Search

Diplomsko delo obravnava oblikovanje in izdelavo embalaže za klekljan nakit ter vizitke, ki se povezujejo z embalažo. Cilj diplomskega dela je, da bi se za klekljan nakit izdelala posebna vrsta embalaže, ki se po navadi ne uporablja pri embaliranju nakita ter da embalaža ni za enkratno uporabo, temveč se jo lahko ponovno uporabi. Posebnost embalaže je tudi vrsta materiala, iz katerega je izdelana, saj gre za papirje in kartone izdelane iz invazivnih rastlin. Teoretični del predstavlja osnove embalaže, pomen in uporabo darilne embalaže ter pregled trga že obstoječih in uporabljenih embalaž za klekljane izdelke. V eksperimentalnem delu je opisano preizkušanje petih različnih vrst papirja, ki so jih izdelali na Inštitutu za celulozo in papir. Uporabili smo papir iz Miskantusa, dva vzorca papirja različne gramature iz Navadne robinije – »akacije« ter dva vzorca papirja različne gramature iz japonskega dresnika. Določene so bile osnovne, mehanske, površinske, strukturne in optične lastnosti papirjev. Na podlagi opravljenih meritev smo za izdelavo embalaže in vizitke izbrali visokogramska papirja iz Navadne robinije in Japonskega dresnika, saj oba vzorca izkazujeta primerno visoko razpočno in raztržno odpornost. Sama oblika embalaže za nakit je posebna, spominja na romantično kuverto. Dodan vzorec metulja nas obdaja z občutkom nežnosti ter doda 3D efekt. Kot ilustracijo, napis in logotip smo uporabljali osnovne elemente ter uporabljali samo črno barvo pri tisku. The thesis deals with the design and production of new packaging for a piece of bobbin lace jewellery and business cards, which is associated with the packaging. The goal of the thesis is to create a type of packaging for the bobbin lace jewellery, which is usualy not used in jewellery packaging, and to make the packaging reusable. The packaging is also special because of the type of material from which is made, as it is paper and paperboard produced from invasive plants. The theoretical part presents basic data about packaging, the meaning and the use of gift packaging, as well as an overview of the existing packaging for the bobbin lace products in the market. The experimental part describes the testing of five different types of paper produced at Pulp and Paper Institute in Ljubljana. Paper from Miscanthus, two samples of Robinia (black locust) paper of different grammage, and two samples of Japanese knotweed paper of different grammage were used. The basic, mechanical, surface, structural and optical properties were determined. Based on the measurements, we used high-grammage paper from Robinia and Japanese knotweed for the production of packaging and business cards, as both samples show a correspondingly high burst and tear resistance. The shape of the jewellery box itself is very special, reminiscent of a romantic envelope, and the added butterfly pattern surrounds us with a feeling of tenderness and adds a 3D effect. We used the basic elements as illustration, lettering and logo, and only used black for printing.

V okviru disertacije obravnavana Valvasorjeva knjizˇnica se je izkazala kot dober reprezentativni vzorec za nedestruktivne raziskave papirja iz 17. stoletja. Nedestruktivne analize so bile opravljene na 144 listih papirjev iz Valvasorjeve zbirke. Za boljsˇe razumevanje lastnosti zgodovinskega papirja so bile na 10-ih fragmentih papirja, iz obdobja od 16. do 19. stoletja, izvedene tudi destruktivne analize. Delo je razdeljeno na dva velika sklopa, teoreticˇni in eksperimentalni del. V teoreticˇnem delu je predstavljen zˇivljenjepis barona Ivana Waikharda Valvasorja, njegova zˇivljenjski pot, zbirateljska strast do knjig in grafik ter njegovo delo na podrocˇju tiska in zalozˇnisˇtva. Skozi zgodovino Metropolitanske knjizˇnice v Zagrebu, kjer se sedaj hrani njegova knjizˇnica, je prikazana zgodovina Valvasorjeve knjizˇnice po njegovi smrti. V posebnih poglavjih sta predstavljena zgodovinski razvoj tehnologije izdelave papirja in pregled literature s podrocˇja znanstvenega raziskovanja zgodovinskega papirja. V teoreticˇnem delu je zadnje poglavje namenjeno opisu podatkovnih baz muzejev in galerij, ki hranijo umetnine na papirju, in tehnicˇnih podatkovnih baz, ki se ukvarjajo z zbiranjem podatkov o papirju. V eksperimentalnem delu so predstavljeni materiali, na katerih so bile opravljene nedestruktivne in destruktivne analize, ter naprave, s katerimi so bile izvedene analize. Med nedestruktivnimi metodami so bile na zgodovinskih papirjih izvedene meritve debeline, pH papirja ter opticˇnih lastnosti (svetlost, rumenost, opaciteta in sijaj). Na papirjih iz Valvasorjeve zbirke so bile določene dimenzije listov, odtis sita in prisotnost ter položaj vodnega zˇiga, kar je omogočilo dolocˇiti izvor in surovi format listov. Ugotovili smo, da listi papirja v raziskanih Valvasorjevih