Search

Keheng Xiang,1– 3 Chonghuan Xu,4 Jie Wang3 1China Institute of Regulation Research, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China; 3Zhejiang Technical Institute of Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chonghuan Xu Email talentxch@zjgsu.edu.cnIntroduction: Understanding the relationship between tourists’ consumption behavior and their willingness to substitute consumption in unusual environments can promote tourists’ sustainable consumption behavior. This study explores the internal relationship between tourists’ willingness to engage in sustainable consumption behavior and the substitution of tourism consumption willingness in an unusual environment and the related factors.Methods: Through qualitative and quantitative mixed research, this study first invited 32 interviewees related to the tourism industry to conduct in-depth and focus group interviews and extracted a research model based on the push-pull theoretical model (PPM) through three rounds of coding of grounded theory. Then, through questionnaire design, pre-release, and formal release, 268 valid questionnaires were collected using a convenience sampling method, and the hypothesis and its mediating effect were verified using a structural equation model.Results: Further quantitative analysis and verification showed that being in an unusual environment had a positive effect on tourists’ perception of crisis awareness, safety risk, and willingness to engage in sustainable consumption behavior. However, the results did not support the unusual environment positively affecting the substitution of tourism consumption willingness, the psychological transformation cost, and the fixed consumption habit negatively affecting the substitution of tourism consumption willingness. In this study, two mediating variables were used to verify the indirect effect of being in an unusual environment and the substitution of tourism consumption willingness. The results showed that the mediating effect was significant.Conclusion: This study explored an action mechanism model aimed at guiding tourists’ willingness for sustainable consumption, based on the environment and consumption behavior, and provided relevant countermeasures for the government and business decision-makers, enterprises, and investors in the tourism sector.Keywords: unusual environment, grounded theory, PPM theory, sustainable consumption behavior, consumption substitution willingness

Tingting Xi, Jinlin Wu Medical Administration Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/West China Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jinlin Wu No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail 1511833949@qq.comAbstract: The incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders especially in children has been on the rise in recent decades, which is possibly caused by many different factors. In order to further explain this situation and arouse enough attention, this review will specifically elaborate genetic aspects and pathogenic hypothesis of these two kinds of neurodevelopmental diseases in children, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while analyzing the relationship between different environmental toxins and these two disorders. The effects of these pathogenic factors such as heavy metal lead, mercury, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their strong pathogenicity will be explained in detail through literature data retrieval and analysis. In addition, other neurotransmitter such as norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) signaling factors coming down to these two neurodevelopmental disorders and how their abnormal concentration present in the blood as well as the completely opposite results among experimental groups and control group will be elaborated. Furthermore, other high-risk and high-exposure factors may contribute to both diseases, such as alcohol and smoking abuse among parents, air pollutants PM2.5 and PM10 in the environment will also be discussed in the review. Since these environmental toxins and other harmful substances discussed in the paper have been linked to an increasing number of children with autism and ADHD in recent decades, from the medical perspective, this review will put forward certain succinct points to the aspects of minimizing relevant exposure or risks in clinical and daily life, as well as feasible suggestions in public health area for children, parents and prospective parents, to curb the growth of these two diseases in part by raising awareness in the population and reducing unnecessary exposure.Keywords: autism, ASD, ADHD, neurotoxins, exposure

Melissa Freizinger,1,2 Grace Jhe,1,2 Emily Pluhar,1,2 Lisa Mancini1 1Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; 2Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USACorrespondence: Melissa FreizingerDivision of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, 333 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USATel +1617 355 5974Fax +1617 730 0004Email melissa.freizinger@childrens.harvard.eduAbstract: Eating disorders (ED) are serious psychiatric illnesses with one of the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. The health sequelae of eating disorders are one of the most common causes of medical hospitalizations at freestanding pediatric hospitals in the United States. The economic impact of EDs on health systems and families is substantial. The Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAHM) recommends family-based treatment (FBT) as the first-line approach for adolescents with restrictive eating disorders due to a large body of evidence demonstrating the treatment’s efficacy and cost effectiveness. Although FBT was originally developed as an outpatient treatment, the tenets and principles of the treatment have also been used in higher levels of care. This brief report discusses how components of FBT were adapted for a medical inpatient unit at a pediatric hospital in order to integrate empirically based treatment.Keywords: eating disorders, family-based therapy, medical inpatient treatment, anorexia nervosa

Min Wang, Lin-Lin Sun, Jun-Dong Hou School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jun-Dong HouSchool of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8618986138760Email houjundong@cug.edu.cnPurpose: On the basis of stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory, this study extends the work of Lee and Kwon by examining the concept of perceived usefulness as a mediator between emotional interaction (familiarity and intimacy) and purchase intention. The consumer purchase decision model, in which product type plays a moderating role in the linking mechanism, is also explored.Methods: We proposed a consumer purchase decision model, and empirically examined it by means of an online questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with bootstrapping estimation were conducted using the data obtained from 269 social commerce users.Results: Familiarity and intimacy positively affected the users’ purchase intention in social commerce. Perceived usefulness mediated the relationship between emotional interaction and purchase intention. Moreover, product type moderated the following relationships: between familiarity and purchase intention, between intimacy and purchase intention, and between perceived usefulness and purchase intention.Conclusion: The results support this study’s hypotheses and SOR theory. Purchase intention could be enhanced by improving emotional interaction and perceived usefulness.Keywords: social commerce, emotional interaction, perceived usefulness, purchase intention

Lirong Zhang,1 Shaocong Zhao,1 Wei Weng,1 Qiong Lin,2 Minmin Song,3 Shouren Wu,2 Hua Zheng4 1Department of Physical Education, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, 361024, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Physical Education, JiMei University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Physical Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350008, People’s Republic of China; 4College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hua ZhengCollege of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86- 15923028254Email 70478764@qq.comPurpose: This study aims to investigate the role of frequent sports dance in preventing mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, among college students using real-world data, and to further analyze potential risk factors associated with anxiety and depression.Methods: We investigated 921 college students from eight universities in China. A survey was completed by 901 students and they were included in the analysis. The anxiety score was evaluated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale and the depression score was evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Subgroup comparisons were performed among frequent sports dance students and non-frequent sports dance students.Results: Of all the students, 9.98% had moderate-to-severe anxiety and 14.65% students suffered from moderate-to-severe depression. Compared with non-frequent sports dance students, frequent sports dance students had significantly lower depression scores (P=0.04). According to the multiple logistic regression models, when potential confounding factors were all adjusted, frequent sports dance was also significantly associated with less depression (OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.36– 0.84, P< 0.01). We also found that higher college grade levels (P< 0.01), non-physical education students (P=0.02), higher body mass index (P=0.02), lower exercise frequency per week (P< 0.01), addiction to drinking (P=0.02), and previous diagnosis of anxiety or depression in hospital (P< 0.01) were significantly associated with more anxiety; higher college grade levels (P< 0.01), addiction to drinking (P< 0.01), preference for eating fried food (P=0.02), soda as the main source of drinking water (P=0.01), and previous diagnosis of anxiety or depression (P=0.03) were significantly associated with more depression, while higher exercise frequency per week (P< 0.01), only-child status (P< 0.01), and preference for eating vegetables (P=0.02) were significantly associated with less depression.Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are common among college students. Frequent sports dance may serve as a protective factor for preventing depression and it can be recommended for college students.Keywords: sports dance, college student, anxiety, depression, risk factor

Yaqi Liu,1 Xiaoyuan Wang,2,3 Yongqing Guo1 1School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Joint Laboratory for Internet of Vehicles, Ministry of Education-China Mobile Communications Corporation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaoyuan WangCollege of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, No. 99 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 138 6445 5865Fax +86 532 8895 6166Email wangxiaoyuan@qust.edu.cnPurpose: Researches addressing driving behaviors have not fully revealed how emotions affect risky driving behaviors and tend to focus on the effects of some negative emotions rather than those of more specific emotions. This study aimed to test the potential moderating effects of eight common driving emotions on the relationship between self-reported individual traits (sensation seeking and driving style) and actual risky driving behaviors, sequentially providing some implications for the risky driving behavior prevention.Participants and Methods: A total of 78 licensed drivers were recruited from undergraduate students, company employees and taxi drivers in China. The participants’ data on self-reported driving style (SDBS) and self-reported sensation seeking (SSSS) were obtained through questionnaires. The participants’ data on actual risky driving behaviors (ARD) in eight driving emotional activation states were obtained through a series of emotion induction experiments and driving experiments. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and moderating effect tests were employed to investigate the relationships of driving emotions, SDBS, SSSS and ARD.Results: Results showed that anger and pleasure affected risky driving behaviors positively by enhancing the relationship between SDBS and ARD, while surprise and fear were negatively related to risky driving behaviors by weakening this relationship. Anxiety positively affected risky driving behaviors by synchronously enhancing the relationship between SDBS and ARD and the relationship between SSSS and ARD, while helplessness and relief affected risky driving behaviors negatively by weakening the two relationships. Contempt affected risky driving behaviors positively by enhancing the relation between SSSS and ARD.Conclusion: The results illustrated the effects of different emotions on risky driving behaviors, and also partly explained the reasons for these effects. This research provided a source of reference for reducing traffic accidents caused by risky driving behaviors.Keywords: driving emotion, sensation seeking, driving style, risky driving behavior, moderating effect, SEM

