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This paper examines the way in which ancient historiography makes use of rhetorical and even fictional devices (dramatic poetry as well as the novel) to dramatize in writing down events which the historians obviously consider as being important for their judgement, ideologically or otherwise biased, of historical personalities. An outstanding example for this narrative method is the Roman author most often thought of as one of the greatest historians in all antiquity: Tacitus. It can be shown that he in those of the books of his Annals which concern the reign of Nero makes use of rumours, insinuations and even fictional elements, especially of the ancient novel and novella (examples for this will be taken mostly from Ann. XIII–XVI), and particularly with regard to Nero’s relationship with his mother, Agrippina.

Penelitian ini didorong oleh persoalan yang memperlihatkan semakin menipisnya toleransi dalam relasi umat beragama di Indonesia. Padahal bangsa Indonesia adalah bangsa yang beragama serta mengakui sila pertama Pancasila berserta dengan maknanya, sehingga idealnya keharmonisan hubungan antar pemeluk agama bisa terlihat di ruang publik. Namun kenyataannya gerakan intoleran radikal yang selalu bergerak dengan mengatasnamakan agama, membuat bangsa Indonesia mengalami ancaman disintegrasi. Apakah dalam hal ini agama-agama di Indonesia menolak makna dari sila pertama Pancasila? Lantas, bagaimana pandangan iman Kristen terhadap makna sila pertama Pancasila? Melalui metode kepustakaan penelitian ini menemukan bahwa (1) agama tidaklah salah melainkan cara memahami dan menginterpretasi teks suci yang ditafsirkan sesuai dengan kepentingan kelompok agamanya; (2) iman Kristen meyakini bahwa sila pertama Pancasila mengandung nilai-nilai firman Allah.

Pengutusan misionaris diperlukan untuk menjangkau suku terabaikan di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu diperlukan misionaris yang siap menghadapi segala situasi dan kondisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggali pentingnya seleksi calon misionaris. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa seleksi calon misionaris penting untuk dilakukan bagi pekerjaan misi di Indonesia. Tahapan dalam proses seleksi, yaitu: pendafaran atau perekrutan, wawancara, penilaian atau tes, keputusan hasil seleksi. Proses seleksi memeriksa calon secara menyeluruh yang meliputi hal latar belakang, motivasi, kompetensi, karakter dan kepribadian. Proses ini dapat menolong gereja dan lembaga misi untuk mengutus misionaris yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang ada di ladang misi.

espanolAunque la cuestion teologico-politica del Reino no fuese nueva en la Europa de entreguerras, los debates sobre la realizacion historica del Reino y sobre el mesianismo abrieron nuevas perspectivas influidas por el auge de los totalitarismos fascista, comunista y racista, las debilidades de los Estados liberales y la resistencia catolica ante los usos politicamente no ingenuos pretendidos por Action Francaise, por la Reichstheologie y por otros. El articulo presenta la discusion sobre aquellas posiciones y subraya la persistente ambiguedad de toda utilizacion teologico-politica del significado del Reino y las posibilidades de un proyecto historico de matriz cristiana consciente de su raiz judia y de la permanente reserva escatologica que previene al cristianismo ante la pretension de considerar un sistema socioeconomico o politico cualesquiera como algo definitivo. El mesianismo conforma cada vez mas una instancia critica ante un Reino realizado en la tierra. EnglishAlthough the theological-political question of the Kingdom was not new in interwar Europe, the debates on the historical realization of the Kingdom and on messianism opened up new perspectives influenced by the rise of fascist, communist and racist totalitarianisms, the weaknesses of the States Liberals and Catholic resistance to the politically non-naive uses claimed by Action Francaise, the Reichstheologie and others. The article presents the discussion on those positions and highlights the persistent ambiguity of any theological-political use of the meaning of the Kingdom and the possibilities of a historical project with a Christian mould aware of its Jewish roots and of the permanent eschatological reserve that prevents Christianity from facing the claim to consider any socio-economic or political system as something definitive. Messianism increasingly forms a critical instance before a Kingdom realized on earth.

espanolEl teologo ortodoxo contemporaneo Vladimir N. Lossky (1903-1958) hizo del apofatismo o teologia negativa una caracteristica de su teologia, en sintonia con los planteamientos del oriente cristiano. Su radicalismo en este aspecto ha sido criticado ampliamente. En este trabajo exponemos en primer lugar el apofatismo del autor estudiado. En este sentido descubrimos el apofatismo como una actitud teologica propia de la teologia ortodoxa que se manifiesta en los diversos aspectos de la vida cristiana (el dogma de la Trinidad, el dogma de las energias divinas, la procesion del Espiritu Santo, la antropologia, la liturgia, los iconos). En una segunda parte del estudio, recorremos las distintas aportaciones que conforman la recepcion critica del apofatismo losskiano (Tyszkiewicz, Florovsky, Williams, Staniloae, Zizioulas, Rogobete, Bernardi, Prosperi, Papanikolau, Nichols, Clement), para concluir ofreciendo nuestra propia opinion al respecto. EnglishThe contemporary orthodox theologian Vladimir N. Lossky (1903-1958) made apophatism or negative theology a feature of his theology, according to Eastern Christian approaches. His radicalism in this regard has been widely criticized. In this paper, we first expose the apophatism of the author studied. In this sense, we discover apophatism as a theological attitude typical of orthodox theology that is manifested in the various aspects of Christian life (the dogma of the Trinity, the dogma of divine energies, the procession of the Holy Spirit, anthropology, liturgy, icons). In a second part of the study, we go through the different contributions that make up the critical reception of Losskian apophatism (Tyszkiewicz, Florovsky, Williams, Staniloae, Zizioulas, Rogobete, Bernardi, Prosperi, Papanikolau, Nichols, Clement), to conclude by offering our own opinion on the matter.

