure and compare (urban vs. rural) the following variables: (a) species identification skills (correctly identified); (b) familiarity (recognized), as two measures of cognitive relation with nature and (c) nature relatedness, as a measure of emotional connection to nature. The ability to identify common plant, bird and butterfly species was poor in general (Av. = 3.83 out of 12), and lower for urban dwellers (Av. = 2.48) compared to their rural counterparts (Av. = 6.56). Differences in correct species identifications between urban and rural dwellers varied with taxa and peaked for butterflies (only 26 respondents managed to identify one species or more). We also identified an important gap between familiarity and species identification skills, especially for urban residents. Finally, people who currently live or used to live in rural areas during their childhood had higher scores of nature relatedness than their urban counterparts. Our results highlight that decreased opportunity to interact with nature reduces cognitive and affective relations to nature. Such reductions can affect the overall preferences for human–nature relationships and exacerbate a pervasive negative cycle that modifies relational values such as, care for nature, sense of belonging, place and identity that influence both humans well‐being and environmental stewardship. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Wildlife research by citizen scientists, involving the capture and handling of animals, provides clear scientific benefits, but also potential risks to animal welfare. We explore debates about how best to regulate such work to ensure that it is undertaken in an ethical manner. We focus on the UK as a case study, drawing on qualitative research and stakeholder engagement events. We show that because trapping and marking of certain species requires minimal licensing, training and justification, some argue for increased formal regulation to minimise risks to animal welfare. However, others have reflected on the already complex regulatory landscape affecting wildlife research, and have expressed concern that introducing additional formal regulations could potentially make citizen science working with wildlife more difficult. Informal regulation could therefore offer a preferable alternative. We set out three steps that could be taken to open up conversations about ethics and regulation of wildlife‐focussed citizen science, in the UK and elsewhere: (a) take stock of wildlife‐focussed citizen science in terms of numbers and harms to animal welfare; (b) assess the state of formal regulations and consider reforms; and (c) consider informal regulations as alternatives or additions to formal regulations. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Research on citizen science programmes has highlighted that they can foster science content and knowledge gain, enhance pro‐environmental behaviour and cultivate civic action among participants. Especially in the case of place‐based citizen science, which requires hands‐on repeated activity in an out‐of‐door setting through a scientific lens, evidence suggests that some of these outcomes may be linked to the unique people–place relationships and interactions afforded by such programmes. Even still, studies that empirically examine the influence of place on citizen science participant and programme outcomes are scant. This is due, in part, to the methodological challenges involved in interrogating complex aspects of a person's sense of place—aspects like place attachment—the emotional bonds between people and place. Here, an adapted three‐dimensional model of place attachment is proposed as a theoretical framework from which place‐based citizen science experiences and outcomes might be empirically examined in depth. The model, which posits personal, social and natural environment dimensions of place attachment is contextualized with research findings from the US‐based Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST) citizen science programme. Data from COASST suggest that participants do exhibit place attachment in all three dimensions of attachment, categorized within seven unique constructs, although questions remain regarding the unique intensity, make‐up (shape) and scale (spatial, social and nature‐science) of individual‐level attachment along the three central dimensions. Critically, more research is needed to investigate whether the unique place attachment ‘profile’ of participants is a function of personal, social or programmatic variables pre‐ and post‐programme participation. To encourage further scholarship on potential links between the experiences, exposures and programme components of place‐based citizen science and the place attachment profiles of participants, this paper includes a brief review of the research opportunities presented by the adapted three‐dimensional place attachment model discussed. Advancing this line of inquiry is an important component of broader efforts to understand how sense of place is altered via place‐based citizen science and whether or not that is linked to specific programme outputs or participant outcomes in science knowledge, ecological understanding and civic engagement. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Close-to-nature management (CTNM) has been proposed as a promising forestry management approach to improve the structure and quality of forests, which integrates wood production and ecological service functions. Research on the effect of CTNM on the univariate and bivariate distribution of the spatial structure of forest stands provides a scientific basis for the evaluation of CTNM implemented in forestry. Here, we analyzed and compared the spatial-structure characteristics of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations (young, middle-age, and near-mature stages) under CTNM 8 years after selective cutting and unmanaged control. We used univariate and bivariate distribution of three spatial-structure parameters: mingling (M), dominance (U), and uniform-angle index (W). Results showed that the effect of CTNM on spatial structure was more remarkable in middle-aged and near-mature Masson pine forests compared with the young forest. CTNM significantly improved mingling degree and promoted the horizontal distribution, thereby changing from a cluster to a random distribution. Moreover, CTNM improved the proportion of trees with a high mixing degree and random distribution and the proportion of trees having a micro-structure of random distribution with a high degree of mixture and dominance with a high degree of mixture in middle-aged and near-mature Masson pine forest. Overall, the implementation of CTNM 8 years ago showed a positive effect on the improvement of the spatial structure of Masson pine forest, but the present spatial structure is suboptimal. Further implementation of CTNM to adjust the mingling and uniform-angle index is necessary, and CTNM according to this method of frequency distribution of stand structure parameters can improve the success of forest management.