Asrat Wolde,1 Yonas Tesfaye,2 Yimenu Yitayih2 1Department of Psychiatry, Colleague of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia; 2Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Asrat WoldeDepartment of Psychiatry, Colleague of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, EthiopiaTel +251916389179Email Asratwolde2017@gmail.comBackground: Psychopathy is an emerging health and behavioral problem worldwide. Psychopathy is linked to risk substance use, maltreatment, violence, crime, and reoffending, but little is known about psychopathy in low income countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence and factors associated with psychopathy among newly-admitted prisoners in Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20 to July 19, 2019, among 411 (N=422) newly-admitted Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center prisoners by using a consecutive sampling technique. A semi-structured and interviewer administered psychopathy checklist revised tool was used for screening psychopathy. WHO, ASSIST tool was used for screening risk use of khat, tobacco, and alcohol. Trauma, maltreatment, and social support were assessed with a life event checklist, adverse life experience screening tool, and Oslo social support scale, respectively. In addition, Criminal and clinical history of the prisoner was also assessed. The data was entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 21 for statistical analysis. A logistic regression model was used. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 in the final fitting model were declared as independent predictors of psychopathy.Results: The prevalence of psychopathy was 24.3%. Childhood maltreatment (AOR=6, 95% CI=2.2– 17.5), risky khat use (AOR=4.6, 95% CI=2.4– 8.7), poor social support (AOR=3.5, 95% CI=1.9– 6.6), family history of imprisonment (AOR=3, 95% CI=1.5– 6), history of trauma (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.1– 4.8), and reoffending (AOR=2, 95% CI=1.1– 3.8) were positively associated variables with psychopathy.Conclusion: Psychopathy is highly prevalent among newly-admitted prisoners. Integrated efforts involving relevant stakeholders are needed to design strategies for early screening of psychopathy to prevent reoffending, and management of risk substance use at admission is crucial.Keywords: psychopathy, prisoners, crime, khat use, Ethiopia

Background: Sexual dysfunction is frequently seen in alcohol-use disorders. The available research on this topic has studied erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation using nonvalidated scales. This study was undertaken to study the other major domains of sexual dysfunction, namely sexual desire, orgasmic dysfunction and satisfaction, and their association with sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used and 78 male patients were recruited. The assessment was conducted using a specially designed intake pro forma, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) Scale, DSM-5 and International Classification of Disease, 10th revision, diagnostic criteria for research. A correlation between the amount of alcohol consumed and its effect on various domains of sexual dysfunction was also carried out using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The sociodemographic profile was studied in association with the overall (total) IIEF-15 subscale using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistically significant differences were observed among age groups, education subgroups, marital disharmony, years of alcohol use, and lifetime alcohol use. Further, since the values of ANOVA were significant, Tukey's post hoc analysis was carried out which showed a statistically significant difference among the groups. Various domains of sexual dysfunction showed a strongly negative correlation for overall IIEF subscale followed by intercourse satisfaction, sexual desire, and orgasmic function with years of alcohol use and lifetime alcohol use. Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction in alcohol dependence patients was significantly associated with a family history of paternal alcohol abuse, lower educational background, increasing age, and marital disharmony. This study also found a strongly negative correlation between various domains of sexual functioning and years of alcohol use/lifetime alcohol use.

Background: Most countries around the world have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there are quantitative studies on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-care professionals and other population groups, there are few studies that have evaluated the experiences of patients in the initial phases of the pandemic. Aim: This study aims to conduct a qualitative study assessing the experiences of the patients in isolation and quarantine in the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The present study was a qualitative study through telephonic interviews with patients in isolation and quarantine due to COVID-19 from April 4 to 12, 2020. Patients in isolation had confirmed COVID-19 and were mandatorily admitted in specially designated COVID hospitals. Patients in quarantine were suspected to have COVID-19 due to symptoms or contact with confirmed patients with COVID-19. Results: The experiences could be classified as having psychological impact, interpersonal impact, social impact, behavioral changes and impact on occupational aspects. The experience was predominantly unpleasant and characterized by anxiety, stigma, ostracization, guilt, and worry about the future. Conclusion: The experiences of the individuals in both the groups emphasize the importance of addressing psychological stressors. It could be concluded that individuals and their families would accordingly benefit from effective interventions to deal with the negative experiences they have been through due to the present pandemic.

Xiaofeng Yu,* Xiaoxue Zhang* School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiaofeng Yu Tel + 86 135 38148118Email yxfyxx1115@szu.edu.cnIntroduction: Nowadays, more and more people choose to rent houses in first-tier cities together with other people, which can alleviate certain economic pressure. Therefore co-tenancy has become an important field of academic research in recent years and a number of previous studies have discussed the phenomenon. However, fewer studies explore the influence of different variables on the willingness of co-tenancy behavior through quantitative methods.Methods: This study conceptualizes and implements concepts such as trust, positive emotion, relationship strength, satisfaction, income, duration of co-tenancy required and the willingness of co-tenancy behavior(WOCB). We designed and collected a questionnaire and finally a questionnaire survey of users (n=525) was conducted, and a basic description and comparison of research objects’ willingness of co-tenancy behavior were made in terms of trust, and positive emotion, relationship strength and monthly income also affect the willingness of co-tenancy behavior.Results: The trust effects have a positive impact on the WOCB, Trust effect will affect Relationship Strength and Positive Emotion, and will further affect the WOCB. However, this influence is negative when people are in high Monthly Income and negative when people are in low Monthly Income.Discussion: Trust, relationship strength and positive emotion are key factors for people to rent houses with others. That is to say, the intensity of people’s willingness to rent houses with others depends on the degree of trust in others, the relationship strength and positive emotion. When the post-90s drifters in Shenzhen do not believe others, they will tend to live alone rather than the new model of co-tenancy. We also suspect that a person with negative emotion far greater than positive emotion prefers to live alone, rather than living in the same place with his roommates. It provided certain group implications for their willingness of co-tenancy behavior.Keywords: trust, positive emotion, relationship strength, the willingness of co-tenancy behavior

Ana Belén Barragán Martín,1 María del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes,1 María del Mar Molero Jurado,1 África Martos Martínez,1 María del Mar Simón Márquez,1 Maria Sisto,1 José Jesús Gázquez Linares2 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain; 2Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, 7500000, ChileCorrespondence: María del Mar Molero JuradoDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, SpainTel +34 950015598Email mmj130@ual.esBackground: Academic engagement is a variable of vital importance in adolescence due to its relationship with academic adjustment and its protective role against risk behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out the variables involved in its development.Objective: The specific objectives were to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic engagement, and determine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between emotional intelligence and engagement in adolescence.Methods: The sample of 1287 high school students used for this filled in the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale Student, Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale.Results: The results showed the existence of positive relationships between vigor, dedication and absorption with the emotional intelligence factors and self-esteem. Furthermore, the mediation models showed the direct effect of emotional intelligence on engagement of youths. Self-esteem acted as a mediator in the relationship between intrapersonal factors, stress management and adaptability of emotional intelligence and engagement.Conclusion: Design of emotional intelligence intervention programs are recommended as a measure for promoting self-esteem and engagement in adolescence.Keywords: emotional control, evaluation of oneself, adolescence, mediation models

Pan Ke,1,* Li Ke,2,* Bing Liu,3 Xiang Liu4 1School of Public Health (SPH), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430040, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Nursing, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People’s Republic of China; 4Health Management Center, Shiyan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiang Liu; Bing Liu Email liuxiangyq@sina.com; sy-lb@126.comBackground: South–North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) migrants were vulnerable to developing mental health problems due to post-migration stresses and lack of social support. However, the evidence on the mental health, psychosocial stress and social support of SNWDP migrants and their interrelationships are limited and inconclusive. We aimed to explore the mechanism of influence of social support on the relationship between mental health and social psychosocial stress of SNWDP migrants.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the data of 983 SNWDP migrants. The mental health status, psychosocial stress and social support of the participants were evaluated by Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Psychosocial Stress Survey for Groups (PSSG) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). Multiple stepwise regression model was used to analyze the data.Results: Among the 983 individuals, the average SCL-90-R score was 1.47, the PSSG score was 30.50, and the SSRS score was 40.30. The SCL-90-R was positively correlated with PSSG (r=0.483, P< 0.001) and negatively correlated with SSRS (r=− 0.257, P< 0.001), PSSG was negatively correlated with SSRS (r=− 0.516, P< 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that PSSG and SSRS had significant effects on SCL-90-R prediction and that SSRS played a partial intermediary role in SCL-90-R and PSSG (46.87%).Conclusion: The SNWDP migrants performed a strong correlation between social support, mental health and psychosocial stress. Social support plays a part role in mediating mental health and psychosocial stress.Keywords: South-to-North Water Diversion Project, migrants, social support, psychosocial stress, mental health, mediating effect

