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Copyright of Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses is the property of Universidad de La Laguna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the Indonesian government adopted the Agrarian Law 1960, which emphasises that any lands or territories without land title or land certificate are claimed belong to the state property, Indigenous peoples argue that the right over their land is based on a common recognition, instead of an official certification. This article aims to analyse the applicability of international cultural rights' norms in protecting Indigenous rights to land in Indonesia. Several international instruments, such as the UNESCO Conventions, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, have been urged that any government shall respect and protect cultural rights for everyone, including Indigenous peoples. Therefore, protecting Indigenous intangible and tangible cultural heritage would not be possible without protecting their ancestral lands, territories and resources. In other words, securing the right to traditional lands is a prerequisite for Indigenous communities' cultural survival in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explains that by virtue of having its boundary delineated, each parcel of land thus defined (or, more technically, zoned) acquires a unique boundary rendering it a discretely differentiated good. Zoning is about enclosing otherwise common resources with clear boundaries, both land and sea, to constrain rent dissipation, and enable betterment and conservation. By referring to parallels in maritime zoning according to international law and treaties, the discussion frees bundling zoning with U.S. zoning law vocabulary and explores the implications of the generic meaning of zoning as boundary delineation. Zoning is the primeval form of town and country planning. It can be imposed by state command or adopted by mutual agreement between government and individuals, conferring or attenuating rights and/or stipulating obligations. The actual effect of zoning is a case-by-case empirical matter. Zoning has a significant informational dimension and is a form of production, leaving a very rigid physical geographical outcome. Dezoning in the sense of depriving land property of its boundaries is generically impossible: once zoned (and thus created), a plot or parcel cannot be uncreated, just changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723), one of the most erudite scholars of his times, was a historian, a philosopher, a geographer, a theologian and a musicologist. A world-class encyclopedian scientist, Dimitrie Cantemir was the first great Romanian intellectual to have been acknowledged as a member of the European culture. The purpose of this paper is to point out the economic ideas that emerge from his writings, as well as the patriotic layer of his views on economic issues. The specific historical conditions and his background as a humanist made Cantemir focus on the issue of creating an independent centralized nation by creating a national market imposed by the logic of economic progress.

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evidence concerning different activities of aristocracy and if possible to define its role in the economic life during a very specific period in the history of archaic Mytilene, i.e. stasis. Alkaios poetry provides valuable information on the problem in question. Alkaios is one of the main witnesses and participants in the described events. Besides that, lyrics of Sappho, Alkaios contemporary, is used, her poems provide concrete examples which complete Alkaios evidence. The results of archaeological investigations corroborate the data of the written sources and shed light on those spheres of aristocracy activities that have not got evident representation in the authentic sources. We are talking about agriculture and the role of aristocracy in this economic sector and moreover about the land as a main source of material well-being of aristocracy. After all the land issue was always in the focus of poleis policy in time of peace as well as during turbulent political strife. Analyzed information from the set of available sources testifies to a very complicated role played by Mytilenian aristocracy in the economic life of Mytilene during stasis that is difficult to evaluate unambiguously. An important evaluation criterion of the role is possession of civil rights of which the losing party may be deprived during stasis while having to flee into exile. In the first case the role may be positive and in the second one negative.

