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Objective: We test whether real online-user mating behavior corresponds with expectations from both the sociobiological and social perspectives and explore the age differentials that individuals opt for when searching for a mate and how this evolves relative to the user’s age and gender. Background: Age plays a vital role in partner choice. Previous studies have focused primarily on age differences between couples and their self-reported preferences for partners of a certain age. However, little is known about how age affects behavior in the online dating market. Method: We use behavioral data from a Czech online dating app, Pinkilin and analyze 197,519 invitations that users sent to each other in July 2017. Results: Men strongly prefer young women, and women prefer partners of their age or slightly older. At older ages, men’s preference for younger women widens, while women's preferences become more diverse. Homogamous tendencies are stronger among younger users and women. Conclusion: Overall, our results corroborate those of previous research on online dating, but we extend this research in terms of age differences in the Czech context.

Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society. Fragestellung: In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir den Übergang in die erste Beschäftigung nach Migration von kinderlosen Migrantinnen in Deutschland. Besonderes Augenmerk richten wir auf das Erwerbsverhalten von Heiratsmigrantinnen, d.h. auf jene Frauen, die einen Partner geheiratet haben, der zum Zeitpunkt der Heirat bereits im Zielland lebte. Hintergrund: Demographische Studien haben darauf verwiesen, dass die Geburtenrate von Heiratsmigrantinnen nach Migration deutlich erhöht ist. Allerdings existieren nur wenige empirische Studien, die systematisch einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Geburtenverhalten von Migrantinnen und ihrem Erwerbsverhalten aufzeichnen. Methode: Als Methode verwenden wir ereignisanalytische Verfahren, um den Übergang in die erste Beschäftigung nach Migration abzubilden. Als Datenbasis dient das Sozio-Oekonomische Panel (GSOEP). Die analytische Stichprobe umfasst Frauen, die zwischen 1990 und 2016 nach Deutschland gezogen sind und zu diesem Zeitpunkt keine Kinder hatten (n=981). Ergebnisse: Heiratsmigrantinnen weisen im Vergleich zu den anderen Gruppen extrem niedrige Übergangsraten in den Arbeitsmarkt auf. Nur 32% haben nach fünf Jahren den Übergang in eine Beschäftigung erfahren. Unterschiede zwischen Heiratsmigrantinnen und anderen erklären sich zu einem großen Teil durch die großen sozio-demographischen Unterschiede, die zwischen den Gruppen existieren, wie auch durch den schnellen Übergang zum ersten Kind nach Migration. Schlussfolgerung: Wir argumentieren, dass die niedrige Erwerbsraten von Heiratsmigrantinnen im Zusammenhang mit der deutschen Migrationspolitik gesehen werden müssen, welche weiblichen Drittstaatenangehörigen nur wenige Wege, außer der Heiratsmigration, zur Verfügung stellt, legal nach Deutschland zu migrieren. Dieser Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion der sozialpolitischen Implikationen unserer Analysen vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Bedeutung des "Zwei-Verdiener-Modells" in Deutschland.

Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees. Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women. Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions. Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women. Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour. Fragestellung: Der Artikel untersucht Geschlechterunterschiede bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von jüngst nach Deutschland eingereisten Geflüchteten unter Berücksichtigung ihres mitgebrachten Arbeitskräfteangebotes. Wir berücksichtigen dabei speziell die Vielfalt innerhalb der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen. Hintergrund: Bisherige Forschung machte deutlich, dass weibliche Geflüchtete bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe nicht nur im Vergleich zu männlichen Geflüchteten, sondern auch verglichen mit anderen migrantischen Frauen benachteiligt sind. Zuweilen vernachlässigte diese Forschung jedoch die Heterogenität der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen und lieferte nur begrenzte Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Mechanismen, die solche spezifischen Benachteiligungen verursachen. Methode: Unter Verwendung von Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP Befragung von Geflüchteten analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 nach Deutschland migrierten. Zur Überprüfung unserer theoretischen Annahmen nutzen wir logistische Regressionen. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass klassische Humankapitaltheorien nicht geeignet sind, um den Großteil der Geschlechterunterschiede bei Geflüchteten zu erklären. Während Sorgeverpflichtungen gegenüber insbesondere Kindern unter drei Jahren die geringere Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von weiblichen Geflüchteten erschweren, scheint die Geschlechterrollenorientierung der Geflüchteten selbst keinen Effekt darauf zu haben. Schlussfolgerung: Die Geschlechterunterschiede in der Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung konnten nicht vollständig auf die in der Literatur angebotenen Erklärungsansätze zurückgeführt werden, weshalb weitere Forschung notwendig ist, um die spezifischen Herausforderungen geflüchteter Frauen zu erklären.

Acapulco, a port city on the Mexican Pacific coast, was Mexico’s first tourist Centre on an international scale, its urban image varied from a small commercial and fishing city to a large tourist centre. It shows a visually disordered image and an irregular spatial growth that loses characteristic elements of its traditional architecture and heritage. The aim of the work is to analyze its territorial reconfiguration. A qualitative -quantitative methodology is applied It reveals its spatial transformations that have given rise to conflicts, both in the unbalanced spatial growth of the city, the wave or tourism and prominence, and in the socio-economic problems that are perceived as more prominent for the periphery, giving rise to spaces of segregation, disagreement, and exclusion. Dynamics and inequalities in a context in which exclusive spaces are visualized alongside precarious spaces., Acapulco ciudad puerto en la costa del Pacífico mexicano, fue el primer centro turístico de México a escala internacional, su imagen urbana ha variado de pequeño pueblo comercial y pesquero a gran centro vacacional; muestra una imagen en lo visual desordenada y en lo espacial un crecimiento irregular que perdió elementos característicos de su arquitectura tradicional y patrimonial. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar su reconfiguración territorial. Se aplica una metodología de orden mixto, cualitativa – cuantitativa. Se revelan sus transformaciones espaciales que han originado conflictos en el crecimiento espacial desequilibrado de la ciudad, donde el turismo es protagónico, así como en problemáticas socioeconómicas que se advierten con mayor énfasis hacia la periferia, de lo que resultan espacios de segregación, de disconformidad con dinámicas excluyentes y de desigualdad en un contexto en el que se visualizan espacios exclusivos junto con espacios precarios.