Danfeng Cai,1,2,* Lian Zhu,3,* Wuke Zhang,2,4 Hao Ding,2,4 Ailian Wang,5 Yao Lu,1 Jia Jin5 1College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 2Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement at Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 4Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 5Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jia Jin Email jinjia.163@163.comPurpose: Social crowding refers to the extent of social presence and proximity to others. A large number of studies have explored the effect of social crowding on consumers’ feelings and behaviours in real shopping scenes, whereas few studies have examined the potential marketing effect of social crowding on online mobile consumption behaviour despite mobile commerce’s increasing popularity in recent years. The current intends to explore the effect of social crowding on online mobile purchase and its underlying neural basis.Methods: The current study employed a questionnaire survey and an implicit panic buying experiment, in which the participants were asked to press the button as soon as possible to buy the showed product. A 2-level social crowding (low vs high) × 2-level feedback of panic buying (success vs fail) design was employed to test the negative impact of social crowding on consumers’ online mobile purchase intention by using electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings.Results: Behaviorally, participants showed higher purchase intention in low social crowding environment compared with the high crowding condition. The event-related potentials (ERPs) results indicated that consumers had a higher affective/motivational evaluation (reflected in a smaller feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude) regarding the successful rather than the failing feedback in the low social crowding condition. However, this difference was not detected in the high social crowding condition. Meanwhile, more attentional resources (reflected in a greater P300 amplitude) were directed toward processing the feedback outcomes in the low rather than the high social crowding condition.Conclusion: The current study provided neurophysiological response that social crowding negatively influences consumers’ online purchase intention. Some implications for theory and practice were also discussed.Keywords: social crowding, online purchase intention, ERP, FRN, P300

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic distressing condition that is marked with impairment in daily functioning including social, family, and occupational areas of life. Depression is the most common comorbidity among patients with OCD. The presence of co-occurring depressive symptoms adds to the burden of the OCD. Previous studies with neuropsychological testing reveals a pattern of cognitive deficits among patients with OCD. Few studies have also shown that the cognitive deficits in OCD are mediated by comorbid depressive symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess whether the comorbid depressive symptoms have any role on the cognitive deficits in OCD. Methodology: Forty patients diagnosed with OCD with an elevated rating in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and 20 normal controls were chosen for the study. The forty patients were split according to the severity scores of BDI as per one group consisting of patients with only mild depression and other group consisting of patients with moderate and severe depression. Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale has been administered to assess the severity and symptoms of the disorder. Digit Vigilance Test and Triads Test have been administered to assess attention; Comprehensive Trial Making Test (CTMT) and Rey Complex Figure Test have been administered to assess attention, executive function, and memory. Results: OCD patients have significantly performed poor than the normal controls. On further analysis, OCD patients with moderate and severe depressive features have performed poor than the patients with mild depressive features on the tests administered for attention, executive function, and memory. On assessing the role of comorbid depressive features on cognitive deficits, having mild depressive features were not found to be significantly correlated to the cognitive deficits, whereas patients having moderate and severe depressive features were found to be significantly correlated to the cognitive deficits among OCD patients. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the higher level of depressive symptoms is associated with cognitive deficits in OCD patients. It can be suggested that the comorbid moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms play an important role in the cognitive deficits found among the OCD patients.

Wantong Han,1– 3 Lingzhong Xu,1– 3 Aimin Niu,4 Yurong Jing,1– 3 Wenzhe Qin,1– 3 Jiao Zhang,1– 3 Xiang Jing,5 Yali Wang6 1Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 3Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Public Health, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China; 5Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China; 6Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Lingzhong XuSchool of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Mailbox No. 110, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-0531-8838-2648Fax +86-0531-88382533Email lzxu@sdu.edu.cnAimin NiuDepartment of Public Health, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-1866-370-2722Fax +86-0531-87921022Email nam1106@163.comPurpose: Studies have suggested that public health emergencies can have many psychological effects on college students, therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate current situation of college students’ anxiety and its determinants in the time of an unexpected pandemic.Patients and Methods: We conducted convenience sampling to collect the data through network-based online questionnaires in February 2020, a total of 17,876 college students were included in the analysis. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic were used to identify the associations between the outbreak experiences and anxiety detection.Results: This study found that detection rate of anxiety among college students was 18.2%. The differences in male students, students whose self-perceived risk of infection were high, who were greatly affected by the outbreak, eager to go back to school, reluctant to leave home and stay at home enough were of statistical significance among different anxiety level (OR> 1, P< 0.05). And the severe anxiety rate of students who living in cities was significantly higher (2.337[1.468, 3.721]).Conclusion: Although our results show that anxiety among college students was at a low level, various universities should focus on the online activities and develop appropriate epidemic management plans to prevent their feelings of worry, tension and panic.Keywords: anxiety, college students, network-based, COVID-19

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic, which is a weak, reversible, nonselective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitor; is known to increase serotonin levels, and has been implicated in the development of serotonin syndrome (SS). There is limited literature on the development of SS with linezolid, when used alone. In this report, we present the case of a 70-year-old female who developed features of SS while being treated with linezolid 600 mg twice daily for pneumonia. The SS in her case was managed with stoppage of linezolid, administration of cyproheptadine, and supportive measures.

Jun Wang,1 Weichu Liu,2 Qinghua Zhao,1 Mingzhao Xiao,3 Daomei Peng4 1Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 4The First Social Welfare Home of Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qinghua Zhao 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8618602308866Fax +023-89012206Email qh20063@163.comPurpose: Understanding the factors that affect nursing staffs’ intention and practice of physical restraint (PR) on older adults help develop restraint-reduction programs. This study aimed to identify the relationship between the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs and nursing staffs’ practice to use PR in long-term care (LTC) facilities.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted via convenience sampling among 316 nursing staff in six Chinese LTC facilities. PR-TPB questionnaire and the practice subscale of the Chinese version of the Staff Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Questionnaire regarding PR were used to collect the data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationship between variables.Results: The SEM fit well with the data (χ2/df =1.639, RMSEA = 0.045, CFI= 0.955, GFI=0.945). Attitude (β=0.536, P< 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) (β=0.139, P< 0.05) predicted intention (R2=0.359). PBC was a significant predictor of practice, with R2 accounting for 0.151.Conclusion: TPB provided useful insight into better understanding nursing staffs’ PR practices, although it did not support all the TPB principles significantly. Prospective studies may be conducted to design and implement multi-component interventions based on TPB and explore the effectiveness of PR reduction in LTC facilities in-depth.Keywords: physical restraints, nursing home, aged, the theory of planned behavior, nursing, China

Yuanyuan Peng,1 Jie Wang,1 Guozhen Sun,1,2 Shenxinyu Liu1 1School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guozhen SunSchool of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13851769549Fax +86 25 6830348Email gzsun100@126.comBackground: Struggling with heart failure (HF) may be a distressful experience for the entire family. As a key variable contributing to positive family functioning, family hardiness can protect against HF-related harm. Thus, recognizing factors associated with family hardiness could promote strategies that enable successful adaptation to HF. This study aimed to explore protective factors linked to family hardiness among HF patients.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2020 among 167 HF patients in Nanjing, China. The study measures comprised a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Family Hardiness Index, the Mutuality Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, version 25 and comprised Pearson’s correlation analysis, a multiple linear regression model, and an analysis of mediating effects.Results: The average Family Hardiness Index score for the 167 HF patients was 57.95 ± 11.41. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that mutuality, active coping style, and positive emotions of HF patients positively predicted family hardiness (β = 0.359, 0.308, and 0.215, respectively; all P ˂ 0.05). Mutuality between patients and family members had partial mediating effects between active coping style, positive emotions, and family hardiness.Conclusion: Our results revealed that patients’ active coping styles, positive emotions, and mutuality were protective factors associated with family hardiness. In light of our findings, we suggest that active coping strategies, positive emotions, and, especially, closer relationships within families should be encouraged during the rehabilitation and follow-up care of HF patients.Keywords: family hardiness, protective factors, mutuality, mediator, heart failure

Introduction: The current pandemic coronavirus (COVID-19) is a novel disease with no standardized course of treatment and cure. This novelty, origin, and dispersion of COVID-19 have been reported to cause chaos, anxiety, and fear among the general population. Aim: The present study aimed to explore the correlation between different age groups, in relation to their general coping strategies, fear, and anxiety due to COVID-19. Methodology: The research study employed a total sample of 135 participants. The sample was divided into four age groups: 12–18, 19–25, 26–55, and 56–85. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. General coping strategies employed by these participants were assessed using a brief COPE scale, the COVID-19 fear scale was used to assess fear, and coronavirus anxiety scale was used to screen anxiety. Results: Our results indicated that age has a negative correlation with adaptive coping and positive correlation with problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and fear of COVID-19. The most used coping strategy among the age groups 12–18 and 19–25 age group was adaptive coping; for the 26–55 age group, it was problem-focused coping; and for the age group 56–85, emotion-focused coping was used the most. Conclusion: The findings of the current research could help to make the intervention procedure tailor-made for different age groups, thereby ensuring adherence and relatability to the precautionary directions.

