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Introduction: The employment of reverse shoulder arthroplasty for dislocated proximal humerus fractures of elderly patients becomes increasingly relevant. The standard inclination angle of the humeral component was 155°. Lately, there is a trend towards smaller inclination angles of 145° or 135°. Additionally, there has been an increased focus on the lateralization of the glenosphere. This retrospective comparative study evaluates clinical and radiological results of patients treated for proximal humerus fractures by reverse shoulder arthroplasty with different inclination angles of the humeral component, which was either 135° or 155°. Additionally, a different lateral offset of the glenosphere, which was either 0 mm or 4 mm, was used. Methods: For this retrospective comparative analysis, 58 out of 66 patients treated by reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures were included. The minimum follow-up was 24 months. Thirty (m = 3, f = 27; mean age 78 years; mean FU 35 months, range 24–58 months) were treated with a standard 155° humeral component and a glenosphere without lateral offset (group A), while 28 patients (m = 2, f = 26; mean age 79 years; mean FU 30 months, range 24–46 months) were treated with a 135° humeral component and a glenosphere with a 4 mm lateral offset (group B). We determined range of motion, Constant score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder score as clinical outcomes and evaluated tuberosity healing as well as scapula notching. Results: Neither forward flexion (A = 128°, B = 121°; p = 0.710) nor abduction (A = 111°, B = 106°; p = 0.327) revealed differences between the groups. The mean Constant Score rated 63 in group A, while it was 61 in group B (p = 0.350). There were no differences of the ASES Score between the groups (A = 74, B = 72; p = 0.270). There was an increased risk for scapula notching in group A (47%) in comparison to group B (4%, p = 0.001). Healing of the greater tuberosity was achieved in 57% of group A and in 75% of group B (p = 0.142). The healing rate of the lesser tuberosity measured 33% in group A and 71% in group B (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Both inclination angles of the humeral component are feasible options for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients. Neither the inclination angle nor the lateral offset of the glenosphere seem to have a relevant influence on the clinical outcome. The healing rate of the lesser tuberosity was higher in implants with a decreased neck-shaft angle. There is an increased risk for scapula notching, if a higher inclination angle of the humeral component is chosen. Level of evidence: III. Retrospective comparative study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A finite element sliding contact model between the rubber spreading roller and the cold-proof cloth was developed and verified. • The lateral offset behavior of the cold-proof cloth was investigated in dynamic conditions. • A prediction model of the lateral offset was established to optimize the spreading roller. • The optimized spreading roller effectively reduced wrinkles in the winding test of the cold-proof cloth. The groove pattern of the rubber spreading roller affected its spreading performance on the wrinkled cold-proof cloth. For analysing the spreading performance in dynamic conditions, a finite element sliding contact model between the rubber spreading roller and the cold-proof cloth was developed for studying the lateral offset with different contact pressures, slip velocities, and groove patterns of the spreading roller, which constituted a prediction model for the lateral offset. A new test device of the lateral offset was developed to compare the predictive and experimental results to verify the accuracy of the finite element model. The results showed that increasing the contact pressure was beneficial to increasing the lateral offset. The slip velocity had a significant effect on the lateral offset and the positive slip velocity promoted the lateral offset better than the negative slip velocity. The effect of groove pattern parameters on the lateral offset was independent of the slip velocity. Only the diameter, groove number, and pitch affected the lateral offset significantly. With the groove pattern parameters optimised by the prediction model, the relative error between the predictive and experimental results of the lateral offset was 8.62%, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the prediction model. Moreover, the optimised spreading roller could effectively weaken the wrinkles in the rolling experiment of the cold-proof cloth. The prediction of the lateral offset model based on the finite element analysis would be useful for the reliable design of the rubber spreading roller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate rutting based on driving quality of vehicles, three pavement models were established in view of the morphological characteristic of pavement ruts and friction coefficients, and the control models of vehicles conducting the braking were established according to different driving conditions. Lateral acceleration, roll angle, yaw angle, and lateral offset were adopted to describe the driving quality and safety of vehicles. The effects of different rut depths and width-height ratios on driving quality of vehicles under different driving conditions were analyzed. Results show that when a vehicle drives across a rut on a dry pavement at a speed of 100 km/h, the rut depth should be less than 20 mm to ensure the driving stability of vehicle. Road engineers and researchers should pay attention to this situation that width-height ratios of sidewall are 1 or smaller. When one wheel of a vehicle is braked in a rut groove with water, the driving speed of vehicles should be strictly controlled within 120 km/h, and the rut depth for road with a high driving speed should be less than 10 mm to ensure the driving stability and safety. The presented findings may make a contribution to maintenance decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is