Citizen science is frequently cited as a successful approach for increasing public engagement with environmental issues, but this requires a purposeful design that is inclusive of, and responsive to, diverse interests. This paper explores the mechanisms for improving participant and public engagement with citizen science results, using the New Zealand Garden Bird Survey (NZGBS) as a case study. It investigates how citizen science can apply democratic processes to be more responsive, while drawing on insights from behaviour change frameworks to facilitate a purposeful design. By inviting NZGBS participants to select, inform and peer review the design and promotion of new resources, our goal was to embed their values, opinions and perspectives into the developments. This not only empowered 15,844 respondents to contribute directly to the citizen science initiative's governance over 6 years, but also made it more engaging and useful to them and the wider public. New resources were designed to create a sense of collective action, making them attractive, easy to understand and promote on multiple media channels, aiming to reach a wider range of audiences. By diversifying and refining our communication strategy, we successfully enhanced the level and nature of engagement with the resources. The number and diversity of NZGBS participants also increased to involve people from a wider range of backgrounds and roles, ethnicities and ages. By applying a democratic process, we demonstrate how citizen scientist perspectives were elevated, to offset and mitigate the influence of institutional powers, which can dominate and shape engagement processes. We also highlight the value of behaviour change frameworks for understanding how choice architecture, social networks and key influencers, and their complex interactions can create the enabling environment required for engagement. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Citizen science has become a popular way to collect biodiversity data and engage the wider public in scientific research. It has the potential to improve the knowledge and skills of participants, and positively change their behaviour and attitude towards the environment. Citizen science outcomes are particularly valuable for wildlife conservation, as they could help alleviate human impacts on the environment. We used an online questionnaire to investigate the consequences of participating in an Australian turtle mapping app, TurtleSAT, on skills and knowledge gain, and test for any association between these gains and behavioural or attitudinal changes reported by the participants. One hundred and forty‐eight citizen scientists completed our questionnaire, mostly from the states of New South Wales and Victoria. TurtleSAT was the third most common source of correct answers about turtle ecology and conservation, after a talk about turtles and personal observations/research. Citizen scientists who participated more often were more knowledgeable about turtles than infrequent users. Self‐reported gains in knowledge and skills were positively linked to attitudinal and behavioural changes, such as being more aware of turtles on roads. However, behaviour and attitude changes were not related to participation rate. Respondents also reported that after learning about the current decline in turtle populations, they adopted several turtle‐friendly practices, such as habitat restoration or moving turtles out of harm's way, underlining the importance of increasing people's awareness on species declines. The reported changes in attitudes and behaviours are likely to positively impact the conservation of Australian freshwater turtles. Engagement with citizen science projects like TurtleSAT may result in participants being more interested in the natural world, by learning more about it and being more exposed to it, and therefore contributing more actively to its protection. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Numerous treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) involve the use of wildlife products, including some that utilize ingredients derived from endangered flora and fauna. Demand for such endangered wildlife products in TCM can threaten the survival of species and pose serious challenges for conservation. Chinese medical practice is embedded in the cultural fabric of many societies in East and Southeast Asia, and remains an integral part of everyday life and knowledge. It is grounded in principles and theories that have grown over hundreds of years and differ substantially from those of mainstream allopathic biomedicine. In order to address the threats posed by the medicinal consumption of endangered wildlife, conservation scientists and practitioners will benefit from a basic understanding of TCM. Such knowledge will enable conservationists to craft culturally nuanced solutions and to engage constructively with TCM stakeholders. However, conservationists typically lack familiarity with TCM as the incompatibility of many TCM concepts with those of the biomedical sciences poses a barrier to understanding. In this paper, we examine the core theories and practices of TCM in order to make TCM more accessible to conservation scientists and practitioners. A better understanding of TCM will enable conservationists to deliver more effective and lasting conservation outcomes. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Ethical concerns are at the heart of the ongoing debate on trophy hunting; however, so far, most studies have addressed the issue from a single ethical perspective. These studies, approaching the subject from different ethical perspectives, have reached different conclusions. For instance, those who support trophy hunting as a conservation strategy usually adopt a utilitarian perspective, while those who adopt a deontological perspective usually oppose it. The analysis presented in this paper challenges the ethical justification of trophy hunting based on a utilitarian perspective, and it also suggests that trophy hunting is problematic from the perspectives of both deontology and virtue theory. This paper supports a version of Bryan Norton's ‘convergence hypothesis’ (Norton, 1991). Although holism and anthropocentrism in environmental ethics are usually presented as fundamentally opposed views, Norton argued that their conclusions for policy converge, at least when a sufficiently broad and long‐range view of human interests are considered. Analogously, this paper proposes that, regarding trophy hunting, the implications of three major traditional perspectives in ethics (i.e. utilitarianism, deontology and virtue theory) may converge in opposition to the practice of trophy hunting. The final section of this paper recommends some ways authorities and policymakers can address these ethical concerns and presents a view of the future. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

In facing our greatest challenges, researchers have questioned where the ‘wild things’ will reside in the future, and large carnivores have been a primary focal area. The built environment plays a critical role in the propagation of countless species including carnivores; however, contemporary conceptualizations of human–nature relations do not satisfactorily attend to where the built environment should be placed within existing human–nature relation frameworks or how it impacts our ability to find space for carnivores. This paper fills this information gap by investigating the role of the built environment in social–ecological systems (SES), specifically wildlife and carnivore conservation. The paper unfolds in four stages: The first reviews empirical efforts to capture the relationship between human–natural–wildlife systems and the built environment. Second, using insights from the built environment literature, I argue that moving away from a common pool resource focus, decoupling wildlife and natural systems, investigating all infrastructure types and their interactions across systems, and considering the notion of hybrid systems offer pathways forward. Third, an explanation of the built environment's linkages to human and carnivore systems is undertaken to illustrate how the built environment facilitates the material and symbolic interactions through a blending of properties from human, wildlife and natural systems. Lastly, the argument is made that attending to the role of the built environment in human–wildlife relations can stimulate new research that reveals unhelpful habitual behaviour, feedbacks and barriers, and may also help explain unintended or unexplained consequences impacting human–carnivore relations not fully considered under existing frameworks. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

The last few decades have seen an enhanced partnership between ecologists and social scientists, especially economists, in addressing the environmental challenges facing societies. Not only do ecology and economics, in particular, need each other; but also the challenges they face are similar and can benefit from cross-fertilization. At the core are scaling from the micro- to the macro, the development of appropriate statistical mechanics to facilitate scaling, features underlying the resilience and robustness of systems, the anticipation of critical transitions and regime shifts, and addressing the conflicts of interest between individual agents and the common good through exploration of cooperation, prosociality and collective decision-making. Confronting these issues will be crucial in the coming years for all nations, especially those in South Asia that will suffer in major ways from the consequences of overpopulation, climate change and other environmental threats.

Artificial selection and genetic engineering plus an expanding repertoire and use of agrochemical inputs have allowed a rapid and continuous increase in crop yield (i.e., volume production per unit area) over the last century, which is needed to fulfill food demands from a growing human population. However, the first signs of yield deceleration and stagnation have already been reported for some globally important crops. There- fore, the study of the drivers of yield growth and its variation is essential for directing research and policies aiming at ensuring food security in the forthcoming years. We used data on mean and variability in annual yield growth for 107 globally important crops to assess the role of environmental (i.e., climatic region) and plant intrinsic traits (i.e., type of harvested organ, pollinator dependence, and life form) as drivers of change in yield growth and its stability. We applied a comparative approach to control for biases associated with phylogenetic non-independence among crops, an approach rarely used in agronomic studies. Average yield growth and its variation were not phylogenetically structured. Yield growth decreased with increasing pollinator dependence in tree crops but not in herbaceous and shrubby crops. Interannual yield variation tended to increase with in creasing pollinator dependence, and it was higher in crops from temperate regions, in those cultivated for their reproductive organs, and in tree and shrubby crops as compared with herbaceous ones. Information on ecological correlates of crop yield growth and interannual yield variation can be used in the design of more sustainable and diversified agriculture schemes. Selección artificial e ingeniería genética más un repertorio en expansión y uso de agroquímicos insumos han permitido un aumento rápido y continuo en el rendimiento de los cultivos (es decir, el volumen de producción por unidad de superficie) durante el siglo pasado, que se necesita para satisfacer las demandas de alimentos de una población humana en crecimiento. Sin embargo, la primera Ya se han informado signos de desaceleración y estancamiento del rendimiento para algunos cultivos de importancia mundial. Allá por lo tanto, el estudio de los impulsores del crecimiento del rendimiento y su variación es esencial para dirigir la investigación y las políticas con el objetivo de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en los próximos años. Usamos datos sobre la media y la variabilidad en el rendimiento anual crecimiento de 107 cultivos de importancia mundial para evaluar el papel del medio ambiente (es decir, la región climática) y de la planta rasgos intrínsecos (es decir, tipo de órgano recolectado, dependencia del polinizador y forma de vida) como impulsores del cambio en el rendimiento crecimiento y su estabilidad. Aplicamos un enfoque comparativo para controlar los sesgos asociados con filogenética la no independencia entre cultivos, un enfoque raramente utilizado en estudios agronómicos. El crecimiento medio del rendimiento y su variación no estaban filogenéticamente estructurados. El crecimiento del rendimiento disminuyó con el aumento de la dependencia de los polinizadores en cultivos arbóreos pero no en cultivos herbáceos y arbustivos. La variación interanual del rendimiento tendió a aumentar con la aumentando la dependencia de los polinizadores, y fue mayor en cultivos de regiones templadas, en aquellos cultivados por su órganos reproductivos, y en cultivos arbóreos y arbustivos en comparación con los herbáceos. Información sobre ecológico Los correlatos del crecimiento del rendimiento de los cultivos y la variación interanual del rendimiento se pueden utilizar en el diseño de sistemas más sostenibles y sostenibles esquemas de agricultura diversificada. Fil: Gleiser, Gabriela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Gleiser, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Leme da Cunha, Nicolay. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Leme da Cunha, Nicolay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Aizen, Adrián. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Fil: Aizen, Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.

