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espanolLa incorporacion de la heterogeneidad del estudiante en el analisis, las diferencias en la calidad de la educacion y en la probabilidad de repitencia, tipicas en los paises en desarrollo, marca la diferencia entre una inversion en educacion atractiva y otra inconveniente. La metodologia asocia la calidad educacional y las tasas de repitencia con los retornos a la educacion. En particular, parece evidente que menos educacion secundaria, en el caso de Uruguay, es una inversion inconveniente para los estudiantes con desventajas, aun no teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de que dichos alumnos no puedan afrontar los costos de oportunidad, hecho que probablemente tambien explica la fuerte desercion de este tipo de estudiantes en muchos paises en desarrollo. EnglishThis paper shows that when student heterogeneity is introduced in the analysis, differences in the quality of education and in the probability of repetition, typical in developing countries, mark the contrast between an attractive and an inconvenient investment in education. The methodology associates educational quality and repetition rates with educational returns. In particular, it makes apparent that lower secondary education, in the case of Uruguay, is an inconvenient investment for disadvantaged students, even disregarding the possibility of such students not being able to afford the opportunity costs, this fact probably also explains the heavy dropout rates of this student type in many developing countries.

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la evolución de la productividad de la tierra agrícola en el Sudoeste Bonaerense (SOB) durante el período 1970-2010 y hacer una comparación con el mismo indicador a nivel país, que usa índices Divisia en su versión discreta (Índice Törnqvist - Theil). Debido a la falta de información completa para trabajar con Productividad Total de Factores, en esta aproximación al tema se calcula la Productividad de la Tierra Agrícola. Los resultados muestran una tendencia levemente decreciente en la productividad de la tierra agrícola regional a la inversa de lo sucedido a nivel nacional.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los efectos de la apertura económica y la globalización sobre la estructura del gasto público provincial en la Argentina. En particular, resultan de interés los efectos sobre el gasto social y sus componentes como expresión del Estado de bienestar. La mayor parte de la literatura se ha ocupado de identificar esta relación a nivel de países y un aspecto novedoso de este trabajo es la extensión del análisis al sector subnacional. Otra contribución es la estimación de un índice de globalización provincial adaptada del índice KOF propuesto por Dreher (2006). Se estima un modelo dinámico mediante el método generalizado de momentos en diferencias, utilizando un panel de datos para las 24 jurisdicciones de la Argentina para el período 1993-2010. Los resultados indican que la apertura y la globalización de la economía impactan negativamente en la participación del gasto social, resultado esperable desde el punto de vista del efecto “eficiencia” versus el efecto “compensación”, aunque hay indicios de políticas compensatorias del gasto en educación., The aim of this paper is to study the effects of economic liberalization and globalization on the structure of provincial government spending in Argentina. In particular, the effects on social expenditure and its components as an expression of the welfare state. Most of the literature has focused on identifying this relationship at the country level and a novel aspect of this work is to extend the analysis to the province. Another contribution is to estimate an index of provincial globalization adapted from Index KOF (Dreher, 2006). A dynamic model is estimated using the generalized method of moments and a panel data for 24 jurisdictions of Argentina for the period 1993-2010. The results indicate that openness and globalization of the economy, negatively impact the share of social spending, the result expected from the point of view of the “efficiency” effects versus the “compensation” effects; although there are indications of compensatory policies related to education spending., Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales

El trabajo estima los efectos sobre el bienestar de los hogares frente a una quita del 20% de subsidios al sector energético argentino (aguas abajo) mediante el uso de un modelo de equilibrio general computado. El modelo presenta una detallada desagregación del sector energético y de los hogares. Los resultados sobre el bienestar resultan ambiguos y dependen fuertemente de la medida compensatoria que toma el gobierno con el gasto en el cual deja de incurrir.

El pensamiento de Milton Friedman en el marco de la escuela de Chicago

En este trabajo se analiza la convergencia económica de los departamentos de Mendoza durante el período 1996 a 2012. Se examina la evolución de las desigualdades territoriales mediante indicadores de disparidad, dispersión y brechas de crecimiento. No se encuentran evidencias de un proceso de convergencia territorial. El coeficiente β estimado resulta positivo y estadísticamente no significativo; el Coeficiente de Williamson, σ-convergencia y brechas de crecimiento revelan un leve aumento de la desigualdad, especialmente durante períodos de auge. Tampoco se encontró evidencia de relación positiva entre crecimiento y especialización agropecuaria. La inserción internacional del sector agroindustrial no contribuyó a mejorar significativamente la situación de los territorios fuertemente agropecuarios, los de menor desarrollo relativo provincial.