Objective: To contribute to the discussion about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender (in)equality. Background: We focus on a core aspect of gender (in)equality in intimate relationships, namely couples’ division of housework and childcare, and whether this has changed during the Corona crisis. Method: Our descriptive analysis is based on pre-release data from the German Family Panel (pairfam; Wave 12) and its supplementary Corona web-survey (n=3,108). Results: We observe no fundamental changes in established aggregate-level patterns of couples’ division of labor, but some shift towards the extremes ('traditional' and 'role reversal') of the distribution. Regarding changes within couples, there is an almost equal split between those in which the female partner’s share in housework and childcare increased and those in which it decreased. Particularly in previously more egalitarian arrangements, a substantial proportion of women is now more likely to be primarily responsible for everything. If male partners increased their relative contribution to housework and childcare, they rarely moved beyond the threshold of an equal split. Changes in employment hours were associated with adaptations of men's, but not women's, relative contribution to domestic and family responsibilities. Conclusion: Our findings neither support the notion of a 'patriarchal pandemic', nor do they indicate that the Corona crisis might have fostered macro-level trends of gender convergence. We rather observe heterogeneous responses of couples to the 'Corona shock'. Fragestellung: Wir untersuchen Veränderungen der Aufteilung von Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung in Paarbeziehungen vor und während der Corona-Krise. Hintergrund: Der vorliegende Beitrag trägt damit zur Diskussion über mögliche Auswirkungen der COVID-19 Pandemie auf Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern bei. Methode: Die deskriptive Analyse basiert auf Vorabdaten des Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam; Welle 12) und dessen internetbasierter COVID-19 Zusatzstudie (n=3.108), die eine erste Betrachtung unmittelbarer Dynamiken der häuslichen und familiären Arbeitsteilung im Verlauf der Pandemie ermöglichen. Ergebnisse: Obwohl sich im Aggregat keine grundlegenden Veränderungen etablierter Muster geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsteilung zeigen, gibt es dennoch Hinweise auf gewisse Verschiebungen hin zu den Extremen ('traditionell' und 'Rollentausch') der Verteilung. Betrachtet man Veränderungen innerhalb von Paarbeziehungen, finden sich etwa gleich große Anteile an Paaren, in denen der relative Beitrag der Partnerin gestiegen bzw. gesunken ist. Insbesondere in zuvor eher egalitären Beziehungen haben Frauen stärker die überwiegende oder gesamte Verantwortung für die Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung übernommen. Wenn männliche Partner ihren Anteil gesteigert haben, geschah dies meist nur bis zum Schwellenwert einer gleichgewichtigen Arbeitsteilung ('50/50'). Veränderungen im zeitlichen Umfang der Erwerbstätigkeit führten zwar beim Mann zu Anpassungen seines relativen Beitrags zu Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung, aber nicht bei der Frau. Diskussion: Insgesamt weisen unsere Befunde eher auf heterogene Anpassungsprozesse in Partnerschaften als auf eine generelle Re-Traditionalisierung der Geschlechterbeziehungen während der Corona-Krise hin.

Objective: This paper tests the equal environment assumption for school grades and upper secondary school attendance and describes the conditions under which violations are problematic. Background: A growing number of sociologists use twin-based research designs, particularly the Classical Twin Design (CTD), to differentiate between genetic and social causes of social inequalities. One key assumption of CTD is that environmental influences are shared by monozygotic and dizygotic twins to the same extent; called the equal environment assumption (EEA). This assumption is frequently contested and the target of concern, because violation can result in an overestimation of heritability and an underestimation of the role of the social environment. Method: Using data from the first wave of the German TwinLife study, the paper illustrates two approaches to test EEA for school grades and enrolment in upper secondary school (Gymnasium). The analysis is based on a sample of twins (N = 1,576) aged ten to twelve years. Results: The results show that the approaches are able to detect violations of EEA (though in different ways), depending on the environmental variables that might causally be involved in trait variance. Only in one case was a violation was observed; it had no effect on heritability estimates. Conclusion: While EEA holds for school grades, violations do not automatically invalidate CTD in case of upper secondary school attendance. Fragestellung: Dieses Papier testet die "Equal Environment Assumption" für Schulnoten und den Besuch des Gymnasiums und beschreibt die Bedingungen, unter denen Verletzungen der Annahme problematisch sind. Hintergrund: Eine wachsende Zahl von Soziologen verwendet zwillingsbasierte Forschungsdesigns, insbesondere das klassische Zwillingsdesign (CTD), um zwischen genetischen und sozialen Ursachen sozialer Ungleichheiten zu unterscheiden. Eine Schlüsselannahme des CTD ist, dass die Umwelteinflüsse von eineiigen und zweieiigen Zwillingen in gleichem Maße geteilt werden; diese Annahme wird auch als "Equal Environment Assumption" (EEA) bezeichnet. Diese Annahme wird häufig kritisiert und mit Sorge betrachtet, da eine Verletzung zu einer Überschätzung der Heritabilität und zu einer Unterschätzung der Rolle des sozialen Umfelds führen kann. Methode: Anhand der Daten der ersten Welle der deutschen TwinLife-Studie veranschaulicht das Papier zwei Ansätze, mit deren Hilfe die EEA für Schulnoten und den Besuch des Gymnasiums getestet wird. Die Analyse basiert auf einer Stichprobe von Zwillingen (N = 1.576) im Alter von zehn bis zwölf Jahren. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass beide Ansätze in der Lage sind, Verletzungen der EEA zu erkennen (wenn auch auf unterschiedliche Weise), abhängig von den Umweltvariablen, die kausal an der Merkmalsvarianz beteiligt sein können. Nur in einem Fall wurde eine Verletzung beobachtet; sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Heritabilitätsschätzungen. Schlussfolgerung: Während die EEA für Schulnoten gilt, führen Verstöße nicht automatisch zur Ungültigkeit des CTD im Falle des Gymnasialbesuchs.

شرایط پیش‌آمده ناشی از ویروس کرونا به گونه‌ای تمام جهان، افراد و روابط آن‌ها را دچار دگرگونی کرده و تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. این شرایط بر توافقات حقوقی افراد نیز تأثیرگذار بوده است؛ به‌عنوان نمونه توافقات والدین کودکانی که به دلایلی از قبیل طلاق جدا از یکدیگر زندگی می‌کنند، تحت تأثیر این شرایط قرار گرفته است. در مواردی حق ملاقات والدی که به موجب حکم دادگاه باید روز یا روزهایی از هفته کودک را ملاقات کند، مورد بازنگری قرار گرفته یا در صورتی که حضانت‌کننده، مانع ملاقات طفل با اشخاص ذی‌حق شود و به دلایل موجه و امکان ورود ضرر به کودک از اعمال حقی ممانعت کند، حکم به مجازات وی نشده است. با توجه به لازمه دو نهی منتج از قواعد لاضرر، نهی از عروض در تهلکه و بر اساس اصل 40 قانون اساسی چون اعمال این حق موجبات ورود ضرر به غیر را فراهم و تمهید می‌کند و محتمل نیز قوی است، بنابراین حکم به الغای موقت این حضانت یا ملاقات حسب اقتضا خواهد شد. ملاک برهم‌زدن توافقات والدین و اشخاص ذی‌حق، بر اساس قانون داخلی و برخی از کشورهای مورد مطالعه هم‌چون استرالیا، کانادا و ایرلند؛ به مخاطره افتادن سلامت جسمی، امکان ورود ضرر و نهایتاً حفظ مصالح کودکان است. این موارد موضوعاتی است که به دادگاه و حضانت‌کننده اجازه می‌دهد تا برای دوره‌ای محدود شخص ذی‌حق؛ اعم از والدین یا سایر اقربا از ملاقات با کودکان محروم شده و استنکاف حاضن موجبات مسئولیت مدنی و کیفری برای وی نباشد. از دیگر مشکلات مربوط به دعاوی حضانت و حق ملاقات در ایام شیوع کرونا، قرنطینه‌سازی و تعطیلی اماکن عمومی و ادارات، روش‌های دسترسی به دادگاه‌ها و حضور در جلسات دادرسی و آگاهی از این روند بوده که در این مقاله به آن‌ها پرداخته خواهد شد.