knjigah izvirajo iz dveh formatov sita, manjsˇega in vecˇjega, čemur so bili prilagojeni formati knjig. Vecˇina vodnih zˇigov, najdenih na papirjih, je v znamenju grba, en znak pa se najpogosteje pojavlja v izdajah, ki jih je Valvasor natisnil na svojem posestvu v Bogensˇperku. Mikroskopske analize so razkrile prisotnost vlaken, ki so se uporabljala v takratni tehnologiji proizvodnje papirja. Rezultati merjenja debeline in pH papirja iz 17. stoletja so pokazali, da so debelejši in bolj kisli v primerjavi z danasˇnjimi. Na podlagi meritev opticˇnih lastnosti jih lahko razvrstimo med rumenkaste, neprosojne papirje brez sijaja. S pomočjo destruktivnih analiz izvedenih na fragmentih zgodovinskih papirjev se je lahko natančneje določila sestava in lastnosti papirjev. Izvedeni so bili testi obarvanja z reagenti za dolocˇitev vpojnosti, prisotnosti lignina in sˇkroba. S pomočjo vrstične elektronske mikroskopije z energijsko disperzijskim spektrometrom (SEM-EDS) in rentgenske fluorescenčne spektrometrije (XRF) je bila izvedena identifikacija anorganskih elementov, s Fourierjevo transformacijsko infrardečo spektroskopijo (FTIR) pa identifikacija kemijske sestave v organskih spojinah celuloznih vlaken, polnil in premaza. Mikroskopske analize so bile izvedene na dva nacˇina, povrsˇina papirja je bila posneta z digitalnim mikroskopom, morfolosˇka analiza vlaken pa je bila opravljena na opticˇnem mikroskopu. Prevladujejo vlakna lanu in konoplje, v majhnem deležu pa je prisoten še bombaž, svila in vlakna podobna slami. Potrjena je bila prisotnost polnil na osnovi kalcija in prisotnost želatine, medtem ko škrob kot mozˇna komponenta v papirju ni bil potrjen. S pomočjo destruktivnih analiz so bile tako določene različne komponente v fragmentih zgodovinskih papirjev, kar je potrdilo njihovo prisotnost v rocˇno izdelanem papirju v sˇtirih stoletjih. Opravljene analize papirjev so bile podalaga za izdelavo spletne podatkovne baze papirja iz Valvasorjeve zbirke VALPER, ki vsebuje bibliografske podatke in lastnosti papirja. Za vsak posamezni analizirani list papirja so podane njegove dimenzije, debelina, pH, opticˇne lastnosti (svetlost, rumenost, opaciteta, sijaj), opis vodnega zˇiga, njegove dimenzije in polozˇaj, odtis sita ter podatki o papirnem mlinu in izdelovalcu papirja. Valvasor's library proved to be a good representative sample for non-destructive research of 17th-century paper. Non-destructive research and analysis were conducted on 144 sheets of paper from the Valvasor collection. To better understand the properties of historical paper on 10 paper fragments from the period from 16th to 19th centuries, destructive research has been conducted. This thesis is divided into two major sections, the theoretical and the experimental part. In the theoretical part, Valvasor's biography, life’s journey, his collector's passion for books and graphics, and his work on printing and publishing books were examined. The history of Valvasor's library after his death has been followed throughout the history of the Metropolitan Library in Zagreb, where his library is kept today. In special chapters, the historical development of the technology of making handmade paper and a review of the literature in the field of scientific research of historical paper are presented. In the theoretical part, a chapter is dedicated to the databases of museums and galleries that store works of art on paper and technical databases who work with collecting of data on paper. In the experimental part, the materials on which non-destructive and destructive analyses were performed are presented, as well as the devices with which the recording and measurements were done. Of the non-destructive measurement methods used on historical papers, measurements of paper thickness and pH as well as optical properties (brightness, yellowness, opacity and gloss) were performed. The dimensions of the sheets, the paper mold imprint, and the watermark were also measured on Valvasor's papers, which helped determine the provenance and raw format of the sheets. Thus, according to the dimensions of the sheets, the imprint of the mold, and the position of the watermark, it may be concluded that the paper sheets in the Valvasor books subject to this study originate from two paper mold formats, a smaller and a larger one, and that the book formats were adapted accordingly. Most of the watermarks found on the papers are in the form of the coat of arms and one watermark most often appears in editions printed by Valvasor on his estate in Bogenšperk. Microscopic analyses revealed specific fibers that were used in the paper production technology of the time. Optical properties characterized them as yellowish opaque papers without gloss. Destructive analyses of the fragments went deeper into the composition and