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Este estudo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre a saúde materna em Moçambique tendo como ponto central a discussão se as taxas de cesárea nessa população podem ser utilizadas como um indicador de saúde. A justificativa para este estudo parte da premissa que as fragilidades no setor de saúde pública de Moçambique levam ao aumento da realização de cesáreas evitáveis, principalmente, durante a assistência emergencial de mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade, como exposto na mídia. O material de análise envolve os documentos oficiais do Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique e da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conclui-se que não existem argumentos para que se tente atingir uma determinada taxa de cesáreas, e sim priorizar o atendimento pré-natal, abrangendo toda a região do país, em especial, para as comunidades mais pobres e que vivem em regiões afastadas dos centros de saúde.

La enfermedad terminal implica el aporte de cuidados paliativos que permitan la mejora de la calidad de vida. Entre los cuidados, la alimentación (enteral o parenteral) juega un papel importante que está influenciado por la interrelación entre biopolítica, bioética y biopoder y sus mecanismos para garantizar una adecuada equidad y justicia social.

El panorama interdisciplinar de los últimos 40 años pretende facilitar y promover la integración de conocimientos y la coordinación de esfuerzos de distintas disciplinas implicadas en el área de la salud. La salud es un componente básico de la calidad de vida y bajo este marco se deben contemplar, principalmente, tres significados relevantes: por un lado, el descriptivo que es aquello que convierte a una persona en una entidad concreta, individualizándola y diferenciándola de los demás seres. El segundo significado está basado en el aspecto cuantitativo, medible por indicadores objetivos; y, finalmente, el significado ético, de respeto a la vida. En general, la salud va unida comúnmente con el bienestar, protección y progreso social. Esta conexión se descompensa, desequilibra o se rompe cuando aparecen realidades como las propias enfermedades raras o poco frecuentes. La OMS, en este sentido, recoge cinco grandes bloques de factores intervinientes, principalmente, socioeconómico, estado patológico, tratamiento, sistema de salud y entidad individual del paciente o afectado. El hecho de enfermar y, especialmente, con una patología poco frecuente debe conllevar necesariamente la comprensión de la misma y su proceso no puede formalizarse de una manera simple y unívoca. Su diagnóstico y abordaje han de estar fundados en perspectivas pluridimensionales y diferenciadas, en concreto, biológica, psicológica, social y asistencial; y, todas ellas han de ser integradoras, sistémicas.

Las personas con discapacidad intelectual son personas con sus limitaciones, pero dotadas de otras capacidades que sí les posibilitan cierto nivel de autogestión en la vida diaria. Necesitan una suficiente cobertura legal y apoyos proporcionados que faciliten su crecimiento personal y su proceso hacia la plena inclusión. El acompañamiento adecuado a su nivel cognitivo prestado tanto por los profesionales como desde el entorno familiar y social son fundamentales para la realización de su proyecto vital. Felicidad y discapacidad no son incompatibles para la persona que se siente suficientemente valorada y apoyada.

A pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus intensificou debates acerca do direito à vida e à saúde, descortinando desigualdades e denunciando a carência de recursos e de direitos sociais básicos. O artigo pretende estimular a reflexão bioética sobre a atual pandemia, tendo como eixo de discussão o tema da solidariedade. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa com acesso às principais bases de dados. Os achados apontam que em meio aos tempos de crise e incerteza, a solidariedade desponta como um princípio ético com potencial de intensificar a ajuda humanitária e as redes de apoio, no enfrentamento das vulnerabilidades.

Los apoyos de las familias a sus integrantes con discapacidad intelectual se expresan de diferentes modos, principalmente en cuidados personales y ayuda en la toma de decisiones a lo largo de la vida. Ante esta necesidad de colaboración, se ha planteado como interrogante en varios instrumentos internacionales si esta confluencia no daría lugar a una sustitución de la voluntad en lugar de constituir un apoyo. Aquí se propone como hipótesis que, en los casos de una deficiencia cognitiva significativa, se produce una inevitable comunión entre voluntades. No se trataría entonces propiamente de una sustitución, sino de un apoyo activo en aspectos vitales trascendentes.

espanolSe suelen entender los derechos humanos como una especie de poder ilimitado individual al que se puede apelar permanentemente, pero un derecho siempre esta limitado. Durante una emergencia sanitaria con recursos finitos e insuficientes los derechos de diferentes personas entran necesariamente en conflicto. El debate en torno a la carga desproporcionada en materia de ajustes razonables en las actuaciones de accesibilidad guarda paralelismo con la justificacion de un proceso de triaje en caso de recursos sanitarios limitados. En cualquier caso debe entenderse que una carga es desproporcionada solamente en la medida en que lesione un bien protegido juridicamente superior. EnglishHuman rights are often understood as a kind of unlimited individual power that can be permanently appealed to, but a right is always limited. During a health emergency where there are finite and insufficient resources, the rights of different people enter into conflict. The debate on the disproportionate burden of reasonable adjustments in accessibility actions parallels the justification of a triage process when health resources are limited. In any case, it should be understood that a burden is disproportionate only to the extent that it damages a legally superior protected asset.