widely used for the treatment of cuff tear arthropathy. Standard implants consist of a humeral component with an inclination angle of 155° and a glenosphere without lateral offset. Recently, lower inclination angles of the humeral component as well as lateralized glenospheres are implanted to provide better rotation of the arm and to decrease the rate of scapular notching. This study investigates the clinical and radiological results of a standard reverse total shoulder in comparison with an implant with an inclination angle of 135° in combination with a 4 mm lateralized glenosphere in context of cuff tear arthropathy. Material and methods: For this retrospective comparative analysis 42 patients treated by reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for cuff tear arthropathy were included. Twenty-one patients (m = 11, f = 10; mean age 76 years; mean follow-up 42 months) were treated with a standard 155° humeral component and a standard glenosphere with caudal eccentricity (group A), while twenty-one patients (m = 5, f = 16; mean age 72 years; mean follow-up 34 months) were treated with a 135° humeral component and 4 mm lateral offset of the glenosphere (group B). At follow-up patients of both groups were assessed with plain X-rays (a.p. and axial view), Constant Score, adjusted Constant Score, the subjective shoulder value and the range of motion. Results: The clinical results were similar in both groups concerning the Constant Score (group A = 56.3 vs. group B = 56.1; p = 0.733), the adjusted CS (group A = 70.4% vs. group B = 68.3%; p = 0.589) and the SSV (group A = 72.0% vs. group B = 75.2%; p = 0.947). The range of motion of the operated shoulders did not differ significantly between group A and group B: Abduction = 98° versus 97.9°, p = 0.655; external rotation with the arm at side = 17.9° versus 18.7°, p = 0.703; external rotation with the arm positioned in 90° of abduction = 22.3° versus 24.7°, p = 0.524; forward flexion = 116.1° versus 116.7°, p = 0.760. The rate of scapular notching was higher (p = 0.013) in group A (overall: 66%, grade 1: 29%, grade 2: 29%, grade 3: 10%, grade 4: 0%) in comparison to group B (overall: 33%, grade 1: 33%, grade 2: 0%, grade 3: 0%, grade 4: 0%). Radiolucency around the humeral component was detected in two patients of group B. Stress shielding at the proximal humerus was observed in six patients of Group A (29%; cortical thinning and osteopenia in zone M1 and L1) and two patients of group B (10%; cortical thinning and osteopenia in zone M1 and L1). Calcifications of the triceps origin were observed in both groups (group A = 48% vs. group B = 38%). Conclusion: Theoretically, a lower inclination angle of the humeral component and an increased lateral offset of the glenosphere lead to improved impingement-free range of motion and a decreased rate of scapular notching, when compared to a standard reverse total shoulder implant. This study compared two different designs of numerous options concerning the humeral component and the glenosphere. In comparison to a standard-fashioned implant with a humeral inclination of 155° and a standard glenosphere, implants with a humeral inclination angle of 135° and a 4 mm lateralized glenosphere lead to comparable clinical results and rotatory function, while the rate of scapular notching is decreased by almost 50%. While the different implant designs did not affect the clinical outcome, our results indicate that a combination of a lower inclination angle of the humeral component and lateralized glenosphere should be favored to reduce scapular notching. Level of evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, the extent of lateral offset has changed considerably from "too lateral" to "too medial" and has been lately swinging back towards a point somewhere in between. Nonlateralized designs minimize shear forces on the glenoid and decrease force required by the deltoid. Glenoid lateralization decreases impingement and scapular notching and improves range of motion. Humeral lateralization achieves a more anatomic position of the tuberosities while maintaining a nonlateralized center of rotation. Several factors play a role in choosing the extent of lateral offset and method of lateralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports show that the secondary collision on the road gives much higher fatality rate than the other traffic accidents. Many studies have been carried out to prevent the secondary accidents and as a result automotive companies began to introduce brake-based secondary collision avoidance systems. To prevent the secondary accidents it is important to monitor and control the lateral deviation of the vehicle after the primary collision. An estimator for the vehicle's lateral offset and drift angle based on the in-vehicle sensors and the camera was developed in this paper. By employing sensor fusion scheme and applying extended Kalman filter, the estimator has been designed so that it works even when the camera loses the image of the lanes due to sudden change of the vehicle's heading angle. For validation of the estimator, simulation has been carried out on various collision scenarios. The simulation results indicated that the estimator of this paper could calculate the vehicle's lateral deviation with robustness that may be required for application in the secondary collision avoidance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S-bend SOI waveguide is known as the most critical part for SOI device design. Normalized output power for the different parameter of the S-bend waveguide has been analyzed using OptiBPM simulator in 1.55 μm communication wavelength. Dimension of 5 × 5 μm 2 single-mode rib waveguide is chosen. The variable parameters are transition offset and lateral offset, given the waveguide length of 100 μm–5000 μm. The maximum normalized output power achieved at the waveguide length of 550 μm for the 10 μm S-bend offset is 95.81%. Moreover, the ideal lateral offset is 2.7 μm with 2.52% normalized output power improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on no-core fiber (NCF) with lateral offset for