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(1) Background: Sequential landscape changes give people experiences of dynamic beauty, and the key to creating spatial sequences lies in the organization of spatial changes. The purpose of this study is to use a 3D point cloud model to achieve a refined description of spatial sequences' organizational characteristics from information acquisition to description and explore the quantitative interpretation methods of typical sequence organizational characteristics. (2) Methods: The proposed model contains three main steps: data acquisition and extraction, characteristic index system construction and data processing, and quantitative characterization analysis. A typology research method that combines quantitative induction with qualitative statistical verification is proposed. (3) Results: Seventy-two spatial sequence point cloud models of study cases are obtained; 4 indicators are established; 3 typical organization types are summarized, namely fluctuating, reversal and moderate type; and the characterization factors and threshold intervals for each sequence organization type are analyzed to validate the type classification result. (4) Conclusions: This research improves the accuracy of spatial data, the comprehensiveness of sequence organization characterization factors, and the reliability of classification results. It supplements the existing spatial sequence theoretical knowledge system and provides parameters that can be referred to in practical design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban parks are an important part of urban recreational spaces, and the development of analysis framework of recreational behavior and space is helpful for the design of urban parks to better meet the activity and usage requirements of visitors. In this paper, Xiaohong Stone Carving Park in Nanjing was taken as the research object to explore the relationship between landscape space and user behavior for design feedback. The orthographic image technology of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and machine deep learning were used to analyze users behavior activities in the park, and the spatial characteristics of each node in the park were evaluated by semantic differential scale to explore the potential causes of behavior activities. The results showed that ① there were significant differences in the number of visitors on holidays and working days, and young people and children were the main users. ② The users activity of the park differed greatly on the inner and outer tour roads, and the users showed stronger willingness to stay on the inner tour roads. Recreational activities received more attention than cultural ones. ③ The overall distribution of users was significantly affected by hydrophilicity, and the recreational behavior and activity type were affected by multiple factors which include the hydrophilicity, safety, accessibility of cultural relics and the amount of recreational facilities. Finally, the enhanced strategies such as improving the cultural tour system, establishing hydrophilic safety belts and optimizing recreational facilities were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acoustic landscape directly affects people's perceptual experience, which is crucial to enhancing urban greenways' visibility experience. This study analyzed data from three typical urban greenways in Fuzhou City. By classifying and combining the landscape space into two levels of "enclosure–coverage", the space was categorized into six types: covered, uncovered, open, semi-open, semi-enclosed, and enclosure space. We explored the characteristics of soundscape perception and the factors affecting the evaluation of soundscape perception in different landscape spaces. The results showed that differences in sound sources between day and night led to differences in the soundscape of different spatial types. The sound pressure level decreased with an increasing degree of enclosure and coverage. The evaluation scores of sound source perception and soundscape perception were significantly different in different degrees of spatial enclosure and coverage, where the open space and covered space were the most sensitive to sound, and the open space played a positive role in enhancing the harmony of the artificial sound. Pleasantness and richness were the main factors influencing overall perception, contributing 50% and 17%, respectively. Visitors' age, residence type, and visit frequency were the main factors affecting the evaluation of soundscape perception. The conclusions provide a reference and data for improving urban greenways' soundscape quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes the landscape space of traditional Tibetan villages in western Sichuan as the research object, and three national-level traditional villages of different Tibetan clans in Gyatso, Amdo and Baima Tibet were selected as samples. Using the fractal theory, combined with counting-box dimension measurement and spatial analysis methods, it comparatively analyzes the fractal characteristics of their landscape space and their influencing factors. The study finds that the landscape space of these villages has certain fractal characteristics, which are characterized by self-similarity and irregularity. The fractal characteristics of different villages are influenced by various factors such as geographic location, natural conditions, religious beliefs, folk costumes, etc., showing differences and diversity. There is a certain correlation between the fractal dimension and the distribution of landscape elements and spatial patterns, which can be used to describe the complexity and diversity of landscape space pattern. The article believes that the fractal theory provides a new perspective and method for analyzing the landscape space of traditional Tibetan villages, which helps to reveal its intrinsic formation mechanism and cultural connotation and provides new insights for the protection of traditional village heritage and the maintenance of cultural traditions. Meanwhile, the study also points out the limitations and shortcomings of the fractal theory in the study of traditional villages and puts forward directions and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual improvement of people’s living standards, the requirements for a living environment are getting higher and higher. A good landscape space can facilitate people’s life, promote people’s interaction, provide places for leisure and entertainment, etc. Therefore, it is important to study the landscape space of residential communities. In this paper, we use Cite space software to analyze the research on landscape space literature in recent years, use keyword search to analyze people’s preference and demand for landscape space in the community, and use the data mining technology of plain Bayesian model to analyze the existing facilities and functions of the old residential community, to explore people’s preference, demand for landscape space, people’s activities in landscape space and The design strategies for the renewal of landscape spaces in old neighborhoods are proposed. For different types of landscape spaces, walking activity is one of the main activities, and environmental facilities are the main influencing factor to determine the type of activity. The highest proportion of sitting facilities is 24.6%, showing that people need them first to stay in the space. The proportion of green facilities is 19.8%, indicating that a good green environment is also an important factor that people are willing to stay. The proportion of landscape and green facilities is close to each other, and the attractiveness to people is similar. Waterscape is also the form of landscape that people love. Therefore, green landscape is an important factor to be considered in the design of landscape space, followed by rest facilities. Comfortable and pleasant community landscape design can enhance the happiness of people’s lives, and the contents discussed in this paper are of great significance to the design of landscape space.