espanolEl presente articulo expone los desafios que plantea a la Iglesia la pandemia que esta asolando a la humanidad. El foco se pone en las acciones y actitudes pastorales necesarias para aquellos que desempenan el ministerio sacerdotal, en ambitos como el acompanamiento del duelo de quienes que han perdido seres queridos, los procesos de reforma de vida ante el impacto de la enfermedad y la alteracion de la vida que produce, las necesidades sociocaritativas, celebrativas, educativas o de defensa de la vida, asi como los cultivos espirituales para responder evangelicamente a la situacion que atravesamos. La experiencia humana de la que se parte es, pues, el fenomeno totalizante de la COVID -19 y el marco doctrinal lo da el magisterio del papa Francisco, sobre todo su ultima enciclica Fratelli tutti. Sobre la fraternidad y la amistad social (2020), publicada varios meses tras el estallido de la pandemia, y tambien Evangelii gaudium (2013). El magisterio del Cardenal Arzobispo de Madrid tambien tendra su lugar significativo. EnglishThis article presents the challenges that the current pandemic, which is ravaging Humankind, poses to the Church. The focus is on the pastoral actions and attitudes necessary for those who carry out the priestly ministry, in areas such as accompaniment of the mourning of those who have lost loved ones, the processes of renewal and reform of life in the face of the impact of the disease, and the alteration of life that it produces, the socio-charitable, celebrative, educational, familiar, and defense needs of life, as well as the spiritual cultivation and foundations to respond evangelically to the harsh situation that we are enduring. The human experience from which it emanates stems from the all-encompassing phenomenon of COVID-19, and the Doctrinal framework is found in the Magisterium of Pope Francis, especially his latest Encyclical Fratelli tutti: On Fraternity and Social Friendship (2020), published several months after the outbreak of the pandemic, and also in Evangelii gaudium (2013). The Magisterium of the Cardinal Archbishop of Madrid will also have a significant place.

La constitution d’une liste des protestants locaux puis son utilisation pour des motifs sécuritaires sont des étapes majeures dans l’accomplissement d’un processus de différenciation. Celui-ci commence lorsque nommer l’autre devient un acte de dénonciation en le montrant à tous pour sa différence et non plus pour ce qui le réunit aux autres. Pour le roi et ses représentants dans les provinces, qui demandent aux élus municipaux d’opérer une telle désignation, ces informations sont essentielles afin d’affermir l’autorité monarchique et de mieux appréhender les forces du camp réformé lors des épisodes de troubles. Mais, justement parce qu’ils sont les mieux à même de déterminer qui est protestant et d’établir le degré de dangerosité potentielle de chacun des réformés au sein de la cité, les élus municipaux et leurs conseillers ne sont pas des acteurs totalement écrasés dans le rapport de force politique. Leur connaissance fine du terrain, la capacité à produire de l’information qui en découle, font d’eux des interlocuteurs incontournables pour la monarchie. S’ils peuvent donc espérer obtenir de celle-ci des prérogatives ou des avantages supplémentaires, ces édiles ont bien conscience aussi que de telles nominations formalisent une fracture confessionnelle au sein de la communauté et participent à la fragmentation d’une cité dont ils doivent garantir la cohésion. Ainsi, dans la désignation précise, voire écrite, de certains membres de la communauté comme réformés s’entremêlent des enjeux religieux, politiques mais aussi sociaux, éthiques et même économiques pour ceux qui sont ainsi dénoncés. Nous nous proposons de les analyser au prisme de deux villes moyennes qui sont néanmoins les plus importantes de la province de Basse-Auvergne : Clermont et Riom. Engagés par ailleurs dans une compétition pour la suprématie régionale, l’échevinat clermontois et le consulat riomois cherchent tous deux à maintenir un équilibre difficile entre les attentes de la monarchie, du clergé et de leurs concitoyens dans des villes où tout le monde se connaît et où la dénonciation d’un membre de la communauté civique a davantage de retentissement que dans des cités plus grandes. At first the constitution of a list of local Protestants and then its use for security purpose are major steps toward the accomplishment of a differentiation process. This development begins when naming the other becomes an act of denunciation. Therefore, they point the individual to everyone for his difference and they no longer exhibit what unites him to the rest of the population.For the King and his representatives in the provinces, who ask the municipal elected officials to make such a designation, this information is essential in order to strengthen the monarchical authority and to better understand the forces of the Reformed side during episodes of disorder. However, precisely because they are in the best position to determine who is a Protestant and to establish the degree of potential dangerousness of each of the Reformed within the city, the elected municipal officials and their councilors are not totally overwhelmed actors in the political balance of power. Their accurate field knowledge and their resulting ability to produce information make them key interlocutors for the Monarchy. If they can therefore hope to obtain additional prerogatives or advantages from the Monarchy, these councilors are also well aware that such appointments formalize a confessional fracture within the community and they take part into the fragmentation of a city they must guarantee the cohesion. Consequently, in the precise, even written designation of certain members of the community as Reformed, the religious, the political, but also the social, the ethical and even the economic stakes are intermingled for those who are denounced.We intend to analyze them through the prism of two medium-sized towns that are nevertheless the most important in the province of Lower Auvergne : Clermont and Riom. Engaged in a competition for regional supremacy, the Clermont aldermanate and the Riom consulate both seek to maintain a difficult balance between the expectations of the Monarchy, the Clergy and their fellow citizens. In such small cities where everyone knows each other, the denunciation of a member of the community has a greater impact than in larger cities.