در شرایط اشتغال اقماری، دوری متناوب دو هفته ای شاغل از خانواده موجب پیدایش گونه خاص و چالش برانگیزی از زندگی خانوادگی می گردد. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین راهبردهای مددکاری اجتماعی و مشاوره با توجه به ابهام در چگونگی ارائه خدمات مذکور به این نوع خانواده ها انجام گرفت. روش این پژوهش کیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوا و بحث گروهی متمرکز است که از طریق نمونه گیری هدفمند و داوطلبانه 29 نفر شامل کارکنان اقماری، همسران، کارشناسان خانواده و مدیران انتخاب و با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته داده ها تا اشباع نظری جمع آوری شد.سپس داده ها بصورت کلمه به کلمه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها منجر به پیدایش سه طبقه اصلی انتزاعی شد که دربرگیرنده توانمندسازی فردی، تحکیم پویایی خانواده و گسترش شبکه های حمایتی بوده و در مجموع از 10 زیرطبقه تشکیل شده اند؛ در نتیجه استفاده از این راهبردها درقالب نقشهای حرفه ای مددکاری اجتماعی و مشاوره از قبیل آموزش، مشاوره، مداخله و حمایت های نهادی و غیر نهادی جهت حفظ سلامت خانواده و سازگاری مناسب آنها با شرایط خاص خودشان، می تواند مفید و راهگشا باشد.

ظهور ویروس جدید موسوم به کووید-19 به یک پاندمی در جهان منجر شده و اکثر کشورها دستورالعمل‌های سخت‌گیرانه بهداشتی از جمله قرنطینه و فاصله‌گذاری اجتماعی را اجرا کردند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، درک چگونگی تجربه فاصله‌گذاری اجتماعی و خانه‌نشینی از دیدگاه سالمندان بود. روش پژوهش، کیفی از نوع تحلیل مضمون بود و به این منظور با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی با 19 فرد بین 65 تا 85 سال مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته انجام گرفت. به منظور رعایت پروتکل‌های بهداشتی مصاحبه‌ها به صورت تلفنی انجام شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون براون و کلارک تحلیل و سه مضمون اصلی شامل نعمت‌ها، تهدیدها و راهکارها استخراج شد. بر اساس یافته‌ها سالمندان ترکیبی از هیجانات مثبت و منفی را طی دوران خانه‌نشینی تجربه کرده و هم‌چنین به نظر می‌رسد خردمندی دوران سالمندی به آن‌ها به‌منظور استفاده/خلق راهکارهای مقابله‌ای به منظور گذران این دوران کمک کرده است. با توجه به این‌که حفظ روابط اجتماعی برای اکثر مصاحبه‌شوندگان نکته‌ای حیاتی به شمار می‌رفت، لازم است خانواده‌ها با گفت‌وگوی صحیح و بدون پنهان‌کاری شرایط پیش‌آمده را توضیح داده و در کنار رعایت دستورالعمل‌های بهداشتی زمینه‌های گوناگون امکان حفظ ارتباط اجتماعی را برای سالمندان فراهم سازند.

وجود فرزند با اختلال نقص توجه ـ بیش‌فعالی در خانواده عملکرد خانواده را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه ادراک انصاف، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده و بخشش در مادران کودکان مبتلا به اختلال نقص توجه ـ بیش‌فعالی و مادران دارای کودکان عادی انجام گرفت. نمونه 100 نفر (50 نفر برای گروه با اختلال نقص توجه ـ بیش‌فعالی که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و 50 نفر گروه عادی که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند) از بین مادران کودکان دارای اختلال نقص توجه ـ بیش‌فعالی و عادی سنین 12-7 سال مناطق 4 و 8 شهر تهران که در نیم‌سال دوم تحصیلی 98-97 در حال تحصیل بودند، انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای ادراک انصاف پری، حمایت اجتماعی و بخشش در اختیار آن‌ها قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بین حمایت اجتماعی و بخشش مادران دو گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (p

ناباروری در ایران با توجه به بستر فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعه، تأثیرات عمیقی بر بسیاری از جنبه‌های زندگی افراد نابارور دارد. در این مطالعه با اتخاذ رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل پدیدارشناختی، ابعادی از تجربه ناباروری و راهبردهای کنار آمدن با آن در زنان و مردان مراجعه‌کننده به پژوهشکده علوم تولید مثل یزد واکاوی می‌شود. مشارکت‌کنندگان در این پژوهش 32 زن و مرد نابارور هستند که با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. از تحلیل مصاحبه‌ها دو تم «ناباروری مسأله‌محوری و نیازمند حمایت همه‌جانبه» و «ناباروری رویدادی منفی در چرخه زندگی و تا حدودی قابل پذیرش و کم‌اهمیت» به ترتیب برای زنان و مردان نابارور استخراج شد. بر اساس یافته‌ها، فرزندآوری جلوه‌ای از هویت زنانگی و مردانگی تلقی می‌شود. برای زنان محیط خانه توأم با سکوت، ترس و نگرانی، محیط خانواده همسر تنش‌زا و آزاردهنده است. زنان همواره پیشتاز درمان هستند و بر تکرار آن پافشاری می‌کنند و با پذیرش ناباروری به مثابه مسأله، جست‌وجوی مداوم درمان، تقدیرگرایی، حضور در محیط‌های کودک‌محور و توجه به کودکان تلاش می‌کنند با شرایط ناباروری کنار بیایند. مردان فرزندان را به عنوان بخشی از هویت خود و تداوم نسل و نام خانواده می‌پندارند. اغلب جست‌وجوی درمان برایشان ناخوشایند است. برای رهایی از پیامدهای ناباروری راهبردهایی نظیر انکار، کم‌اهمیت جلوه‌دادن ناباروری، بی‌توجهی به نظر دیگران، تمرکز بر کار و فعالیت را به کار می‌بندند. این مطالعه نشان داد که علاوه بر جنبه‌های درمانی و پزشکی ناباروری، جنبه‌های مختلف عاطفی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی، ارتباطی، شناختی و اقتصادی ناباروی نیز نیازمند توجه است.

با توجه به افزایش آمار طلاق در کشور طی سال‌های اخیر، مقاله پیش‌رو بر آن است تا با رویکرد توصیقی ـ تحلیلی و با استفاده از روش تحلیل ثانویه، وضعیت طلاق در ایران و روند آن طی دوره 1393-1383 را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. بدین منظور از منابع موجود شامل داده‌های سرشماری، سازمان ثبت ‌احوال و نمونه سرشماری 1390 برای زنان 64-15 ساله استفاده ‌شده است. یافته‌ها نشان داد نسبت طلاق به ازدواج در کل کشور در سال 1383، 10.21 بوده که طی یک‌ روند افزایشی در سال 1393 به 22.58 رسیده است. هم‌چنین یافته‌های حاصل از مطالعه الگوهای سنی و جنسی نیز نشان داد در سال 1393، زنان سنین 20 تا 35 ساله و مردان سنین 25 تا 40 ساله در معرض خطر بیشتری برای طلاق بودند. شاخص میانگین طول مدت زندگی، افزایش یک سال دوام زندگی مشترک در سال 1393 در مقایسه با سال 1383 را نشان داد. عوامل اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی و افزایش شاخص‌هایی مانند سطح تحصیلات زنان و استقلال آن‌ها، سن ازدواج، شهرنشینی و تراکم جمعیت و میزان بیکاری، خصوصاً مردان و جوانان در تعامل با ساختار سنی و هم‌چنین تغییرات فرهنگی نقش مهمی در روند رو به تزاید طلاق در طول یک دهه اخیر ایفا کرده‌اند.