espanolEl reconocimiento de la persona con discapacidad como sujeto de derechos y el desarrollo de un marco de cuidado integral son grandes hitos que han marcado las ultimas decadas. A pesar de estos claros avances, la dimension afectivo-sexual sigue presentando dificultades, tanto en su reconocimiento como en su abordaje. La reflexion etica y elaboracion de unas recomendaciones eticas pretenden ofrecer una orientacion general a los profesionales, ayudando a identificar los propios valores, reconocer los valores de las personas atendidas, fomentar el dialogo y debate, asi como las posibles situaciones de riesgo o de alerta, promoviendo actitudes basadas en el respeto. EnglishThe acknowledgement of the rights of persons with disabilities and the development of a comprehensive framework of care have been two great milestones of the last decades. However, and in spite of these clear advances, the affective-sexual dimension continues to present difficulties, both with regard to its recognition and the approach taken. This ethical reflection and creation of ethical recommendations seeks to offer a general perspective to professionals, helping them to identify their own values, to recognize the values of the people aided, to promote dialogue and discussion, as well as to identify and spread awareness of possible situations of risk, thereby promoting attitudes based on respect.

espanolEste articulo reflexiona sobre el horizonte del modelo social al pensar la inclusion educativa desde una etica que atienda a la diversidad, a los derechos que garanticen la no violencia, la dignidad y el respeto, observando la alteridad interpelada desde la discapacidad intelectual. Pensar un ethos inclusivo y los aportes que puede compartir con la bioetica, para agotar el paradigma de deficit que sigue impidiendo la mirada abierta al Otro levinasiano para una educacion inclusiva. EnglishThis article reflects on the limits of the social model when we think of educational inclusion from the perspective of ethics related to diversity, of rights that guarantee non-violence, dignity and respect, considering the assumed otherness of intellectual disability. We reflect on an inclusive ethos and the contributions that may be shared with Bioethics, in order to eliminate the idea of “deficit” that continues to prevent an open look at the Levinasian concept of Otherness for an inclusive education.

The topic of financial sustainability in microfinance institutions has become more important as an increasing number of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) seek operational self-sufficiency, which translates into financial sustainability. This study aims to identify factors that drive operational self-sufficiency in microfinance institutions. To accomplish this, 416 MFIs in sub-Saharan Africa are studied and several drivers for operational self-sufficiency are empirically analyzed. Results indicate that these drivers are return on assets, and the ratios total expenses/assets and financial revenues/assets. The results imply that MFIs should encourage cost-management measures. They also reveal that there may not be a significant tradeoff in self-sufficiency and outreach. These findings will enable microfinance institutions worldwide to sharpen their institutional capabilities to achieve operational self-sufficiency and also provide policymakers with more focused tools to assist industry development.

Former reports of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) tended to focus on the equity side of investing, and today green bonds also offer and introduce sustainability factors. This paper is about the relevance, potential benefits and key arguments for countries with low-and middle-incomes where financial markets are not comparable with those in developed countries. We begin by stating clearly the relevance of a green economy transformation, highlight the development challenges they face and talk about how a green economy approach can help to solve these challenges. Then an outline of the progress that has been made in this panel, and the economic and social benefits that a green economy can potentially offer to Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMIC’s) will be underlined. Finally, we will make recommendations on the range of potential areas for intervention.

Even though the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been applauded for several decades, the concept of stakeholder engagement is relatively new to the Ghanaian mining sector. This study investigates the CSR process of an extractive company and examines how stakeholders are engaged in CSR. Using purposive and snowball sampling in identifying its respondents, data was gathered through interviewing 21 selected respondents from various stakeholder groups and documents such as sustainability annual reports were analyzed. It was discovered that Newmont Ahafo Mines has consistently had a prominent CSR drive in Ghana for several years and stakeholder involvement in CSR is important for implementing relevant CSR programs. Findings of this study contribute to the building of empirical reference which will serve as guidelines for management practitioners dealing with stakeholder relations and CSR in Ghana’s mining sector. Therefore, it is recommended that the mining sector put immense effort in engaging various stakeholders in their CSR initiatives.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is like a chameleon, that changes its colour according to the context it is in. In the developed economy, it takes the form of sustainability and/ or philanthropy, whereas, in emerging economies, it speaks the language of religious, political and/ or mandated CSR. India, in recent times came into the limelight with its mandated CSR policy that was incorporated into its Companies Act 2013, which became operational from the financial year 2014 - 2015. Mandated CSR is thus a new area of study that is based on the philosophy that ‘CSR should contribute to the national agenda in emerging economies,’ under some statutory guidelines as laid down by the Government.But, business houses, do look for maximising its profit. Profit can be financial and/ or non-financial. If not money, then at least the effort must be compensated with reputation, image, that helps in brand building! And, to have this as an objective, their efforts should be strategic! But, does all strategies work? With these questions and conceptual thinking, this empirical research aims to identify the key aspects of Strategic Management, CSR and Firm Performance and establish relationship between them; apart from developing a valid and reliable scale to do so. This is indeed one of the first researches and documentations done among the large Indian firms in India immediately in the post mandate period and thus forms a base for understanding the CSR dynamics in the years to come.