Studies on the development of hydroelectricity in early twentieth century in Spain have paid very little attention to the south-eastern part of the country, specifically the provinces of Alicante and Murcia. The specific needs of this industry (regular flowing rivers and with steep slopes) were in conflict with the fact that there is only one large river in the area, the Segura River, with a scarce flow and major droughts. However, issues related to the use of its waters for irrigation, or periodic flooding or drought, have been prominent themes in research on the Segura River. Despite this, a single company, the Compañía Riegos de Levante S.A. became the most important generator and distributor of electricity in the area until its sale to Hidroeléctrica Española in 1952. Originally, the CRLSA was not established to exploit the new urban electrical consumption markets, but to fulfil the needs of the expanding irrigated agriculture. In this article we will discuss the development of the company, particularly regarding its activities in the electrical energy business and explain the reasons for its establishment and its transformation into a leading company in this industry until the Spanish Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of Historical Sciences / Przegląd Nauk Historycznych is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The regulation of territories inland properties is a specific technological and legal process, which is carried out through the tools of detailed spatial planning. The detailed development plans regulate streets, neighborhoods, and land properties for construction and for meeting other needs without construction of the respective land properties. The task of the settlement is to prepare the necessary conditions on the territory in order to make possible the realization of the construction itself. In this sense, it can be said that both processes are interrelated, but the leading and necessary role of the process of settlement of land in the land. The unifying moment in both processes is their legal regulation, which takes into account in detail the specifics of the specific territories and on this basis approves the specific parameters of the settlement and construction. The settlement of a land property determines its boundaries to a street, road or alley (face of the property) and to the neighboring land properties (side and to the bottom of the property). The settlement of each property also determines the type, manner, character, lines and value indicators of construction in the land property. The purpose of the article is to present and analyze some normative aspects and problems related to the regulation and construction of territories in land properties. The main research method used in the article is normative analysis. On the basis of the performed normative analysis some imperfections of the normative regulation are summarized and as a final result way for overcoming these imperfections are suggested in the conclusion. For the purposes of the analysis, opinions of authors working in this field were also used.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a primary crop for food security of millions of people worldwide. In Colombia, the Caribbean region contributes about half of the national cassava production, despite major socioeconomic constraints such as unequal land property, omnipresence of middlemen, low and unstable prices, armed conflict, climate change and phytosanitary issues. Among the latter is Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB), a disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) that leads to irreversible damage to plants, impeding growth and productivity. In 2016, we analyzed the role of sociocultural and agricultural practices on CBB prevalence in small-scale fields of a village of the Colombian Caribbean region, where farmers live almost exclusively from the sale of their cassava production. Semi-structured interviews (48) were conducted with all farmers who cultivated cassava to document individual sociodemographic characteristics, cassava farming practices, and perceptions about CBB occurrence. Cassava Bacterial Blight was diagnosed in the field and the presence of Xpm was further confirmed upon laboratory analysis of collected diseased leaf samples. Our data show that (i) according to the risks perceived by farmers, CBB is the main disease affecting cassava crops in the village and it could indeed be detected in about half of the fields visited; (ii) CBB occurrence depends strongly on land property issues, likely because of an inadequate phytosanitary control during acquisition of cuttings when farmers are forced to rent the land; and (iii) there is a strong positive correlation between the use of commercial fertilizers and the occurrence of CBB in the village of Villa López.

The article presents the relations between peasants and landlords in the period between the issuing of the December Decree (1807) and the publication of the June Act (1846). The constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw granted peasants personal freedom and announced the introduction of the Napoleonic Civil Code, which was to abolish feudalism. However, the December Decree, which was issued shortly afterwards, determined that squires should be considered owners of peasant farms, and not the peasant working there, according to the new capitalist understanding. In 1846, the so-called June Act significantly limited the possibility of ousting peasants by squires as it restored the concept of dominium directum et utile for farms with at least three acres of land. The aim of the present paper is to answer the question to what extent the Napoleonic Code affected the relations between the squires and the peasantry. A detailed analysis of the five contracts concluded at that time which are in the State Archive in Łódź suggests that modern French law had very little impact on property relations in the Polish countryside. In fact, the contracts between squires and peasants resulted in legal arrangements described as dominium directum et utile, although this institution was not even mentioned in the Napoleonic Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of Historical Sciences / Przegląd Nauk Historycznych is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article makes a comparative analysis of the status of land property in the Ottoman Empire (within the period from 1839 to 1878) and Bulgaria after the Liberation (1879-1912). The findings indicate significant discrepancies. While in the Ottoman Empire land property (rakaba) ideally belongs to the state, in practice the immediate agricultural producer feels a full-right owner and landlord, according to the traditional understanding of private property law. The owners' rights