(1) Background: Sequential landscape changes give people experiences of dynamic beauty, and the key to creating spatial sequences lies in the organization of spatial changes. The purpose of this study is to use a 3D point cloud model to achieve a refined description of spatial sequences’ organizational characteristics from information acquisition to description and explore the quantitative interpretation methods of typical sequence organizational characteristics. (2) Methods: The proposed model contains three main steps: data acquisition and extraction, characteristic index system construction and data processing, and quantitative characterization analysis. A typology research method that combines quantitative induction with qualitative statistical verification is proposed. (3) Results: Seventy-two spatial sequence point cloud models of study cases are obtained; 4 indicators are established; 3 typical organization types are summarized, namely fluctuating, reversal and moderate type; and the characterization factors and threshold intervals for each sequence organization type are analyzed to validate the type classification result. (4) Conclusions: This research improves the accuracy of spatial data, the comprehensiveness of sequence organization characterization factors, and the reliability of classification results. It supplements the existing spatial sequence theoretical knowledge system and provides parameters that can be referred to in practical design.

The acoustic landscape directly affects people’s perceptual experience, which is crucial to enhancing urban greenways’ visibility experience. This study analyzed data from three typical urban greenways in Fuzhou City. By classifying and combining the landscape space into two levels of “enclosure–coverage”, the space was categorized into six types: covered, uncovered, open, semi-open, semi-enclosed, and enclosure space. We explored the characteristics of soundscape perception and the factors affecting the evaluation of soundscape perception in different landscape spaces. The results showed that differences in sound sources between day and night led to differences in the soundscape of different spatial types. The sound pressure level decreased with an increasing degree of enclosure and coverage. The evaluation scores of sound source perception and soundscape perception were significantly different in different degrees of spatial enclosure and coverage, where the open space and covered space were the most sensitive to sound, and the open space played a positive role in enhancing the harmony of the artificial sound. Pleasantness and richness were the main factors influencing overall perception, contributing 50% and 17%, respectively. Visitors’ age, residence type, and visit frequency were the main factors affecting the evaluation of soundscape perception. The conclusions provide a reference and data for improving urban greenways’ soundscape quality.

In order to study the restoration of road landscape space, subjective evaluation method was adopted to visually evaluate different road spaces in Tianjin University with college students as the research objects. Using random block design, 9 plots were quantitatively studied by Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) from four dimensions: alienation, compatibility, richness and attractiveness. The results show that gray space has the worst restorative effect in the dimension of alienation, and can not bring people the feeling of being away from daily trivialities; in terms of compatibility dimension, green and blue spaces have better restorative effects; richness dimension has no obvious influence on the restoration of plots; in terms of attraction dimension, blue space has strong restorative ability and can easily attract people's attention, while gray space has low attraction. There are differences in environmental restoration among different types of road space, and gray space, blue space and green space show weak, strong, and relatively stable restorative effects, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the spatial and temporal characteristics of the urban forest area soundscape by setting up monitoring points (70 × 70 m grid) covering the study area, recorded a total of 52 sound sources, and the results showed that: (1) The soundscape composition of the park is dominated by natural sounds and recreational sounds. (2) The diurnal variation of sound sources is opposite to that of temperature, 6:00–9:00 is the best time for the public to perceive birdsong, and after 18:00, the park is dominated by insect chirps. (3) The PSD (power spectral density) and the SDI (soundscape diversity index) of the park are greatly affected by public recreation behaviors, and some recreation behaviors may affect the vocal behavior of organisms such as birds. (4) Spaces with high canopy density can attract more birdsong and recreational sounds in summer, and the combination of "tree + lake" can attract more birdsong. Vegetation has a significant dampening effect on traffic sound. (5) Landscape spatial elements, such as the proportion of hard ground, sky, trees, and shrubs, have a significant impact on changes in the PSD, the SDI and different kinds of sound sources. The research results provide effective data support for improving the soundscape of urban forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The presented article continues the cycle of the author’s research that reveals the specifics of the perception and artistic embodiment of various types of landscape space in French romantic prose. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the work of the unjustly forgotten French writer G. de Nerval, who in the novel “Journey to the Orient” was one of the first to acquaint the reader with the specifics of the eastern urban landscape, previously little known in European literature of the 19th century. Analysis of the novel shows that G. de Nerval tried to comprehend the East from different points of view: spiritual, ethnographic and literary and artistic. It is noted that the importance of describing the urban landscape for G. de Nerval testifies to his understanding of the importance of the links between nature, culture and civilization. It is noted that the floral landscape has various functions in his work: historical, ethnographic and national. As a result, it was established that G. de Nerval in his novel was able to recreate a reliable picture of the East: its oriental landscape is saturated not only with exotic descriptions of flora and fauna, enlivened by the sounds of local nature, but also has valuable author’s comments that give an idea of the national specifics of the plot.