The purpose of this qualitative review is to analyze empirical studies on whether the existing generations differ in their work beliefs, i.e. in their internal CSR perceptions and their leadership motivation, especially Generation Y (born after 1980), in contrast to previous generations. According to the literature review, there is some evidence demonstrating that Generation Y is slightly different from the preceding Generation X in their work beliefs in some internal CSR features. However, this generation is not as special as suggested in popular media. As most research is conducted in the USA and Europe, as well as a few studies in Asia and Africa, the necessity of conducting more empirical research in different cultures is highlighted. The research outlook shows important implications for human resource management (HRM) as to whether HRM needs to handle employees differently across generations, or a general change in work values is occurring in this disruptive twenty-first century.

Sustainability is currently one of the main issues in all media and in society as a whole and is increasingly discussed in science from different sides and areas. Especially for the automotive industry, sustainability becomes more and more important due to corporate scandals in the past and topics such as electric motors, lightweight construction and CO2 emission reduction are key issues. Although the focus is primarily on other components, the interior cannot be neglected either in terms of sustainability. Interior is the most frequently seen part of the car by the driver. Therefore, e.g. the use of natural fibres especially for premium brands can only be considered in connection with highest standards regarding practical and aesthetical aspects. Consequently, the following research question arises: How do the three pillars of sustainability (economical, ecological and social issues) influence interior development at premium brand manufacturers and how do customers accept sustainable solutions? The focus of the paper is exclusively on premium brands due to the higher spread of sustainability effects compared to volume brands. A quantitative study is carried out to determine the expectations on the customer side regarding more sustainability in the automotive industry in general and in the interior sector in particular and to derive corresponding challenges and potentials for original equipment manufacturers.

The importance of Chinese International Construction Companies (CICCs) within the construction sector in Africa can no longer be ignored, as these firms hold a considerable amount of market share within the African continent. The construction industry is of high importance to African economic renaissance, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming a key issue in business processes on the developing continent. Narratives around the implementation of CSR within construction in African economies have been largely one-sided, viewed from foreign perspectives and outsider anecdotes, without engaging locals in evaluating these initiatives. As a result, this paper explores CSR as a critical component of the continued penetration and dominance of Chinese contractors in the highly competitive African construction markets. The paper adopts a quantitative survey to explore the areas of implementation of CSR by CICCs, how they line up against current local and international counterparts and the future of these firms in Africa using CSR as a metric. Residents of Africa’s largest economy, Nigeria, who have Chinese-led projects ongoing in their communities, were surveyed for the study, and the findings used to propose solutions for future CSR policy-making in local African communities where Chinese contractors carry out business. The study found that in terms of CSR strategy implementation, CICCs were ranked highly on quality of construction and respect for local laws and customs, but ranked low in perception of employee welfare and environmental protection. The study highlighted that African governments taking responsible leadership by formulating a CSR policy for all international contractors might stem the tide of increasing anti-Chinese rhetoric within the construction sector on the African continent.

espanolA partir de la interpretacion del pensamiento de Norman Daniels sobre la asistencia sanitaria como exigencia para el funcionamiento normal de la especie humana, se analiza la cuestion del racionamiento sanitario aplicandolo al contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en Mozambique, un sistema sanitario que se debate con la extrema escasez de recursos sanitarios. La lucha contra el Sars-cov-2 ha provocado desatencion a las enfermedades que constituyen un problema de salud publica. Ello nos obliga a reflexionar sobre la justicia distributiva en el contexto de la asistencia sanitaria. EnglishBased on Norman Daniels’ interpretation of healthcare as a requirement for the normal functioning of the human species, we analyse healthcare rationing by applying it to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique, a healthcare system that has scant resources. The fight against Sars-cov-2 has led to neglecting diseases that constitute a public health problem. This forces us to reflect on distributive justice within the context of healthcare.