are protected by a high-class procedure on issuing land ownership documents, cadaster starts to be kept (in the 1860s) and practically there is no data of social tension concerning the land status and property ownership - the state manages to cover and protect it. Contrary to this, in the Principality of Bulgaria, the newly introduced Constitution guarantees private land ownership but in practice the state administration cannot provide for it. Due to this fact, there is a lot of information on infringement and insecurity in land ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723), one of the most erudite scholars of his times, was a historian, a philosopher, a geographer, a theologian and a musicologist. A world-class encyclopedian scientist, Dimitrie Cantemir was the first great Romanian intellectual to have been acknowledged as a member of the European culture. The purpose of this paper is to point out the economic ideas that emerge from his writings, as well as the patriotic layer of his views on economic issues. The specific historical conditions and his background as a humanist made Cantemir focus on the issue of creating an independent centralized nation by creating a national market imposed by the logic of economic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the prerequisites for regulation of land properties, as well as the regulation specifics of the separate procedures under the Spatial Development Act. A distinction is made between the separate hypotheses and factual elements of property regulation, by emphasizing their specifics and the changes in the normative regulation. This study includes further some of the recent case law on the topics covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to analyse the struggling paths of campers in Caraguatá Stronghold Camping, located in Paula Freitas/PR. It is also highlighted the different migration processes which they have been through land property confrontation process. Methodologically, it was done a field work and twelve interviews with camping families. It is highlighted the importance of oral sources for the Agrarian Geography studies, thereby, it was used semistructured questionnaires that worked as a support for the interviews and enabled to understand, not just the paths of interviewed families, but also camping organizational processes and how the families got to know those struggles. That way, the interviews did not present only the venues where the peasants went through, but, overall, those difficulties processes, the people who migrated with the ones that got in the way. It was concluded that camping is the struggling materialization against land property, in defense of working autonomy and peasant's family maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we present the lower Scrivia River planform changes occurred from 1878 to 2016. Furthermore, we illustrate the channelization-works development and the land-use changes registered close to the riverbed after the 1950s. The Scrivia River is among the most relevant right-bank tributaries of the Po River; it is about 90 km long and origins from the Ligurian-Piedmontese Appennines. The study reach is about 16 km long, close to the Po River, and generally shows a single-thread, sinuous and deep-incised channel. Nowadays the lower Scrivia River presents many bank retreat processes that involve surrounding areas, creating serious management issues. The aim of this research is to outline in detail the active-channel morphological evolution over the last 100–150 years, and characterize channelization and riverscape changes, with a specific focus on the occupation of the areas of fluvial pertinence. A quantitative multi-temporal analysis supported by field surveys and based on historical maps, aerial photographs and satellite images was performed in a GIS environment through automated and semi-automated procedures. The active channel experienced a well-defined sequence of morphological evolutionary phases. They were substantially characterized by a gradual increase of the active-channel stability and a reduction of the active-channel width, up to the end of the 20th century. Since the 2000s, morphological evolutionary trends have changed. Anthropic pressures on the river system, and in particular bank protections, are documented to have played a key role in driving the active-channel changes, and consequently, the near-riverbed land-property and land-use changes. In this respect, on the basis of cadastral data, the past legal framework is also identified as a relevant conditioning factor of the river-corridor morphological evolution. The ongoing dynamics most probably represent the morphological response to the documented, severe anthropic alterations, and are currently raising serious management issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the principles behind the 1961 Sikkim Subject Regulation, the first citizenship law framed in Sikkim. It explores the historical construction of the entanglement of 'ancestrality' with land property and political membership, which is central to the issue of citizenship in Sikkim today. It shows how categories of citizens were formed in colonial and post-colonial time, in particular the division between 'natives' (Bhutia and Lepcha) and 'settlers' (Sikkimese Nepalis). With the revision of the Regulation in 1962, land property and 'ancestral' settlement became central criteria to acquire Sikkim Subject status. The paper shows how land property have become a materialisation of belonging to the place, and highlights the inequalities that the dependency created between insidedness and land property engendered. It also argues that a sole analysis of these inequalities in terms of ethnicity is insufficient by showing that other factors have taken part in forming them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mediterranean coastal territories are concerned by land and real estate markets pressures and by environmental pressures related to the touristic and residential development models. This context implies land-related conflicts. In this paper, we proposed a planning game, ALTERé, applied to two intermunicipalities of the coastal Var’s Department in order to meet two main objectives : firstly, to develop an oriented formation to train different actors of spatial planning in terms of sustainable development stakes and secondly, to analyze how an alternative scenario of planning is set up. Composed by four sequences, the game enables a space of concertation between actors with some arguing interests. The achieved results concerned identifications of strategic areas, disagreements on the territorial project and indications for public action. This approach could be generalized to other territories and to other planning scenarios.