[Introducción]:El Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) es una metodología robusta y reconocida para determinar la magnitud de los impactos ambientales de un producto.[Objetivo]:El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el impacto sobre el cambio climático de las tarimas de madera.[Metodología]:Los límites del sistema van desde la preparación del terreno para establecer las plantaciones, hasta la puerta de llegada a la empacadora de fruta. Se evaluaron dos unidades funcionales: a)una tarima condimensiones comerciales para la manipulación y trasiego de productos agrícolas y b) un metro cúbico de madera para producción de tarimas. La temporalidad de los datos comprendió al periodo 2014-2017 y la de los resultados del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida un ciclo de rotación de 12 años para plantaciones de melina (GmelinaarboreaRoxb). Seevaluarondos sistemas de producto: con biomasa en el tratamiento térmico y con gas LP.[Resultados]:El primero presentó un impacto potencial levemente menor. En ambos casos, la combustión de diésel asociada al transporte de madera rolliza fue la etapa más intensa en emisiones, libera cerca de 1.61 kg CO2-eq tarima-1y 43.22 kg CO2-eq m-3. El diésel, en todas las etapas del ciclo de vida, es la principal fuente de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, ya que libera 2.31 kg CO2-eq tarima-1y 86.57 kg CO2-eq m-3.[Conclusiones]:Las oportunidades de mejora en el desempeño ambiental del producto se encuentran en el uso de vehículos de carga más eficientes y en la reducción de la distancia entre las plantaciones forestales y la planta de aserrío. [Introduction]: Life Cycle Analysis is a powerful and well-recognized methodology to determine a product’s environmental impact [Objective]: The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of wooden pallets on climate change. [Methodology]: The scope of the system ranges from land preparation to establish the plantations to the arrival gate at the fruit packing house. Two functional units were assessed: a) a pallet with commercial dimensions for handling of agricultural products and b) a cubic meter of wood to produce pallets. The study included data from the 2014-2017 period, and life cycle results included a whole rotation equivalent to 12 years for the gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb) plantations. Two product systems were evaluated: using biomass in the heat treatment and using LP gas. [Results]: The former presented a slightly smaller potential impact. In both cases, the diesel combustion associated with roundwood transport was the most emissions intense stage, releasing approximately 1.61 kg CO2-eq pallet-1 and 43.22 kg CO2-eq m-3. Diesel is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions in all life cycle stages, releasing 2.31 kg CO2-eq pallet-1 and 86.57 kg CO2-eq m-3. [Conclusions]: Opportunities to improve the product’s environmental performance include using more efficient loading vehicles and reducing the distance between forest plantations and the sawmill. [Introdução]:A Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma metodologia robusta e reconhecida para determinar a magnitude dos impactos ambientais de um produto.[Objetivo]:O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto sobre a mudança climática dos paletes de madeira.[Metodologia]:Os limites do sistema vão desde a preparação do terreno para estabelecer as plantações até a porta de chegada à empacotadora de fruta. Foram avaliadas duas unidades funcionais: a)um palete comdimensões comerciais para a manipulação e transferência de produtos agrícolas e b) um metro cúbico de madeira para produção de paletes. A temporalidade dos dados compreendeu o período 2014-2017 e a dos resultados da Análise de Ciclo de Vida um ciclo de rotação de 12 anos para plantações de gamelina (GmelinaarboreaRoxb). Foram avaliadosdois sistemas de produto: com biomassa no tratamento térmico e com gás LP.[Resultados]:O primeiro apresentou um impacto potencial levemente menor. Em ambos os casos, a combustão de diesel associada ao transporte de madeira roliça foi a etapa mais intensa em emissões, liberando cerca de 1,61 kg CO2-eq palete-1e 43,22 kg CO2-eq m-3. O diesel, em todas as etapas do ciclo de vida, é a principal fonte de emissão de gases de efeito estufa, pois libera 2,31 kg CO2-eq palete-1e 86,57 kg CO2-eq m-3.[Conclusões]:As oportunidades de melhora no desempenho ambiental do produto são encontradas no uso de veículos de carga mais eficientes e na redução da distância entre as plantações florestais e a fábrica de serragem.&nbsp

[Introducción]: La bahía El Ferrol enfrenta erosión crítica desdela década de1970;para contener el efecto destructivo de la zona urbana, se enroca la línea de erosión.[Objetivo]:Describir y analizar el proceso erosivoy plantear escenarios para la aplicación de modelos numéricos.[Metodología]:Revisióny análisisde información bibliográfica,fotografías,cartas fotogramétricas, cartas náuticas, mapas cartográficos,imágenes en GoogleEarth,y visitasin situ.[Resultados]:Las fuentes de arena proceden del ríoLacramarcay el sistemadunar. La bahía ha perdido6 200 m (45 %) de playa: 50 % enrocado, 27 % con piedras, 13 % con desmonte y 10 % sin protección. El frente de mayor erosión es la Plaza 28 de julio, en donde el enrocado tiene rompeolas para mitigar los efectos destructivos de la zona urbana. Los factores de erosión son:edificaciones (varadero, almacenes, terrazas, molones de acceso a muelles) sobrelazonasupralitorale intermareal que interfieren el transporte litoral; retención de arena en área de muelles y por lodos orgánicos; el propio enrocado, y traslado forzado, en 2009, de la desembocadura del ríoLacramarcaunos1 000 mal sur, que descarga en zona calma. El sistemadunaraporta menos arena por incremento denapafreática.[Conclusiones]:Losfactores de mayor impacto son las edificaciones, la retención de arena en el sur por reubicación de río, y el enrocado. Para permitir el transporte litoral de arena, se debe retornarla desembocadura del río a la posición de 2009 y retirar la infraestructura abandonada. Se planteanescenariosdemodelación numéricaparaestablecerunplan de recuperación. [Introduction]:El Ferrol bay has faced critical erosion since the1970s;in order to contain the destructive effect of the urban area, the erosion line has been covered by rock.[Objective]:Describe and analyze the erosive process and propose scenarios to implement numerical models.[Methodology]:Bibliographic information, photographs, photogrammetric charts, nautical charts, cartographic maps, and Google Earth images were reviewed and analyzed, and on-site visits were conducted.[Results]:The sources of sand come from the Lacramarca River and the dune system. The bay has lost 6200 m (45 %) of the beach: 50 % rocky, 27 % with stones, 13 % with clearing, and 10 % without protection. The front with the greatest erosion is Plaza 28 de Julio, where breakwaters mitigate the destructive effects on the urban area. Erosion factors include buildings (dry dock, warehouses, terraces, dock access structures) on the supralittoral and intertidal zone that interfere with the coastal transport; retention of sand in the dock area by organic sludge; the rock itself; and the forced transfer of the Lacramarca River mouth in 2009 about 1000 m to the south, debouching onto a calm zone. The dune system contributes with less sand by increasing the water table.[Conclusions]:The factors with the greatest impact are buildings, retention of sand in the south due to river relocation, and the rockfall. To allow the littoral transport of sand, the river mouth must be returned to the 2009 location and the abandonedinfrastructure must be removed. Scenarios for numerical modeling are proposed to establish a recovery plan. [Introdução]: A baia El Ferrol enfrenta erosão crítica desdea década de1970;para conter o efeito destrutivo da zona urbana, realiza-se o enrocamento na linha de erosão.[Objetivo]:Descrever e analisar o processo erosivoe propor cenários para a aplicação de modelos numéricos.[Metodologia]:Revisãoe análisede informações bibliográficas,fotografias,cartas fotogramétricas, cartas náuticas, mapas cartográficos,imagens no GoogleEarth,e visitasin situ.[Resultados]:As fontes de areia provêm do rioLacramarcae do sistemadunar. A baía perdeu6 200 m (45 %) de praia: 50 % enrocamento, 27 % com pedras, 13% com desmonte e 10 % sem proteção. A frente de maior erosão é a Plaza 28 de julio, onde o enrocamento tem quebra-mares para mitigar os efeitos destrutivos da zona urbana. Os fatores de erosão são:edificações (barragem, armazéns, plataformas, estruturas de acessos às docas) sobreazonasupratidale intertidal que interferem no transporte litoral; retenção de areia na área de docas e por lamas orgânicas; o próprio enrocamento, e traslado forçado, em 2009, da desembocadura do rioLacramarcaao redor de1 000 mao sul, que deságua em zona calma. O sistemadunarapresenta menos areia pelo aumento do lençolfreático.[Conclusões]:Osfatores de maior impacto são as edificações, a retenção de areia no Sul pela transposição de rio e o enrocamento. Para permitir o transporte litoral de arena é preciso devolver a desembocadura do rio à posição de 2009 e retirar a infraestrutura abandonada. Apresentam-secenáriosdemodelação numéricaparaestabelecerumplano de recuperação.