Tinjauan artikel ini membahas pemuridan sebagai implementasi dari Amanat Agung untuk mendewasakan warga gereja menjadi serupa dengan Yesus Kristus. Untuk maksud itu penulis membahas konsep pemuridan yang dikerjakan oleh Epafras bagi jemaat Kolose. Dalam teks Kolose 1:3-11, Epafras memuridkan orang-orang Kristen Kolose agar memiliki karakter Kristus sekaligus memperlengkapi mereka ambil bagian sebagai pekerja Kristus (Kol. 1:28, 29). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik, penulis berusaha menjelaskan pemuridan yang digunakan oleh Epafras. Dari studi ini tampak bahwa Epafras memuridkan orang-orang Kristen Kolose supaya mereka memiliki kedewasaan rohani dalam Kristus; memperlengkapi mereka untuk melanjutkan tugas pemuridan tersebut; juga mereka memiliki pemahaman yang benar tentang kehidupan dalam Kristus untuk menangkal ajaran-ajaran palsu yang merebak di tengah jemaat. Dengan demikian, maka umat Kristen Kolose dapat berdiri teguh dalam iman mereka kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus.

espanolAdolphe Gesche indico el «principio de responsabilidad» como uno de los que debian guiar el quehacer teologico. Ser responsable respecto de la fe y la razon, respecto de Dios y del hombre. En el presente estudio exponemos su comprension y el desarrollo particular de esta tarea en su obra Dieu pour penser, atendiendo al doble movimiento teologico-fundamental —ad intra y ad extra— con el que solia articular sus escritos. EnglishAdolphe Gesche indicated the «principle of responsibility» as one of those that should guide theological work. Be responsible for faith and reason, for God and man. In the present study we expose his understanding and the particular development of this task in his work Dieu pour penser, attending to the double theological-fundamental movement —ad intra and ad extra— with which he used to articulate his writings.

espanolPara ayudar a clarificar el concepto de «expiacion» este articulo busca rastrear sus principales elementos en la teologia veterotestamentaria. Tras una panoramica de los usos del termino en el Antiguo Testamento nos centramos en la expiacion en el documento sacerdotal (donde es entendida en el marco de los sacrificios rituales) y despues en su dimension intercesora, con un especial detenimiento en la mediacion del siervo de Yahveh del Deuteroisaias. Concluimos que la expiacion es un proceso relacional en el que Dios borra el mal del ser humano y posibilita la reconciliacion (con la participacion de la persona y normalmente de un mediador). EnglishTo help to clarify the concept of «expiation» this article seeks to trace its main elements in the Old Testament’s theology. After an overview of the uses of the term in the Old Testament we focus on the expiation in the priestly document (where it is understood in the context of ritual sacrifices) and then on its intercessory dimension, with a special focus on the mediation of the Deuteroisaiah’s servant of Yahweh. We conclude that expiation is a relational process in which God removes evil from the human being and enables reconciliation (with the person’s participation and normally with a mediator).

Berdialog adalah sebuah upaya menyampaikan informasi dan pendapat untuk mempertimbangkan agar bisa saling memahami. Berkaitan polemik Rancangan Undang-Undang Pesantren dan Pendidikan Keagamaan khususnya pasal 69 dan 70 yang telah disusun oleh DPR bersama pemerintah selaku pembuat Undang-Undang di Indonesia, telah direspons oleh masyarakat luas, terutama lembaga keagamaan Katolik dan Kristen Protestan yang sebagian besar menolak Rancangan Undang-Undang tersebut. Polemik itu berkaitan dengan niat DPR dan pemerintah yang hendak memberi payung hukum bagi penyelenggaraan kegiatan-kegiatan keagamaan yang ada di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menekankan analisis pada proses penyimpulan deduktif atau induktif, serta analisis terhadap dinamika hubungan fenomena yang diteliti dengan menggunakan logika ilmiah. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Undang-Undang tersebut mendapat tanggapan secara luas dari masyarakat dan lembaga keagamaan, khususnya pasal yang ditujukan bagi pelaksanaan kegiatan keagamaan umat Katolik dan Kristen Protestan. Polemik tersebut membuat berbagai pihak, baik pemerintah maupun lembaga keagamaan mengoreksi isi Rancangan Undang-Undang tersebut dan sementara dihentikan proses pengesahannya.