Background: Despite the fact that violence against women is a significant public health problem, there is a paucity of research into this area, and little is known about the extent to which women with psychiatric disorders are affected. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the severity of violence and quality of life of women with psychiatric disorders and normal controls. Materials and Methods: Based on purposive sampling technique, a sample consisting of 120 participants was selected from in-patient (female section) and outpatient services of the Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences and Kanke Area. Both groups were matched on sociodemographic details. Normal controls were screened using General Health Questionnaire-12. The severity of violence against women scale and the revised Conflict Tactics Scale were used to assess the severity of violence, and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF scale was used for the assessment of the quality of life. Scales were scored as per their test manuals. Results were tabulated and compared using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Women with psychiatric illness as well as normal controls faced various forms of symbolic violence equally. Women with psychiatric disorders faced significantly higher severity of physical assault, sexual coercion, and injury as compared to normal controls. Women with psychiatric disorders had significantly lower scores on WHOQOL BREF compared to normal participants. Conclusion: Women with psychiatric disorders suffered significantly higher severity of both physical and sexual violence and had significantly worse quality of life compared to normal controls.

Rubia Carla Formighieri Giordani,1 Suely Ruiz Giolo,2 Camila Muhl,3 Arune João Estavela,4 Janete Ismael Mabuie Gove4 1Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; 2Department of Statistics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; 3Department of Psychology, FAE University, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; 4High Institute of Health Sciences, Maputo, MozambiqueCorrespondence: Rubia Carla Formighieri GiordaniDepartment of Nutrition, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, 80210-170, BrazilTel +55 41 3360 4056Email rubia@ufpr.brPurpose: This study aimed to validate the Portuguese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and investigate its association with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables in the population of Mozambique.Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey recruited 387 Mozambicans aged 18 to 70 years. The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and Rash analysis. Additionally, the association of the FCV-19S with sociodemographic and pandemic-related variables was investigated using the two-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression.Results: The unidimensional factor structure of the Portuguese version of the FCV-19S was confirmed, and the scale showed good internal consistency reliability. The FCV-19S properties tested from the Rasch analysis were satisfactory. Women and those with lower education levels had higher scores of fear. Moreover, significantly higher levels of fear were observed among those being in an at-risk group for COVID-19, having family members or friends diagnosed or with death confirmed by COVID-19, and not being confident that they would receive adequate care from the public health services in case of COVID-19 infection.Conclusion: The Portuguese version of FCV-19S has strong psychometric properties and can be used to assess the fear of COVID-19 in the Portuguese-speaking population of Mozambique. As the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health represents a challenge to clinical psychiatry, and information on mental health in African countries is still scarce, our findings may assist in the planning of public mental health policies, aimed mainly at specific segments of the population, such as women and people in extreme poverty.Keywords: mental health, fear scale, infection, pandemic, psychometrics

Saijun Huang1,2 *,* Tao Sun1,2 *,* Yanna Zhu,3 Shanshan Song,1,2 Jie Zhang,4 Linjuan Huang,5 Qiang Chen,6 Guangyang Peng,7 Dongmei Zhao,8 Hong Yu,1,2 Jin Jing3 1Department of Child Healthcare, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, People’s Republic of China; 2The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Child Healthcare, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710003, People’s Republic of China; 5Health Management Center, Fuzhou Children’s Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Child Psychological Health, Zhuhai Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519001, People’s Republic of China; 7 Department of Child Rehabilitation, Huanggang Ping’an Rehabilitation Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, 438000, People’s Republic of China; 8Department of Child Healthcare, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hong Yu; Jin Jing Email yu376@163.com; jingjin@mail.sysu.edu.cnBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown will have short-term and long-term psychosocial and mental health implications for children. Children with autism may have some specific needs for support because of their difficulties in social communication, stereotyped behavior patterns, and other specificities brought about by autism.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ASD children and their families.Patients and Methods: A total of 406 parents of ASD children completed an online survey investigating basic information; sleep, outdoor activities, and rehabilitation training; ASD children’s frequency of abnormal behaviors; and stress and emotional status of parents.Results: 50.3% of the parents thought their children had sleep problems, and 47.3% of the parents thought their children’s outdoor activity time was reduced. About 40% of parents think that their children have improved cognitive ability, language expression, and understanding. 36.2% of the families reported that their children’s emotional and social performance became worse. 60.8% of parents reported that their children’s training intensity decreased. The most common abnormal behaviors observed in children with ASD were being easily distracted, losing temper, and crying. 81.3% of parents did not have anxiety, but 98% of parents reported that family training was under pressure.Conclusion: The main impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with ASD is that they do not have access to professional rehabilitation training. These families need more medical support, especially in family training, to help parents improve the social and emotional control skills of ASD children.Keywords: COVID-19, ASD, child, behavior, rehabilitation training, China

Khunsa Junaid,1 Hassan Ali,2 Ali Akram Khan,3 Taimoor Akram Khan,4 Aabish Mehreen Khan,5 Amjad Khan,6 Rabia Nazim,7 Khadija Tahira8 1Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 3Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; 5Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; 6Department of Public Health, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 7Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; 8Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, PakistanCorrespondence: Khunsa JunaidDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, 75500, PakistanEmail khunsajunaidmir@gmail.comBackground: Depression is defined as a psychiatric disorder characterized by depressed mood, lack of concentration, diminished energy, disturbed sleep, and low self-esteem. Depression is more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients than the general population. There is no published study available that reveals the present status of depression among HIV patients in Pakistan. As such, the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression among HIV/AIDS patients attending the HIV clinic of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March 2019 in Lahore. Data were collected from 158 HIV/AIDS patients using a pretested, standardized, structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Nonprobability convenience sampling was used to recruit the study participants. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine the various factors associated with depression. AORs with 95% CIs were used to assess the magnitude of associations between depression and associated factors.Results: The mean age of the study participants was 35.03 years± 9.123. Prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients was 32.2%. Living in a rural area (AOR 5.60, 95% CI 2.20, 14.15), fear of stigma and discrimination (AOR 3.505, 95% CI 1.364, 9.008), having worked abroad (AOR 3.017, 95% CI 1.134, 8.031), and history of substance abuse (AOR 4.147, 95% CI 1.673, 10.28) were significantly associated with depression.Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among HIV/AIDS patients is very high in Pakistan. Therefore, it is suggested that guidelines formulated to screen and treat depression among HIV patients.Keywords: depression, HIV/AIDS, convenience sampling, PHQ9 scale

Milad T Jannesari,1 Zhongming Wang,2 Jianzhuang Zheng,1 Wenwu Xie,1 Qin Lai,1 Lu Wu1 1School of Business, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Milad T JannesariSchool of Business, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail miladjannesari@gmail.comPurpose: This study answer calls for research on host country nationals (HCNs) by examining factors that may influence HCN task performance and contextual performance during work with their self-initiated expatriate (SIE) colleagues.Participants and Methods: Data on personality traits (extraversion, openness), socialization self-efficacy, and frequency of interaction, task, and contextual performance were collected by surveying 373 Chinese HCNs. The first author recruited the HCNs through SIEs working and living in China. SIEs who participated in this project provided the email addresses of HCNs with whom they worked.Results: The frequency of interactions fully mediated the relationship between (a) extraversion with task and contextual performance and (b) openness with task and contextual performance. Only socialization self-efficacy moderated the mediating effects of extraversion on task performance via the frequency of interaction; it also moderated the mediating effects of openness on contextual performance via the frequency of interactions, but not in the hypothesized direction.Conclusion: This study investigated the neglected stakeholder in the expatriation process, namely, HCNs, and what factors may impact HCNs’ performance during work and collaboration with their SIE colleagues.Keywords: host country nationals, expatriates, career, personality, socialization self-efficacy