properties of the paper. Initially, spot tests were performed to determine absorbency, an identify lignin and starch in paper samples. Of the elementary analyses, SEM-EDS and XRF analyses were performed for the identification of inorganic elements in the sample and FTIR analysis was performed to identify chemical composition in organic compounds of cellulose fibers, fillers, and coatings. Microscopic analyses were performed in two ways - the paper surface was imaged with a digital microscope and the morphological analysis of the fibers was conducted on an optical microscope. Components were discovered in fragments of historical papers by destructive analyses, thus confirming their presence in handmade paper over four centuries. Analyses confirmed certain components and did not confirm others, so starch was not confirmed as a possible component in the paper in any of the samples. Elemental analyses yielded a full range of elements in the samples. Part of the identified elements in XRF and SEM-EDS analyses were defined through the composition of the components in the paper. Analysis of paper fibers showed that the dominant fibers were flax and hemp with a smaller proportion of cotton. The dissertation is accompanied by a paper database of Valvasor's collection containing bibliographic data and data on each individual sheet of paper by its dimensions, thickness, pH, optical properties of brightness, yellowness, opacity, and gloss, watermark description and its dimensions, position and imprint of the paper mold, paper mill and papermaker in case there is data regarding them.

Sodobna papirna industrija v veliki meri temelji na izdelavi papirja iz lesnih vlaken. Kot alternativa se uporabljajo tudi druga rastlinska vlakna enoletnih rastlin. V diplomskem delu je predstavljen papir, izdelan iz slame. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela sta predstavljena strojno izdelan papir iz lesnih vlaken in postopek recikliranja ter papir iz slame in postopek njegove izdelave. Namen diplomskega dela je opisati lastnosti papirja, definirane na podlagi meritev osnovnih, mehanskih in optičnih lastnosti. Narejena je bila primerjalna analiza papirja iz slame, in recikliranega papirja iz lesnih vlaken. Na podlagi rezultatov meritev lastnosti papirja je bilo preverjeno, v kolikšni meri je papir iz slamnatih vlaken, ki so krajša in vsebujejo manj celuloze, primerljiv s papirjem iz lesnih vlaken. Papir iz slame je bil izdelan v laboratorijskem oblikovalniku vzorčnih listov, kar je vplivalo na njegove osnovne, površinske in mehanske lastnosti, predvsem pa na neenakomernost površine. Ta papir je bolj voluminozen, ni klejen, ne vsebuje polnil, zato je bolj prepusten, vpojen in ima nekoliko slabše mehanske lastnosti. Ima pa zelo visoko opaciteto in je bolj rumen ter nizko stopnjo beline in svetlosti. Analiza je pokazala, da je papir, izdelan iz slame, v mehanskih lastnostih primerljiv s papirjem, izdelanim iz recikliranih vlaken, vendar ima nekoliko slabše površinske in optične lastnosti. Primeren je za izdelavo manj zahtevnih tiskovin in embalaže, z optimizacijo lastnosti in postopka izdelave pa bi lahko še bolj nadomestil papir iz recikliranih vlaken. The present-day paper industry is largely based on producing paper from wood fibers. Alternatively, other fibers from one-year-old plants can be used. The thesis subject is paper made from straw. The theoretical part of the thesis presents machine-made wood fiber paper, recycling process, and straw-sourced paper along with how it is produced. The thesis objective is to describe the traits of the paper, defining them on the results of measuring their basic, mechanical and optical characteristics. A comparative analysis of the straw-sourced and the wood fiber paper types was made. Based on the results of the analysis we reviewed to what extent the paper made of straw fibers, which are shorter and contain less cellulose, is comparable to the wood fiber paper. The straw sourced paper was engineered in a laboratory on an automatic sheet forming machine which affected its basic, surface and mechanical qualities, and specifically their dissimilarities. Paper made from straw has more volume, it does not contain neither sizing agents nor fillers, and is therefore more porous, absorbent, and has somewhat poorer mechanical properties. It has a higher opacity and yellowness, and lower whiteness and brightness. The analysis shows that the mechanical properties of the straw-sourced paper are comparable to the ones found in recycled paper, while the former does have slightly unfavorable surface and optical properties. It is suitable for manufacturing lower-grade print materials and packaging, albeit its use as a substitute for paper made from recycled fibers could be increased with some feature and manufacturing optimization.