این پژوهش با هدف طراحی هستان‌نگاری «تحکیم خانواده، با استخراج مفاهیم و روابط بین آنها از منابع دانش حوزه مطالعات زنان (گرایش علوم اجتماعی) در ایران انجام شد. پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی است و از روش تحلیل ‌حوزه (رویکرد آشولد و گرونینگر) و هم‌چنین از روش دلفی برای تأیید مفاهیم و تأیید نهایی هستان‌نگاری استفاده شد. از جامعه آماری، شامل 792 کتاب و 2144 مقاله علمی ـ پژوهشی، تعداد 9295 مفهوم عینی و ضمنی استخراج شد و پس از دسته‌بندی، استانداردسازی و سپس نظرسنجی مفاهیم طی پالایش ‌دلفی، نخستین مدل مفهومی حوزه «تحکیم خانواده» شکل گرفت. این مدل شامل یک هسته مفهومی، 3 مفهوم، 9 مقوله، 24 زیرمقوله و 66 زیرمفهوم بود. درخت هستان‌نگاری با ایجاد روابط بر مبنای وزن کلمات ‌کلیدی، با یک هسته ‌مفهومی، دو رده اصلی، 110 رده فرعی و 199 زیررده ایجاد شد و در مجموع با 212 رابطه سلسله‌مراتبی و ویژگی شیء، روابط معنایی بین مفاهیم برقرار شد. این مصنوع در نرم‌افزار 5.5 protégé اجرا شد و با افزونه‌های OntoGraf، OWLViz و VOWL قابل نمایش شد. هستان‌نگاری FamilyOnto به عنوان یک سند راهبردی در سیاست‌گذاری‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی‌های آینده مدل‌سازی ‌مفهومی حوزه مطالعات زنان تأثیرگذار است، هم‌چنین، به عنوان ابزاری برای ذخیره و بازیابی معنایی مؤثر کاربران و در تعاملات پژوهشی متخصصان حوزه، مفید است.

Kepuasan hidup masyarakat Indonesia pada saat ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor pendapatan dan kondisi keuangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh jumlah pendapatan, pengeluaran, tabungan, dan gaya penggunaan uang terhadap kepuasan hidup. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan melibatkan 831 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik convenient sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan software G*Power untuk melihat effect size dan menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan software JASP versi 0.8.6. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pendapatan, jumlah pengeluaran konsumtif, dan jumlah aset memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepuasan hidup. Gaya penggunaan uang dengan hemat dan berhati-hati memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepuasan hidup, sementara gaya menghabiskan uang dan menggunakan uang secara sia-sia tidak memiiki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan hidup. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan uang secara terkontrol, baik untuk kebutuhan konsumtif maupun menabung untuk kebutuhan di masa depan, dapat meningkatkan kepuasan hidup seseorang. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat menjadi rujukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia dengan berfokus pada cara dan gayanya di dalam memanfaatkan uang.

Resumen: Objetivo. Este artículo analiza la relación del índice de riqueza con la fecundidad y la nupcialidad para la región Atlántica Colombiana. La fuente sociodemográfica utilizada para la realización de este estudio es la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDS) de 2015. Metodología. Se basa en un análisis exploratoriodescriptivo de la relación existente entre las variables. Dentro de los cálculos usados se encuentra el número promedio de uniones y las tasas globales de Fecundidad por nivel de riqueza halladas por el método de Brass P/F. Resultados y Conclusión. Se observa la existencia de una relación entre la variable fecundidad y la nupcialidad; sin embargo, la diferencia entre el nivel de riqueza medio y rico está tendiendo a desaparecer, lo que lleva a suponer el comienzo de una postergación de la maternidad en las clases medias de la región Atlántica. Abstract: Objective. This article analyzes the relationship of the wealth index with fertility and marriage rate for the Colombian Atlantic region. The sociodemographic source used to carry out this study is the 2015 National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Methodology. The methodology used is based on an exploratorydescriptive analysis of the relationship between the variables. Among the calculations used are the average number of unions and the global fertility rates by level of wealth found by the Brass P/F method. Results and Conclusion. The existence of a relationship between the variable fertility and marriage rate is observed. However, the difference between the average wealth level and the rich level is tending to disappear, leading to the beginning of a postponement of motherhood in the middle classes of the Atlantic region.

Resumen: Objetivo. Reflexionar en cómo las transformaciones económicas desencadenadas por la implementación de políticas aperturistas en Colombia desde los años 70 hastasu consolidación en la década de los noventa del siglo XX, generaron un cambio tanto en la vocación productiva del territorio del Oriente de Antioquia, como en las configuracionesde sus núcleos familiares. Metodología. Se utilizó la revisión documental, tanto de artículos especializados, como de diferentes investigaciones desarrolladas por entidadesnacionales e internacionales sobre el tema. Resultados. Dan cuenta de cómo las políticas económicas estructurales en épocas de globalización impactan hasta los núcleos socialesmás primarios como el de la familia, transformando la clásica familia nuclear tradicional en el territorio. Abstract: Objective. To reflect on how the economic transformations triggered by the implementation of openness policies in Colombia from the 70s until their consolidation in the 90s in the 20th century, generated a change both in the productive vocation of the eastern Antioqueño territory, as well as in the configurations of their family nuclei. Methodology. The documentary review was used both as specialized articles, as of different research projects on the subject carried out by national and international entities. Results. The results obtained give an account on how structural economic policies in times of globalization impact even the most primary social nuclei such as the family, transforming the traditional nuclear family in the territory.

Tingkat perceraian di Kabupaten Banyumas pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dan menuju new normal tercatat mengalami peningkatan sebesar 48 kasus. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dan faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi perceraian di masa pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional study. Objek penelitian berupa data kasus perceraian bulan Maret s.d Juni 2020. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 200 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Metode analisis data menggunakan distribusi frekuensi dengan nilai modus untuk menentukan kecenderungan data. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa secara umum penggugat perceraian merupakan perempuan yang memiliki karakteristik berusia muda, berpendidikan rendah, tidak bekerja, usia perkawinan kurang dari lima tahun, dan baru memiliki satu anak. Faktor yang melatarbelakangi pasangan suami istri bercerai karena faktor ekonomi. Lebih lanjut, program yang dapat dikembangkan berdasarkan hasil penelitian yaitu perlu ada sosialisasi yang intens tentang persiapan kehidupan berkeluarga bagi calon pasangan muda khususnya dalam aspek ekonomi. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar para pasangan muda yang ingin memulai berkeluarga dapat membangun ketahanan keluarga yang optimal sehingga mampu mencegah terjadinya perceraian.