The aim of the paper was to analyse the correlation between socio-economic development and the prices of undeveloped real estate, as illustrated with the example of the Zagnańsk municipality (Silesia province, Kielce district). The level of the municipality’s socio-economic development was evaluated using the zero unitarization method, by means of the normalization of 12 diagnostic variables. The analysis of unit prices of properties was performed on the basis of data from the register of property prices and values, obtained from the District Office (Starostwo Powiatowe) in Kielce. Classification of administrative units was performed using the typology method. In order to determine the correlation between the level of development, and the prices of property as well as features that describe the surveyed object, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (also referred to as Pearson’s r) was applied. It was demonstrated that improving the conditions of socio-economic development significantly affects the increase in the prices of undeveloped land.

This article assesses agricultural market income inequality by examining three untapped comprehensive agricultural censuses of all of Chile, undertaken in 1834, 1838 and 1852. Since there had been no Chilean income inequality measurements prior to 1860, this is a novel contribution. Given Chile’s great dependence on the agricultural sector during the pre-industrial period of the 1830s to 1850s, measures of agricultural market income inequality can safely be taken as a proxy for total income inequality. This study found that agricultural market income inequality was extremely high during the first decades after Chilean independence. Gini coefficients for agricultural market income among landowners were 0.75, 0.75 and 0.79 for 1834, 1838 and 1852 respectively, while the figures for the entire rural Chilean population, including the landless, were 0.79, 0.87, and 0.89. Around 85% of the population did not own any land and for an unskilled labourer to rent a plot of 1,500 hectares in 1834 cost 3.3 years of wages, and annual wages of 11.3 in 1838. In a conclusion that is at odds with previous historiographical findings, our data suggest that inequality in Chile was very high and had begun to increase decades before the first globalization.