EnglishAlthough science and biotechnoscience are meant to protect lives, they can also pose risks to survival. We fear them at the same time that we reap their benefits, possibly because here in Brazil and all over the world we are living through a sombre period assailed by the uncertainties of “the biopolitics of death”, or what we call “necropolitics”. This paper performs a critical review of the current literature in an attempt to reflect on the relationship between science, biotechnoscience, biopolitics and bioethics. This will hopefully contribute to a clear perception of the effects of a “science without conscience”, and of the need to build biotechnoscience in response to social demands in times of COVID-19. portuguesA ciencia e a biotecnociencia que, a principio, protegem as vidas, tambem pode gerar riscos as suas sobrevivencias. Ao mesmo tempo em que desejamos as benesses de ambas, tambem as tememos, talvez pelo fato de que no Brasil e no mundo, vivemos tempos sombrios, marcados pelas incertezas de uma “biopolitica da morte” ou “necropolitica”. A revisao critica de literatura aqui proposta, tem como escopo refletir sobre a relacao entre a ciencia, a biotecnociencia, a biopolitica e a bioetica, contribuindo para uma percepcao clara, tanto dos efeitos de uma “ciencia sem consciencia”, como da necessidade de construcao de uma biotecnociencia, que atenda as demandas sociais em tempos de COVID-19.

espanolLas razones por las cuales el programa Health 2020 de la Oficina Europea de la OMS incluyo en 2012 el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia entre sus cuatro prioridades se han vuelto dramaticamente evidentes en nuestros esfuerzos diarios para enfrentar la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19. La resiliencia se configura ademas como un requisito previo fundamental no solo para la promocion de la salud, sino para el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 y los ODS en su conjunto. La resiliencia nos brinda oportunidades para un cambio positivo, ambientalmente sostenible y duradero ante la cambiante realidad que nos rodea. EnglishThe reasons why the WHO European Office's Health 2020 programme included strengthening resilience among its top four priorities in 2012 have become dramatically evident, as we make daily efforts to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Resilience is also established as a fundamental prerequisite not only to boost health but also to fulfil the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs as a whole. Resilience provides us with opportunities for positive, environmentally sustainable, and lasting change in the face of the changing reality that surrounds us.

espanolLa maternidad subrogada plantea multiples conflictos eticos y juridicos dificiles de resolver: filiacion del menor, instrumentalizacion o mercantilizacion de la mujer gestante, compra-venta de ninos, inseguridad juridica, etc. En este trabajo se analizaran los aspectos bioeticos en conflicto y la regulacion juridica que existe al respecto. EnglishSurrogacy raises multiple ethical and legal conflicts on several difficult issues: parentage, the exploitation and commercialisation of pregnant women, the sale of infants, lack of legal protection, etc. This paper analyses the bioethical issues involved and current legislation in this regard.

The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the precariousness and injustices within the healthcare systems of many African countries. Ever since the pandemic broke out on the continent, the ability of its health facilities to provide an adequate response to the COVID-19 crisis has been severely tested. Quality healthcare is a luxury that few can afford in Cameroon. Prevention and awareness campaigns are often the only means available to prevent the propagation of the virus. A return to herbal medicines appears to be the only way forward. This is a new field of research and therefore an invitation to a different approach to the ethics of life on the continent. Its exploration includes that which is specific to the continent; its proximity to nature and, as stated by Achille Mbembe, its rich ethics of travel.

EnglishThe fight against food insecurity (FI) is one of the targets of the second Sustainable Development Goal: zero hunger and sustainable agriculture. This study sought to assess the food security of beneficiaries of a Brazilian income transfer programme, from the perspective of the Bioethics of Protection. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale was used to assess FI and applied to 298 female beneficiaries of an income transfer programme. The results revealed that 58.1% (n=173) had mild FI, 16.4% (n=49) moderate FI, and 8.1% (n=24) severe FI. The data proves that beneficiaries have alarming rates of FI and that there is an urgent need for solutions that mitigate the vulnerabilities to which these families are exposed. portuguesO combate a inseguranca alimentar (IA) e um dos alvos do segundo objetivo do desenvolvimento sustentavel: fome zero e agricultura sustentavel. Este estudo buscou avaliar a seguranca alimentar de titulares de um programa de transferencia de renda (PTR) brasileiro, na perspectiva da Bioetica de Protecao. Para avaliacao da IA utilizou-se a Escala Brasileira de Inseguranca Alimentar, aplicada em 298 mulheres titulares do PTR. Os resultados revelaram que 58,1% (n=173) apresentavam IA leve, 16,4% (n=49) IA moderada, e 8,1% (n=24) IA grave. Estes dados suportam que beneficiarios de PTR possuem indices alarmantes de IA e que ha necessidade urgente no apontamento de solucoes para tais questoes para mitigar as vulnerabilidades a que essas familias estao expostas.

espanolEl autor sostiene que los desastres, en la mayor parte de los casos, no son naturales. Aunque los eventos naturales de riesgo normalmente afectan a todos los residentes de una region, rara vez afectan a todos de la misma manera. Los grados de vulnerabilidad social se distribuyen de manera desigual en la mayor parte de las sociedades. La vulnerabilidad social es el resultado de la distribucion de poder, la riqueza y la posicion social. Su distribucion desigual plantea un problema de justicia social. El autor tambien aborda la relacion entre el cambio climatico y el aumento de los desastres climaticos. La “ecologia integral” del papa Francisco se plantea como un camino o puente hacia el futuro. EnglishThe paper argues that, for the most part, disasters are not natural. Although natural hazards normally affect all residents of a geographical area, they are rarely affected to the same degree, given that social vulnerability is unequally distributed in most societies. Social vulnerability is causally related to the distribution of wealth, power, and social status in society, therefore, its distribution is a social justice issue. This paper also analyses the connections between climate change and the increased risk of climate disasters. Pope Francis’ “integral ecology” is proposed as a path to the future.