Banyak orang tua memercayai hukuman fisik tepat digunakan sebagai strategi yang efektif untuk mendisiplinkan anak sehingga membuat siklus penerapan hukuman fisik tidak terputus pada generasi selanjutnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pengalaman menerima hukuman fisik dan perbedaan jenis kelamin terhadap penerimaan mitos dan intensi menggunakan hukuman fisik pada remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik purposive sampling yang melibatkan 123 remaja berusia 13-17 tahun dengan status sosial ekonomi menengah ke bawah dan berdomisili di Jawa Barat. Pengalaman hukuman fisik diukur menggunakan Parent-Child Conflict Tactic Scale (CTSPC) dan penerimaan mitos hukuman fisik diukur menggunakan Corporal Punishment Myth Scale (CPMS). Uji analisis jalur menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan jenis kelamin secara signifikan (β=-5,306; p

Resumen: Objetivo. Comprender las formas de vinculación en la pareja que permitan la emergencia de procesos de co-evolución, a través de la construcción de prácticas democráticas en el sistema terapéutico. Metodología. La investigación se realizó a partir de una metodología de naturaleza cualitativa, elaborada desde el paradigma de la complejidad con orientación sistémica en una perspectiva de investigación-intervención. Se trabajó con un estudio de caso múltiple: dos parejas que buscaron ayuda psicoterapéutica en los Servicios de Atención Psicológica (SAP) de la Universidad Santo Tomás en la ciudad de Bogotá, escogidas bajo un muestreo intencional. Resultados y conclusión. La democracia emerge como noción fundamental para investigar e intervenir los vínculos en las relaciones de pareja, siendo un vehículo posibilitador de cambio en la resolución de conflictos, favoreciendo procesos de coevolución en las parejas y generando además cambios en la postura y en el operar del terapeuta. Abstract: Objective. To understand the forms of bonding of couples that allow the emergence of co-evolution processes, through the construction of democratic practices in the therapeutic system. Methodology. The research was carried out using a qualitative methodology, elaborated from the paradigm of complexity with a systemic orientation in a research-intervention perspective. A multiple case study was used: two couples, who sought psychotherapeutic help in the Psychological Care Services (PCS) of Universidad Santo Tomás in the city of Bogotá were chosen under intentional sampling. Results and conclusion. Democracy emerges as a fundamental notion to investigate and intervene in couple relationships, being an enabling vehicle for change in conflict resolution, favoring co-evolution processes in couples and also generating changes in the position and operation of the therapist.

Ketidaksiapan keluarga terhadap perubahan peran menjadi caregiver, kurangnya pengetahuan terhadap prosedur perawatan, serta beban dan tanggung jawab terhadap perawatan pasien kanker payudara menyebabkan stres pada keluarga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) terhadap penurunan stres pada family caregiver pasien kanker payudara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksperimen dengan single-subject design pada dua orang subjek penelitian. Sebelum proses terapi, masing-masing subjek diberikan skala perceived stress (PSS-10) untuk mengukur tingkat stres sebelum proses terapi kemudian pada setiap sesi terapi masing-masing subjek diberi skala perceived stress kembali untuk mengukur perubahan tingkat stres pada setiap sesinya. Analisis data menggunakan visual analisis, analisis inferensia untuk uji perbedaan dengan wilcoxon signed rank test, dan Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND) untuk mengetahui effect size. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai effect size sebesar 1 (>0,90) yang berarti ACT mampu menurunkan stres kedua subjek dengan kategori efektivitas sedang hingga sangat efektif. Melalui penerapan ACT, family caregiver mampu memaknai situasi stres dengan lebih positif sehingga muncul penerimaan dan komitmen yang baik dalam perannya sebagai caregiver pasien kanker payudara.

Konsep prasmanan pada restoran hotel merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab timbulnya food waste, hal ini didasarkan karena adanya perbedaan preferensi konsumen dalam menentukan jenis dan porsi makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik dan pengetahuan objektif konsumen resto hotel terhadap isu food waste. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan eksploratori kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional study. Penelitian ini melibatkan 363 mahasiswa dan pekerja yang pernah mengunjungi restoran hotel berkonsep prasmanan yang dipilih menggunakan teknik snowball sampling. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di Hotel Amaris, Kota Bandung. Sampel limbah dan komposisi makanan diambil dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan dan analisis berdasarkan SNI 1903964-1994. Kuesioner dalam bentuk Google Form didiseminasi melalui WhatsApp Group. Selanjutnya, data penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan tabulasi dan grafik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, hanya sebagian responden yang mengetahui isu food waste. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar pertimbangan pihak pemangku kebijakan serta penelitian lanjutan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan terkait food waste kepada konsumen untuk mencegah timbulnya food waste di resto hotel.

La profesora Carmen Elisa Flórez (San Martín, Meta 1954) es una de las precursoras de los estudios demográficos de la familia en Colombia y en Latinoamérica. Sus trabajos han contribuido a entender la relación de los procesos demográficos con las dinámicas familiares del país, destacando las particularidades de la experiencia colombiana. Esto lo ha hec ho no solo desde la investigación económica y demográfica, sino también desde la producción de información estadística de calidad, necesaria para el análisis empírico de la realidad social. Sus aportes también han permitido comprender las distintas transiciones demográficas del país, incluyendo el cambio de estatus de la mujer, la fecundidad, el embarazo adolescente y el proceso de envejecimiento. La profesora Carmen Elisa Flórez (San Martín, Meta 1954) es una de las precursoras de los estudios demográficos de la familia en Colombia y en Latinoamérica. Sus trabajos han contribuido a entender la relación de los procesos demográficos con las dinámicas familiares del país, destacando las particularidades de la experiencia colombiana. Esto lo ha hec ho no solo desde la investigación económica y demográfica, sino también desde la producción de información estadística de calidad, necesaria para el análisis empírico de la realidad social. Sus aportes también han permitido comprender las distintas transiciones demográficas del país, incluyendo el cambio de estatus de la mujer, la fecundidad, el embarazo adolescente y el proceso de envejecimiento.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the particular way of residential and city production in the informal habitat interacts with the residential and domestic organization of those who inhabit it. For this purpose, different residential strategies of the population are analyzed, being cohabiting and support networks the most relevant. Through a qualitative approach, applied to two informal-origin neighborhoods in Bogotá, it is found that the flexibility offered by informal housing allows shaping certain forms of residential organization that complicate the formulation of domestic agreements. Simultaneously, these residential organizations are conditioned by the networks of relationships that they establish outside the dwelling which facilitate or hinder the development of life in this context. It is concluded that the relationship between households, dwellings and families in informal contexts leads to questioning the different categories used for housing policy making.