Vsaka sprememba ni nujno sprememba na boljše, brez dvoma pa se iz vsake nekaj naučimo. Enako velja tudi v primeru, ko želimo uveljavljeno embalažo preoblikovati oziroma obstoječi material zamenjati z novim, po našem mnenju boljšim materialom. Ta je v današnjem času vse prijaznejši okolju, saj se podjetja množično poslužujejo uporabe ekološke embalaže. Prav slednja je bila tudi bistvo našega magistrskega dela. Da je šopek cvetja lepo darilo za vsako priložnost, se strinjajo mnogi. Da pa bo ovojni papir skupaj z njim po odsluženem času biološko razgradljiv, smo v času nastajanja magistrskega dela poskrbeli mi. V ta namen je bilo testiranih pet vzorcev ovojnega papirja iz naključnih cvetličarn, dva vzorca papirja iz papirnice Vevče ter ista dva vzorca, premazana s PLA premazom. V raziskavi, katere namen je bil pripraviti biološko razgradljiv ovojni papir za rezano cvetje, smo s predhodno pripravljeno PLA raztopino premazovali dva različna papirja iz papirnice Vevče. S testiranjem omenjenih papirjev ter petih različnih komercialnih papirjev je bilo na podlagi osnovnih, mehanskih, površinskih, strukturnih in optičnih lastnosti ugotovljeno, da sta s PLA premazana papirja primerljiva ostalim analiziranim komercialnim ovojnim papirjem. Z rezultati raziskave smo namreč ugotovili, da imata dobre barierne lastnosti, saj zaradi premaza, ki zapre pore, ne absorbirata vode. Poleg površinskih in strukturnih lastnosti pa se premazanim papirjem izboljša tudi razpočna odpornost. Primerjava meritev premazanih vzorcev je pokazala, da je na podlagi večine testiranih metod zaradi boljših rezultatov vzorec FP (premazani papir za fleksibilno embalažo) primernejši za ovijanje in zaščito rezanega cvetja. Nenazadnje smo pokazali še, da je končni izdelek – darilna kartonasta škatla za šopek rož, ovit s premazanim papirjem (vzorcem FP) – primeren za darilo ob vsakem večjem in posebnem dogodku. Not every change is necessarily a change for the better, however, there is no doubt that we learn something from each one. The same is true when we want to transform the existing packaging or replace the existing material with new one, which is, in our opinion, the better one. Today, the material is becoming increasingly eco-friendly, with businesses making extensive use of organic packaging. The latter was also the fundamental feature of our master's thesis. Many agree that a bouquet of flowers is a beautiful gift for any occasion. However, with the master's thesis, we ensured that the wrapping paper, after it has been used, is biodegradable. For this purpose, five samples of wrapping paper from random flower shops were tested, two samples of paper from the Vevče paper mill and the same two samples were coated with PLA coating. In the research study aimed at developing biodegradable wrapping paper for cut flowers, two different papers from the Vevče paper mill were coated with a previously prepared PLA solution. By testing the aforementioned papers and five different commercial papers, on the basis of basic, mechanical, surface, structural and optical properties, it was established that the PLA coated papers are comparable to the other analysed commercial wrapping papers. The results of the research have shown that they have good barrier properties because they do not absorb water due to the coating closing the pores. In addition to surface and structural properties, the coated papers also improve the crack resistance. Comparison of the measurements of the coated specimens showed that, by most of the methods tested, due to better results, the FP (coated flexible packaging paper) specimen is more suitable for wrapping and protecting cut flowers. Last but not least, it was established that the final product - a gift box for a bouquet of flowers wrapped in coated paper (FP specimen) – is a suitable gift at every major and special event.