El presente estudio analiza las diferencias tecnológicas entre dos grupos de productores de leche, familiares (PF) y con manejo empresarial (PME). Para obtener estimaciones de efi ciencia técnica comparables entre los dos grupos se utiliza la metodología de meta-fronteras. Aunque los PME son técnicamente más efi cientes que los PF (0.702 y 0.487, respectivamente) ambos grupos podrían obtener un mayor nivel de productividad mejorando su efi ciencia técnica. Además, cada no de los grupos opera bajo diferentes condiciones tecnológicas. El valor promedio del meta-ratio es 0.911 para los PME y 0.807 para los PF. Por lo tanto, los PME deberían invertir en nuevas tecnologías para reducir la brecha tecnológica, mientras que los PF podrían implementar las prácticas y tecnologías prevalecientes que están siendo usadas por los PME.

Este artículo examina la posición dominante de la economía en la red de ciencias sociales en Estados Unidos. Primero documenta su insularidad relativa usando datos bibliométricos y luego analiza el rígido control desde arriba que le da su estructura jerárquica característica. Los economistas también se distinguen de otros científicos sociales por su mejor situación material, su visión del mundo más individualista y su confianza en la disciplina para resolver los problemas de mundo. Estas características constituyen lo que aquí se llama la superioridad de los economistas, cuya supremacía objetiva está ligada íntimamente a la sensación subjetiva de tener autoridad y derecho a ella. Esa superioridad alienta su intervención práctica y su gran influencia en la economía, pero también los expone a conflictos de interés, a la crítica política e incluso al ridículo. In this essay, we investigate the dominant position of economics within the network of the social sciences in the United States. We begin by documenting the relative insularity of economics, using bibliometric data. Next we analyze the tight management of the field from the top down, which gives economics its characteristic hierarchical structure. Economists also distinguish themselves from other social scientists through their much better material situation (many teach in business schools, have external consulting activities), their more individualist worldviews, and in the confidence they have in their discipline’s ability to fix the world’s problems. Taken together, these traits constitute what we call the superiority of economists, where economists’ objective supremacy is intimately linked with their subjective sense of authority and entitlement. While this superiority has certainly fueled economists’ practical involvement and their considerable influence over the economy, it has also exposed them more to conflicts of interests, political critique, even derision.

De fleste utgivelser om kystkultur og modernisering gir liten informasjon om forhold forbundet med lønnsarbeidet. Ifølge teorien ville underklassen omfavne lønnsarbeid så snart det ble tilgjengelig, slik det skjedde på Østlandet under moderniseringen. Imidlertid viser rekrutteringen til moderne lønnsarbeid på Helgeland at den var relativt liten rundt 1900. Derimot var rekrutteringen noe høyere til regionalt industriarbeid, som bestod av gruve- og anleggsvirksomhet. I regionen var husmannsvesenet mest utbredt på kysten, men havet som allmenning opphevet i stor grad skillene mellom de tradisjonelle klassene, og kunne til og med snu om på rollene. Alt overveiende var det unge og ugifte menn som prøvde moderne lønnsarbeid, men som regel var deres ansettelse kortvarig og begrenset. Forklaringene til rekrutteringsmønsteret er at de aller fleste opplevde kulturelle barrierer mot moderne industriarbeid. Svært mange kom fra fiskerier og var sosialisert inn i en annen kultur. De hadde mange negative erfaringer med arbeidsmiljø, uvant teknologi, klokketid, lederskap, brakkeliv dominert av slusken og en lite meningsfull fritid. Artikkelen følger Anders Forslands møte med gruveindustrien ved Båsmo Gruver. Hans beretning kan sies å være representativ for de som ikke ble permanente lønnsarbeidere. Forsland befant seg automatisk på bunnen av det spesifikke kunnskapsmessige og sosiale hierarkiet på arbeidsplassen. Slusken satt inne med helt andre erfaringer fra arbeidslivet enn han sjøl og nedvurderte samtidig «bonarbeidet».

This article seeks to developed the concept of capitalist world-economy in order to demonstrate its analytical potential for understanding the transformation of the “global economy” before and after the 2008 crisis. This theoretical approach is key for understanding the trade patterns developed between China and some central and peripheral regions in the period 2000-2016. Its main purpose is to stress the unfolding of different trade patterns in the countries of Latin America. The rise of China and the models of international integration of these countries have led to a process of disintegration and fragmentation of Latin America at least in economic terms, thus bringing about new dilemmas for the development of the region.