espanolEn la ultima campana electoral espanola algunas propuestas politicas han planteado la posibilidad de legislar sobre el fin de la vida. En este trabajo se quiere dar una vision general de todas las cuestiones implicadas senalando el espacio que la reflexion teologica podria tener en el debate publico. Primero, se indican unos presupuestos antropologicos relacionados con el concepto de persona, su dignidad individual y las responsabilidades que devienen de su condicion social. Se recuerda la incertidumbre que encierran los datos medicos y la insuficiencia de la legislacion en muchas ocasiones. Finalmente, se remarca el esfuerzo que la teologia moral ha realizado en la racionalizacion y actualizacion de sus afirmaciones. Seria injusto y no racional prescindir de sus aportaciones tan validas como las de cualquier otra opcion filosofica. EnglishDuring the last Spanish election campaign, some political proposals raised the possibility of developing end-of-life legislation. This text seeks to provide an overview of all relevant issues within the subject and the role that might be played by theological reflection in the public discussion regarding this topic. First, certain anthropological assumptions —related to the concept of person, their individual dignity and responsibilities based on their social status— are highlighted. Then, we recollect the uncertain nature of medical data and the inadequacy of legislation on many occasions. Finally, we point out the effort made by moral theology to rationalise and update its contributions. It would be unfair and irrational to not consider these suggestions as equally valid as those of any other philosophical approach.

This paper empirically examines whether competition (measured by using the new measure of competition, the Boone Indicator) moderates the relationship between Microfinance Institutions’ (MFIs) social and financial performances using data from 183 Indian MFIs over the period 2005–2014.The findings indicate that MFIs’ social and financial performances have a positive significant relationship. Moreover, the form of the relationship is both lead-lag and cotemporal. The Indian microfinance market was very competitive over the period 2005–2014. The empirical findings show that competition positively moderates the relationship between MFIs’ social and financial performances. More precisely, the empirical analysis provides evidence that the association between MFIs’ depth of outreach and operational self-sufficiency is conditional upon competition. These results suggest that in a competitive market, the more MFI deepen their depth of outreach, the higher contribution it has to their operational self-sufficiency.

Socially responsible investment (SRI) evolved, along the last two decades, from an almost unexplored topic in science to a recurrent theme of research and debate in Economics and Finance. The growing interest on the theme has two fundamental causes. On one hand, empirical evidence unveils a change of behavior of investors, who typically no longer restrict their decision-making to a strict financial analysis; ethical, social, environmental, and political concerns are also on the forefront of investors’ assessments. On the other hand, the economic science is witnessing a paradigm shift characterized by a progressive departure from the orthodox rational deliberation framework and in the direction of the introduction of behavioral elements. In this study, an intertemporal model is proposed to serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of the implications of social and environmental awareness upon investors’ decisions and investment performance. The model is a simple optimal control framework that highlights the trade-off between financial returns and the satisfaction emanating from investing in firms or projects guided by ethical values and by good governance principles. Better financial outcomes may come with a social damage that the representative agent in the model will include, with a negative sign, in her utility function. Long-term steady-state results and transitional dynamics are duly evaluated for neoclassical and endogenous growth versions of the model.

espanolLa actual pandemia provocada por COVID-19 ha supuesto un desafio global que ha irrumpido de una forma abrupta en todos los paises. Esta pandemia se lograra superar, como cualquier otra patologia, cuando exista un tratamiento concreto que ahora es inexistente. Hasta que ese momento no sea una realidad, el agente infeccioso esta generando un grave problema de salud publica que esta obligando a una limitacion de los derechos constitucionales en favor de la proteccion de la salud, y a una potencial incapacidad de los sistemas sanitarios para ofrecer la asistencia deseada con sus mejores estandares de calidad, sobre todo en aquellos estadios mas graves en los que puede manifestarse la enfermedad. La bioetica no puede estar al margen de esta pandemia y debe ser el mejor garante para ofrecer proteccion en aquellas situaciones dificiles tanto para profesionales sanitarios como pacientes. EnglishThe current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has posed a global challenge that has erupted abruptly in all countries. This pandemic will be overcome, like any other pathology, when a specific treatment is found, but for now that remains non-existent. Until that becomes a reality, the infectious agent is generating a major public health problem that is forcing a limitation of constitutional rights in favour of health protection, and a potential inability of health systems to offer the assistance requires with the best quality standards, especially in the more serious stages of the disease. Bioethics cannot be excluded from this pandemic and must be the best guarantor to offer protection in difficult situations for both healthcare professionals and patients.