Mayoritas konsumen di Indonesia membeli produk mewah untuk meningkatkan kualitas diri dan status sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dimensi nilai finansial, fungsional, individual, dan sosial yang muncul sebagai nilai dominan dalam mempersepsi nilai mewah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional study dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Partisipan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 120 pengguna tas branded di Indonesia yang didapat menggunakan teknik snowball sampling. Hasil penelitian disajikan secara deskriptif dan dikaji lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola konsumsi produk mewah di Indonesia berdasarkan nilai budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga budaya terbesar yang menggunakan tas branded di Indonesia merupakan suku Jawa, Sunda, dan Minangkabau. Berdasarkan ketiga budaya tersebut, nilai finansial merupakan nilai dominan dalam membentuk persepsi nilai mewah. Nilai dominan yang membentuk persepsi nilai mewah memiliki pola serupa pada budaya Jawa dan Minangkabau. Budaya Jawa dan Minangkabau menunjukkan nilai dominan pada nilai finansial yang diikuti dengan nilai fungsional, individual, dan sosial secara berurutan. Perbedaan pola terlihat pada budaya Sunda dengan nilai dominan pada nilai finansial yang diikuti dengan nilai sosial, fungsional, dan individual secara berurutan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk membantu strategi pemasaran yang lebih spesifik dan sensitif terhadap kebutuhan konsumen.

Studi terdahulu menemukan sejumlah faktor yang memengaruhi mindful parenting secara terpisah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh faktor objektif dan subjektif terhadap mindful parenting pada ibu di Indonesia. Kognisi pengasuhan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas kognisi pengasuhan positif yang diwakili oleh rasa kompeten pengasuhan dan kognisi pengasuhan negatif yang diwakili oleh atribusi berpusat pada orang tua. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Penelitian ini melibatkan 171 ibu yang memiliki anak usia 3-12 tahun dan dipilih melalui teknik insidental sampling. Berdasarkan analisis regresi berganda, didapatkan hasil bahwa kognisi pengasuhan yang positif dalam bentuk rasa kompeten pengasuhan dan kognisi pengasuhan negatif dalam bentuk atribusi berpusat pada orang tua dapat memprediksi mindful parenting pada ibu di Indonesia. Sementara itu, faktor-faktor objektif yang meliputi usia ibu, tingkat pendidikan, dan pengetahuan tentang pengasuhan efektif ditemukan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mindful parenting. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembentukan kognisi pengasuhan yang positif dan menghindari kognisi pengasuhan yang negatif dapat meningkatkan keterampilan mindful parenting. Untuk itu, orang-orang di sekeliling ibu juga diharapkan dapat memberikan dukungan bagi para ibu agar merasa kompeten di dalam mengasuh anak.

Resumen: Objetivo. Analizar las experiencias personales de las alumnas y alumnos de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, campus Azcapotzalco (México) en relación a la naturalización de conductas violentas de tipo psicológico, ocurridas en su entorno familiar y que fueron replicadas en sus relaciones de pareja. Metodología. Se optó por utilizar un enfoque cualitativo, a través de la obtención detallada de datos mediante entrevistas a profundidad de tipo semiestructuradas, eligiendo a nueve hombres y nueve mujeres de manera aleatoria dentro del campus universitario. Resultados. Se evidenció que en la mayoría de los casos hubo una naturalización y reproducción de pautas violentas de tipo psicológica en el entorno familiar, entre el padre y la madre, de ellos y ellas hacia con sus hijos e hijas, y a su vez, de estos a sus parejas. Conclusiones. Hubo una naturalización y reproducción de la violencia psicológica de manera indistinta en los alumnos y las alumnas universitarias. Abstract: Objective. To analyze the personal experiences of the students of Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco campus (Mexico) in relation to the naturalization of violent behaviors of a psychological nature that occurred in their family environment and which were replicated in their relationships. Methodology. It was decided to use a qualitative approach, through detailed data collection by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews, randomly choosing nine men and nine women within the universitycampus. Results. It was evidenced that in most cases there was a naturalization and reproduction of violent psychological patterns in the family environment between the father and the mother, from them to their sons and daughters and in turn, from them to their couples. Conclusions. There was naturalization and reproduction of psychological violence in an indistinct way in male and female university students.

Keluarga dan pekerjaan menjadi dua hal penting dalam keseharian manusia yang perlu dikelola dengan baik untuk mencapai tugas dan tujuan keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh manajemen sumber daya keluarga (MSDK) dan konflik kerja-keluarga terhadap pemenuhan tugas keluarga yang dilakukan oleh istri pada keluarga dengan suami istri bekerja. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional pada 160 contoh dari keluarga dengan suami istri bekerja yang dipilih melalui stratified non proportional random sampling di Kecamatan Bogor Barat dan Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konflik kerja-keluarga pada keluarga dengan istri yang bekerja >8 jam/hari lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan istri yang bekerja ≤8 jam/hari. Sedangkan MSDK istri yang bekerja di sektor formal lebih tinggi dibandingkan istri yang bekerja di sektor informal. Uji regresi menunjukkan MSDK dan pendidikan istri memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pemenuhan tugas keluarga. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh MSDK dan konflik kerja-keluarga terhadap tugas keluarga memiliki sumbangan yang lebih besar pada istri yang bekerja di sektor formal dibandingkan sektor informal. Sedangkan berdasarkan jam kerja, pengaruh MSDK dan konflik kerja-keluarga terhadap pemenuhan tugas keluarga lebih besar dicapai oleh istri yang bekerja ≤8 jam/hari.

In adolescence, humans begin to establish their adult identities. Their teachers are important in this development, but increasing work and accountability demands on teachers mean teacher–student relations suffer, negatively impacting adolescents’ sense of school belonging and behavioural, psychological, and academic development. We used ecological systems theory to study affect, power, and reciprocity dimensions of the student–teacher relationship at school level in the United Arab Emirates. Observations and semi-structured interviews with female eleventh-graders and their teachers showed that adolescents believed teachers tried their best, but their lecture-based teaching style was boring, and that teachers rarely engaged students in group work or considered their opinions. Additionally, not all teachers supported or respected students. Teacher–student power imbalance exacerbated these issues and led students to disobey or skip classes. Relationships based on care, trust, respect, affect, openness, and cooperation can foster student achievement, identity development, and school belonging and teacher accountability.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the longitudinal relationships between self-esteem, family and peer cohesion, and social appearance anxiety (SAA) by considering the mediating role of adaptive (e.g., problem-solving) and maladaptive (e.g., rumination) coping strategies and the moderating role of gender. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires in 2018 and 2019 in a sample of 1085 adolescents. Applying Structural Equation Modelling, results showed that self-esteem acted as a protective factor of SAA over one year. The effect was partially mediated by decreased levels of maladaptive coping strategies, while adaptive coping strategies had no effect. Perceived cohesion with family and peers had neither a the role of social support beyond perceived cohesion as well as emotion-focused adaptive coping strategies in predicting SAA.

Spain has suffered greatly from the consequences of the economic crisis, and these have affected young people’s transitions to adulthood. Using a biographical approach, we have analysed the educational, labour and personal pathways of a group of young women aged 26–28 over ten years (2000–2010). The qualitative methodology and the biographical approach allowed us to categorise five models of transition to adulthood, constructed from the interaction and intersection of four analytical variables: the centrality of work (paid or domestic and care work), attitudes (more or less dependence), the prevalence of traditional gender roles and the centrality of education/training. These models are framed in a macroeconomic context of strong economic and social crisis characterised by precariousness, a shortage of jobs and labour instability. The results of this study allowed us to make visible the situation of young women in Spain while offering possible solutions to their clear disadvantages and social vulnerability.