Composing the first Ukrainian Synaxarion (Chetii-Minei), the great Ukrainian theologian, scholar and hagiographer St. Dymytriy Tuptalo (1651–1709) relied on different sources, including Slavonic, Greek, Latin, and Polish. Thanks to an Antiochian Patericon by the Greek Syrian author Theodoret of Cyrrhus – History of the Friends of God, Dymytriy could introduce Theodoret’s holy friends to a Ukrainian readership, creating a bridge between the School of Antioch and Kyivan theological tradition. Introducing the Vitae of Syriac Saints into the Ukrainian and Russian Church calendar, Dymytriy to a considerable extent adopted Theodoret’s views on asceticism, Christian anthropology, and Church history. Thus, he may be called an ally of the Antiochian school, which was to a great extent marginalized in Byzantium since the 5th century and later on. Moreover, St. Dymytriy venerated Theodoret himself as one of those Saints despite incessant debates around his name initiated by his opponents at the Second Council of Constantinople.

This study focuses on the Pseudo-Clementine writings as examples of Jewish-Christian literature between the second and fourth centuries CE. In view of their mutual antagonism and friendship, it interprets them as an attempt at orthodoxy, an instance of the line which led from Paul’s mission to the Nicaean Council. On the one hand, the Pseudo-Clementines introduce peculiar rationalist Christology, while at the same time opposing both Gnosticism and paganism, as well as coming to terms with other early Christian schools. They also use the image of family to represent the Christian community connected by love, in which relationships acquire a new quality as compared to friendship.

The recent document of the Congregation for Catholic Education on the question of gender ‘Male and Female He Created Them’ emphasises the importance of the sexual difference for the masculine and feminine identity. On the other hand, in his essay ‘Faisons-lui une aide semblable à lui’ written in 1967, Jacques Maritain insists that this difference is more a difference of the soul than a difference of the body and that it will last also when the bodies are resurrected after death. His concept of the masculine and feminine specificity is based both on biblical and philosophical arguments. Without inclining to feminism, Maritain underlines especially the way in which a woman is different from a man. This study tries to show, how Maritain’s ideas about the sub-specificity of man’s and woman’s soul can be complementary to the anthropology of the above-mentioned document of the Congregation for Catholic Education. Furthermore, it shows also a critical point of view of Maritain’s idea of manhood and womanhood with the emphasis on the philosophical terms which are used for the difference between man and woman.

Book review: Ctirad Václav Pospíšil, I řekl Bůh: Trinitární teologie stvoření, Praha: Karolinum 2019, 356 stran, ISBN 978-80-246-4261-1.

Ratzinger’s early work Introduction to Christianity presents an attempt at rational understanding of what theology considers to be crucial for Christianity and what should be thought over in the context of the (then) new challenges. The open character of the book can be understood in light of the fact that anthropological discourse was already well established in post-Council theology. For Ratzinger, this seems to be connected with a necessity to outline clear contours for Christianity. The book is one of the author’s significant works with a wide impact, and which also represents Ratzinger’s way of thinking in its relation to philosophical thought. The title of this contribution is also its point: Ratzinger’s book offers a certain interpretation of Christianity and provides at the same time a sort of defence of Christianity against a never-ending chain of interpretations. It is just that which should be subjected to interpretation.

The article presents the view of the Russian Orthodox theologian Paul Evdokimov on the topic of women. Evdokimov’s theological reflections are framed in his own experience with women. The first chapter on the role of woman as mother as the inspiration of the icons of the Mother of God and God’s Wisdom begins with the mention of Evdokimov’s beautiful relationship with his own mother who gave him religious faith. He could not perceive a woman other than through this experience of maternal love. As an Orthodox thinker, he put the theme of woman as fiancee and wife in the sacramental unity of man and woman, modelled on the love of Christ and the Church, as discussed in the second chapter. The third chapter, again, deepens the topic in the example of the archetype of the woman as the Mother of God, and the archetype of the man as John the Baptist from the Deisis icon. The second and third chapters also mention his pain in the death of his first wife and his second marriage, which gave him the power to create. Evdokimov was critical of the history of subjugating women to men through ideologies, philosophies, and religions. Against this, he stressed that, in a Christian perspective, the woman, through her religious nature, is the stronger sex.