En el preámbulo de la Agenda 2030 se sostiene la firme decisión de “velar por que todos los seres humanos puedan realizar su potencial con dignidad e igualdad y en un medio ambiente saludable”. En primer lugar, se discuten algunas cuestiones éticas en torno a la dignidad de la persona en todos los avatares de su recorrido vital. A continuación, dado que dependemos unos de otros en algún momento de la vida, planteamos la noción de interdependencia como relación básica que fundamenta una ética del cuidado. Finalmente, mantenemos que la sola idea de interdependencia no es suficiente, se requiere una solidaridad humanitaria.

El consumo ético es un área extensa de debate, por lo que en primer lugar procederá definir la base moral del denominado consumismo ético que nos permite comprender sus implicaciones tanto para los mercados como para las empresas. La importancia del tema radica no solo en la actualidad del mismo, sino también por la perspectiva del modelo que empleamos. En este caso, estaríamos apelando a la visión de un área específica, en concreto, el lujo en la industria de los azulejos, pues nos encontraríamos ante desigualdades sociales que aflorarían y que constituirían un serio obstáculo a la sostenible. El diseño empleado combina preguntas cualitativas y cuantitativas según variables específicas en un país concreto: España. Se hace hincapié así en las implicaciones para el contexto del lujo y la sostenibilidad, teniendo en cuenta la figura del homo economicus que se guía por su interés y no por el bien común.

O acesso dos pacientes aos seus dados de saúde tem levantado nos últimos anos algumas questões éticas relacionadas com a sua privacidade e segurança. Estas questões abrem caminho para um assunto ainda mais complexo: “O direito ao esquecimento”, ou seja, o direito de um indivíduo solicitar a remoção dos seus dados pessoais de saúde. No presente estudo analisaram-se diversos aspetos associados ao “direito ao esquecimento”, concluindo-se que não deve ser possível universalizar este direito sem se avaliarem as consequências na saúde de determinados indivíduos ou populações, analisando-se caso a caso, através de um conjunto de critérios previamente definidos.

El presente artículo analiza el cambio climático en el contexto de la bioética mundial, que nos permite enfrentar al ser humano con su discurso y sus contradicciones. El ser humano ha creado una alteridad que combate con una dualidad de comportamientos, instituyendo acciones lícitas cuando son ilícitas. En Estocolmo, en 1972, se hizo un llamamiento para reducir las actividades que comprometen la existencia de la vida en el planeta, entre ellas la contaminación. Sin embargo, desde entonces, dichas actividades no han disminuido y ha aumentado el cambio climático, lo que proporciona más pruebas de la ambigüedad del pensamiento humano. La génesis de este problema radica en que el ser humano se ha convertido en un elemento biológico que amenaza la seguridad del planeta.

El presente artículo analiza la importancia de la bioética y la educación ambiental como herramientas indispensables para la conservación del medio ambiente. Una educación ambiental que ha sido infravalorada en muchos ámbitos y que se establece como vehículo fundamental para asentar la conciencia ambiental en todos y cada uno de los estamentos sociales. Además, se discurre acerca de las problemáticas existentes que se suceden a partir de actitudes negacionistas, falta de consenso unánime y déficit de profesionales especializados en transmitir los conocimientos científicos y valores ambientales.

El envejecimiento progresivo de la población contribuye a aumentar los casos de demencia. El derecho proporciona algunas herramientas de protección, principalmente a partir de las decisiones judiciales de incapacitación e internamiento involuntario. Del examen del marco jurídico de dichas instituciones y sus posibilidades prácticas se desprende la necesidad de lograr recursos más flexibles y adaptables a cada situación. La neurociencia puede mejorar los medios de prueba para acreditar el grado de capacidad personal. Los Principios Internaciones sobre Demencia se basan en los fundamentos de la bioética.

Los continuos avances científicos, junto con los avances sociales, han provocado la necesidad de una regulación de las técnicas de reproducción asistida. Una de las técnicas en la que más vacíos legales se pueden encontrar en ella, es la fecundación post mortem. En este trabajo, se hará un análisis de los aspectos jurídicos y bioéticos enfocados a los límites. El fin del trabajo es ofrecer una vista general sobre la situación legal y jurídica de la técnica al lector, al mismo tiempo que se mencionarán posibles soluciones a los conflictos en el marco legal y ético.

Síntesis de la contribución a la bioética del recientemente fallecido bioeticista español y jesuita Carlos Alonso Bedate

O artigo visa entender a sociedade globalizada contemporânea como uma sociedade formada pela vigência da biotecnociência, representada, em particular pelos projetos do transhumanismo e do posthumanismo. Para tanto aborda a questão dos riscos envolvidos, que são estruturais e propõe uma análise conceitual e uma genealogia dos conceitos de “risco”, “perigo” e “dano”, assim como seus desdobramentos contemporânea de “transhumanismo” e “posthumanismo”, a partir da concepção da crítica filosófica entendida como uma terapia referente aos conceitos e argumentos que usamos, para tentar esclarecer e até para dissolver problemas, ou desconstruí-los, quando olhados a partir de pontos de vista menos comprometidos emocionalmente.

