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The paper deals with six words which are said to have come into being by unintentional blending. This is one of the reasons for their stigmatization by language cultivators. Language contaminism is the language ideology according to which words created this way are incorrect or at least less appropriate than those which were formed by "established" word formation processes. The investigation showed that in some cases contaminism is rather a pretext, not a real reason for stigmatization, the actual reason being language purism and/or language conservativism. A number of other language ideologies were also used to justify the condemnation of the words under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In more recent normative works of the Romanian language, the way in which the sequence dar și [but also] is discussed indicates an acceptance of it among the copulative coordinating constructions, along with those organized in correlative pairs. As in the case of nu numai ..., dar și [not only..., but also], the correct involvement in the discourse of dar și is necessarily controlled by the latent adversative semantic content of the conjunction dar [but] from its structure. In everyday use, however, the transmitter no longer takes into account the fact that dar și "focuses the syntactic limb it precedes, presenting it as less likely, therefore more significant". In situations as such, dar și appears as a verbal excess, instead of the simple coordinating conjunction și [and]. The tendency could be justified by the speaker's need to compensate, through the formal note and lexical agglomeration, for the simplicity (sometimes pauperity) of the content that is to be transmitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an overview of the ways in which Hungarian language issues in Slovakia have been handled from the 1990s to the present, discussing language cultivation, language planning and language management, and summarizing, on the basis of contemporary articles and studies, how the theoretical principles of these directions of research are implemented in the Slovakia Hungarian practices of handling language issues, and, on the other hand, how practical actions of problem handling contribute to theoretical frameworks of shaping language. These results are viewed in their historical contexts throughout the paper, and, at the end, the continuation of earlier processes is also traced in today's linguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Langue Consulting Centre (LCC) has been providing its regular services for more than eighty years. The LCC improves its activities in the area of language consultation by using new technologies. The most recent outcome of the LCC is The Linguistically Structured Database of Enquiries (LSDE). The LSDE enables searching through user enquiries and the LCC's replies. This paper analyses users' needs connected with language resources and tools, based on enquiries related to their use. First, we examine the need for language resources, including the question of which of them users actually (want to) use, and why, and what they expect of them. Second, we focus on the enquirers' need to be able to use the appropriate language resources and tools properly, focusing on their interpretation of how the resources and tools are designed. Subsequently, the information about enquirers' needs is used to formulate specific proposals for language education activities, belonging to the field of language cultivation as well as lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Considerations of the Romanian Vocabulary of Ioan-Piuariu Molnar’s Deutsch-Walachische Sprachlehre (1788) and Wörterbüchlein Deutsch und Walachisches (1822) An intellectual of the Enlightenment, involved in the modernization of the Romanian society according to a Western model, the ophthalmologist Ioan Piuariu­Molnar (1749-1815) gained recognition, among other things, by being the author of a Romanian-German grammar (Deutsch­Walachische Sprachlehre, Vienna, 1788). Through this work, Molnar reached at least three important objectives: the first one refers to the articulation of numerous rules for the Romanian language in a precise and clear manner; the second involves the creation of a teaching manual for the Romanian language to be used by the Austrian military officers and civil servants in Transilvania and by the foreign tradesmen. The third objective is connected to the introduction of the chapters in which the author provides samples of statements in Romanian to be used in various situations of communication (including models for applications and letters) that were meant to bring the Romanian language to a a level of expression of the same contents as a cultivated language, such as German. The article briefly presents Ioan Piuariu-Molnar’s vocabulary, highlighting some aspects connected especially to the German or Hungarian etymology of the Romanian words. We selected, for a detailed presentation, some of them.