Enyew Getaneh Mekonen,1 Belayneh Shetie Workneh,2 Mohammed Seid Ali,3 Niguse Yigzaw Muluneh4 1Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 4Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Enyew Getaneh Mekonen Tel +251946607528Email enyewgetaneh12@gmail.comIntroduction: A poorly known contagious disease outbreak, like COVID-19, leads to unavoidable stress, fear, and anxiety. During the pandemic, University students suffer from adverse mental health outcomes resulted from the continuous spread of the disease, sensational media reporting, and implementation of social lockdown. Graduating class students are more affected due to cancellation and postponing of anticipated events such as exchange studies and graduation ceremonies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety, depression, and stress among graduating class students.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10 to 30, 2020 at the University of Gondar. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select 350 students. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire, entered in EPI DATA version 3, analyzed using SPSS version 21, and presented in frequencies, percentages, tables, and graphs. Bivariable and multivariable analysis was investigated using a binary logistic regression model.Results: The prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among graduating class students was 22.2%, 39.6%, and 40.2% respectively. Living in an urban area, living with a family, sedentary lifestyle, unable to practice COVID-19 preventive measures, and having a contact history increases the risk of developing stress. Living in an urban area, substance use, sedentary lifestyle, and fear of infecting family increase the risk of developing anxiety. Students who came from an urban area, live with a family, study non-health departments, had confirmed cases in the family and did not perform physical exercise had higher odds of developing depression.Conclusion: More than one-fifth, more than one-third, and nearly two-fifths of graduating students had stress, anxiety, and depression respectively. It is better to develop effective strategies and interventions, train students about self-protection, and establish a psychological crisis intervention team to minimize the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: anxiety, COVID-19, depression, stress, graduating class students

Coaching supervision is increasing in popularity among the coaching field but is far from the accepted standard for all coaches. A growing number of coaching supervision models are now available from a broad base of philosophies, but as yet none is based on personal construct theory (PCT). In this conceptual paper, it is argued that PCT could provide a suitable foundation for coaching supervision and a model based on this theory is proposed. It is hoped that making available a clear and accessible model might give additional choice in the field of coaching supervision practice, especially for those relatively new to supervision.

Hsien-Cheng Lin,1 Chia-Chen Chen2 1Business College, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Zhubei, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hsien-Cheng LinBusiness College, Taizhou University, No. 1139, Shifu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail linxianzheng0711@tzc.edu.cnChia-Chen ChenDepartment of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, No. 199, Sec.1, Xinglong Road, Zhubei, Hsinchu Country, 302, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaEmail d7635@mail.cmuhch.org.twObjective: The COVID-19 outbreak has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The purpose of this study was to use an extended parallel process model (EPPM) to understand factors in COVID-19 prevention behaviors.Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted on 1012 participants in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire and an online survey were used to collect data.Results: The EPPM revealed that the severity of the COVID-19 threat perceived by respondents directly affected the arousal of fear in the respondents (β=0.268, t=9.007, p< 0.001), but perceived efficacy did not (β=− 0.019, t=− 0.619, p> 0.05); additionally, fear arousal was significantly associated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors (β=0.119, t=4.603, p< 0.001). Regarding personal characteristics, self-esteem moderated the relationship between perceived threat and fear arousal. However, the moderating effect of self-esteem was stronger in people with low self-esteem compared to those with high self-esteem (β=0.606, − 0.472; t=26.303, − 17.694; p< 0.001, p< 0.001; respectively). The results of this study also indicated that two demographic characteristics (age and gender) affect COVID-19 prevention behaviors.Conclusion: When developing healthcare policies and community interventions for improving COVID-19 prevention behaviors during an outbreak, healthcare administrators should carefully consider the main constructs of the EPPM, particularly personal characteristics (ie, self-esteem) and demographic characteristics (ie, age and gender).Keywords: COVID-19, extended parallel process model, perceived threat, perceived efficacy, prevention behavior

This study seeks to understand the role that courage plays in the development and practice of coaches. Courage is mentioned frequently in the coaching literature, but this research is the first study to investigate its significance. Within the precepts of constructivist grounded theory, which is appropriate for the investigation of under-represented topics, the perspectives of 12 coaches of varying levels of experience revealed that courage is required throughout a coaching career. It was found that courage enables coaches to deliver their best work and is integral to an ongoing cycle of increasing self-awareness and professional development.

Yinmei Yang,1 Lili Lu,2 Tom Chen,3 Shangyuan Ye,3 Mohammedhamid Osman Kelifa,1 Na Cao,1 Qian Zhang,4 Tonger Liang,5 Wei Wang6 1School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; 4Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Jincheng Coal Mining Group, Jincheng, Shanxi, 048006, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wei WangSchool of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-15152118260Email weiwang90@163.comLili LuDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-15905204534Email lulili1990@163.comIntroduction: The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented challenge to healthcare workers (HCWs) globally. This study investigated potential factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of Chinese HCWs during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods: An online survey was distributed to Chinese HCWs using respondent-driven sampling. Data were collected between February 13th and February 20th, 2020, immediately following the COVID-19 contagion peak in Hubei. A total of 1208 respondents were eligible for analysis. Mental health problems and social support were measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS).Results: The prevalence rates of depression, (DASS-depression > 9) anxiety (DASS-anxiety > 7) and stress (DASS-stress > 14) were 37.8%, 43.0% and 38.5%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regressions revealed that stress, anxiety, and depression were positively related to lower levels of social support, longer working hours, discrimination experience and workplace violence. The scarcity of medical equipment was correlated with increased stress and depression. Chinese HCWs working at COVID 19 designated hospitals were more likely to report anxiety. Additionally, volunteering to work in the frontline health facilities was inversely associated with depression.Conclusion: Mental health problems among Chinese HCWs were alarming during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Health facilities require appropriate and standing services that address the mental health of healthcare workers, particularly during epidemic outbreaks.Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, COVID-19, pandemic, healthcare workers, mental health

The health sciences sector uses work integrated learning to prepare professionals for practice and has done so predominately using a traditional apprenticeship model. Over the past two decades there has been an increasing focus on integrating peer coaching into this learning environment. While peer coaching can occur informally, failure to formalize the process and train participants can negatively impact rapport-building, trust and learning outcomes. Hence, clinical educators often need some guidance in supporting this placement model. As a result, this research examines the best practices of 31 highly experienced clinical educators within a peer coaching placement model by capturing their explicit and tacit supervisory knowledge.

Remigiusz Szczepanowski,1,2 Ewelina Cichoń,2,3 Tomasz Niemiec,2,3 Beata E Andrzejewska,2,3 Monika Wójta-Kempa1 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; 2Department of Psychology, Faculty of Applied Studies, Research Unit for Clinical Psychology, University of Lower Silesia, Wroclaw, Poland; 3Faculty of Psychology, WSB University in Torun, Torun, PolandCorrespondence: Remigiusz SzczepanowskiDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw ul. Kazimierza Bartla 5, Wroclaw, 51-618, PolandTel + 48 71 784 18 15Fax +48 71 347 93 59Email remigiusz.szczepanowski@umed.wroc.plIntroduction: Although psychological studies have suggested both the desired and paradoxical effects of unwanted thought suppression, we still know little about this mechanism. It has been proposed that individual differences in using specific strategies to suppress intrusions explain why contradictory effects of suppression are observed. The main aims of the study were to investigate the factor structure of the Polish version of Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) and verify whether this structure corresponds to the original version of the TCQ measurement.Methods: Using the TCQ, which is a 30-item self-report measure, this research investigated individual thought control strategies to suppress intrusive thoughts in the general population. We used parallel analysis and theoretical interpretability to investigate the most appropriate factor structure of the inventory. To examine the validity of the Polish version of TCQ the correlational analysis of TCQ factors with other psychometric scales: Beck Depression Inventory, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and The Metacognitions Questionnaire. The internal consistency of the TCQ subscales was also assessed by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for each factor.Results: The resulting five-factor solution explained 51.86% of the total variance. The Polish version of TCQ consisted of five subscales yielding satisfactory reliability values: 1) Punishment (α = 0.725); 2) Distraction (α = 0.688); 3) Social Control (α = 0.780); 4) Worry (α = 0.788; 5) Re-appraisal (α = 0.70).Conclusion: The five-factor solution was convergent with the dimensions that appeared in the original TCQ version and were observed in the most TCQ adaptations in various countries. Our findings support the psychological construct of thought-control strategies measured by TCQ and prove the satisfactory reliability of this self-report measure within a Polish population.Keywords: thought control strategies, suppression, intrusions

Peter Muris,1,2 Thomas H Ollendick3,4 1Department of Clinical Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; 2Departement Sielkunde, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; 3Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; 4Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton London, London, UKCorrespondence: Peter MurisDepartment of Clinical Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The NetherlandsEmail peter.muris@maastrichtuniversity.nlAbstract: Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (eg, school) despite speaking normally in other settings (eg, at home). This article summarizes evidence supporting the recent classification of SM as an anxiety disorder and discusses the implications of this re-classification for the assessment and treatment of SM in clinical practice. Meanwhile, clinicians should also realize that SM sometimes is a heterogeneous disorder in which other problems are also present that complicate the management of children with SM. As examples, we discuss speech and language problems, developmental delay, and autism spectrum disorders.Keywords: selective mutism, anxiety disorder, assessment, treatment