We explored the spatial and temporal characteristics of the urban forest area soundscape by setting up monitoring points (70 × 70 m grid) covering the study area, recorded a total of 52 sound sources, and the results showed that: (1) The soundscape composition of the park is dominated by natural sounds and recreational sounds. (2) The diurnal variation of sound sources is opposite to that of temperature, 6:00–9:00 is the best time for the public to perceive birdsong, and after 18:00, the park is dominated by insect chirps. (3) The PSD (power spectral density) and the SDI (soundscape diversity index) of the park are greatly affected by public recreation behaviors, and some recreation behaviors may affect the vocal behavior of organisms such as birds. (4) Spaces with high canopy density can attract more birdsong and recreational sounds in summer, and the combination of “tree + lake” can attract more birdsong. Vegetation has a significant dampening effect on traffic sound. (5) Landscape spatial elements, such as the proportion of hard ground, sky, trees, and shrubs, have a significant impact on changes in the PSD, the SDI and different kinds of sound sources. The research results provide effective data support for improving the soundscape of urban forests.

Affected by the landscape pattern of green urban ecological plants, landscape planning usually has the problems of low plant diversity and low planning rationality. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, we proposed a model analysis method for spatial coordination planning of green urban ecological plant landscape. First, we calculated the appropriate particle size and conducted an analysis of the green urban ecological plant landscape pattern. Then, according to the analysis results, the spatial information characteristics of the green urban ecological plant landscape were extracted, and then the plant landscape spatial coordination planning model was constructed. Based on the coordinated planning model of plant landscape space, the coordinated planning of green urban ecological plant landscape space is finally realized. The experimental results show that the plant diversity in the space planned by the proposed method is high and the planning is reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artistic relationships of landscape space and national character in the novel by a French writer of the 19th century G. de Stael are examined. The research urgency is caused by the interest of representatives of different areas of the humanities, including literary critics, to the comparative study of peoples in the context of the rapid development of intercultural communication. It is shown that nature as a whole as “the phenomenon of the poetic image” is of great interest from the point of view of analysis of its impact on the character and emotional state of the characters of the novel. Not less important role plays the analysis of specific natural images of Sun, Moon, Earth, Mountains, Water and Fire that are the deepest archetypes, rooted in the collective unconscious. The author comes to the conclusion that these archaic concepts are reinterpreted by the writer under the influence on the formation of national identity, character and habits of the individual, therefore, it becomes possible for the reader to understand the national mentality through the natural archetypes of the novel. It is shown that in the novel the author creates a verbal-based acceptance of “collateral characteristic of mood,” which will then be actively used in the cinema. It is noted that the functions of the landscape in the novel by the French writer would later become the example for the following generations of authors in the description of the southern Italian landscape.

The article touches upon an actual and original theme of identifying the specificity of national character through the description of the landscape space in the artwork. This commitment to understanding the national mentality and its components (national character, ideas, identity) the author finds in the artistic heritage of the French writer of the 19th century. Highlighted observations in the article are especially relevant today, when the comparative study of people seek experts who study intercultural communication in all fields of human activity. Novelty is in the author’s comments on the urban motives in early French romanticism in Germaine de Stael, and their relationship with the natural images - landscapes. On the novel “Corinne, or Italy” the author shows that the harmony of the characters of Germaine de Stael is primarily manifested in closeness to nature. It is noted that the novel’s characters find true pleasure in contemplation of the landscape, so for a writer it is important to show not only the beauty of nature, but the love of the characters to nature. Analytical observations on the text of the novel G. de Stael give rise to a refined interpretation of the well-known writer’ theory of “northern” and “southern” traditions in Europe literature.