Papirji in kartoni, namenjeni embaliranju, morajo dosegati čim boljše mehanske lastnosti ob čim nižji masi oz. gramaturi, hkrati pa morajo imeti tudi primerne površinske lastnosti za tiskanje v različnih tiskarskih tehnikah. Za doseganje teh lastnosti se jim vse pogosteje dodaja nanoceluloza. Nanoceluloza je sodoben, naravni nanomaterial z izjemnimi mehanskimi lastnostmi, ki se ga lahko pridobiva s kemijskimi, z mehanskimi ali z biološkimi postopki oz. s kombinacijo le-teh. Glede na način pridobivanja, dimenzije in druge lastnosti, se nanoceluloza loči na: nanofibrilirano celulozo (NFC), nanokristalinično celulozo (NCC) in bakterijsko nanocelulozo (BNC). V raziskavi je bil preučen vpliv dodatkov NFC in BNC, pridobljenih iz alternativnih surovinskih virov, na osnovne, mehanske, površinske, optične in tiskarske lastnosti embalažnega papirja, ki bi se lahko uporabljal kot t. i. nepremazan, beljen kraft liner. V raziskavi je bila nanofibrilirana celuloza pridobljena iz japonskega dresnika, ki je ena izmed najbolj invazivnih tujerodnih rastlin pri nas. Poleg nanofibrilirane celuloze je bila iz stranskega produkta, ki nastaja pri klasičnem postopku pridobivanja kisa, pridobljena tudi bakterijska nanoceluloza. Z namenom določitve vpliva dodatka različnih nanoceluloz na lastnosti papirja so bili iz beljenih, sulfatnih, evkaliptusovih celuloznih vlaken z dodanim kationskim škrobom in 10 oz. 20 % NFC ali BNC oblikovani laboratorijski listi. Analiza osnovnih, mehanskih, površinskih in tiskarskih lastnosti je pokazala, da dodatek obeh vrst nanoceluloze pozitivno vpliva na večino izmerjenih lastnosti papirja. Posledično sledi zaključek, da je tovrstna nanoceluloza primerna za uporabo v papirništvu, kljub temu, da je bila proizvedena iz alternativnih surovinskih virov. Paper and board for packaging must have as good mechanical properties as possible at the minimum possible weight or grammage. At the same time, they must achieve suitable surface properties for printing with different printing techniques. To achieve these properties, nanocellulose often added to them. Nanocellulose is a modern, naturally based nanomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties. It can be obtained with chemical or mechanical procedures, with the use of appropriate microorganisms or with a combination of these approaches. Depending on the method of production, dimensions and other properties, nanocellulose can be classified as nanofibrilated cellulose (NFC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). The purpose of our research was to determine the impact of two different types of nanocellulose, obtained from alternative raw materials, on basic, mechanical, surface, optical and printing properties of packaging paper, potentially used as uncoated, bleached kraft liner. In the research, nanofibrilated cellulose was obtained from Japanese knotweed, which is one of the most invasive plants in Europe. Beside nanofibrillated cellulose, BNC was obtained from a by-product formed during the classical vinegar production. To determine the effect of nanocellulose addition on paper properties, laboratory sheets were formed of kraft, bleached, eucalyptus cellulose fibers, with cationic starch and 10% or 20% of NFC or BNC added. Analyses of basic, mechanical, surface and printing properties have shown that the addition of both types of nanocellulose had a positive effect on most of the measured paper properties. Based on the results of the research it can be concluded, that both obtained nanocelluloses are suitable for use in papermaking, despite the fact that they have been produced from alternative raw materials.