Anne Schienle,1 Nina Jurinec1,2 1 Instiute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; 2Community Health Center Gornja Radgona, Gornja Radgona, SloveniaCorrespondence: Anne Schienle Instiute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, 8010, AustriaEmail anne.schienle@uni-graz.atIntroduction: A previous study revealed that patients with depression who received a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and placebo treatment (CBT+placebo) showed greater symptom reduction than a CBT group without a placebo. Moreover, the CBT+placebo group practiced relaxation training more frequently. We conducted a 3-month follow-up assessment to investigate the temporal stability of the placebo effects.Methods: Eighty-two outpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder who had participated in a 4-week CBT course (CBT: n = 40; CBT with daily placebo treatment: n = 42) returned to a 3-month follow-up assessment. The participants of the CBT+placebo group had been debriefed directly after the course.Results: Compared to the CBT group, the CBT+placebo group had lower scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at follow-up and more participants were below the clinical cut-off score of the BDI-II. Additionally, the CBT+placebo group continued to practice relaxation more frequently.Discussion: This study demonstrates that placebo effects are not short-lived and continue to be present after the debriefing.Keywords: placebo effects, temporal stability, depression, cognitive-behavioral therapy

This study examines the impact of peer helper training in Singapore Management University (SMU) from personal interviews with 11 alumni peer helpers. The aims are to find a) new evidence of benefits and innovative practice that support peer helper learning, university life and employability and b) to enhance curriculum and training. All opinions in the sentiment analysis were positive. The content analysis revealed developing external partnerships, exploring certification and engaging in internationalisation to enhance curriculum, training and practice at the organisational level. At the programme level, the suggestions were to better relate peer helping to future readiness.

Liuting Diao,1,2 Wenping Li,3 Wuke Zhang,1,2 Qingguo Ma,1,2,4 Jia Jin5 1Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 2Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 3Prudence College, Zhejiang Business Technology Institute, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qingguo Ma; Jia Jin Email maqingguo3669@zju.edu.cn; jinjia@nbu.edu.cnBackground: Previous studies have shown that people always pay more attention to highly preferred items of choice, which is well defined by behavioral measurements and eye-tracking. However, less is known about the neural dynamics underlying the role that visual attention plays in value-based decisions, especially in those characterized by the “relative value” (ie, value difference) between two items displayed simultaneously in a binary choice.Purpose: This study examined the neural temporal and neural oscillatory features underlying selective attention to subjective preferences in value-based decision making.Methods: In this study, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) measurements while participants performed a binary choice task in which they were instructed to respond to their preferred snack in high value difference (HVD) or low value difference (LVD) conditions.Results: Behaviorally, participants showed faster responses and lower error rates in the HVD condition than in the LVD condition. In parallel, participants exerted a reduced prefrontal N2 component and attenuated frontal theta-band synchronization in the HVD condition as opposed to the LVD condition. Crucially, participants showed greater N2pc component and theta-band synchronization over the human posterior cortex in the HVD condition than in the LVD condition. Moreover, there was a direct correlation between frontal and posterior theta-band synchronization.Conclusion: The results show that theta-band oscillatory dynamics may represent attentional bias to subjective preferences, and this effect can be modulated by the level attentional bias to subjective preferences, and this effect can be modulated by the level of value difference. Our research provides insights into a new avenue via which the processing of selective attention and value representation in the value-based decisions can be implicated in an integrative neural oscillatory mechanism.Keywords: theta-band synchronization, attentional bias, subjective preferences, value-based decision making, consumer neuroscience

The purpose of this paper is to identify to what extent novice/nascent entrepreneur women perceive that their participation in a mentoring programme contributes positively to their personal/professional development in terms of benefits derived. A quantitative methodology was used to gather information on perceptions/opinions of participants in a ‘MET’ mentoring community programme placed during academic years 2014-2015 to 2016-2017. The acronym corresponds to the concepts of Women (Mujer in Spanish), Entrepreneurship and Technology. Results show that due to the programme, women perceive themselves competent in relation to the competence analysed; show a high level of job satisfaction and degree of progress; identify new business opportunities, expand their vision, improve their business performance, achieve their goals, and transform their business project.

Xiaomeng Li,1,2 Huazhang Wu1 1Department of Health Service Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, People’s Republic of China; 2Liaoning Academy of Social Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Huazhang Wu Tel +86-13694129862Email hzwu@cmu.edu.cnBackground: Depressive symptoms related to workplace violence (WPV) have been studied and are the main causes of lower psychological and physical well-being and work motivation. Our study aims to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and to explore whether psychological capital (PsyCap) mediates the effect of WPV on depressive symptoms in doctors and nurses.Methods: Participants were recruited from general hospitals in Liaoning, China in 2018. Out of 1218 participants, 1062 (87.2%) completed self-reported questionnaires. Depressive symptoms, WPV and PsyCap were measured by Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Workplace Violence Scale (WVS) and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), respectively. The related factors of depressive symptoms were investigated by using hierarchical multiple regression in both doctors and nurses.Results: The mean scores of depressive symptoms were 23.09 ± 8.38 in doctors and 22.33 ± 8.95 in nurses, and there was no significant difference between the scores of these two groups. WPV was positively associated with depressive symptoms (doctors: β=0.349, P< 0.001; nurses: β=0.317, P< 0.001) while PsyCap was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (doctors: β=− 0.101, P< 0.001; nurses: β=− 0.230, P< 0.001). In addition, PsyCap acted as a mediating role between WPV and depressive symptoms in both doctors and nurses.Conclusion: Both doctors and nurses had serious depressive symptoms. WPV could aggravate depressive symptoms, while PsyCap could aggravate against depressive symptoms. When PsyCap acted as a mediator, WPV had a negative impact on PsyCap, which could increase doctors’ and nurses’ depressive symptoms.Keywords: doctors, nurses, workplace violence, depressive symptoms, psychological capital

Sonia Lippke,1 Alina Dahmen,2 Lingling Gao,1 Endi Guza,1 Claudio R Nigg3 1Department of Psychology & Methods/Focus Area Diversity, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, 28759, Germany; 2Dr. Becker Klinikgruppe, Cologne, 50968, Germany; 3Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, SwitzerlandCorrespondence: Sonia LippkeJacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, D-28759, GermanyTel/Fax +49 421 200-4730Email s.lippke@jacobs-university.deBackground: Healthy internet activity (eg, making use of eHealth and online therapy) is positively associated with well-being. However, unhealthy internet activity (too much online time, problematic internet use/PIU, internet dependency/ID, etc.) is associated with reduced well-being, loneliness, and other related negative aspects. While most of the evidence is correlational, some research also shows that internet activity can be predictive for well-being.Objective: The aim of this article is to elaborate on the question as to what extent internet activity is predictive of psychological well-being by means of (a) a scoping review and (b) theoretical understanding which model the interrelation of internet activity and psychological well-being.Methodology: We searched different electronic databases such as Web of Science by using the search terms “Internet” OR “App” OR “digital” OR “online” OR “mobile application” AND “Use” OR “Activity” OR “Behavior” OR “Engagement” AND “Well-being” OR “Loneliness” for (a, the scoping review) or CCAM for (b, the theoretical understanding).Results: The scoping review (a) summarizes recent findings: the extent to which internet activity is predictive for well-being depends on the internet activity itself: internet activity facilitating self-management is beneficial for well-being but too much internet activity, PIU and ID are detrimental to well-being. To understand (b) why, when and how internet activity is predictive for well-being, theoretical understanding and a model are required. While theories on either well-being or internet activity exist, not many theories take both aspects into account while also considering other behaviors. One such theory is the Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model (CCAM) which describes mechanisms on how internet use is related to other lifestyle behaviors and well-being, and that individuals are driven by the goal to adopt and maintain well-being - also called higher-level goals – in the CCAM. There are few studies testing the CCAM or selected aspects of it which include internet activity and well-being. Results demonstrate the potentials of such a multifactorial, sophisticated approach: it can help to improve health promotion in times of demographic change and in situations of lacking personnel resources in health care systems.Conclusion and Recommendation: Suggestions for future research are to employ theoretical approaches like the CCAM and testing intervention effects, as well as supporting individuals in different settings. The main aim should be to perform healthy internet activities to support well-being, and to prevent unhealthy internet activity. Behavior management and learning should accordingly aim at preventing problematic internet use and internet dependency.Keywords: compensatory carry-over action model, CCAM, eHealth, app, mobile applications, online/digital behavior, social media