Lunar phases remarkably influence the circadian cycle of living beings. Early amphibian studies date back to the 1960s, but only recently has more research been conducted in this field. Much still needs to be understood to establish the behavioral pattern of this group according to the synodic cycle. In the present study, we sought to determine (i) whether the vocalization activity was influenced by the lunar phases and (ii) whether the influence was species-specific or affects the community with equal intensity. We expected a great diversity of behaviors and adaptations. Rayleigh's test was used to verify whether the sample differs significantly from the null hypothesis; Rao's test was used to check sample size sufficiency; and the Kiviat diagram was used to evaluate the activity of the species in relation to the complete synodic cycle. We have observed 1691 individuals of 37 species over 882 d. The lunar cycle influenced 78 % of the species, with 32 % preferring the lower-albedo phases. The activity pattern of each species was established. These results suggest that the lunar phases influence the vocalization activity of most species. Therefore, there is a general pattern of activity related to the synodic cycles; however, the specificities still need to be better understood.

[Introducción]: En América Latina prevalece un manejo descoordinado y fragmentado de los recursos hídricos por la utilización de enfoques sectoriales y por la falta de información y sistematización. La Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), enfoque que apunta a la consideración combinada de las dimensiones sociales, económicas y ecológicas con base en la gestión intersectorial y planificación integrada, es reconocida como apropiada para responder a los desafíos de la gestión sustentable. [Objetivo]: Se planteó como objetivo analizar, de forma integral, las variables físico-naturales y sociales que definen la problemática del agua de consumo en las escuelas rurales del partido de Tandil. [Metodología]: Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos para determinar la potabilidad del recurso, se desarrolló y aplicó un índice del nivel de manejo del agua en las escuelas, así como una entrevista a un informante clave del Consejo Escolar de Tandil, para evaluar el manejo institucional del recurso y, por último, las variables relevadas se analizaron integralmente. [Resultados]: Los resultados indicaron que microbiológicamente el agua no es apta para el consumo en el 73 % de las escuelas y que el manejo institucional dista de una conceptualización de gestión integral. [Conclusiones]: A partir de la integración de los resultados se concluye que dicho manejo influye directamente sobre la calidad del agua, evidenciado en los problemas microbiológicos detectados. Se identifican las principales falencias del manejo actual y se destaca la necesidad de asumir medidas institucionales que tiendan a una gestión integral del recurso. [Introduction]: Uncoordinated and fragmented management of water resources prevails in Latin America due to the use of sectoral approaches and the lack of information and systematization. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), an approach that aims at the combined consideration of social, economic, and ecological dimensions based on intersectoral management and integrated planning, is widely recognized as appropriate to respond to the challenges of sustainable management. [Objective]: The objective was to analyze comprehensively the physical-natural and social variables that define the problem of drinking water in rural schools in Tandil county. [Methodology]: Physicochemical and microbiological analyzes were conducted to determine the potability of the resource. An index of the level of water management in schools was developed and applied, and an interview was conducted with a key Tandil School Council informant to evaluate institutional management of the resource. Finally, the variables researched were analyzed on a comprehensive basis. [Results]: Results indicated that microbiologically the water is not suitable for consumption in 73 % of the schools and that institutional management lacks conceptualization of integral management. [Conclusions]: Based on the results, it is concluded that such management directly influences the quality of water, as it is evidenced in the microbiological problems detected. The main shortcomings of the current management are identified and the need to assume institutional measures that tend to a comprehensive management of the resource is highlighted. Fil: Nicora, Bethania. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Barranquero, Rosario Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Ambientales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina Fil: Etcheverria, Silvina Graciela. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas; Argentina Fil: Dipardo, Bruno. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Ambientales; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Tabera, Anahi. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Miguel Angel. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Landa, Roberto Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Verellen, María Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Cs.humanas. Laboratorio de Estudios Ecogeograficos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina Fil: Ruiz de Galarreta, Victor Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Ambientales; Argentina

[Introducción]:Es necesariocuantificar y predecir con confiabilidad el volumen de madera parafacilitarla gestiónde la producciónforestal.[Objetivo]:Elaborar tablas de volumen comercial a partir de la selección de modelos matemáticosen distintas calidades de sitio, para plantaciones clonalesdeTectonagrandisL.f.[Metodología]:Se evaluaron 3calidades de sitio,según el índice de sitio(IS)27,24 y 21, respectivamente. A 263árboles en pie (119 árboles para el IS27, 119para el IS24 y 28 para el IS21) selesmidió el diámetro al tocónya 1.3m sobre el nivel del suelo. Posteriormente,cada 1.5 m, hasta completar la altura total. El volumen del árbol se obtuvo mediante la sumatoria de cada sección cubicada con la fórmula deSmalian. Para cada índice de sitio, se ajustaron modelos por el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con el paquete estadísticoStatgraphicsCenturionXVI. Se verificó el cumplimiento de los supuestos de autocorrelación de los residuos mediante la prueba de Durbin-Watson. La selección del modelo se hizo a partir de la sumatoria basada en la normalización de los parámetros estadísticos evaluados.[Resultados]:Los modelos seleccionados tuvieron buenos ajustes (R2≥ 94 %), bajos errores de estimación (≤3 %), muy prácticos por usar solo el diámetro normal (DAP) como variable predictora.[Conclusiones]:Junto con la tabla de volumen comercial construida,los modelos son una herramientaútilpara cuantificar, de forma rápida y precisa, el volumen comercial con corteza de teca clonal hasta 15 cm de diámetro mínimo. [Introduction]:Reliably quantifying and predicting the volume of wood is essential to assist in forest production management.[Objective]:Generate commercial volume tables using the selected mathematical models at different site qualities for clonal plantations ofTectona grandis.[Methodology]:Three site qualities were evaluated according to site indices (SI)27, 24, and 21, respectively. The diameter of 263standing trees (119 for SI27, 120for SI24, and 28 for SI21) was measured at the stump, 1.3 m above ground level, and every 1.5 m until the total height. The volume of the tree was obtained by adding each measured section with theSmalianformula. For each site index, models were adjusted by the ordinary least squares method using theStatgraphicsCenturion XVI statistical package. The Durbin-Watson test verified compliance with the assumptions of autocorrelation ofresiduals. The model was selected based on the sum of the normalization of the statistical parameters evaluated.[Results]:The selected models had good adjustments (R2≥ 94 %) and low estimation errors (