The regulation of territories inland properties is a specific technological and legal process, which is carried out through the tools of detailed spatial planning. The detailed development plans regulate streets, neighborhoods, and land properties for construction and for meeting other needs without construction of the respective land properties. The task of the settlement is to prepare the necessary conditions on the territory in order to make possible the realization of the construction itself. In this sense, it can be said that both processes are interrelated, but the leading and necessary role of the process of settlement of land in the land. The unifying moment in both processes is their legal regulation, which takes into account in detail the specifics of the specific territories and on this basis approves the specific parameters of the settlement and construction. The settlement of a land property determines its boundaries to a street, road or alley (face of the property) and to the neighboring land properties (side and to the bottom of the property). The settlement of each property also determines the type, manner, character, lines and value indicators of construction in the land property. The purpose of the article is to present and analyze some normative aspects and problems related to the regulation and construction of territories in land properties. The main research method used in the article is normative analysis. On the basis of the performed normative analysis some imperfections of the normative regulation are summarized and as a final result way for overcoming these imperfections are suggested in the conclusion. For the purposes of the analysis, opinions of authors working in this field were also used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the gender context of the land restitution process in Colombia using our own survey data of beneficiaries in Montes de María region on the Atlantic Coast. We find that the fulfilment of legal gender provisions takes place in cultural frames and social structures that could undermine the program's gender distributive potential. As studies on land policies and their gender impacts show, context matters greatly. Our findings confirm main insights of earlier literature with respect to occupation, origin of property and household composition as sources of gender differentiation in Latin America, but advance the agenda in two directions: by showing more nuanced differences between genders, and by highlighting the relevance of household composition in respondents' decision-making. In particular, it is more likely that women live in one-parent households than men. Furthermore, female respondents expect other family members to work their land, while male respondents intend to work the land themselves. Such differences might have distributional effects so far not sufficiently understood and investigated. • While the primary occupation of both men and women beneficiaries is agriculture they differ in their secondary occupations. • Beneficiaries acquired their land in different ways, land allocations predominating among men and inheritance among women. • The compositions of households of beneficiaries differ, with women more likely than men to live in one parent-households. • The plans for the use of restituted land differ by gender, associated with the different composition of their households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pantanal is an extensive area located in the Center-West of Brazil, recognized for being an active sedimentation basin, of depression relief with seasonally flooded plains. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) considers Pantanal as one of the six Brazilian biomes, of national and international relevance. Its main economic activity is agriculture and cattle raising, favored by the characteristics of the relief. The demand for pastures makes land property fundamental in the Pantanal. Thereby, the representation of the land structure is a technique that enables the understanding of the agrarian question that surrounds the Pantanal. The objective of this work was to represent the land structure of the Pantanal, based on a spatial database of regularized properties made available by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA ), motivated by the unexplored potential of geoinformation applied in Agrarian Geography. The results point to a control of the land by the private properties that allows, consequently, the control of nature in the Pantanal, far beyond the public and protected areas. From the cartographic representation, it was also verified that the public properties are concentrated, in general, in the extremities of the Pantanal, as well as the small properties that, in the majority of cases, are concentrated in the limits to the North of the Pantanal. In contrast, large estates and large land holdings control the central part of the biome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at exploring the economic content of the concept of «land resources» as an object of accountance, establishing its relationship with the following terms: «land», «natural capital», «land capital», «land property». On the basis of consideration of the essence of the concept of «land» at the legislative level and an analysis of definitions of the content of this category it has been determined that «land» is a special kind of biological asset, means of production, and the spatial basis of placement and development of branches of the national economy. According to results of an analysis of the essence of the terms of «natural capital» and of «land capital», it has been determined that it is inadvisable to include these concepts in the set-up of accountance objects. The invidiousness of identification of the concepts of «land resources» and of «land» has been proved, as these concepts are related as general and private. It has been substantiated, that the land resources are the object of accountance, and the land property acts as a unit of accounting of land resources.

In this paper, we theoretically analyze the effects of three types of land taxes on economic growth using an overlapping generation model in which land can be used for production or consumption (housing) purposes. Based on the analyses in which land is used as a factor of production, we can confirm that the taxation of land will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the economy. Particularly, we show that the introduction of a tax on land rents, a tax on the value of land or a stamp duty will cause the net price of land to decline. Further, we show that the nationalization of land and the redistribution of the land rents to the young generation will maximize the growth rate of the economy.