Regionalism became a global phenomenon after the Cold War due to a large increase in regional agreements throughout the international system. In this context, China became a proponent of multilateral cooperation with its neighbors. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, China focused on regions far from its territory. The objective of this article is to explore why China creates these forums with geographically distant regions? What institutional design and characteristics do they have? What effects do they generate? For this, the main arguments raised by the regionalism literature and those who observe the international projection of China will be analyzed. Through an analysis of the China-CELAC Forum (Latin America and the Caribbean) and the China-CEEC Forum (Eastern and Central Europe), possible explanations will be proposed to understand the genesis, design and effects of these intergovernmental institutions created by China at the beginning of the XXI century.

The emergence of China as a donor has been one of the most important events in the international development cooperation scene in the last twenty years. While Chinese aid to Africa has been studied in detail, this article sets out to investigate China's aid to Latin America and the Caribbean. The amounts of aid and loans have grown significantly, in particular after the financial crisis of 2008, and are increasingly important in a region where the United States traditionally represents the hegemonic power. Using quantitative and qualitative data, the article explores the historical evolution of Chinese aid programs towards the region; the Official for Development Aid flows and Other Official Flows to the region; the motivations that drive China to cooperate with Latin America and the Caribbean, exploring in particular the issue of conditionalities. The article concludes that Chinese aid certainly represents an opportunity for the region in the short term, while for the long term it will be interesting to observe the ongoing development of China's identity as a donor through its new cooperation agency and his star project, the Belt and Road Initiative.

This paper describes the results of the research that investigates the association between ex-post conservatism or conditional conservatism and cost of equity capital in Indonesian manufacturing companies using data from 2015 to 2019. Conservatism is measured using accrual methods while equity capital costs are measured using a price/earnings growth (PEG) model. Using data from 142 companies or 710 observations, selected using purposive sampling methods, the study concludes that ex-post accounting conservatism lowered the company’s cost of equity capital. These results not only confirm previous research conducted in other countries, but also the agency theory which predicts that accounting conservatism lowers the asymmetry of information between the company’s management and shareholders, thereby affecting the decrease in equity capital costs.

The article provides an analysis of the Chinese presence and influence in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and how it affects regional integration processes that exist in the region. We start from a brief qualitative analysis, stressing the role of foreign influence on regional integration, highlighting how the Chinese expansion plan affects the case of Latin American integration. Then, a critical quantitative analysis of the transactions between LAC-China is carried out, analyzing imports/exports, preferential trade agreements (PTA), and foreign direct investment (FDI). The data comprises the 2001-2016 period and were retrieved from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade), World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), China-Latin America Finance Database, and China Global Investment Tracker. In conclusion, we highlight the growing Chinese influence in the Latin America region, emphasizing that the bilateral narrowing of Latin American countries with China has an indirect and adverse impact on regional integration.

China’s economic rise has led to the rethinking of international relations not only between developed and developing economies, but also within developing economies. This paper compares the trade pattern established between China and Latin American and African economies in the 21st century. Results show that the importance assumed by China through asymmetrical trade relations with other developing peers renews core-periphery development concerns central to the structuralist theory. It is highlighted that there are important differences observed among countries, but overall relations should move toward greater economic and technological upgrading, as both Latin American and African economies face difficulties to industrialize or, in some cases, the risk of deindustrialization.

Valuating property, plant and equipment after recognition with the purpose of preparing the annual financial statements is an extremely important step in presenting a true and fair view of the entity. Thus, the company must take into account the main valuation methods used and develop appropriate accounting policies and procedures to ensure that the users of financial and accounting information are properly informed and understand every change that occurs. The book value, respectively the carrying amount, of property, plant and equipment is represented abiding by the principle of prudence, according to which every impairment or change from the determined value shall be taken into account. The efficiency with which these assets are valuated brings surplus value to the entity and has a direct impact on the financial statements. The main objective of this article is to present the methods of valuation used to valuate property, plant and equipment. This way, at the end of the research the main applicable accounting treatments and the differences between IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment and Order of the Minister of Public Finance No. 1802/2014 for the approval of the Accounting regulations regarding the individual annual financial statements and consolidated annual financial statements, as subsequently amended and supplemented, will be understood.

The article aims to discuss the role of the extension of the New Silk Road - or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) - to Latin America in a framework of systemic transition. We argue that, given the difficulties in articulating indigenous solutions to regional dilemmas, the opportunity to strengthen relations and cooperation with China tends to fill the gaps necessary to advance development projects in the countries of the region. In the first section, we will deal with China's international ascension process, recognizing the New Silk Road as a fundamental vector of its global projection. In the second part, we will address the panorama of growing synergy between the countries of Latin America and China, as well as the possibilities outlined by the possible implementation of the New Silk Road in the region. Finally, in the last section, we will discuss Latin American dilemmas in this complex systemic transition framework, addressing the connections between the resurgence of Sino-US rivalry and the issues pertinent to hemispheric bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms.