The paper presents several structured reflections on the relationship between norm and codification. It is based on two theoretical frameworks. The first framework is formed by the distinction between language rule as the object of description and the so-called rule-sentence as the description of this object (Section 1); the second framework consists of the distinction between two ways of language learning, as conceptualized in theories of second language learning, i.e. spontaneous language adoption on the one hand and guided language learning on the other (Section 2). The relationship between norm and codification or rules and rule-sentences is, at first, seen from the macro-perspective of the codifying (language planning) process. The paper deals especially with the question of what kind of rule-sentences are or should be listed in codification textbooks and manuals, and considers the standpoint of both codifiers and ordinary speakers (Section 3). This view of the relationship is complemented from the micro-perspective of individual speakers and their ability to spontaneously adopt the rules (of a standard variety) through the learning of rule-sentences (Section 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourses concerning language have ideological aspects in both scholarly and everyday contexts. In the present contribution, I use data from the past two decades to examine language ideologies as they are communicated explicitly or conveyed implicitly in meta-linguistic discourse on Hungarian medical language management. Besides drawing attention to language ideologies, the paper also aims to offer suggestions for making medical language management more efficient. The material for the present study comes from approximately 80 articles published in Magyar Orvosi Nyelv [Hungarian Medical Language], between 2001 and 2017. The analysis mainly consists in identifying the most conspicuous language ideologies that are at work in the texts under investigation, using a pre-existing inventory of language ideologies. The results show that language ideologies prevailing in the analyzed articles are usually not based on actual language usage, but rather, on structuralist considerations as well as various language ideologies which uphold the authority of the standard (e.g. linguistic elitism, conservativism, purism), while the domain of language use and the layered nature of medical language are overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Considerations of the Romanian Vocabulary of Ioan-Piuariu Molnar's Deutsch-Walachische Sprachlehre (1788) and Wörterbüchlein Deutsch und Walachisches (1822). An intellectual of the Enlightenment, involved in the modernization of the Romanian society according to a Western model, the ophthalmologist Ioan PiuariuMolnar (1749-1815) gained recognition, among other things, by being the author of a Romanian-German grammar (DeutschWalachische Sprachlehre, Vienna, 1788). Through this work, Molnar reached at least three important objectives: the first one refers to the articulation of numerous rules for the Romanian language in a precise and clear manner; the second involves the creation of a teaching manual for the Romanian language to be used by the Austrian military officers and civil servants in Transilvania and by the foreign tradesmen. The third objective is connected to the introduction of the chapters in which the author provides samples of statements in Romanian to be used in various situations of communication (including models for applications and letters) that were meant to bring the Romanian language to a a level of expression of the same contents as a cultivated language, such as German. The article briefly presents Ioan Piuariu-Molnar's vocabulary, highlighting some aspects connected especially to the German or Hungarian etymology of the Romanian words. We selected, for a detailed presentation, some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses Jón Ólafsson from Grunnavík (1705-1779), a prominent spokesperson for purism and language cultivation in eighteenth-century Iceland. Jón’s attitude towards his mother tongue is investigated here by discussing several representative texts that he wrote: his youthful translation of Barthold Feind’s Cosmographia (1727, AM 958 4to); a Latin lecture on the Icelandic language (written no later than 1730, AM 1013 4to, ff. 68r-76r); the introduction to Jón’s orthographic treatise (ca. 1733, AM 435 fol.); a purist wordlist (ca. 1736, AM 1013 4to, f. 37v); and Hagþenkir, a treatise on education (1737, JS 83 fol.). After a short introduction, there follows a brief overview of Jón Ólafsson’s life, learning, and scholarly publications. The next section examines Jón’s attitude towards his mother tongue as reflected in the aforementioned texts. In the concluding section, the issue of language cultivation in - eighteenth-century Iceland is addressed. In particular, it is argued that in Jón’s foster father, Páll Vídalín (1667-1727), there exists a link between Jón Ólafsson and the ‘father’ of Icelandic purism, Arngrímur Jónsson the Learned (1568-1648). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the conceptualization of language cultivation from the perspective of so-called ontological “socialism”. In the first part, it briefly describes this conceptualization, concentrating on its central, most relevant aspects (concepts of intersubjectivity, common knowledge and normativity of language). In the second part, it deals with its selected implications for the subject field of language cultivation, in particular with regard to the phenomenon of language correctness. In the final, third part, the paper tentatively proposes the contours of a research program that would be useful to establish in light of these implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does cookies have to do with linguistics? In an interview of Ms. Lynda Mugglestone, professor at University of Oxford, with the German reporter Johan Schloemann in the daily paper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" (SZ) from 29/30 May 2010, page 17, she explains: "Cookies present a very sensible linguistic subject. Everybody is afraid of the invasion of English elements. But is it a tragedy when the English "fairycake" or "cupcake" are suppressed by American "cookie"? Who protects English from foreign elements? The supposed linguistic subject in the ironically formulated question is evident. Thomas Steinfeld, professor of Germanistics and head of the cultural section of SZ took up this problem already in 22/24 May 2010, page 13. He warns openly in his article with regard to Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung (Darmstadt): "Beware the language about its academic protectors!" " the ironical undertone cannot be failed. According to Steinfeld's understanding the cultivation of the literary-language requires more than diligence of lexical collection of old and new words rather than a creative production of aesthetically perceptible literary texts, written even by authors born outside Germany, who learned German as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a theoretical and practical response to the so-called Concept of Minimal Intervention (CMI) first outlined in Cvrček (2008a), and later expanded upon in Cvrček (2008b). The theoretical part uses the analogy with Macura's (1995) analysis of the early National Revival discourse and presents examples of (un)successful interventions into the language to provide textual proof that the CMI discourse consists of contradictory statements. It is thus revealed that the function of these statements is not to describe the phenomenon, but rather, to serve Cvrček's own purpose: the negative depiction of language regulation and intervention into language. Presenting evidence from the language counselling service of the Czech Language Institute, the practical part demonstrates that CMI's call for minimal intervention is not in accordance with the needs of the general public and that the means proposed to minimise intervention by linguists would not work as expected. A current view of the traditional concept of language cultivation, its terminology and methodology - refused by CMI - is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses aspects of the consciousness of language and perceptions of its characteristics in terms of the divergent appreciations of laypersons and linguists. The author attempts to describe consequent adequate versus inadequate linguistic consciousness in the specific example of learning Czech. Laic versus expert linguist consciousness is analyzed through the quality of layperson language questions versus the responding expert linguist's advice offered. The author categorizes levels of linguistic knowledge and advice-giving along a continuum of three tiers.