Landscape in colleges and universities is mainly composed of plant landscape. Plant space landscape has a profound impact on the campus landscape construction. This paper investigates and analyzes four plant landscape space plots in the Yaohu Campus of Jiangxi Normal University to understand their characteristics, in order to provide reference for the construction of plant landscape space in southern colleges and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of low accuracy in the traditional method of dividing the spatial structure of ecological landscape architecture, this paper proposes a method of dividing the spatial structure of ecological landscape architecture based on color grading. This paper analyses three types of garden plant landscape: semi-open space, open space and deep space image landscape, and divides the space structure of ecological garden landscape into three structures by using color grading method in the space structure of ecological garden landscape. The changeable structure in the space design of garden plant landscape, the structure of partitioned space and the deep space structure. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method can be as high as 90%, which provides a reference for the further study of the spatial structure of ecological landscape architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence and development of primitive cave buildings are influenced by constant improvement of living conditions. Based on the research of landscape theory and related theory, the paper analyzes the three types of cave dwellings, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of spatial layout of cave dwellings. Some suggestions are put forward for improving the spatial layout of modern cave dwellings according to the existing problems. It is hoped that cave dwellings can better meet the living needs of modern residents after renovation and design, so that the architectural form of cave dwellings can be well preserved and developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape Space: Integration of Culture and Nature Authors: Dr. Shahram Pourdeihimi, MArch(SBU), PhD(Leeds) Professor, school of architecture and Planning, Shahid Beheshti University Sassan Seyedkalal, PhD Candidate(SBU), MArch(SBU), MLA(Guelph) Keywords: Landscape, landscape space, landscape and environment, binary thinking in landscape architecture, culture/nature The word landscape encompasses a wide range of meanings varying from ideas and mental conceptions to land and physical environment surrounding human world. It is commonly attributed to place, environment, garden and scenery. Landscape as a concept is not equivalent to environment and it covers a broader realm than garden does. Landscape is a complex concept that embodies multiplicities of different intertwined meanings. It is surrounded with ambiguities and misconceptions, Therefore the concept of landscape needs clarification. The spatial quality of Romantic gardens was the source of inspiration for development of the concept of space in architectural discourse. Landscape is a spatial concept and inherent spatiality of landscape architecture as one of the environmental design disciplines makes it a spatial discipline, yet rarely is the concept of space considered as the focus of study in theory of landscape architecture. Spatiality of landscape is the result of the interaction of culture and nature in specific places and over time. Landscape is conceived, perceived and through living it is experienced. Landscape space is bound into places with their geographical and topographical attributes. Temporality is a fundamental characteristic of landscape that distinguishes it from buildings and architectural works, but seeing landscape as a timeless picture or scenery has pervaded discipline of landscape architecture since eighteenth century. Landscape is the outcome of interactions and interrelationships between natural processes, living beings and environment. Landscape is experienced in motion, change and growth. Space in landscape is experienced through time. Landscape is the product of culture and it can be used as a medium for cultural expression and cultural change. Landscapes are representations of the quality of the relationship between man and his environment and dwelling therein. The idea of landscape has been under influence of binary thinking and various binary sets such as self/other, culture/nature, ecological/artistic, picture/process and art/science have affected the way we relate to landscapes. These binaries have dominated theory and practice in various disciplines related to landscape. This study highlights the mediating role of landscape and landscape design as a cultural, natural and spatial medium bridging between two opposing poles of binary sets of concepts and meanings. Today the environmental crisis in the world and emergence of sustainability as an environmental paradigm in academic and professional debates necessitates rethinking the relationship between culture and nature in landscapes: a reconciliation between aesthetic values and ecological values. Emergence of ecological aesthetics and ecological design is the outcome of a new vision toward relationship of man with nature.