O 11.º objetivo de desenvolvimento sustentável da ONU, propõe tornar as cidades inclusivas, seguras, resilientes e sustentáveis. O artigo faz uma análise crítica na perspectiva da Bioética urbana. Para realizar esse objetivo necessitase de discussão prévia sobre o modelo de desenvolvimento, que o fundamenta. Como resposta à situação caótica das cidades foram propostos dois caminhos: cidades inteligentes e cidades sustentáveis, mas sua efetivação depende de uma questão de fundo, não discutida, o modelo econômico que está na base. A realidade urbana aponta para vulneração dos habitantes e correspondente necessidade de resiliência e sustentabilidade socioambiental na perspectiva da ecologia integral.

The absence of consensus on what should constitute Corporate Social Responsibility has inhibited consistent CSR legislation around the world. This paper poses a fundamental question on what should constitute CSR and what should be the nature of CSR regulation? By constructing the boundaries of CSR, the paper offers scope for consistently developing CSR regulation around the world. It construes CSR as consisting ofbusiness relationandimpact relation,and demonstrates that these are intertwined with legal responsibilities of business and, consequentially, with accountability. It accomplishes this by establishing the obligatory nature of responsibilities using the lens of ethical and legal jurisprudence. This new approach towards CSR recasts it as an obligatory responsibility that is linked to accountability. Furthermore, the framework provides a foundation for consistent development of CSR regulation across different countries that can lead to effective discharge of corporates’ social responsibilities.

The scope of the paper is to investigate whether e-learning is a good alternative to achieve business ethics teaching goals in the challenging context of disembedded economies. To achieve this goal, I used various interdisciplinary methods and approaches, content analysis of the relevant literature, and a case study. Firstly, I focus on the current challenges of business ethics teaching. Then, based on my experience of teaching business ethics in various forms, I distinguish the methods applied within them and evaluate them, taking as criteria the cognitive, applicative, and reflective goals of teaching business ethics. Models and theories of educational psychology provide a framework to distinguish some elements that are responsible for the learning success of the student in terms of the defined teaching goal. Empirical results show that although e-learning scored best when it comes to achieving three differentiated goals of business ethics teaching, it is followed closely by seminars. This leads to the conclusion that perhaps a hybrid form, containing e-learning and seminars, would be the optimal way to achieve the goals.

Considering medical students’ experiences gives insights into aspects of their education and socialization to the medical profession that are not visible from official curricula. This article presents the results of a multi-thread focus group study involving medical students studying at three Polish medical universities. The aims of the article are: 1) to describe the surveyed students’ experiences regarding difficulties associated with missing classes and justifying their absence, and; 2) to confront these experiences with their universities’ policies and professional ethics demands that require the development of pro-health attitudes. The practices described by the respondents are considered to constitute an example of a “hidden curriculum”, i.e. the shaping of students’ attitudes not through officially taught content, but, rather, through widespread customs in a given institution. The conclusion is that the medical students’ experiences are inconsistent with Polish law and the regulations of their universities. The described practices also seem to be inconsistent with Article 71 of the Polish Code of Medical Ethics, which prohibits doctors from promoting anti-health attitudes.

Axiological studies have been part of sociological research into business activity since the beginnings of the field. But there is still no agreement among scholars as two major concepts that are competing for dominance. One, building on the ideas proposed by Max Weber, advocates the priority of value over instrumental rationality, and it follows the path typical of ideological determinism. The other, with its roots in Karl Marx’s historical materialism, argues for the primacy of matter over mind. What these two have in common is the presence of two aspects, axiological and existential. The difference lies in their position of importance. Each approach makes different kinds of reductions, which are challenged by contemporary socio-economic systems that operate according to post-industrial logic. The goal of this article is to arrive at a new understanding of economic axiology. This understanding must be free from any reductionism that would assign the axiology radically different roles – either as a dependent or independent variable in growth. Economic axiology will be presented as a central category, a product of human interaction, and both a contributor to and an outcome of growth. Last but not least, based on the principle of double morphogenesis, specific economic axiologies will be identified.

The idea of sustainable development as a normative concept emphasizes the necessity for a wider consensus on meeting human needs, ensuring social equity, and respecting planetary boundaries. The purpose of the article focuses on the deontological orientation in perceiving sustainable development. It is expected that looking at sustainability from the deontological perspective might increase individuals’ awareness of responsibility towards respecting the needs of the world’s poor, environmental boundaries, and moral equity, which emphasizes that all people are equal. Any attempt to achieve sustainability demands, first of all, rational action placed on moral duties/obligations before individual people or institutions can achieve their particular desires and goals. According to this perspective, sustainability should be treated as a prior constraint in obtaining economic maximization.