espanol[Introduccion]: Los beneficios que presta el suelo por medio de los servicios ecosistemicos de regulacion, son importantes para el desarrollo de los sistemas productivos de cafe y son estrategicos para la adaptacion al cambio climatico. [Objetivo]: En la presente investigacion se busco valorar ecologicamente los servicios ecosistemicos prestados por el suelo en fincas cafeteras de La Cuchilla de San Juan. [Metodologia]: Se colecto informacion en dos periodos de tiempo sobre las propiedades fisicas, quimicas y biologicas de los suelos de 15 predios. Se delimitaron 3 unidades de analisis denominadas ventanas, donde se determinaron 6 servicios ecosistemicos (disponibilidad de nutrientes, de agua, de actividad microbiologica, capacidad de enraizamiento, resistencia a la erosion y sumidero de dioxido de carbono). Se definieron las variables con mayor peso en la variabilidad de los servicios ecosistemicos y se realizo un proceso de estandarizacion para el manejo adecuado de la informacion. Se generaron tres indices (optimo, de comportamiento y de gestion). [Resultados]: Se identifico que la disponibilidad de nutrientes y de actividad microbiologica es baja, la resistencia a la erosion y sumidero de dioxido de carbono varia entre bajo y medio, en tanto, la disponibilidad de agua y capacidad de enraizamiento varia entre medio y alto. El predio El Consuelo, obtuvo la mejor valoracion; La Mirla, Los Pinos y El Progreso fueron los predios con menor valoracion. [Conclusiones]: Se pudo evidenciar que las dinamicas antropicas han incidido directamente en las condiciones del suelo, y por ello, es importante la planificacion predial de los territorios. English[Introduction]: The benefits provided by the soil through regulatory ecosystem services are important for the development of coffee production systems, as well as strategic for adaptation to climate change. [Objective]: This paper sought to ecologically assess the soil’s ecosystem services on coffee farms in La Cuchilla de San Juan. [Methodology]: Information was collected on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil of 15 farms in two time periods. Three units of analysis referred to as windows were established, and six ecosystem services were determined (availability of nutrients, water, and microbiological activity, rooting capacity, resistance to erosion, and carbon dioxide sink). The variables with greater weight in the variability of ecosystem services were defined, and a standardization process was implemented for the adequate management of information. Three indices were generated (optimal, behavioral, and management). [Results]: It was identified that the availability of nutrients and microbiological activity is low, resistance to erosion and carbon dioxide sink varies between low and medium, while the availability of water and rooting capacity varies between medium and high. The El Consuelo property obtained the best assessment, while La Mirla, Los Pinos, and El Progreso were the properties with the lowest assessment. [Conclusions]: It was verified that anthropic dynamics have directly impacted soil conditions, and therefore, land planning is important. portugues[Introducao]: Os beneficios fornecidos pelo solo por meio dos servicos ecossistemicos de regulacao sao importantes para o desenvolvimento dos sistemas produtivos de cafe e sao estrategicos para a adaptacao a mudanca climatica. [Objetivo]: Na presente pesquisa buscou-se valorar ecologicamente os servicos ecossistemicos fornecidos pelo solo nos cafezais da La Cuchilla de San Juan. [Metodologia]: Foram coletadas informacoes em dois periodos de tempo sobre as propriedades fisicas, quimicas e biologicas dos solos de 15 propriedades. Foram delimitadas 3 unidades de analise denominadas janelas, onde foram determinados 6 servicos ecossistemicos (disponibilidade de nutrientes, agua, atividade microbiologica, capacidade de enraizamento, resistencia a erosao e tanque de dioxido de carbono). Foram definidas as variaveis de maior peso na variabilidade dos servicos ecossistemicos e realizado um processo de padronizacao para o manejo adequado da informacao. Foram gerados tres indices (otimo, de comportamento e de gestao). [Resultados]: Identificou-se que a disponibilidade de nutrientes e de atividade microbiologica e baixa, a resistencia a erosao e ao tanque de dioxido de carbono varia entre baixa e media, por vezes, a disponibilidade de agua e a capacidade de enraizamento variam entre media e alta. A propriedade El Consuelo obteve a melhor valoracao; La Mirla, Los Pinos e El Progreso foram as que tiveram menor valoracao. [Conclusoes]: Foi possivel evidenciar que as dinâmicas antropicas incidiram diretamente nas condicoes do solo e, por essa razao, e importante o planejamento predial dos territorios.

espanol[Introduccion]: La combinacion de arboles maderables con cultivos agricolas presenta muchas ventajas a nivel de finca, mas cuando las especies usadas poseen alto valor comercial. [Objetivo]: Se propuso evaluar el crecimiento de cedro amargo (C. odorata) en sistemas agroforestales con cafe mediante una caracterizacion dasometrica y el desarrollo de modelos alometricos para la prediccion del volumen total por arbol. [Metodologia]: Se establecieron 140 parcelas temporales rectangulares de 1 000 m2 con cedro entre uno y 20 anos y se midio el diametro a 1.3 m (DAP), la altura total (Ht) y comercial (Hc) de cada arbol. Se generaron 14 modelos que predicen el volumen total por arbol a partir del DAP, la edad y la altura; para el conjunto de edades (de 1 a 20 anos) y para rangos (cada 5 anos). Tambien se genero un modelo de volumen comercial en funcion del DAP y otros relacionando las demas variables. [Resultados]: El modelo general predice el volumen total segun el DAP con un R2=0.99 mientras que los modelos por rango de edad obtuvieron un R2 mayor a 0.95. El coeficiente de determinacion del modelo de volumen comercial fue de 0.79 [Conclusiones]: Tanto el modelo general como el de rangos, predicen exitosamente el volumen, no obstante, el de rangos estima mejor el volumen total entre los 11 y 16 anos, mientras que para el resto de las edades el modelo general es mas recomendable. portugues[Introducao]: A combinacao de arvores para extracao de madeira com cultivos agricolas apresenta muitas vantagens no que concerne a fazenda, ainda mais quando as especies usadas possuem alto valor comercial. [Objetivo]: Foi proposto a avaliacao do crescimento de ilangue-ilangue (C. odorata) em sistemas agroflorestais com cafe mediante uma caracterizacao dasometrica e o desenvolvimento de modelos alometricos para a predicao do volume total por arvore. [Metodologia]: Foram estabelecidas 140 parcelas temporarias retangulares de 1 000 m2 com cedro entre 1 e 20 anos e medido o diâmetro a 1,3 m (DAP), a altura total (Ht) e comercial (Hc) de cada arvore. Foram criados 14 modelos que predizem o volume total por arvore a partir do DAP, da idade e da altura; para o conjunto de idades (de 1 a 20 anos) e para faixas (cada 5 anos). Tambem foi gerado um modelo de volume comercial em funcao do DAP e outros relacionando com as demais variaveis. [Resultados]: O modelo geral prediz o volume total segundo o DAP com um R2=0,99 enquanto os modelos por faixa de idade obtiveram um R2 superior a 0,95. O coeficiente de determinacao do modelo de volume comercial foi de 0,79 [Conclusoes]: Tanto o modelo geral como o de faixas, predizem com sucesso o volume, nao obstante, o de faixas calcula melhor o volume total entre os 11 e 16 anos, enquanto para o restante das idades, o modelo geral e mais recomendavel. English[Introduction]: The combination of timber trees with agricultural crops has many advantages at the farm level, especially when the species used have high commercial value. [Objective]: Evaluate the growth of Spanish cedar (C. odorata) in coffee agroforestry systems using dasometric characterization and allometric models to predict the tree’s total and commercial volume. [Methodology]: A total of 140 1000 m2 temporary rectangular plots were established with one to 20-year-old cedar trees; in addition, the diameter of tree each at 1.3 m (DBH), total height (Ht), and commercial height (Hc) was measured. A total of 14 models were generated to predict total volume per tree using DBH, age, and height: for the set of ages (1 to 20 years) and ranges (every five years). A commercial volume model was also generated based on DBH and other elements connecting the other variables. [Results]: The general model predicts a total volume based on DBH with an R2= 0.99, while models by age range obtained an R2 greater than 0.95. The coefficient of determination of the commercial volume model was 0.79. [Conclusions]: Both the general model and the rank model successfully predict volume; however, the rank model better estimates the total volume between 11 and 16 years of age, while the general model is more recommended for the rest of the ages.