Urban children's recreational landscape space is an organic component of urban children's recreational space, genius loci is both a result and a motive in its design. This paper interpreted the connotations of genius loci of urban children's recreational space, the correlation between both, and design elements of urban children's recreational landscape space, in order to provide theoretical support for the design of urban children's recreational landscape space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Delos Hymn of Callimachus presents one of antiquity’s most astonishing descriptions of personified landscape. This article addresses two aspects of Callimachus’ almost surrealistic representation. First, I look in some detail at conventions and concepts from earlier poetry that Callimachus uses and abuses to create his peculiar picture of a moving, animated landscape. I focus in particular on personifications of geographical items and on metaphorical or metonymical expressions as they are found in archaic poetry. Secondly, I ask whether we can reconstruct the effect that overturning such conventions may have had on Callimachus’ ancient readers. This entails that I will look at theories concerning visualization (enargeia) and plausibility (pithanotès) from ancient literary and rhetorical treatises known to or originating in the learned environment of Callimachus, the Alexandrian Museum of the third century BC. To get a clear focus on the problems the Delos Hymn presents, I also survey some modern critical appraisals of the poem.

• Outdoor thermal comfort is evaluated in an urban park in a hot-summer and cold-winter region of China (Chengdu). • Machine learning techniques are applied to determine the (nonlinear) relationship between thermal sensation vote and meteorological factors. • The effect of landscape spaces on human thermal comfort varies across the season. • NTR of PET is 6.79 °C to 19.90 °C, and NTR of UTCI is 13.27 °C to 27.25 °C. TAR of PET is 2.8 °C to 21.9 °C, and TAR of UTCI is 8.1 °C to 28.3 °C. Global warming and rapid urbanization have exacerbated the urban heat island effect. Urban parks contribute to alleviating such an effect and achieving the "carbon emission peak before 2030" and "carbon neutrality before 2060" goals of China. Their popularity is considerably influenced by human thermal comfort. However, limited thermal comfort studies have been conducted in the hot-summer and cold-winter region of China. This study examines human thermal comfort in different landscapes of an urban park in Chengdu and determines the thermal benchmarks. A machine learning (random forest) analysis shows that human thermal sensation is affected by different meteorological factors in different seasons. In addition, the influences of landscape space on human thermal comfort have considerable differences in different seasons. Residents prefer strong solar radiation in winter but fast wind speed in summer. UTCI (universal thermal climate index) is better than PET (physiological equivalent temperature) for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in the study area. This study serves as a valuable baseline and technical reference, contributing to sustainable urban park design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping landscape spaces by means of manual and modern technology enables landscape architects to describe, understand, and interpret spatial-visual properties of landscape. This can help to strengthen the body of knowledge of spatial design in landscape architecture through measurement and visualization of common concepts in the field, as well as through the possibility to explore spatial-visual landscape features that was not possible before. Despite the wide ranging possibilities and the methods available for mapping landscape spaces, there is evidence that its potential is often still underutilized mainly due to a lack of awareness. This paper aims to contribute to the increase of awareness by providing an overview of mapping methods and tools that can be used to study spatial-visual characteristics in the field of landscape architecture, and show the potentialities of its application by brief examples. This paper introduces six categories of mapping methods: compartment analysis, 3D landscapes, grid cell analysis, visibility analysis, landscape metrics, and eye-tracking analysis. These methods are used to explore, for spatial design in landscape architecture, crucial spatial-visual categories sequence, orientation, continuity, and complexity in an analogue and digital way. The Vondelpark, a well-known urban park in the Netherlands, is used to exemplify how the spatial features can be mapped by means of the mapping methods. • Mapping methods and tools are provided to study spatial-visual aspects of landscape. • The study provides possibilities to describe landscape spaces more objectively. • The paper offers landscape architects alternative means to interpret landscape space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban riverfront space has diversified ecosystem services, but due to excessive changes in the geographical environment, such as drastic changes in land use, people gain social value at a great ecological cost. Obtaining benefits from the ecosystem in this way is not sustainable. Therefore, this paper uses the SolVES model to evaluate the social value of ecosystem services on the east bank of the Fenghe River, while also studying the contribution of different environmental variables to social value. The main results are as follows. (1) Environmental variables affect the spatial distribution characteristics of social value. The distance to water (DTW) means the social value was distributed in strips, and the distance to road (DTR) concentrated the social value along the road. The landscape type (LT) means the social value was concentrated in the landscape space. (2) When DTW, DTR, and LT were collectively used as environmental variables, the distribution characteristics of various social values were similar to when LT was used as the only environmental variable. (3) The results of MaxEnt show that LT made a greater contribution to the aesthetic, recreation, therapeutic, and historic values, and was the largest contribution factor to the aesthetic, therapeutic, and historic values, with contribution rates of 47.6, 50.5, and 80.0%, respectively. DTW is the factor that contributed the most to recreation, with a contribution rate of 43.1%. Improving social value based on the influence and contribution of environmental variables can reduce the damage to the ecological environment caused by changes in geographic factors. This is sustainable for both the ecosystem and the services it provides to mankind.