This study aimed to explore Swedish mothers’ beliefs about youth well-being and in relation to gender, education, and relationship characteristics. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to study reports provided by 1074 mothers based on open-ended survey questions and mother–youth relationship measures. Fourteen sub-themes were identified that encompassed five broader themes: academic and cognitive, emotional and psychological, physical, recreational, and social well-being. Theme combinations were also identified from individual reports. Although mothers’ beliefs were not moderated by youths’ gender, mothers with higher formal education reported more broadly across themes than mothers with less formal education. No significant differences were observed between mothers’ beliefs and mother–youth relationship characteristics. Situated within a Swedish context, these results lift mothers’ view about youth well-being as a multifaceted phenomenon, including similarities and differences with contemporary theories and studies. Future research needs to explore how these beliefs matter for parents, youth and their well-being across cultures.

Body dissatisfaction is widely recognized as an important public health concern mainly for women because of its increasing incidence worldwide. The aim of this exploratory study was to test the predictive role of family influence on body satisfaction (BS) among young Italian women, during a decade conceptualized as ‘emerging adulthood’. Instruments designed to assess BS, appearance-focused parental comments, maternal and paternal criticism were administered to 688 women aged between 18 and 28 years (M age = 23.40; SD = 2.33). Two regression analyses were used with life satisfaction levels, parental comments, and maternal/paternal criticism as independent variables to explain variance in BS for younger (18–23 years) and older (24–28 years) women. The data reveal an interesting difference in the influence of parental criticism on BS depending on the age cohort: maternal criticism negatively predicts BS in younger women, while paternal criticism is a risk factor for BS in older women.

Sleep disorders can have a critical effect on health and academic performance. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and academic impact of various sleep disorders on university students by gender. This cross-sectional study was conducted between May and September 2019. The prevalence of sleep disorders was assessed using the validated SLEEP-50 Questionnaire. Overall, 637 university students participated in the study (response rate: 100%); of these, 368 (57.8%) were female and 455 (71.4%) were > 20 years old. A total of 433 students (68.0%) had grade point averages (GPAs) of 2–3, whereas 20 (3.1%) had GPAs of < 2. The most common sleep disorders were narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, insomnia, and obstructive sleep apnoea, whereas sleepwalking and nightmares were infrequent. Sleep disorders were significantly associated with low GPA among female students. University students are at risk for sleep disorders, with such disorders associated with decreased academic performance among females.

Conceptions about adulthood have changed radically over the last century, while teaching in principle remained unchanged. The resulting gap has created a divergence between educational focus and adolescents’ needs. In the present study, students’ (N=243, Mage=12.98) conceptions about both childhood and adulthood were examined by using categorization and cluster analysis. A treatment group participated in a workshop, designed to promote emotional and cognitive maturation, while a control group only completed the pre-post-test. The analysis shows that students attach little importance to roles, and focus instead on obtaining character traits. Cluster analysis shows a tendency for boys to feel socially insecure, while girls seem to be more autonomous. The treatment group shifted ideas: holding on to childhood became less attractive. The stigmatic perception of adulthood was mitigated by positive traits. The categorization has proven as a tool to gain insight into cognitive maturity. Educational consequences are discussed.

Despite the gains India has made over the past 20 years, it remains a country with significant gender inequalities. Gender sensitization and empowerment programs during adolescence, when gender attitudes are formed, have the potential to diminish gender inequity. The Girl rising ‘Gender-sensitization program’ was implemented in 254 schools in India to support adolescents in identifying, articulating, and sharing their gender-related experiences. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a one group pre- and post-test with a sub-sample of schools in rural Punjab and Rajasthan, India (n = 2,894 adolescents). Multivariable regression analyses adjusting for gender, grade, and district found that gender equality scores increased by 0.66 points (p

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adolescents’ future orientation and their engagement in gambling and in risk gambling, respectively. The data used come from the Stockholm School Survey, collected in 2016 among students in the ninth grade in elementary school (15–16 years) and in the second grade of upper secondary school (17–18 years) in Stockholm municipality (n = 11,661). The results showed that adolescents who expected their future to be ‘much worse’ than that of others were more inclined to engage in gambling and in risk gambling compared with adolescents who expected their future to be similar to that of others. Furthermore, adolescents who expected their future to be ‘much better’ than that of others had an increased likelihood of engaging in gambling but not in risk gambling. The results are discussed in the light of elements from rational choice theory. REGAPS

The purpose of the study was to explore the life circumstances of singletons and first-born children, and the importance of the size of the sibling group, by focusing on scholastic aspirations, both on part of the children themselves, but also of their parents. The study used data collected with around 3650 children and their parents, and apart from information on the children’s and their parents’ explicit aspirations, there was also information on the children’s estimation of their parents’ aspirations. While only small differences in parental explicit aspirations were found, substantial differences were found with respect to the children’s own aspirations and their estimations of those of their parents. Only children were more likely to estimate high scholastic aspirations on part of their parents, as were first-borns with siblings. First- also tended to express higher scholastic aspirations themselves. Theoretically, strategic parenting and role specialization were used to explain the results.

Whilst advancing outcomes for young people transitioning from out-of-home care is a national priority, no synthesis of Australian interventions that support their transition from care and into independence currently exists. The aim of this systematic scoping review was to examine the characteristics of such interventions delivered in Australia and to evaluate their impact. Papers were included if they assessed the extent to which transitional support interventions, delivered in Australia, improved housing, employment, education, financial, health, or social functioning outcomes. Eleven studies were included. Interventions primarily adopted a case management approach to support care-leavers’ transition. Interventions facilitated improvements in care-leavers’ independent living outcomes (e.g., housing, education, and financial stability), but less so in health outcomes. This synthesis provides guidance for how research organizations in partnership with community service organizations and statutory services should develop and deliver interventions to support young Australians transitioning from care.

Positive Youth Development (PYD) programmes are often conceptualized and led by adults with little or no youth input. The purpose of this study was to better understand youth definitions of success, obstacles they face in achieving success, and how they perceive others can help. Interviews were conducted with 24 youth from three different contexts (swim club, church group, and reform home) in Trinidad and Tobago. The results indicated that youth have a varied understanding of success. Further, many youths’ definitions mirror those prescribed in PYD literature. Youth identified a variety of obstacles in their quest for success, and though similarities existed, several obstacles were context dependent. Finally, youth identified support and assistance as the best mechanisms to propel them to success. Support, both informal and formal, points to the significant role non-parent adults serve in the lives of youth. Implications for youth programmes and future research are discussed.

This study aims to explore the nature of community response to the initiation of smoking among Indonesian early adolescents. The study was a qualitative survey involving 100 selected participants (early adolescents, parents, teachers of junior high schools, and school nurses with 25 participants in each category) through snowball sampling method. Participants were interviewed with semi-structured open-ended questions. Data analysis was accomplished by the triangulation of data source. Smoking initiation arises reactive and assertive community response in rejecting negative impact of smoking-leading situation. Community response to the initiation of smoking among early adolescents has certain complex characteristics. Health professionals need to actively participate in building smoke-free community by constructing a practical model of public health nursing which is comprehensive to protect Indonesian early adolescents from negative impacts of culturally allowed smoking.