Bilateral swap agreements gained great importance due to the 2008 crisis and China has been a protagonist in this movement. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Suriname individually and at different times established such a deal with the Chinese. However, until August 2020, only Argentina, of those countries, had activated the agreement. In this paper, we question which aspects explain the use or not of these agreements with China. Through primary data gathering and bibliographic review, this study states that the swap agreements established with China are important as sources of liquidity in times of external vulnerability for Latin American countries. However, its use is limited due to low convertibility of the Renminbi (RMB).

The role of professional accountants has evolved with the development of accounting. For a long time, accounting profession and accounting have had a major responsibility in the process of employing capital. The profitability of a business, the credit score of business partners and the financial reliability of a company are identified by means of accounting.

Petrobras' expansion over the last years is deeply linked to one foreign country: China. After the discovery of the pre-salt oil, the company's relation with Chinese players has evolved rapidly in four directions: trade, investments, infrastructure projects, and loans. Chinese actors have become relevant crude importers, production partners, service providers, and funding options. China became Petrobras’ main export destination and the origin of the majority of its external loans, which have helped it to expand production and recover financial solidness. From China's perspective, Petrobras is a reliable crude supplier, besides being an increasingly relevant destination of investments and technical, operational, and financial services. In each of the four pillars, the progress of bilateral relations was based upon complementary circumstances, such as China’s skyrocketing imports and Petrobras’ burgeoning exports. However, beyond complementarity, Petrobras-China oil cooperation has significant challenges.

During the first decade of the 2000s, Latin America experienced the so-called commodity boom caused mainly by the high Chinese demand for primary goods. This led the region to show high growth rates and guaranteed a surplus in the trade balance, strengthening the ties of these countries with the People's Republic of China (PRC). However, without significant structural changes, the region maintained its position as an exporter of primary goods in the international division of labor, and from 2011 it began to lose its dynamism. This article seeks to analyze this phenomenon in the 21st century based on bilateral trade between Brazil and the PRC, highlighting the importance of soy in this context and its strategic and economic implications. This is done through a review of the Prebisch-Singer thesis and its relevance within the global value chains in the 21st century. The objective is to understand the deterioration of the terms of trade between Brazil and the PRC, as well as the regressive specialization of Brazil, while the Chinese strategy focuses on importing the low value-added product and generating value internally, using as the basis of its supply chain. production and consumption as part of a medium-long term development project.

The rise of China and the reconfiguration of the world order has generated a profound debate on the role that China should have in the world. At the same time, this rise reflects a growing relationship between China and Latin America. In this regard, the most recent phase in this increasing process has been the proposal that the Latin American region could be incorporated into the initiative of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. This article analyzes the relationship of China with Latin America from the theoretical proposal of the Tianxia system. So, in the first section, I assume the need to think theoretically about the international system beyond the narrow margins of the Western narrative. Later, I discuss the main aspects of the Tianxia system. Subsequently, I analyze the contributions and limitations of the Tianxia concept, considering the relations between China and Latin America under the horizons of the Belt and Road Initiative. Finally, I conclude that despite the implicit limitations of the Tianxia theoretical approach, its most important contribution is that it allows us to explore other theoretical perspectives to expand our possibilities of understanding international scenarios beyond the dominant paradigms of the International Relations.

Forty years ago, Albert Hirschman emphasized that, in its decline, the theory of economic development had become fragmented into very different disciplines. At present, given the resurgence of both the problem and the theory of economic development, this fragmentation nourishes with very diverse elements (which are analyzed in depth) this theoretical resurgence. However, recovering a general conception of the problem without losing those specific contributions represents a significant intellectual challenge. The purpose of this paper is to review some of these topics, so as to contribute to the current path of economic thinking, which is revitalizing the concept of economic development.

The aim of this article is to identify and analyse a few of the most important performance factors of financial management, in normal circumstances as well as against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, while underlining the disturbances at this level.

This paper is based on quantitative research regarding the impact of amending the VAT legislation on the business environment and on the population, illustrates the methodology behind the research, analysis and interpretation of results, and determines the main objectives and assumptions of the research. This paper is intended mainly for economic agents, as we considered it to be quite important, being useful both in the current economy and future economy. In order for the economy to develop from several points of view (extensively, intensively), tax consultants but also economic agents should approach and analyze in a deeper way their preferences and desires.