Philo of Alexandria wrote about what it meant to be a ‘friend of God’ in relation to key biblical figures. This article explores to what extent Philo’s understanding of the human relationship to God was inspired by the Greek concept of friendship based on the equal reciprocation of similar goods. It also addresses the complexity of Philo’s view of such a relationship and the notion that to become a friend of God is to realise an ideal state of being. I will also illustrate Philo’s influence on early Christian authors Clement of Alexandria and Gregory of Nyssa.

In Augustine’s Confessions, friendship not only has two forms, an individual and a communitarian one, but it also has two faces, a positive and a negative one. On the one hand, we find philosophical friendship which loves gratis (i.e. without thinking about any profit) and shares the common effort in search for wisdom. As Augustine puts it, such a friendship is based on a community of souls ascending to God. In his eyes, to love one’s friend ‘in God’ is even a necessary element of a true friendship. Besides an individual form of friendship, we also meet a broader community of friends in Augustine’s Confessions who even plan a common life devoted to philosophical leisure and later to religious service. On the other hand, both individual and communitarian forms of friendship also have their negative sides. Friendship is not necessarily a common search for wisdom, it can also become a substitute for such an effort. Even more harmful is the impact of what Augustine calls the ‘unfriendly friendship’ which makes ‘shame not to be shameless.’ We meet this behaviour in a group, even in a mob, several times in Confessions and find Augustine playing the role of both the seduced and the seducer.

Unlike family relations, friendships are based primarily on deliberate personal decisions. In some cases, however, they can be marked not only by sympathy and positive emotions but also by opportunism and conflicts. The relationship between two Church Fathers and close friends, St. Gregory of Nazianzus and St. Basil the Great, went through a whole range of emotions. A portrayal of this relationship, as well as several others (e.g. the one with Maximus the Cynic), is to be found in St. Gregory’s autobiographical poem De vita sua. Some details on the saint’s friends can also be perceived from his letters in verses, addressed to a group of more or less close friends from his surroundings. The variety and seriousness of the matters that St. Gregory discusses in these texts mirror the depth or superficiality of each particular relationship. In his letters in verses, Gregory of Nazianzus asks his friends for special favours (e.g. Hellenius), praises their deeds (e.g. some members of the monastic community in Caesarea), encourages them (e.g. Nemesius) or reprimands them (e.g. Vitalianus). A significant indicator of the level of friendship with the persons involved is the way St. Gregory addresses them. The salutations he uses are often very courteous, but in a couple of cases, marks of enmity can be found as well.

The 15th-century poem ‘Adam lay ybounden’ presents a ‘folk version’ of the paradoxical theology of the notion of felix culpa, Adam’s ‘happy fault’ by which the Incarnation of God in Jesus of Nazareth was unintentionally provoked. The poem is simple in its vocabulary, but elaborate in its invocation of theological notions such as the descensus Christi as inferos, the felix culpa and the necessarium Adae peccatum, both from the Easter prayer of the ‘Exsultet,’ focussing on the role of Mary within the economy of salvation rather than on Christ’s. While having been researched only fragmentarily in the past, in this article, the theological content of this poem is analysed integrally for the first time.

This research aims to find the effect of shepherd leadership and organizational trust on work motivation and school commitment. This study was directed at Ketapang Christian Schools (SKK), located in Jakarta and Cibubur (West Java). This research used a saturated sample technique, which means the entire population became sample. The total number of respondents is 100. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was selected as a statistical analysis technique. The conclusion showed that shepherd leadership and trust in the school are essential factors that positively impacted teacher’s work motivation. Shepherd leadership and trust in the school also have a positive influence on the commitment to the school. Shepherd leadership has a supportive influence on trust in the school, and work motivation has a supportive impact on the commitment to the school. The finding is expected to provide input for the school in considering policies, especially those related to school organizational structures, to build up trust, work motivation, and teachers’ commitment to the school.

Les élections religieuses sont, depuis quelques années, l'objet d'un renouveau historiographique. Il s'agit ici d'étudier l’élection de Dom Calmet à l’abbatiat de Senones en s'inscrivant dans cette démarche. Entre le rôle du duc de Loraine qui souhaite peser sur l'élection et les tensions au sein de la Congrégation de Saint-Vanne, dom Calmet est pourtant élu à l'unanimité. Le rôle du vote est alors plus de pacifier une communauté que l'expression d'un choix démocratique. L'élection a une dimension spirituelle, relevant d'un processus très codifié, et son résultat est à lire dans cette optique. L'unanimité est le symbole de l'unité des religieux et indique qu'ils restent seuls maîtres de leur destin quoiqu'il en soit. In recent years, religious elections have been the subject of a historiographical revival. The aim here is to study the election of Dom Calmet to the abbacy of Senones in the context of this approach. Between the role of the Duke of Lorraine, who wished to influence the election, and the tensions within the Congregation of Saint-Vanne, Dom Calmet was nevertheless elected unanimously. The role of the vote was more to pacify a community than to express a democratic choice. The election has a spiritual dimension, being part of a highly codified process, and its result should be read in this light. Unanimity is the symbol of the unity of the religious and indicates that they remain the sole masters of their destiny whatever the case.