espanol[Introduccion]: Los platanos por sus valores nutritivos se ubican entre los principales alimentos producidos a nivel mundial. Crece en los tropicos y son cultivados por pequenos agricultores que lo usan para economia de subsistencia y consumo. En Costa Rica, las plantaciones de platano se ubican en diferentes sectores del pais, una de las regiones mas importantes es la region Huetar Atlantica (RHA). [Objetivo]: Se evaluaron indicadores de sostenibilidad adaptados a la realidad de sistemas productivos tradicionales y sistemas convencionales de pequenos productores de platano en el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica, mediante la herramienta Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA) de la Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacion y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en ingles). [Metodologia]: Esta investigacion se desarrollo en el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica, distritos de Bratsi y Sixaola, pertenecientes al canton de Talamanca. Esta region cuenta con una precipitacion de 2387 mm anuales y una temperatura promedio de 26.5 °C. Se estudiaron dos sistemas productivos tradicionales y dos convencionales, con una extension de 2 500 m2, cada uno. Se aplico SAFA, herramienta holistica para medir sostenibilidad en sistemas de produccion agricolas mediante 41 indicadores de integridad ambiental, resiliencia economica y bienestar social. [Resultados]: La integridad ambiental reflejo puntajes entre 42 y 87 %. Resiliencia economica, 78 y 96 % y bienestar social 81 a 96 %. [Conclusiones]: La evaluacion de la sostenibilidad evidencio que los sistemas tradicionales tuvieron mejor puntaje que los convencionales. portugues[Introducao]: Os platanos, por seus valores nutritivos, estao posicionados entre os principais alimentos produzidos mundialmente. Cresce nos tropicos e sao cultivados por pequenos agricultores que o usam para a economia de subsistencia e consumo. Na Costa Rica, as plantacoes de platano estao localizadas em diferentes setores do pais e, uma das regioes mais importantes, e a regiao Huetar Atlântica (RHA). [Objetivo]: Foram avaliados indicadores de sustentabilidade adaptados a realidade de sistemas produtivos tradicionais e sistemas convencionais de pequenos produtores de platano no Sul do Caribe da Costa Rica, por meio da ferramenta Sustainability Assesment for Food and Agriculture (SAFA) da Organizacao das Nacoes Unidas para a Alimentacao e a Agricultura (FAO, por suas siglas em ingles). [Metodologia]: Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Sul do Caribe da Costa Rica, nos distritos de Bratsi e Sixaola, pertencentes ao municipio de Talamanca. Essa regiao conta com uma precipitacao de 2387 mm anuais e uma temperatura media de 26,5 °C. Foram estudados dois sistemas produtivos tradicionais e dois convencionais, com uma extensao de 2 500 m2 cada. Foi aplicada a SAFA, ferramenta holistica para medir sustentabilidade em sistemas de producao agricolas por meio de 41 indicadores de integridade ambiental, resiliencia economica e bem-estar social. [Resultados]: A integridade ambiental mostrou pontuacoes entre 42 e 87%, a resiliencia economica 78 e 96% e o bem-estar social: 81 a 96%. [Conclusoes]: A avaliacao da sustentabilidade evidenciou que os sistemas tradicionais tiveram uma pontuacao melhor do que os convencionais. English[Introduction]: Plantains ​​are among the main foods produced worldwide due to their nutritional value. They are grown in the tropics by small farmers for subsistence and consumption economy. In Costa Rica, plantain plantations are in different sectors of the country, the Huetar Atlantic region (RHA) being one of the most important ones. [Objective]: Sustainability indicators adapted to the reality of traditional production systems and conventional systems of small plantain producers in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica were evaluated, using the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture (SAFA) tool of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). [Methodology]: This research was conducted in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica, in the Bratsi and Sixaola districts, Talamanca. This region’s annual precipitation is 2 387 mm and the average temperature is 26.5 °C. Production systems were studied: two traditional and two conventional, each with a ​​2 500 m2 area. SAFA, a holistic tool to measure sustainability in agricultural production systems, was applied through 41 indicators of environmental integrity, economic resilience, and social well-being. [Results]: Environmental integrity ranged between 42 and 87 %, economic resilience between 78 and 96 %, and social well-being between 81 to 96 %. [Conclusion]: The sustainability evaluation showed that traditional systems had better scores than the conventional ones.