The purpose of this work is to present arguments that support the thesis about the need to formulate professional ethics for mortgage brokers. Due to the lack of a broader reflection on the professional ethics of this profession, a theoretical gap has arisen between general ethical thinking and the practice of ethical codes. Based on the literature, it was found that to formulate professional ethics, it is necessary to know the specifics of the work and to identify the specific ethical problems of the profession. These issues for mortgage brokers are described in this paper thanks to the use of the retrospective participant observation method. The conclusions of this study make it possible to recommend formulating the basics of professional ethics that refer to the value of professionalism, honesty, and responsibility.

This paper examines perceived hypocrisy when a failure is aligned with prior social performance. It is hypothesized that commitment to a CSR domain creates greater performance expectations thus exacerbating the effects when an aligned failure occurs. Study 1 demonstrates that failure alignment and severity increase perceived hypocrisy which negatively impacts customer evaluations of trust, repurchase intent, and brand attitude. Study 2 evaluates two response strategies of apology and compensation vs. no response. An apology significantly reduced perceptions of hypocrisy only when the failure was unaligned with prior CSR. Compensation significantly reduced hypocrisy in both the unaligned and aligned conditions.

El desarrollo científico y tecnológico está provocando la existencia de determinadas técnicas que incrementan la vida durante las patologías crónicas que suelen desembocar, en algunos casos, en una enfermedad terminal durante el envejecimiento. Estas técnicas, cada vez más avanzadas, se engloban bajo el nombre de soporte vital y entre las más frecuentes se encuentra la ventilación mecánica, que es fuente de numerosos dilemas bioéticos para los cuales se necesita disponer de una serie de herramientas útiles para su abordaje.

El uso de animales en la investigación biomédica es reconocido globalmente por su relevancia en la comprensión de diversas afectaciones en la biología y funcionalidad de especies animales, particularmente del ser humano. Los animales han facilitado la obtención de conocimiento para prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de patologías diversas que involucran la fisiología y homeostasis de sistemas como el endocrino, nervioso e inmune, por mencionar parte de la compleja biología del ser humano. Así, en la intervención de especies animales, a través de la investigación con fines de mejora en la salud humana, se han generado comités de índole nacional e internacional que regulan la manipulación de los organismos vivos, para establecer medidas adecuadas de selección, manejo e intervención que eviten dañar a los individuos desde los procesos de investigación. Sin embargo, la intervención de animales no humanos no siempre se da en las mejores condiciones para los individuos intervenidos con fines clínicos y biomédicos, por lo que se hace necesario obtener información acerca de la investigación con animales no humanos, considerando la intervención y las condiciones de desarrollo de las especies involucradas, así como los protocolos y normatividad que se ajusta a esta práctica científica. Además, es importante conocer las tendencias, en la responsabilidad bioética que implican diversos países en líneas de investigación como la biomedicina y la medicina, con relación a la utilización de diversas especies animales en seres humanos con fines de salud.

En el presente artículo abordamos el tema del cuidado al mayor desde la antropología filosófica. Mediante un enfoque fenomenológico, aportaremos claves para mejorar la práctica del cuidado subrayando los aspectos bioéticos implicados en la misma. A medida que la persona va perdiendo autonomía e independencia, debido a las incapacidades propias del deterioro, aparecen situaciones de manipulación por parte de familiares, profesionales e instituciones. Por último, mostraremos cómo la bioética narrativa, puede sensibilizar a profesionales y familiares preparando unas relaciones de cuidado más empáticas y respetando los límites bioéticos que protegen la situación de especial vulnerabilidad de la persona mayor.

Oldest old people’s preferences are not taken into account though their importance in healthcare planning. To identify them, we undertook a qualitative study, using in-depth interviews, in a rural area of Toledo, Spain. The majority of participants rate the health care received as good. They favour building a trusting relationship with the physician, choosing to receive enough treatment to avoid the burden of suffering. They express the wish to die at home, but when an acute event occurs they want to be transferred to hospital. Knowing oldest old people health values will help to develop suitable healthcare systems.

El objetivo del presente artículo de revisión es analizar el diálogo interdisciplinario entre el metabolismo social y la bioética como disciplinas que propenden por la vida. La metodología es de corte cualitativo y su método es de revisión documental. La principal conclusión es que el metabolismo social es un enfoque, o una teoría interdisciplinaria, que necesita el diálogo con otras disciplinas para poder solucionar las problemáticas del intercambio entre conglomerados humanos con la naturaleza. En efecto, tanto los lineamientos como los aportes de la bioética pueden contribuir a generar un lenguaje con soluciones más acordes a las necesidades del presente, dada la riqueza conceptual de la bioética y su capacidad de potencializar la vida.