Avec la rigueur et la precision qu’on lui connait depuis sa these et la version publiee de celle-ci, Sylvie Daubresse nous invite a s’immerger avec elle dans les archives du Parlement de Paris afin de mieux saisir l’esprit, la culture et les methodes de travail des hommes composant cette institution ; mais aussi pour mieux apprehender la societe et la montee des troubles qui l’agitent durant les annees 1555-1563 auxquelles elle circonscrit son etude. Le choix de cette sequence chronologique l...

Perceraian di Indonesia semakin meningkat dari waktu ke waktu. Ini merupakan fakta sosial yang tidak terbantahkan. Melalui pendekatan filosofis penelitian ini akan menganalisa bagaimana proses perceraian terjadi dan bagaimana suami atau istri melihat pasangannya dalam perspektif Martin Buber. Perceraian adalah sebuah proses menuju perpisahan. Bermula dari sebuah krisis dan konflik rumah tangga yang berkepanjangan, pada akhirnya menghadirkan “sudut pandang” baru terhadap pasangannya. Sebelum konflik, dalam perspektif Buber, relasi suami istri dapat disebut berada pada pola I-Thou. Suami atau istri melihat pasangannya sebagai gambar diri atas keberadaannya sebagai seorang pribadi, tetapi krisis keluarga membawanya pada pola I-It yang memandang pasangan sebagai things. Krisis berdampak pada perubahan pola relasi dari relasi yang bersifat integratif menuju pola relasi segregatif dan sparatif. Proses perpisahan suami istri tersebut dimulai dengan adanya konstruksi diri oleh pihak yang “kuat” kepada pasangannya yang berada pada posisi inferior. Konstruksi diri negatif ini menjalar menjadi konstruksi sosial yang berdampak pada stigmatisasi pihak inferior sebagai pihak yang patut dipersalahkan. Stigma terhadap pasangan sebagai It inilah yang memperlancar proses separasi yang berujung pada perceraian.

Fenomena kematian massal yang terjadi di tengah pandemi Covid-19 membuat manusia merefleksikan kembali makna kematian. Ayub 1: 1-22 berisi refleksi tentang kematian saat Ayub kehilangan semua anaknya secara bersamaan karena kematin. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menemukan makna fenomena kematian massal di tengah pandemi berdasarkan kitab Ayub 1: 1-22. Metode yang dipakai ialah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan hermeneutika. Studi ini menemukan memaknai kematian massal di tengah pandemi covid-19 berdasar Ayub 1:1-22 adalah: 1). wujud dari kekuasaan Tuhan yang harus diakui dan diterima oleh manusia; 2). ujian iman yang diijinkan Tuhan untuk terjadi dalam kehidupan manusia.

Aliran Kebatinan Paguyuban Ngesti Tunggal (PANGESTU) sedang berkembang pesat. PANGESTU mengklaim bahwa semua agama sama saja dan sebagai intisari ajaran semua agama formal. Konteks postmodern yang menjunjung tinggi pluralisme dan relativisme kebenaran merupakan tantangan dalam pemberitaan Kabar Baik khususnya kepada pengikut PANGESTU sehingga diperlukan cara baru dengan menerapkan apologetika untuk menjangkau kaum postmodern. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan penerapan apologetika sebagai model percakapan Kabar Baik dalam konteks kebatinan PANGESTU. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan yaitu hermeneutika alkitabiah dan studi literatur. Peneliti menemukan “Apologetika Dialogis Olah Rasa” sebagai model percakapan Kabar Baik dalam konteks kebatinan PANGESTU, yang terdiri dari 4 tahap percakapan yaitu: Tahap I, Membangun relasi dialogis dengan pengikut PANGESTU; Tahap II, Apologetika dialogis olah rasa sebagai pra pemberitaan Kabar Baik; Tahap III, Proklamasi Kabar Baik; Tahap IV, Apologetika dialogis olah rasa sebagai pemuridan.

espanolLa doctrina del magisterio sobre la familia es muy abundante, mientras existen muchas lagunas en la disciplina canonica que ensombrecen su consideracion real como sujeto de derechos en la Iglesia. Esta reflexion pretende proponer caminos para superar ese desfase, aclarando la incidencia juridica de la doctrina del magisterio, tanto en la interpretacion de las normas vigentes como en la integracion posible de sus lagunas. La exhortacion Amoris laetitia, asi como los textos del reciente camino sinodal sobre el tema, son las fuentes principales de la aproximacion que se propone. EnglishThe doctrine of the Magisterium on the family is very abundant, while there are many gaps in canonical discipline that overshadow its real consideration as a subject of rights in the Church. This reflection aims to propose ways to overcome this gap, clarifying the juridical impact of the doctrine of the magisterium, both in the interpretation of the norms in force and in the possible integration of its gaps. The exhortation Amoris laetitia, as well as the texts of the recent synodal path on the topic, are the main sources of the approach to the theme.