At the beginning of the 21st century, with an unprecedented increase in the prices of basic commodities exportable in Latin America, the role of China’s demand has increased in the interest of economic literature, since the end of this so-called “super cycle”, occurred in 2014. This article discusses the effects of this cyclical variation in the prices of minerals and food products on macroeconomic variables (GDP, investment, income and international reserves) in the Brazilian economy, with exposure to the international market – and, accordingly, the demand from China – is significant. The investigation of possible channels of contamination by varying prices, through cointegration problems and the causality of Engle-Granger and VAR/VEC models, suggested different intensities of the impacts of the Super Cycle through similar channels. There was a broadly balanced relationship between fiscal income and GDP in the Brazilian economy in relation to price changes, as well as in the Chilean economy. In Venezuela, in turn, the effects of the cycle were much more intense in their inflows and economic growth.

This essay addresses some of the most important aspects underlying cooperation between China and Venezuela during the government of former President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013). Numerous commitments were signed and the result was a significant volume of investments and loans that Beijing granted to Caracas, and in return Venezuelan increased its oil exports and advanced large infrastructure projects with China, opening the door to future alliances still on the way to consolidation. The article analyzes the evolution and the main economic and political issues of this cooperation highlighting three neuralgic areas: energy, infrastructure and transport and industries. It concludes that during the government of former President Hugo Chávez, such cooperation was widely developed, allowing China to consider Venezuela as one of its regional ally par excellence.

The Order of the President of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 14/2021 provides the model, content and the instructions for filling out the single return for personal income tax and social security liabilities of natural persons, through which tax payers that are natural persons and obtain income from sources other than their job engross their financial situation for the year 2020 and estimate their income and related taxes for 2021. This year, form 212 introduces a series of new requirements. Thus, two distinctive sections are introduced in order to establish and state the tax liabilities of tax payers for the allowances obtained from the government, as provided for by the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 30/2020 and the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 132/2020. Furthermore, a distinctive field regarding the acquisition cost of electronic cash register tills has been introduced in section I.4 of Chapter I, for the purposes of implementing the requirements of Law No. 153/2020 regarding the deductibility of the acquisition cost of such devices from the annual income tax. At the same time, the content of Chapter II relating to the incomes obtained from renting out premises for touristic purposes has been deleted, and the instructions for filling out the form have been updated.

Currently, the economic environment is significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects are visible in the area of accounting and financial reporting policies and practice as well. The aim of this article is to show how accounting estimates can be affected by the current macroeconomic context and the COVID-19 crisis. The discussion focuses especially on the area of accruals reported to cover the risk of uncollectable receivables, as addressed in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The example illustrates specific risks generated by the higher uncertainty in the economic environment caused by the COVID-19 crisis and by the customers’ issues with liquidity in these times. The overall conclusion is that financial statements related to the pandemic period have to be carefully reviewed as they are subject to accounting measurement estimates that could be significantly affected by discretionary professional judgment or by the lack of suficient guidelines provided by enforcement authorities.

In a world where increased prosperity has created a number of novel, ecosystem-related threats to people’s health and the economy, designing with nature offers a promising outlook to mute the potential negative impacts of our actions and to keep improving the quality of life worldwide. It also provides an alternative to an attitude that has been largely negligent towards our non-human fellow beings. Drawing from the experience of DS landscape architects, four actualized projects and two student master theses illustrate the challenges, opportunities and benefits that building with nature presents. These cases highlight four important lessons for designing with nature in rural and urban landscapes. First, considering the surrounding landscape as a starting point creates a deeper understanding of the situation at hand. This allows for better planning with the ecosystem and enhances the richness of its biodiversity once a project is delivered. Secondly, planning with nature creates the opportunity to let nature do some of the work. This can include water purification, drainage, and cooling. The third lesson is that designing with nature requires a long-term plan. Maintenance might be necessary, and the public may need to be patient to watch the ecosystem slowly flourish through the decades. Finally, creating a new kind of wilderness-imbued beauty to inspire public acceptance and to motivate stewardship is a promising method for establishing a successful long-term nature-inclusive design project. These and other lessons contribute to a field of design where incorporating nature is the status quo.

This publication offers an overview of the latest cross-disciplinary developments in the field of Building with Nature (BwN) for the protection of coastal regions. The key philosophy of BwN is the employment of natural processes to serve societal goals, such as flood safety. The starting point is a systems-based approach, making interventions that employ the shaping forces of the natural system to perform measures by self-regulation. Initial pilots of this innovative approach originate from coastal engineering, with the Sand Motor along the coast of South Holland as one of the prime examples. From here, the BwN approach has evolved into a new generation of nature-based hydraulic solutions, such as mangrove forests, coastal reefs, and green dikes.