concentration sensing is presented and demonstrated. The in-line MZI is formed by splicing a section of NCF between two single-mode fibers (SMFs) with a lateral offset. The theoretical and simulation analysis results indicate that the interference dip originates from the mode coupling between the high-order mode LP01 and the high-order mode LP26. In the concentration ranges of 0% to 37%, 37% to 66%, and 66% to 82%, the glycerol concentration sensitivities are 0.166, 0.378, and 1.44 nm/%, respectively. The temperature sensitivity is 0.081 nm / ° C from 30°C to 80°C. Our sensor has the advantages such as ease of fabrication, high glycerol concentration sensitivity, and great stability, providing a practical and competitive solution for chemical sensing and food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A simple, compact bending vector sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) utilizing two orthogonal lateral-offsets is proposed. The two-dimensional bending vector sensing characteristics, including the curvature and four orthogonal directions, could be measured accurately and simultaneously by the MZI using a special data processing method. Besides, the impact of temperature on the MZI can be eliminated through constructing a matrix using the different response of two loss peak to the bending and temperature sensitivities. This research work would be helpful to develop the practicability of fiber bending vector sensors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:709-713, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of valgus hindfoot deformity in hallux valgus deformity was confirmed in a rheumatoid arthritis case with a destructive valgus hindfoot deformity. Correction of severe valgus, calcaneal lateral offset, and pronated foot deformity instantly normalized hallux valgus deformities postoperatively. Thus, careful hindfoot status evaluation is important when assessing forefoot deformity, including hallux valgus, in rheumatoid arthritis cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fatigue testing, normally cyclic-through-zero-testing, reversed-bending misalignment caused by load-strain offset from the frame centre line in a non-rigid system can have the most critical influence on low cycle fatigue (LCF) endurances. Hence, a unique systematic experimental study was established to investigate the influence of reversed bending on fatigue properties at high temperature. A special test programme provides a total of 18 tension-compression fatigue tests on alloy Nimonic 101 at 850°C. Prior to start of the fatigue test, bending was adjusted, whereby three different bending levels were of interest: a first level at bending rate of less than 2% addressed to good alignment, a second level at a medium bending rate of 20% and finally, a third level at a high bending rate of 40%. Bending measurements follow a code of practice. Standard strain controlled fatigue tests were conducted at two typical load levels. A low level of total strain range represents the elastic regime and a high level represents the elasto-plastic regime, which is expected to be the most important level. The advanced features of this experimental work deals with the development of a special composite test piece and the application of a commercial alignment fixture to adjust bending due to lateral grip offset. The test results show that in the elasto-plastic regime, a systematic reduction of LCF endurance of up to factor two with increasing superimposed bending rate of up to 40%. In the elastic regime, no systematic effect was observed. The within-laboratory repeatability was found to be small, demonstrating good testing practice with regard to strain control and temperature control as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years a renewed interest in platooning has emerged due to increasing pressure on vehicle manufacturers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of their fleets. Vehicles traveling in close proximity have been studied in some depth, particularly simplified bodies and North American trucks. Still, there is a lack of understanding of the benefits of platooning for European style trucks. In this study, experiments were undertaken using two 1:6 scale detailed cab over engine tractor-trailer models in a wind tunnel with a moving ground. Surface pressures were measured on both trucks, while force measurements were taken on the model placed on the belt. Inter-vehicle distance, lateral offset, and yaw conditions were varied. Results show that a reduction of drag for the platoon is seen as the inter-vehicle distance decreases. For the leading truck, the reduction is due to an increased base pressure caused by the truck behind. The trailing truck has a more complex behavior and is sensitive to yaw changes. At short inter-vehicle distances, the leading truck loses in performance with a lateral offset, while the trailing truck gains in performance if under yaw conditions. To aid the flow analysis, numerical simulations were undertaken for some conditions studied experimentally. • The combined drag of the platoon improves as the inter-vehicle distance decreases. • The drag of leading truck is dominated by the pressure at its trailer base. • The drag of the trailing truck has a complex behaviour and great sensitivity to yaw. • A lateral offset negatively impacts the drag of the leading truck at short distances. • At yaw conditions, the system is sensitive to a change in Reynolds numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupling of THz radiation at 625 GHz onto a copper wire is demonstrated. The end‐fire technique is used in combination with an axicon to excite the azimuthally polarised surface plasmon polaritons on the wire's front facet. A small lateral offset of the wire relative to the optical axis is used to achieve significant plasmon excitation. Coupling efficiencies of about 17% were measured. The coupling mechanism is discussed theoretically using the overlap integral and verify plasmonic excitation and propagation by measuring the radiated field at the wire end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]