Analysing the sugarcane landscape in the flat valley of the Cauca River (Colombia) reveals that agricultural industrialization in the region required the concentration of land use by regional industrialists and the corresponding exclusion of landowners and poor peasants from territorial decision‐making processes. The analytical lens used in this article, based on the use and control over land and land‐based natural commons, allows for the characterization of three periods in a non‐linear process of articulation and dispute between poor peasant and capitalist agents in the expansion of the sugarcane monoculture during the 20th century. The different constellations of social agents, governmental nexus, and capital enclosures have enacted through mechanisms that, beyond concentrating land property, have managed to deprive rural ethnic communities from their cultural and environmental heritage, traditional economies, and possible futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the Patrimonio Agrario Colectivo, a way of allocation and transferring "national land" by the Guatemalan state from 1962 to 1978. This method of appropriating land and natural resources allowed indigenous communities to settle on lands that civilian and military elites were about to occupy and exploit, by installing cheap labor in the vicinity while simultaneously responding to peasant groups' demands for land. Indigenous communities settled along the agricultural frontier in accordance with their own ancestral structures and internal rules. The Patrimonio Agrario Colectivo is currently (2002-2018) a focal point of the modern process of peasant dispossession by the palm oil agro-industry, eroding the integration and survival of various community indigenous organizational structures in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rainfall distribution associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast are examined using radar data from Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). This preliminary study relates the landfall direction, and possible rotations/transitions of TC rainfall asymmetries before and after the landfall. Three types of landfalling TCs on the South China coast are categorized: from the east, normal to the coast and from the southwest. For those from the east, the rainfall maximum rotates anticyclonically from the southwest before later landfall to the northwest. TCs making landfall perpendicular to the coast have a rainfall maximum remaining in the southwest quadrant throughout the landfall process. For TCs making landfall from the southwest, the rainfall maximum rotates cyclonically from the southeast before later landfall to the northeast. The relative importance of the impact of land properties and vertical wind shear on these rainfall asymmetries is investigated by using a numerical model. Sensitivity tests show that the rotations/transitions of landfalling TC rainfall asymmetry appear to be insensitive to land properties (e.g. moisture availability, surface friction and topography), but result primarily from changes in the orientations of the vertical wind shear in the environment. However, the surface friction of the landmass appears to contribute to the enhancement of rainfall intensity. The rainfall distribution associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast are examined using radar data. Three types of landfalling TCs are categorized based on the landfall direction, and possible rotations/transitions of TC rainfall asymmetries before and after the landfall. The rotations/transitions of landfalling TC rainfall asymmetry appear to be insensitive to land properties (e.g. moisture availability, surface friction and topography), but result primarily from the orientations of the vertical wind shear in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of transmission infrastructure and its functioning imposes the obligation on transmission companies to have a legal title to land. Both in Poland and in Canada, the title particularly results from the established easements subject to registration in public information systems. Due to different historical, social, and economic conditions, the specificity of legal regulations and technical solutions related to the registration of rights to land property is different in both countries. This results from the functioning and the substantive scope of particular systems of information on land property. Such systems are regulated by independent, internal rules of each of the countries. In Poland, easement is subject to registration in the land and mortgage register. In Canada, a federation country, it depends on legal regulations of particular provinces. The research objective of the article is the analysis of the way of registration of easements established for transmission companies in Poland and in Canada in the Ontario and Quebec provinces. The analysis covers the scope of registration of the said right in systems of information on land property. The evaluation of the applied solutions particularly involves pointing out those which to the greatest extent guarantee the safety of land property turnover. The best result is obtained in Canada in the Ontario province.

Ignored for long, private property was eventually consecrated by the financial constraints induced by the 1996 oil crisis. The state disengagement from the economic sphere led to a more and more accepted privatization, which became constitutionalized in Article 37 of the 1996 fundamental law regarding the freedom of trade and industry. But this process did not reflect an internal, socio-economic maturity but external injunctions which became more pressing after the agreement passed with IMF in May 1994. However, the privatization device undertaken under the periodic performance control by IMF experts remains heavily affected by administrative and bureaucratic obstacles since the role of the state, as the rent distributor and the private accumulation supervisor (in the land, commercial and industrial domains), keeps on being essential. If this scheme comes to its logical end, it might be said that no bourgeoisie was ever so organically linked to a state paradoxically voluntarist and anti-capitalist.