espanol[Introduccion]: En la parte baja de la subcuenca del rio Guacerique (210 km2), el embalse Los Laureles (10 millones de metros cubicos (MMC)), es la fuente de abastecimiento del 30 % de la poblacion de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. El agua del embalse presenta problemas en epoca lluviosa ligados al incremento de turbidez y color, mientras en epoca seca, su volumen de agua baja hasta mezclarse con los sedimentos, lo que dificulta su tratamiento. [Objetivo]: El objetivo del estudio fue evidenciar la afectacion de la variabilidad climatica y el arrastre de sedimentos por medio de la red hidrica de la subcuenca Guacerique, que estima la disponibilidad historica comparado con la presencia del fenomeno de El Nino-Oscilacion del Sur (ENOS) y la relacion del arrastre de sedimentos hacia el embalse. [Metodologia]: Se realizaron balances hidricos historicos (2001 al 2016) de la subcuenca Guacerique y se calculo la carga de sedimentos. [Resultados]: Se obtuvo una produccion historica de agua de 99.4 MMC de la subcuenca Guacerique. En presencia del fenomeno ENOS la produccion fue de 73.4 MMC, en ano mezcla Nino/neutral fue 103.8 MMC, en anos neutrales fue de 84.3 MMC, en ano mezcla Nina/neutral fue de 112.5 MMC y en ano mezcla Nino/Nina fue de 216.5 MMC. El aporte de sedimentos al embalse a traves de la red hidrica fue de 488.8 kg mes-1. Se tiene que el 1.7 % del total de sedimentos proviene del rio Mateo, el 2.5 % de la quebrada El Ocotal y el 7.5 % de la quebrada el Achiote. [Conclusiones]: Se pudo comprobar mediante los balances hidricos, que la variabilidad climatica esta afectando los volumenes de agua en la subcuenca Guacerique, y que junto al arrastre de sedimentos por el rio Guacerique, se esta reduciendo la capacidad de almacenamiento, lo que provoca menor disponibilidad y escasez de agua en el embalse Los Laureles. English[Introduction]: Located in the lower section of the subbasin of the Guacerique River (210 km2), the Los Laureles reservoir (10 million cubic meters (MCM)) supplies 30 % of the population in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The reservoir faces some problems during the rainy season due to increased turbidity and color, while during the dry season the volume lowers and the water mixes with sediments, hindering treatment. [Objective]: The objective of this study was to evidence the affectation of the climate variability and the drag of sediments to the water network of the Guacerique subbasin, estimating the historical availability of water compared to the presence of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and sediment drag. [Methodology]: Historical water balances (2001 to 2016) of the Guacerique subbasin were obtained, and the sediment load was calculated. [Results]: Historical water production of the Guacerique subbasin was 99.4 MCM. Water production was 73.4 MCM during ENSO, 103.8 MCM during the Nino/Neutral mixed year, 84.3 MCM during neutral years, 112.5 MCM during the Nina/Neutral mixed year, and 216.5 MCM during the Nino/Nina mixed year. The sediment contribution to the dam through the hydric network was 488.8 kg month-1. A total of 1.7 % of sediments came from the Mateo River, 2.5 % from the El Ocotal brook, and 7.5 % from the El Achiote brook. [Conclusions]: Using hydric balances, climate variability is confirmed to affect water volumes in the Guacerique subbasin. Due to the dragging of sediments in the Guacerique River, storage capacity is reduced, resulting in less water availability and scarcity in the reservoir. portugues[Introducao]: Na parte baixa da sub-bacia do rio Guacerique (210 km2), a represa Los Laureles (10 milhoes de metros cubicos (MMC)) e a fonte de abastecimento de 30% da populacao de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. A agua da represa apresenta problemas em epocas chuvosas relacionados com o aumento de turbidez e cor, enquanto na epoca seca, seu volume de agua baixa ate se misturar aos sedimentos, dificultando que seja tratada. [Objetivo]: O objetivo do estudo foi evidenciar o impacto da variabilidade climatica e o arraste de sedimentos por meio da rede hidrica da sub-bacia Guacerique, que calcula a disponibilidade historica comparada com a presenca do fenomeno do El Nino-Oscilacao do Sul (ENOS) e a relacao do arraste de sedimentos em direcao a represa. [Metodologia]: Foram realizados balancos hidricos historicos (2001 a 2016) da sub-bacia Guacerique e foi calculada a carga de sedimentos. [Resultados]: Obteve-se uma producao historica de agua de 99,4 MMC da sub-bacia Guacerique. Diante do fenomeno ENOS, a producao foi de 73,4 MMC, em ano de oscilacao Nino/Neutro foi de 103,8 MMC, em anos Neutros foi de 84,3 MMC, em ano de oscilacao Nina/Neutro foi de 112,5 MMC e em ano de oscilacao Nino/Nina foi de 216,5 MMC. A contribuicao de sedimentos a represa atraves da rede hidrica foi de 488,8 kg mes-1. Acredita-se que 1,7% do total de sedimentos provem do rio Mateo, 2,5% do desfiladeiro El Ocotal e 7,5% do desfiladeiro El Achiote. [Conclusoes]: Foi possivel comprovar, por meio dos balancos hidricos, que a variabilidade climatica esta afetando o volume de agua na sub-bacia Guacerique, e que, junto ao arraste de sedimentos pelo rio Guacerique, a capacidade de armazenamento esta sendo reduzida, provocando menor disponibilidade e escassez de agua na represa Los Laureles.

Thirty years after the Cold War, many aspects of the West's self-identification are still shaped by othering ‚the East‘. This geographical identity-building in Western media discourses is indicated by terms like geopolitics and the (New/Second) Cold War. The paper scrutinizes ‚grand‘ narratives behind the appearances of such concepts and observes their continuities, dislocations, and disruptions. Taking a critical geopolitical perspective informed by discourse theory and based on Foucault's conceptualization of the archive, the paper introduces aspects of the transformation of geopolitical imaginations of the East and the West: (1) it reconstructs phases of the rebirth of geopolitics after WW2 until today. (2) It focuses on the changes in the East-West relations after 1990 and shows how the imagination of the ‚cold war‘ disappears from media discourse. (3) Finally, it analyses the revival through rising geopolitical risk-narratives since the crises and wars in Georgia and Ukraine.

[Introducción]:Este artículopropone avancesen la modelizaciónyelanálisisde los sistemas socio-naturalesobjetodelas políticas públicas en medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable.[Objetivo]:Presentaruna propuesta de modelización sistémica formal de sistemas socio-naturalesen contextos de decisión estratégicos.[Metodología]:Basados en el lenguaje de los digrafos signados, presentamosun conjunto de elementos de sistemassocio-naturalesmodelizados,orientados alanálisis prospectivode la aplicación dediversosescenarios deintervención.Mostramostambiénun conjunto de nuevas métricas cuantitativas para evaluar el rol dinámico delas variables componentes del sistema socio-natural. Se toma como caso de estudio el sistema de sustentabilidad de energía en el territorio de la región de Coquimbo, Chile, y se evalúa comparativamente el desempeño esperado de medidas de gestiónambiental.[Resultados]:Los resultados de esteestudiosugieren que las medidas de intervención/gestión planificadas en función de las nuevas métricas presentadas en este artículo, resultan eficaces de acuerdo con los escenarios proyectados por la modelización.[Conclusiones]:La modelización estructural cualitativa es adecuada para representar y analizar sistemas socio-naturales,lo que exhibeventajasoperativaspara apoyar la toma de decisiones. [Introduction]: This study proposes advances in modeling and analysis of socio-natural systems as a result of public policies on the environment and sustainable development. [Objective]: Present a formal systemic proposal for modeling socio-natural systems in a strategic decision-making framework. [Methodology]: Based on the symbols of signed digraphs, the study offers a group of elements to analyze socio-natural model systems geared towards a prospective analysis of diverse intervention scenarios applied to the systems. New quantitative metrics are also presented to evaluate the dynamic role of the variables comprising the socio-natural systems. The energy-territory sustainability system of the Coquimbo Region in Chile is used as a case study, and the expected performance of alternative environmental management actions is evaluated on a comparative basis. [Results]: Results suggest that intervention/management actions planned based on the new metrics presented here were particularly effective in modeling scenarios projected. [Conclusions]: Qualitative structural modeling is suitable for representing and analyzing socio-natural systems, exhibiting operational advantages to support decision-making. [Introdução]:Este artigopropõe avançosna modelagemenaanálisedos sistemas socionaturais,objetodas políticas públicas em meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável.[Objetivo]:Apresentaruma proposta de modelagem sistêmica formal de sistemas socionaturaisem contextos de decisão estratégicos.[Metodologia]:Baseados na linguagem dos dígrafos marcados, apresentamosum conjunto de elementos de sistemassocionaturaismodelados,orientados àanálise prospectivada aplicação dediversoscenários deintervenção.Mostramostambémum conjunto de novas métricas quantitativas para avaliar a função dinâmica das variáveis componentes do sistema socionatural. Toma-se como caso de estudo o sistema de sustentabilidade de energia no território da região de Coquimbo, no Chile, e avalia-se comparativamente o desempenho esperado das medidas de gestãoambiental.[Resultados]:Os resultados desteestudosugerem que as medidas de intervenção/gestão planejadas em função das novas métricas apresentadas neste artigo são eficazes, de acordo com os cenários projetados pela modelagem.[Conclusões]:A modelagem estrutural qualitativa é adequada para representar e analisar sistemas socionaturais,exibindovantagensoperativaspara apoiar a tomada de decisões.&nbsp