El presente ensayo busca compartir algunas reflexiones en torno a la pandemia de COVID-19 en el Perú. La idea central refiere a que tanto el Estado como la sociedad peruana hicieron lo que pudieron en la medida de sus posibilidades y, a pesar de las cerca de 70 000 muertes, es posible que se haya evitado la mayor catástrofehumanitaria de nuestra historia conocida. En primer lugar, si comparamos la epidemia de COVID-19 con otros eventos de nuestra historia. Por otro lado, hablando de las fortalezas y debilidades al momento de manejar la crisis. Y por último, una estimación de qué hubiera pasado de no haberse tomado ninguna medida.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o crescimento da agroindústria no Brasil no período de 2006 a 2016. Para tanto utilizou-se a Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) e a Regressão Ponderada Geograficamente (RPG). A AEDE indicou a existência de autocorrelação espacial positiva no crescimento dos estabelecimentos da agroindústria, já os resultados da RPG, que estima os efeitos locais do modelo em questão, evidenciaram o efeito local das variáveis PIB per capita, quociente locacional da agropecuária, valor adicionado da agropecuária, área da microrregião e percentual de funcionários com nível de ensino médio nas microrregiões das regiões Norte e Nordeste do país, regiões que apresentaram as maiores taxas de crescimento no período e contribuíram significativamente com o crescimento da agroindústria.

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los efectos de la existencia de tasas reducidas, bienes a tasa cero y exenciones del IVA en Argentina sobre los precios de los bienes (efectos sobre la eficiencia económica), el impacto distributivo y la eficiencia recaudatoria. El impuesto al valor agregado se ha constituido a lo largo del tiempo en un tributo clave de la estructura impositiva argentina, con una recaudación de 7.36% del PBI en el año 2018 y una participación en el total de recursos tributarios del 32.6%. La eficiencia “C” es del 47%, lo que muestra que el potencial recaudatorio del IVA es importante y cualquier posible reforma tributaria debería poner el foco en la mejora del diseño e implementación de este impuesto., The aim of this paper is to study the effects of the existence of reduced rates, zero-rate goods and VAT exemptions in Argentina on the prices of goods (effects on economic efficiency), the distributive impact and collection efficiency. The value added tax has become over time a key tribute to the Argentine tax structure, with a collection of 7.6% of GDP in 2018 and a share in total tax resources of 32.6%. Efficiency “C” is 47%, which shows that the potential for VAT collection is important and any possible tax reform should focus on improving the design and implementation of tax., Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

Este estudio tiene por objeto analizar el comportamiento de la discriminación salarial por género del mercado laboral paraguayo del sector formal con foco en la zona metropolitana y fronteriza con Brasil durante el período 2017 a 2019. Para tal efecto, se estimaron las ecuaciones de salarios de Mincer (1974) y la metodología de Heckman (1979). Posteriormente, se realiza la descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder (1973). Los resultados indican que pese a la disminución de la brecha salarial en el período analizado aún persisten las desigualdades de ingresos por género. Parte de la brecha de ingresos se debe a factores no explicados, que podrían atribuirse a la discriminación. Por esta razón, es necesario implementar políticas que garanticenla igualdad salarial por sexo.

The study aims to analyze how differences in teacher characteristics may explain the gap in educational performance of 9th grade students between urban and rural public schools in Brazil in 2017. The results show that teachers with a degree in area that teaches positively and significantly influence the performance in Portuguese Language and Mathematics, the effect being greater for students of rural schools. However, this influence declined as the quantile in both areas increased. Moreover, the decomposition suggests that the aggregate contribution of differences in teacher characteristics, and their coefficients, to differentials is small compared to the aggregate effect of other characteristics. O estudo objetiva analisar como as diferenças nas características dos professores podem explicar a lacuna no desempenho educacional dos alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental entre escolas públicas urbanas e rurais no Brasil em 2017. Os resultados mostram que professores com licenciatura na área influenciam positivamente e significativamente o desempenho em Língua Portuguesa e Matemática, sendo o efeito maior para estudantes de escolas rurais. Contudo, essa influência descresse à medida que aumenta o quantil em ambas as áreas. Ademais, a decomposição sugere que a contribuição agregada das diferenças nas características dos professores, e de seus coeficientes, sobre os diferenciais é pequena quando comparada ao efeito agregado das outras características.