There is a plethora of research assessesing the effect of background music on task performance; however, these results have largely been inconclusive and divided. Music is a powerful medium that possesses a lot of positive benefits. This paper addresses the gaps in the existing literature and attempts to explore the effect of background music on adolescents’ performance in a reading comprehension task. It also examines the role of culture in the said effect of performance, by assessing whether one’s own culture leads to a better performance when compared to both silence and music from a different culture. To this end, an experimental study was conducted on 34 adolescents between the ages of 13–14 (M = 13.50, SD = 0.50). The results indicate that a strong positive effect is achieved on task performance when background music is present, especially one that identifies with the participants’ cultural background.

This paper explores the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) and appearance perception in a Lebanese university sample (N = 201). Two indicators of appearance perception, body image dissatisfaction (BID) and physical attractiveness (PAT), were investigated in relation to trait EI and depression. Global trait EI and the well-being and self-control factors negatively correlated with BID, while global trait EI and all four factors positively correlated with PAT. In addition, the well-being trait EI factor was a significant predictor of BID and PAT (marginal) over BMI, emotion regulation, and self-worth. These variables jointly predicted 38% of the variance in BID and 41% of the variance in PAT. Moderation analyses showed that global trait EI moderated the relationship between the appearance perception indicators and depressive symptomatology. The role of trait EI in attenuating the psychological impact associated with a negative appearance perception is discussed in relation to its clinical utility.

The primary focus of this study was to understand obesity and depressive symptoms in college women. Using non-obese women as a contrast group, obese and non-obese women were compared on body image and psychological adjustment. Additional analyses further examined the obese women by comparing obese women with high versus low depressive symptoms. A total of 51 obese and 524 non-obese college women completed an online survey. Obese women had significantly lower body image and self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms than non-obese women. Obese women with high depressive symptoms reported more eating problems and poorer body image than obese women with low depressive symptoms. Qualitative coding identified factors linked to low depressive symptoms in obese women including: more positive histories of interpersonal relationships; resisting the internalization of weight bias; and other areas of competence taking the focus off of body image experiences. Implications of these findings for intervention design are considered.

Social fears are considered common and life-restrictive problems, especially among young people. This study examined young people’s experiences of social fears. The data consisted of responses collected via a qualitative e-form questionnaire from Finnish participants (n = 78) whose average age was 25 years. The data were analysed with the content analysis method. The theoretical insights of the study were drawn from symbolic interactionism and the existential-phenomenological approach. The participants’ fears were classified and named in relation to social situations and significant others to 1) Formal situations and authorities 2) Groups and peers 3) Public places and anonymous crowds 4) Dyadic relationships and close people 5) Generalized fears. The study indicates the diversity of social fears. It suggests that dealing with underlying reasons and getting new healing experiences of fear-inducing social situations can help sufferers.

Sense of belonging to school has received considerable attention due to the importance of belonging needs in social life and its broad academic and non- academic consequences. However, there is a dearth of research that identifies its multilevel predictors. Thus, this study aimed to investigate student-level and school-level variables related to sense of belonging to the school. The target population was all high school students (n=25000) in Urmia in the academic year 2018-2019. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to determine the association between school-level and student-level variables. Findings of the study showed that student-level variables, such as socio-economic status, parental involvement, and peer support were related to sense of belonging to school. Moreover, school-level variables including sense of fairness and teacher-student relations could explain the variance in school belonging.The results supported the idea that family, peers, and teachers play significant roles in the school experiences of students.

Pubertal status refers to the current level of physical development experienced by the adolescent relative to the overall process of pubertal change. Despite the fact that these pubertal changes are universal in nature, there are individual differences with regard to the age at which specific pubertal changes occur and this is referred to as pubertal timing. Thus, the present work makes an attempt to investigate the effect of these aspects of puberty as they carry importance for both psychological and social functioning of adolescents. For this purpose, data were collected from 772 adolescents using measures of Pubertal Developmental Scale (PDS; Petersen, Crockett, Richards and Boxer (1988) and Youth Self Report (YSR). Pubertal timing but not pubertal status was found as a significant predictor of problem behaviours in adolescents and this relation was not moderated by gender.

The present study analysed the factors affecting the developmental trajectories of social withdrawal during adolescence. From an ecological human development perspective, we specifically assessed the role of negative parental child-rearing attitudes and positive peer relationships on social withdrawal. First, the findings showed that negative parental child-rearing attitudes promote social withdrawal and that amicable peer relationships help decrease social withdrawal. Second, factors influencing the developmental trajectories of social withdrawal were initial value and the rate of change for peer relationships. In other words, initial value and rate of change for peer relationships significantly reduced the developmental trajectories of social withdrawal in the long term. Third, negative parental child-rearing attitudes did not have a significant influence on the developmental trajectories of social withdrawal. We discuss how important relationship factors affect the developmental trajectory of social competence during adolescence.

The present research aims to systematically analyse Iranian university students’ awareness and attitude towards AIDS. We published human cross-sectional studies published in English and Persian between 1 January 1990 and 1 January 2018 in the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science. The key terms searched were Student, HIV, AIDS, Iran, Knowledge, and Attitude. The operators used were AND, NOT, OR which led us to find related articles. The overall findings showed that about 30% of university students had a reasonable awareness of AIDS and 44% had an attitude towards AIDS. As the results showed, 37% of the medical students and 23% of the non-medical group had a good awareness of AIDS. This study showed the fact that despite the susceptibility of university students to high-risk behaviours, this population does not enjoy an adequate level of AIDS preventive programmes.

Lack of sufficient physical activity in youth is a worldwide concern. School-based extracurricular sports activities (SBECSA) are considered a central opportunity to increase youth physical activity. However, the factors that influence students’ participation in SBECSA are not well established. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to clarify the factors perceived to influence the motivation of Japanese students to participate in SBECSA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 junior high and high school students who participated in SBECSA. The KJ method was used to qualitatively analyse the transcribed interview data. Internal/intrapersonal factors included: attraction of sports; sense of responsibility and continuity; spirit of challenge; sense of advancement and physical condition. External factors included: team climate; encouragement and support; attributes of peers; policy and content of coaching; content of practice; events in school life and weather.

Over the last two decades, the implementation of community-oriented practices has been a primary focus of American policing. Supporters of this approach suggest that a partnership between police, community members, and service agencies can strengthen the welfare of young individuals in the community. Relying on Census, Uniform Crime Report, and Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics data, the current study aims to identify the association between community policing practices and arrests of young individuals for violent offences. Findings suggest that the relationship between violent crime arrest counts and implementation of COP strategies is relative to the size of the jurisdiction and age group being examined. These effects are inversely related to violent crime arrest counts among juveniles and young adults in large jurisdictions, suggesting the implementation of COP is successful in reducing levels of violence in urban settings. Based on these results, policy implications and future directions for research are discussed.