espanol[Introduccion]: La evaluacion de la biomasa y el desarrollo de modelos es un elemento clave para determinar el potencial de mitigacion del cambio climatico de los ecosistemas forestales. Los bosques plantados ano tras ano ocupan mayor area, tambien adquieren mayor relevancia en el almacenamiento de carbono, pero existe poca informacion sobre la cuantificacion de biomasa y carbono para la diversidad de especies, sitios y grado de manejo. [Objetivo]: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la biomasa de los distintos componentes o fracciones (hojas, ramas, fuste, raiz) del arbol. [Metodologia]: Por medio del metodo destructivo e indirecto, para construir modelos predictivos de biomasa y carbono para los distintos componentes del arbol. Los modelos se desarrollaron por medio del metodo de minimos cuadrados ordinarios que utiliza como variable predictora el diametro normal. [Resultados]: Estas ecuaciones explicaron mas del 92 % de la variabilidad observada en biomasa y el carbono, con errores de estimados inferiores a 8.5 %, excepto para el carbono en hojas con menor ajuste (R2= 78.2) y mayor error (10.9 %). El fuste represento el 65.6 % de biomasa total del arbol, tiene 37 % de materia seca y 0.48 de fraccion de carbono. [Conclusiones]: El aporte del follaje a la biomasa y carbono total del arbol es minimo, por lo cual deberia justificarse muy bien la asignacion de tiempo y recursos para evaluar este componente. Los modelos elegidos son muy practicos de usar porque requieren solo del diametro como variable predictora. portugues[Introducao]: A avaliacao da biomassa e o desenvolvimento de modelos e um elemento-chave para determinar o potencial de mitigacao da mudanca climatica dos ecossistemas florestais. O reflorestamento ano apos ano ocupa maior area e tambem adquire maior relevância no armazenamento de carbono, porem existe pouca informacao sobre a quantificacao de biomassa e carbono para a diversidade de especies, lugares e grau de manejo. [Objetivo]: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a biomassa dos distintos componentes ou fracoes (folhas, galhos, fuste, raiz) da arvore. [Metodologia]: Mediante metodo destrutivo e indireto para construir modelos preditivos de biomassa e carbono para os distintos componentes da arvore. Os modelos foram desenvolvidos por meio do metodo de minimos quadrados ordinarios que utiliza como variavel preditiva o diâmetro normal. [Resultados]: Estas equacoes explicaram mais de 92% da variabilidade observada em biomassa e do carbono, com erros de estimativas inferiores a 8,5%, exceto para o carbono em folhas com menor ajuste (R2= 78,2) e maior erro (10,9%). O fuste representou 65,6% da biomassa total da arvore, possui 37% de materia seca e 0,48 de fracao de carbono. [Conclusoes]: A contribuicao da folhagem para a biomassa e o carbono total da arvore e minima e, consequentemente, deveria justificar-se muito bem a destinacao de tempo e recursos para avaliar esse componente. Os modelos eleitos sao muito praticos de usar porque precisam somente do diâmetro como variavel preditiva. EnglishAbstract [Introduction]: Assessing biomass and model development is key in determining the mitigation potential of climate change in forest ecosystems. Forests planted year after year occupy a greater area and are becoming more relevant for carbon storage; however, there is little information about biomass and carbon quantification for the diversity of species, sites, and management degree. [Objective]: The objective of the study was to evaluate the biomass of the different tree components (leaves, branches, stem, root). [Methodology]: The study used the destructive and indirect method to build predictive models of biomass and carbon for the different tree components. Models were developed with the ordinary least squares method using the normal diameter as a predictor variable. [Results]: These equations explained more than 92 % of the variability observed in biomass and carbon, with errors of the estimates below 8.5 %, except for carbon in leaves, which had less adjustment (R2 = 78.2) and greater error (10.9 %). Stem represented 65.6 % of the tree's total biomass, with 37 % dry matter and 0.48 carbon fraction. [Conclusions]: Foliage contribution to total tree biomass and carbon is minimal; consequently, allocating time and resources to evaluate this component should be well justified. The models chosen are very practical to use because they only require the diameter as a predictor variable.

Diverse causes of accidents abound on construction sites, which lead to complexity and difficulty in understanding the key causes of accidents on construction sites. The effect is the increasing rate of accidents. Thus, grouping and identifying the key dimensional and sub causes of accidents is important. However, there is a dearth of research on the dimensionality and indicators of causal factors of accidents on construction sites. This paper aims to create an avenue for easy identification and understanding of the causes ofaccidents through the development of key indicators and dimensional causes of accidents on construction sites. Adopting a cross-sectional survey research design, three hundred questionnaires were purposely distributed to construction workers who have had experience or witness accidents on a construction sites. Two hundred questionnaires were retrieved and used for analysis representing a 67% response rate. An exploratory factor analysis was used to group and find the significant causal factors from the 64 factors identified in the literature. From the analysis, five key dimensional causes with 22 indicators were identified namely; personal and work factors, design factors, behavioural factors, proximate factors and attitudinal factors. The key indicators identified among others are non-use of PPE, lack of experience, working in confined spaces, disobedience to work discipline and innovative technology. To reduce the occurrence level of accidents, site managers should place the key indicators and dimensional causal factors of accidents on the signboard for easy identification and understanding and as a training guide on construction sites

Sustainability principles impact green building infrastructure design, planning and construction decisions. The influence of social perceptions in transforming notions of green architecture and sustainable designs as desirable are also interesting contexts for urban design researchers in addressing environmental impacts. The aim of this paper is to discuss a breadth of available literature on architectural sustainability, and the many effects of urbanisation. Few scholars have attempted to frame qualitative discussions of sustainability perceptions with regards technological interaction with built environments. Research utilises two green building design frameworks to analyse differences between sustainability perceptions of innovation and environmental design aesthetics, namely technological innovation interaction with architecture, and architectural design interaction with nature. Findings from case studies of three examples namely The Port of Portland, The Pompidou Centre Paris, and Frank Lloyd Wright’s First Unitarian Society are deconstructed using qualitative approach to demonstrate that while architectural interaction with nature is viewed as ideal characteristics, green building design innovations with technological interactions play a larger role in influencing social perceptions towards sustainability. Findings suggest that green buildings should encompass a wider range of aesthetic-based designs, from passive ventilation to lighting systems and materials, but in order to sustain positive stakeholders’ perceptions, social benefits and education among green building policymakers, designers and architects is crucial. Recommendations on how to cultivate a balance in pragmatic, cost-conscious approaches, including interactions with technologies, will be discussed in conclusion