As decisões de onde viver e trabalhar envolvem dilemas entre oportunidades, salários, tempo de deslocamento e custo de vida. O objetivo do artigo é analisar quais os fatores municipais associados com as maiores taxas de deslocamento pendular, nos municípios brasileiros em 2010, compreendendo esses movimentos como possivelmente autocorrelacionados espacialmente. Para tanto, utilizaram-se técnicasde econometria espacial. Dentre os principais achados está a necessidade da ponderação da autocorrelação espacial na análise dos determinantes da mobilidade pendular. Ademais, os resultados indicam que variáveis de mercado de trabalho e de aglomeração urbana estão diretamente associadas aos maiores fluxos de entrada de pendulares. Por outro lado, as características de infraestrutura urbana não parecem explicar a pendularidade pelas mesmas vias que explica a atratividade migratória.

A Economia Comportamental avança como alternativa à abordagem mainstream econômica, pressupondo que a racionalidade limitada dos agentes os conduz a regras simplificadoras na tomada de decisão, as heurísticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da heurística da ancoragem e ajustamento em estimativas numéricas de itens de consumo entre os estratos socioeconômicos de indivíduos fortalezenses. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica com análise posterior nos moldes estatísticos propostos por Jacowitz e Kahneman. Os resultados indicaram uma grande influência do efeito ancoragem nas decisões desses agentes. O Estrato Baixo foi mais influenciado pelas âncoras que o Médio, que sofreu maior influência que o Alto. Concluiu-se que a estratificação socioeconômica afetou as estimativas numéricas dos indivíduos no ambiente de consumo.

This study focuses on the connection between management and accounting, with accrual information as a link. Accounting information, structured on an accrual basis, manages to provide a true image of the patrimony, substantiated and transparent decisions, as a reference basis for efficient management. From of the point of view of the vast changes in the public accounting system (EPSAS), communication between accounting and tax reporting creates a unison in the presentation of financial/non-financial information, a key element in public management. The empirical research conducted by combining the cluster analysis with the MDS technique enables us to map all EU Member States and emphasize potential connections between EU accounting systems from an accrual approach perspective, as a pillar for a performing management. The research results reveal a widespread and strong interest in sound reporting that is able to improve transparency throughout a performing management system. These results support the EPSAS project aimed to adjust inaccuracies between accounting (IPSAS) and tax reporting (ESA 2010), and ultimately to enhance good governance and create a positive environment by facilitating transparency and comparability.

El debate sobre los impactos de la automatización en el empleo ganó relevancia en años recientes. Sin embargo, la creciente evidencia empírica ha estado focalizada, en su mayoría, en países desarrollados. El objetivo de este artículo es, a partir de ejercicios cuantitativos y cualitativos, identificar los cambios relativos en las ocupaciones y los tipos de tareas que podrían ser consistentes con un proceso de automatización en el sector de comercio minorista uruguayo. Esto resulta de relevancia por cuanto es un sector no transable que demanda, principalmente, mano de obra de baja calificación en un país de ingresos medios. Se observa un desplazamiento en el tipo de tareas realizadas y en las calificaciones requeridas, en desmedro de los trabajadores con credenciales educativas bajas y de las tareas manuales no rutinarias, a favor mayormente de las cognitivo-rutinarias. Estos resultados son útiles en el diseño de las políticas de formación profesional. The debate surrounding the impacts of automation on employment has become increasingly relevant in recent years. However, the growing empirical evidence has been largely focused on developed countries. The purpose of this article is to identify, based on quantitative and qualitative exercises, the relative changes in occupations and types of tasks that could be consistent with an automation process in the Uruguayan retail sector. This is significant because it is a nontradable sector that requires mainly low-skilled workers in a middle-income country. A task content displacement effect is observed, to the detriment of workers with low educational levels and non-routine manual tasks, in favor mostly of cognitive-routine ones. These results are useful for the design of vocational training policies Fil: Aboal, Diego. Universidad de la República; Uruguay. Universidad ORT Uruguay; Uruguay Fil: Lopez, Andres Flavio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Maurizio, Roxana del Luján. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Queraltó, Paz. Centro de Investigaciones Económicas; Uruguay

The aim of this paper is to present, according to the Order of the Minister of Public Finance No. 1802/2014 for the approval of the Accounting regulations regarding the individual annual financial statements and consolidated annual financial statements, as subsequently amended and supplemented, the rules for eliminating intra-group accounts for transactions undertaken between companies consolidated through the global integration method and the equity method, the rules of eliminating the unachieved internal results when these are significant, as well as the types of eliminations of internal results that impact the consolidated result: dividends eliminations, the elimination of the result related to initial and final inventories, the result generated by the sale of long term assets and the valuation allowances for inventories and receivables.