Marie Ociskova,1 Jan Prasko,1– 3 Jakub Vanek,1 Michaela Holubova,4 Frantisek Hodny,1 Klara Latalova,1 Krystof Kantor,1 Vlastimil Nesnidal1 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, University Hospital in Olomouc, Olomouc, The Czech Republic; 2Department of Psychology Sciences, Faculty of Social Science and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, The Slovak Republic; 3Institute for Postgraduate Education in Health Care, Prague, The Czech Republic; 4Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Liberec, Prague, The Czech RepublicCorrespondence: Jan PraskoDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, The Czech RepublicTel +420 603 414 930Email praskojan@seznam.czPurpose: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental disorder that often takes a chronic course. One of the factors influencing the treatment effectiveness in anxiety and depressive disorders is the self-stigma. This study focused on the relationship between the self-stigma, symptomatology, and therapeutic outcomes in patients with OCD.Patients and Methods: Ninety-four inpatients with OCD, who did not sufficiently respond to at least one selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor trial, participated in the study. They attended a six-week therapeutic program consisting of exposure and response prevention, transdiagnostic group cognitive behavioral therapy, individual sessions, mental imagery, relaxation, sport, and ergotherapy. The participants completed several scales: the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), the self-report Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS-SR), Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI), Beck Depression Scale-II (BDI-II), and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). A senior psychiatrist filled in the Clinical Global Impression (CGI-S).Results: The average scales’ scores considerably declined in all measurements except for DES. The self-stigma positively correlated with all psychopathology scales. It was also higher in patients with a comorbid personality disorder (PD). The higher self-stigma predicted a lower change in compulsion, anxiety, and depressive symptoms but not the change of obsessions or the overall psychopathology.Conclusion: The self-stigma presents an important factor connected to higher severity of OCD. It is also a minor predictor of a lower change in symptomatology after combined treatment.Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, self-stigma, exposure and response prevention, cognitive behavioral therapy, non-response

Tinghu Kang, Ping Wang, Hui Zhang Visual Cognition Laboratory, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ping WangGraduate Apartment, Northwest Normal University, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-18893842473Email 137053602@qq.comPurpose: Calligraphy is the most unique form of artistic expression in Chinese culture. However, most studies that used calligraphy as a research object only explored its artistic value from an artistic perspective. Thus, we know little about the information processing and influencing factors of calligraphic perception. Thus, we aimed to determine whether there are differences in attention distribution due to cognitive style in the process of calligraphic perception.Methods: The calligraphy of Lan Ting Ji Xu, which is known as the first running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy, was selected as the experimental material. The study used eye movement experiments to explore the differences in cognitive styles of attention distribution when perceiving calligraphy, through the analysis of eye movement data of participants.Results: The results showed that field-independent participants had more fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccade angle when they perceived calligraphic works than those who were field-dependent. In other words, field-independent individuals spend more attention resources in the perceptual process. In addition, through data analysis, it was found that fixation duration, number of fixations, and saccade angle in the middle position of calligraphy are larger than the data on both sides of the calligraphy. In other words, when individuals perceive calligraphy, the content in the middle position can attract more attention resources than those on both sides.Conclusion: We found that individuals with different cognitive styles have differences in attention distribution in the process of perceiving calligraphy.Keywords: Chinese characters, field-dependent, field-independent, fixation duration, saccade angles

Yan Long,1,2 Fangying Quan,3 Yong Zheng4 1Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Ethnic Minorities in Southwest China, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Student Affairs, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China; 3Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China; 4Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yong ZhengFaculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 136 6763 6167Email zhengy@swu.edu.cnPurpose: The current study investigated the association between bicultural identity integration (BII, incorporating BII-harmony and BII-blendedness), national identity, and anxiety related to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among ethnic minority college students. In addition, this research examined the mediation role of power values in the relationship between BII, national identity, and COVID-19-related anxiety.Methods: This cross-sectional research design made use of online surveys. Using convenience sampling, participants comprised 235 Chinese ethnic minority college students drawn from four colleges in the ethnic minority autonomous regions of China. Data were collected during June 2020. Participants mainly lived in ethnic minority communities or villages in southwest China before receiving higher education at urban campuses.Results: Correlation analysis revealed that BII-harmony, BII-blendedness, and national identity were significantly negatively correlated with COVID-19-related anxiety. Mediation model analysis showed that power values were significantly positively correlated with COVID-19-related anxiety. Power values play a mediating role in the relationship between BII-harmony, national identity, and COVID-19-related anxiety, and have an inhibitory effect on this relationship.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that BII-harmony and national identity could have the function of protecting ethnic minority college students from COVID-19-related anxiety. Emphasizing individualistic personal power values could increase COVID-19-related anxiety, whereas a collectivist identity reduces anxiety. These findings could provide another perspective on psychological interventions to reduce anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: bicultural identity integration, national identity, power values, COVID-19-related anxiety, ethnic minority college students

Zhen Yan,1 Zuraina Dato Mansor,2 Wei Chong Choo,2 Abdul Rashid Abdullah2 1Faculty of Hotel Management, Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Zhen YanFaculty of Hotel Management, Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail yanzhen1115@hotmail.comBackground: The hospitality industry is deemed a great generator of global GDP and employment. However, high rates of voluntary turnover have gradually undermined global service organizations and brought huge losses to them. Nowadays, the hotel sector continues to be plagued by high turnover rates.Purpose: A research model investigating job attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) as mediators of the impact of psychological capital (PsyCap) on turnover intention and also examining position as a moderator between job attitudes and turnover intention was proposed and tested.Methods: This study collected data from 406 employees selected from four-star and five-star hotels in the southwest region of China. Online survey questionnaires and a purposive sampling technique were employed in this study. Structural equation modeling was utilized to evaluate the direct, mediating, and moderating effects.Results: The results showed that organizational commitment and job satisfaction fully mediated the association between PsyCap and turnover intention. Moreover, position played a moderating role on the effect of the aforementioned two job attitudes on turnover intention.Conclusion: The findings implied that hoteliers should focus on employees’ PsyCap and job attitudes in order to mitigate serious turnover issues in the hotel sector in China. Besides, the fact that position resulted in disparity impacts in the formation of turnover intention was evidenced.Keywords: psychological capital, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover intention, position, four-star and five-star hotels in China

Jeong-Won Choi, Gi-Eun Lee, Jang-Han Lee Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, KoreaCorrespondence: Jang-Han LeeDepartment of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, KoreaTel +82 2 820 5751Fax +82 2 816 5124Email clipsy@cau.ac.krPurpose: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of emotional state on time perception in patients with depression and to investigate if time perception in patients with depression could be changed by induced emotional state.Patients and Methods: A clinically-depressed (CD, n=19) and non-depressed (ND, n=22) group viewed four video clips of different levels of valence and arousal (ie, positive-high arousal, positive-low arousal, negative-high arousal, negative-low arousal). After inducing emotion state, all participants performed a time perception task to measure differences in the perception of time.Results: The results showed that the CD group perceived time passing more slowly than the ND group at baseline and in all conditions, especially in the negative-low arousal condition. The ND group perceived time passed more quickly in the positive-high arousal condition compared to the CD group. These results indicate that emotional state with combined valence and arousal factors could change time perception in patients with depression.Conclusion: Based on these results, it is suggested that changing the emotional state of the depressive patient by considering valence as well as arousal is important to improve the distortion on time perception.Keywords: depression, time perception, valence, arousal, internal clock model

Enyew Mekonen,1 Belayneh Shetie,2 Niguse Muluneh3 1Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Enyew Mekonen Tel +251946607528Email enyewgetaneh111@gmail.comIntroduction: The psychosocial consequences of the coronavirus pandemic are serious for health professionals including nurses because of a higher level of exposure. Nurses often face huge psychological pressure as a result of workload, long hours, and working in a high-risk environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety, depression, and stress among nurses working in northwest Amhara referral hospitals.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th September to 20th October 2020. A total of 302 nurses were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A structured pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered into EpiData version 3 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. A binary logistic regression model was used to compute bivariable and multivariable analyses.Results: The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among nurses was 69.6%, 55.3%, and 20.5%, respectively. Unavailability of a guideline, fear of infecting family, and having chronic diseases increase the risk of developing anxiety. Nurses who did not have a guideline, received negative feedback from families, had a history of mental disorders, and chronic diseases have a higher odds of depression. Working in the night shift, lack of training, fear of infecting family, negative feedback from families, presence of confirmed/suspected cases in the family, and having chronic diseases increase the risk of developing stress.Conclusion: More than two-thirds, more than half, and nearly one-fifth of the nurses had anxiety, depression, and stress, respectively. It is better to create awareness for the community, avail a guideline, train nurses, and give special attention to nurses with chronic disease and a history of mental disorders to minimize the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses and protect their mental health. The government shall develop and implement national programs for occupational health and safety, prevent violence in the workplace, improve psychological well-being, and protect from physical and biological hazards to take care of the mental health of healthcare professionals during this pandemic.Keywords: anxiety, COVID-19, depression, stress, nurses