This study aims to determine the effect of sermons in Sunday worship on the maturity of the congregation's faith in the Gereja Kristen Indonesia Setia (GKSI) Merauke. The method used is quantitative. The hypothesis is that there is a positive and significant influence between the sermon in Sunday worship on faith maturity. The population is the GKSI Merauke congregation, amounting to 292 people with a sample of 30 people. The instrument used was a closed questionnaire. Validity is tested using the product-moment correlation formula. Data were analyzed using the correlation technique (rxy), tested for the significant relationship with the formula (t) and the test of determination (r2), and simple regression. The successful test was tested by F, then to find out the effect regression equation was carried out with the formula Y = a + bX. The results showed the effect or r2 = 51% and significant influence or F count = 28.65 where it is known that F table = 4.17 and obtained the meaning of the simple regression equation Y = 7.25 + 0.87X. This study concludes that the sermon on Sunday worship positively and significantly affects the congregation's faith maturity.

espanolEn la regulacion del sacrificio ritual, deben tenerse en cuenta cuestiones relacionadas con la proteccion de la libertad de conciencia y religion, la libertad de actividad comercial y el trato humanitario a los animales. Los argumentos economicos influyen en la forma en que se regulan los sacrificios rituales y, en general, llevan a apartarse del proposito religioso original de esas normativas legales, en favor de la proteccion de los intereses economicos. EnglishWhen regulating ritual slaughter, we need to take into consideration issues related both to the protection of freedom of conscience and religion, the freedom of business activity, and the humane treatment of animals. The economic arguments have an influence on the way ritual slaughter is regulated and generally lead to departing from the original religious purpose of such legal regulations, in favour of protecting economic interests.

La preparación al sacramento del matrimonio, antes y después de su celebración, ha sido considerada siempre pastoralmente necesaria y de gran significación espiritual tanto para la vida de los cónyuges como para la comunidad cristiana. La Iglesia, por consiguiente, ha tomado progresivamente más conciencia de la necesidad de un proceso de evangelización, kerigmático y catecumenal, para las futuras familias. Este artículo ofrece una aproximación jurídico-pastoral sobre la preparación al matrimonio, a través de la presentación de la legislación de la Iglesia, exponiendo brevemente el tratamiento de la materia en el Código Pío Benedictino de 1917 y en el Código de Derecho Canónico vigente de 1983, y —en un segundo momento— por medio de selectas intervenciones de distinta relevancia del magisterio del papa Francisco respecto a la necesidad de una adecuada preparación al matrimonio y la propuesta concreta de un catecumenado matrimonial como respuesta a esa urgencia y desafío pastoral.

El presente artículo defiende la incorporación del «derecho a la duración razonable de los procesos» como complemento del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva reconocido en el can. 221. Se parte de la idea de que la celeridad procesal no es un principio esencial del proceso, sino un principio «pastoral», propio de una comunidad como es la Iglesia, que se preocupa del desarrollo tempestivo de los procesos de nulidad. Aunque la ratio fundamental del proceso es la búsqueda de la verdad del vínculo, de modo que la celeridad procesal tiene un carácter subsidiario e instrumental, también la celeridad debe buscarse como exigencia de un derecho fundamental. Apuntadas las verdaderas causas del retraso de los procesos, el autor propone «canonizar» el derecho a un proceso sin dilaciones indebidas característico de la mayoría de los ordenamientos «seculares», y hacerlo a través del que podríamos llamar «derecho (fundamental) a la duración razonable de los procesos». Este derecho fundamental vendría a ser un principio de acción de desarrollo de todo el proceso y se concretaría en pautas de conducta por parte de todos los operadores jurídicos; de esta manera se podría ir más allá de las meras recomendaciones, pudiendo establecerse pautas concretas de actuación, incluso mecanismos correctores de la falta de diligencia.

espanolUna pena latae sententiae produce algunos efectos incluso antes de que la autoridad de la Iglesia se haya pronunciado sobre el presunto delito para el que este establecida, de modo que la sujecion a los mismos descansa esencialmente sobre la voluntad del presunto autor. Con ello se materializa aqui un valor genuino del derecho canonico: su pretension de obligar en conciencia. Por otro lado, diversas disposiciones del CIC contemplan una variedad de circunstancias en las cuales es licito no someterse a esos efectos. Esto puede generar situaciones complejas para la comunidad eclesial y hacer pensar si en la practica vale la pena mantener este tipo de penas. EnglishA latae sententiae penalty produces some effects even before the authority of the Church has ruled on the presumed crime for which it is established, so that the subjection to those effects rests essentially on the will of the presumed author. With this, a genuine value of canon law is materialized here: its claim to oblige in conscience. On the other hand, various provisions of the CIC contemplate a variety of circumstances in which it is lawful not to submit to these effects. This can generate complex situations for the ecclesial community, and make one wonder whether in practice it is worth maintaining this type of punishment.