I examine the role of recall elections in Peruvian municipalities to evaluate whether they are used as a tool to increase political accountability. I test the theoretical assumptions of elite mobilization theory and other theories related to the functions of political parties and invalid votes. I use logistic regression to analyze a dataset with recall elections until 2013. The results show that recall elections were held most frequently in municipalities with high local electorate party membership when the percentage of blank votes was low, and the margin of victory was low in previous municipal elections. The key variables for the successful removal of a mayor include the political experience of the organizer of a recall procedure, the number of null votes, and votes for the winner in previous municipal elections. Future research should build on these findings and further examine recall elections.

Goal: The relationship between air pollution and human health has been widely studied in medicine and economics. However, only a few recent articles have estimated the direct impact of air pollution on academic achievement. Methodology: We collect daily air pollution data from all monitoring stations in the city of Santiago, Chile, and combine it with academic results recorded by the National Learning Outcome Assessment System of (SIMCE in Spanish) for fourth grade students over the past decade, to create a unique pooled cross-sectional dataset. Results: Applying different econometric strategies, we find that certain air pollutants have a negative impact on the test scores of the cohort. Our estimated effects are negative and statistically significant, ranging between 0.02 and 0.06 standard deviations. Conclusions: These results seem to be small, but are equivalent to around 30% of a successful educational policy that specifically targets performance. Recommendations: Public policy must consider the positive externalities of reducing air pollution.

La consistencia intertemporal de la regulación es un aspecto esencial para el correcto funcionamiento de los incentivos, especialmente en industrias con altos costos hundidos, como, por ejemplo, la generación de energía eléctrica, en la que se han desarrollado diferentes esquemas orientados a garantizar el suministro en el largo plazo. En este sentido, la inestabilidad del marco regulatorio no solo puede impedir el correcto funcionamiento de tales incentivos, sino que, en ocasiones, puede llegar a vulnerar las expectativas legítimas de los agentes involucrados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la estabilidad del marco regulatorio en torno al mecanismo de incentivo de largo plazo para la generación de energía aplicado en Colombia, denominado Cargo por Confiabilidad. Los hallazgos sugieren que es necesario fortalecer la independencia de la agencia reguladora y, en el mismo sentido, que la inestabilidad regulatoria ha generado redistribuciones de rentas entre los agentes de las cuales salen mejor librados los grupos de presión mejor organizados.

En este artículo desarrollamos un modelo teórico para explicar cómo las firmas generadoras eligen su posición agregada en contratos bilaterales en el mercado de electricidad colombiano. Posteriormente, proponemos una estrategia empírica para contrastar las predicciones teóricas del modelo con datos del mercado mayorista. Nuestros resultados muestran que existe evidencia a favor de las hipótesis de nuestro modelo. Las firmas tienden a ajustar sus contratos en función de la generación ideal que esperan que el operador del mercado les asigne y de la diferencia entre los costos marginales y el precio de los contratos.

The evaluation of an entity is used by financial market participants to establish the price which they want to pay for or to receive from the sale of a business. Nowadays, Romania has 350 listed companies and the number is increasing. The present article focuses on the market capitalization, stock evaluation methods, the phases of this evaluation, as well as its benefits and limitations. The dynamic methods of evaluation focus more on the company’s future rather than its current situation. An investor is more concerned with the future and the profitability of a business than with its past and current activity. Market capitalization, often referred to as market cap, is a simple, straightforward method to calculate a company’s size and value, and consequently, its potential growth rate and risk outlook.

Considering the particular and special nature of the activity of exploitation of mineral resources undertaken both underground (mines) and on the surface (ballasts/quarries), this article aims is to analyse the specific legal and fiscal aspects related to this activity, as well as the specific accounting procedures involved. To this end, the article summarizes the main regulatory acts governing the activity of exploration and exploitation of mineral resources from a legal and fiscal point of view. Another purpose of the paper is to provide solutions to account for the economic operations specific to these activities based on an international experience in this field.

This paper explores the financial performance of a company as a cause for, and also a consequence of, an efficient economic activity. Furthermore, the indicators from the table of intermediate management balances (SIG) and the self-financing ability (CAF) are highlighted through a dynamic study carried out in a company listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The comparison between the net profit/net loss and the self-financing ability is particularly relevant.

This article presents a series of aspects related to the statement 311, regarding the collected value added tax owed by those tax payers whose registration number for VAT purposes has been cancelled in accordance with art. 316 para. (11) (a)-(e), (g) or (h) from Law No. 227/2015 regarding the Fiscal Code, as subsequently amended and supplemented.

Considering our country’s current strategy of absorption of structural and cohesion funds, in order to avoid irregularities in accessing and implementing European funds, it is very important that we know the legal framework in the field so that we are able undertake the necessary prevention actions in a timely manner concerning those irregularities for the purpose of avoiding the total or partial reimbursement of the amounts received.