Solomon Shitu Ayen, Selamawit Alemayehu, Fentahun Tamene Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University College of Health and Medical Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Solomon Shitu AyenDepartment of Midwifery, Wolkite University College of Health and Medical Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite 07, EthiopiaTel +251924704053Email solomonsht7@gmail.comBackground: Antepartum depression is a form of clinical depression that can be caused by the stress and worry that pregnancy can bring a more severe level. It can be triggered by an unplanned pregnancy, a history of substance abuse, and low economic status. Antepartum depression is critical and has an intergenerational impact on children in the developing world and it can have negative effects on fetal development. Therefore, this study aimed to assess its magnitude and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Gurage zone public health institutions, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2019.Methods: Intuition-based cross-sectional study was employed in Gurage zone public health institutions from February 14 to April 14/2019. A systematic random sampling technique was used. The data were collected and then entered into EpiData and processed by SPSS version 24.0 for analysis. P values < 0.05 with 95% confidence level were used to declare statistical significance.Results: In this study, a total of 343 pregnant mothers were participated by making a response rate of 96%. The magnitude of antepartum depression among pregnant women was 27.6% (95% CI: 22.4– 33.2). The multivariable analysis showed that respondents who had unplanned pregnancy [AOR=2.11 (95% CI: 1.05– 4.44)], having complications during their previous labor and delivery [AOR=4.42 (95% CI: 2.06– 9.48)], previous history of child hospitalization [AOR=3.34 (95% CI: 1.48– 7.51)], and satisfaction in their marriage [AOR=3.9 (95% CI: 1.15– 13.21)] were associated with antepartum depression.Conclusion: In this study, about one in four women during pregnancy develop antepartum depression. Unplanned pregnancy, complications during labor and delivery of the last baby, women having a history of child hospitalization, and maternal satisfaction with marriage were statistically associated factors with APD. To prevent further consequences, all concerned bodies need to take action by making targeted intervention and early screening of all pregnant mothers for depression.Keywords: antepartum depression, pregnant women, Guraghe, Ethiopia

Gengxuan Guo,1 Qunxi Gong,2 Sipan Li,1 Xuedong Liang1 1School of Business, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2The Economy and Enterprise Development Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xuedong Liang Email liangxuedong@scu.edu.cnPurpose: Previous studies on negative workplace gossip have neglected the role of gossip receivers. The current study aims to explore the interpersonal interaction mechanism between gossip receivers and communicators. Drawing on social information processing theory, we propose a theoretical model for the relationships between negative workplace gossip, psychological safety, ostracism, and coworker-exchanges.Participants and Methods: Multi-wave data of 386 employees from eight service-oriented companies in China supported the proposed framework. Critical incident techniques and time-lag method were used for data collection. SPSS and Mplus were employed for hypothesis test.Results: The empirical results indicated that negative workplace gossip was positively related to gossip receivers’ ostracism (sender-oriented), among which receivers’ psychological safety (sender-oriented) played a mediating role. In addition, the coworker exchange relationship moderated the relationship between negative workplace gossip and ostracism, and the psychological safety of interviewees also plays a mediating role. Specifically, the effect of negative workplace gossip on psychological safety and the mediating effect of psychological safety were stronger when the coworker exchange relationship was higher.Conclusion: Drawing on social information processing theory, the present study constructed a process model of the recipients’ sender-oriented ostracism reactions to negative workplace gossip, which helps explain the cognitive psychological mechanism and the boundary conditions of the above “perception-interpretation-behavior” social information process model. The above framework contributes to both theory and practice.Keywords: negative workplace gossip, psychological safety, ostracism, coworker exchange relationship

Zheng D, Bi X, Zhang T, et al. Psychol Res Behav Manag.2020;13:997–1008. The authors have advised that there are several errors inthe published paper which were introduced by theEditorial staff during the publication process. Pages 1001-1003, Figure 1 parts N, R, X, Y, Z, CC andDD are incorrect. The correct figure is shown below. Page 1006, Table 2, part F, the formatting of the table is incorrect. The correct formatting is shown below. Read the original article

Yuanbo Fu,1,* Mina Wang,1,2,* Bingcong Zhao,1,* Baoli Liu,3 Jie Sun,4 Yaohui Feng,3 Zhengfang Wang,3 Qian Li,3 Chunhong Shi,3 Yabo Xuan,3 Siqi Long,3 Huan Liu,4 Tiange Chi,5 Zehuan Liao,6,7 Bin Li,1 Qingquan Liu3 1The Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing 100010, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, People’s Republic of China; 4Beijing Xiao Tang Shan Hospital, Beijing 102200, People’s Republic of China; 5The First Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; 7Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Bin LiBeijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, No. 23 Gallery Street, Beijing 100010, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail libin0314a@126.comQingquan LiuBeijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Gallery Street, Beijing 100010, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail liuqingquan2003@126.comPurpose: To investigate the psychological impact of cases of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) on medical staff of Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital.Methods: The 287 online questionnaires were distributed to medical staff working at Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, comprising three main sections and 17 questions: basic information, current departmental position, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The threshold for emotional distress was defined to be a total score of 4 on the GHQ-12 and above.Results: A total of 255 members of medical staff participating in this study presented an emotional distress rate of 17%. Members who were male, aged 50– 59, married with children, positioned as doctors, and in administration were the population with the highest rate of emotional distress. Furthermore, the severity of emotional distress among those under 30 was significantly lower than those aged 30– 39 and 50– 59. Doctors and other occupations shared a lower level of satisfaction on routine activities compared with nurses, so did staff in the administration compared with those who were working in screening or logistic departments. Besides, males and staff of the confirmation department had more difficulty in concentrating than females and those of the screening department, respectively.Conclusion: Medical staff working at Xiaotangshan Hospital underwent relatively low levels of emotional distress thanks to sufficient medical and psychological preparations. However, special attention should be paid to those who were male, married with children, senior, doctors, in administration, and in the confirmation department.Keywords: COVID-19, psychological impact, medical staff, Beijing, GHQ-12

Muhammad Aamir Shafique Khan,1,2 Jianguo Du,1 Farooq Anwar,2 Hira Salah ud Din Khan,1 Fakhar Shahzad,1 Sikandar Ali Qalati1 1School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China; 2Lahore Business School, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, PakistanCorrespondence: Jianguo DuSchool of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-157-5100-8313Email dujianguoju@hotmail.comBackground: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is emerging as a relevant subject in the business world and in the field of management research. Therefore, the current study incorporates classifications often used in organizational level CSR research that distinguish social responsibility relevant to its focus (internal and external), in proposing diverse routes that link various CSR practices (ie, internal and external) to employees’ choice of emotional labor strategy (ie, via perceived organizational support and perceived external prestige).Methods: Data were collected from front-line employees of banks operating in Pakistan. Due to the study’s focus on front-line employees, other personnel were excluded for data collection. We collected data through a self-administered questionnaire. The structural equation model (SEM) was employed on 376 valid responses using Smart-PLS3 to test the study hypotheses.Results: After the analysis, we found satisfactory results for the fitness of both measurement and satisfactory models. Moreover, the results strongly support our proposed theoretical framework, and all proposed hypotheses were accepted.Discussion: This study confirms that the perception of external prestige is a strong predictor of employees’ emotions and relevant behaviors. Moreover, this study discusses under the light of social exchange theory that perceived organizational support strongly predicts employees’ emotional labor, which diminishes the myth that prestige is the only factor to influence employees’ emotions in the workplace. Moreover, this study negates the findings of Anwar et al that perceived external prestige does not have a significant negative effect on surface acting. It provides an insight not only for managers and researchers but also for society, especially in an Eastern workplace setting like Pakistan’s banking sector.Keywords: CSR, perceived external prestige, perceived organizational support, emotional labor, employees’ welfare

Shasha Cui,1,* Lei Zhang,2,* Hongyan Yan,3,* Qianyu Shi,1 Yujun Jiang,4 Qin Wang,1 Jing Chu2 1Department of Nursing, Nantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Nursing, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jing ChuNavy Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-8187 1483Email chujing1999@smmu.edu.cnQin WangNantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, 288 Zhen Xing Dong Road, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail 409778029@qq.comBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major threat to global public health and economic development. Moreover, it has put considerable psychological pressure on nurses, who have played a vital role in the prevention and control of the epidemic.Objective: This qualitative study aimed at exploring the experiences and psychological adjustments of nurses who voluntarily traveled to Hubei Province in China to provide support during the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods: We conducted semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with twelve nurses recruited from three hospitals in Jiangsu Province and performed qualitative content analysis of the interview data.Results: The following themes emerged from the analysis: (1) motivations for supporting the hardest-hit areas (professional commitment, family support, and media propaganda); (2) challenges faced during the support missions (heavy workloads, changes in working patterns, communication barriers, and barriers associated with wearing personal protective equipment); (3) psychological experiences (a sense of uncertainty, fear of infection, loneliness, stressful events, and sleep disorders); (4) psychological adjustments (adequate training and personal protective equipment, positive responses to stress, and social support); and (5) personal and professional growth (a strong professional identity, a positive work attitude, a perception of expanded possibilities, realization of the value of learning, and cherishing life).Conclusions and Recommendations: Policy makers and nursing managers should implement effective measures for supporting nurses. They include ensuring adequate workforce preparedness for nurses, strengthening protection training, including professional psychologists in support teams, encouraging nurses to apply self-regulation methods, such as exercising and listening to music, and seeking social support to promote mental health.Keywords: coronavirus, nurse, psychological health, mental health, qualitative study