During their teaching Field Experience Program, the researchers noticed that many students showed undisciplined attitudes during learning. The purpose this paper is to describe through a qualitative descriptive method the role of Christian teachers in building the disciplinary attitudes of grade 1 elementary school students through rewards and consequences. In Christian education, Christian teachers are called by God to help students develop character traits that are in accordance with the character of Christ, one of which is the attitude of discipline. Discipline can not grow properly without motivation. Therefore, Christian teachers need to motivate students continuously. A disciplined attitude that is instilled early on will help students have obedient personalities. The formation of students' disciplinary attitudes can be done by using rewards and consequences in the classroom. Rewards and consequences applied by Christian teachers must be guided by biblical values so that students realize that the attitude of discipline they have is not for themselves but for the glory of God. Thus Christian teachers play a very important role in shaping students' disciplinary attitudes in accordance with Christian values. Christian teachers should apply rewards and consequences to suit students' age, development, and biblical values.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Selama menjalani Program Pengalaman Lapangan khususnya dalam mengajar, peneliti memperhatikan banyak siswa yang menunjukan sikap yang tidak disiplin selama pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penulisan paper ini adalah untuk memaparkan peran guru Kristen di dalam membangun sikap disiplin siswa kelas 1 sekolah dasar melalui penghargaan dan konsekuensi melalui metode kualitatif deskriptif. Dalam pendidikan Kristen, guru Kristen dipanggil Tuhan untuk membantu siswa memiliki karakter yang sesuai dengan karakter Kristus, salah satunya adalah sikap disiplin. Sikap disiplin tidak dapat bertumbuh dengan baik tanpa adanya motivasi. Oleh sebab itu, guru Kristen perlu untuk memotivasi siswa secara terus menerus. Sikap disiplin yang ditanamkan sejak dini akan membuat siswa memiliki kepribadian yang taat. Pembentukan sikap disiplin siswa dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan penghargaan dan konsekuensi di dalam kelas. Penghargaan dan konsekuensi yang diterapkan oleh guru Kristen harus berpedoman pada nilai Alkitabiah sehingga siswa menyadari bahwa sikap disiplin yang dimilikinya bukan untuk dirinya sendiri melainkan untuk kemuliaan Tuhan. Jadi guru Kristen memegang peran yang begitu penting dalam membentuk sikap disiplin siswa yang sesuai dengan nilai kristiani. Hendaknya guru Kristen dalam menerapkan penghargaan dan konsekuensi harus disesuaikan dengan usia, perkembangan, dan tentunya nilai-nilai Alkitabiah.

El trabajo plantea la relación entre los ordenamientos jurídicos (confesional, español y europeo) cuando se trata de recuperar o restituir un bien mueble eclesiástico que ha salido del territorio español sin la licencia de exportación. Después de exponer el régimen del derecho canónico relativo a la propiedad dominical, se expone el modo de proceder para recuperar un bien que se encuentre en un Estado de la UE, aplicando la Ley 1/2017, de transposición de la directiva 2014/60/UE, así como la posibilidad de recuperarlo si se encentra en un Estado no europeo ni miembro de UNIDROIT (p. ej.: Estado Vaticano).

Este artículo es una reflexión de la crítica de Gabriel Marcel sobre la tecnología; proponiendo las líneas de fuerza de su pensamiento, poniéndolas en el contexto en el que fue escrita. Continúa la reflexión de Marcel aplicando sus intuiciones a la situación de nuestro mundo tecnificado, especialmente en lo que se refiere a las redes sociales. Es una introducción viva al pensamiento del autor francés no desde un punto de vista sistemático, sino desde el diálogo con su pensamiento.

Misericordia significa “un corazón que es sensible a la miseria de los otros”. Esta definición pone de manifiesto la síntesis de actividad y pasividad ambivalente que caracteriza la relación entre el misericordioso y el mísero, al tiempo que, desde un punto de vista fenomenológico trae consigo interesantes consideraciones sobre del perdón o de la simpatía. No obstante, querer superar los límites de estas dos realidades, hasta el punto de ponerse frente a la empatía, significa abandonar la perspectiva filosófica y adentrarse en la entraña del Evangelio, esto es, en el misterio de la Encarnación del Hijo de Dios.

Las relaciones distinguen a las personas divinas; así pues, la inteligencia teológica de las personas está basada en la propia relación, puesto que la “veritas fidei” implica que la única distinción que hay en Dios se toma de las relaciones reales de oposición, a saber: paternidad, filiación, espiración y procesión. Hemos querido realizar un acercamiento propio a partir de las obras de santo Tomás de Aquino propuestas en el título.

Usando elementos del análisis narrativo, este artículo examina la batalla final y la victoria que se consigue a través del enviado de Dios, un jinete en un caballo blanco. Desenredando la red de relaciones en el texto, el jinete en el caballo blanco se identifica con el Cristo de Dios, que ha estado presente en el libro desde el inicio. El artículo muestra como el Jinete en el caballo blanco resume en sí mismo todo lo que el Apocalipsis dice sobre Jesús.