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This paper presents a comprehensive overview of historical Romanian agricultural changes from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries, focusing on the main land reforms and their effects on land ownership patterns, spatial disparities and their consequences on individual farms. The study follows a stepwise chronological approach covering these major historical periods: modern Romania before the First World War; Romania in the interwar period and during the Second World War; Communist Romania; and Post-communist Romania. Four major land reforms took place in Romania (in 1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991) within distinct political, economic and social historical contexts. One of the aims of these land reforms was to increase the individual rights of peasants, typically associated with the creation of individual households in agricultural economies. Moreover, this study provides a geographical examination of how the land reforms acted as a catalyst for the transition from capitalism to communism, and later, back to capitalism. • Provides an historical overview of 150 years of agricultural changes in Romania, focusing on four key land reforms in 1864, 1921, 1945, and 1991. • Covers four distinct historical periods: before the First World War; the interwar and Second World War period; Communist; and post-Communist periods. • Analyzes how land reforms shaped ownership patterns and contributed to spatial disparities affecting individual farms. • Highlights the reforms' aim to enhance peasant rights and promote individual household formation in agriculture. • Provides a geographical perspective on the socio-economic consequences of land reforms and their role in Romania's shift between capitalism, communism and back to capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses an early twentieth-century Afrikaans ghost story, "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" by CJ Langenhoven (1972, originally published in 1924) by means of a queer reading and it places specific focus on the affective role of space in the story. It is a story within a story that is presented as a first-person retelling of a tale about the haunted, ruined farm of the Van Graan family. Affect theory and Gordonian hauntology are used as tools to underpin the queer reading of the story that, it is argued, contribute to its queering. The article approaches queerness as a radical politics that disrupts social norms and reaches beyond queerness as an umbrella term for the LGBTQIAP+ community. The article illustrates how queer reading is an approach to text analysis that focuses on hegemonic literary history to queer the literary canon and undermine the hegemony of (hetero)normativity. Queer reading specifically pays attention to the tension between the visible and the invisible in texts in order to bring out hidden meanings that run counter to normative readings of the text. Productive links between queer reading, Gordonian hauntology and the uncanny are illuminated by illustrating how the relationship between the visible and the invisible is explored. For Gordon, ghosts and haunting inform how systemic structures that are invisible or seemingly no longer there, make their impact felt. The analysis of haunting can therefore lead to a more complex understanding of the moving parts and generative structures of historically embedded social formations. A key part of Gordon's theory is how the uncanny is a haunting experience where the familiar, which has been suppressed, returns in the form of a disturbing phantom. Importantly, this article highlights the parallels between queerness and the uncanny. Because of the links between queer reading and affect as well as Gordon's emphasis on the affective, a discussion on affect theory is presented to direct attention to how emotions circulate between bodies, objects, and spaces in the text. The discussion of the text sheds light on the affective role of the farm in the Afrikaans literary tradition. The argument is made that the space of the farm does notfigure as a mere backdrop against which Afrikaans stories play out, but that it can be considered a palimpsest through which the various layers of history, identity and affect can be read. To illustrate this, a brief overview of the context from which the farm novel emerged is given to highlight how it responded to widespread urbanisation by glorifying the rural values of the past. The article describes how ownership of the land, and the farmer's ties to the land through his labour and bloodline were regarded as key parts of Afrikaner identity by the Afrikaner nuclear family depicted in early twentieth-century Afrikaans farm narratives. It is suggested that one of the ways in which CJ Langenhoven's "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" queers the characteristic features of the farm in Afrikaans literature is by making the space of the story, the farm, an uncanny space. In this way, the story undermines and criticises the values that are often associated with the farm and questions its centrality in the formation of an Afrikaner identity. To elucidate this subversion and questioning the affective landscape of the narrator in "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" is analysed to show how CJ Langenhoven uses the setting to evoke an uncanny affective environment by drawing the narrator affectively into the anticipation of threat through the sights and sounds of the farm. The haunting of the farm is located in its setting, rather than from the outside suggesting that the story regards the threat that haunts the farm as internal and supernatural. This is particularly evident from how Langenhoven represents the haunting of the Wilgerdal farm in the ruined Afrikaner home and reveals that the true haunting is located in the ruin of the Van Graan family lineage and the subsequent loss of their bloodline's ties to the land. This is especially evident from how Langenhoven makes the Afrikaner house a haunted house and thus reveals that the ghostliness of Wilgerdal originates in the heart of the Afrikaner family. This disruption occurs due to Frans Rysselaar's occupation of Petrus's body, leaving Petrus disembodied and searching for justice on the farm. The conventional patterns of Afrikaans literature about the farm, where the benevolent patriarch rules over the farm and ensures the succession of his bloodline, are therefore queered. Following from this, the article suggests that by depicting the threat to the farm as a supernatural threat linked closely to the setting of the story, the farm and the Afrikaner family home, Langenhoven's text may have been attempting to queer the familial values of Afrikaner society that were valorised in Afrikaans literature about farms at the time. Finally, it is argued that through this queering the text uncovers and/or reflects the uncanny nature of the farm and the Afrikaner's tenuous relationship with it. A queer reading of "Die bouval op Wilgerdal" implores the Afrikaner to live with and provide a hospitable memory for the ghosts that populate Afrikaner homes. The article concludes by suggesting that this story may have been speaking to that which haunted Langenhoven and Afrikaner society at the time and that these same fears around the survival of the Afrikaner family and the Afrikaner's ownership of the land still persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of rural community governance is significantly impacted by the different types of land ownership when capital investment in rural tourism to achieve rural revitalisation. The outcomes of which profoundly affect sustainable rural development. This study, by utilising a theoretical framework using double movement theory, aims to assess the impacts on rural community governance by two different land ownership models, the Enterprise-based Model (EBM) and the Community-based Model (CBM), in the process of capital flow to the countryside (CFC). Case studies of the two villages were adopted to examine and explore the logic of interaction between stakeholders and reveal the internal mechanism of rural community governance. The results of this research indicate that the CBM has considerable advantages over the EBM. In the CBM, the village collective retains land ownership without fully marketising, which allows villagers to maintain their bargaining power with investors whilst increasing their local awareness. In the EBM, however, the local government promotes the conversion of land ownership. The villagers benefit more from one-time acquisition but lose sustainable benefits created by local development. Stakeholders call for the need to create a development model beyond the market economy by maintaining China's rural land system in the process of CFC. In this regard, this paper provides an original contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the low public awareness in paying the Land and Building Acquisition Duty (BPHTB) and its implications on land ownership and regional revenue. Various factors such as the lack of education and socialization, misunderstanding of the payment procedures, and cultural and social barriers are identified as the main causes of low public compliance. The impacts of this low awareness include risks to the validity of land certificates, property market value, and legal stability affecting investments. Additionally, this research explores how low BPHTB payments contribute to a decline in local revenue (PAD) and create challenges for regional development. To address these issues, this study recommends more effective outreach programs, simplification of the payment process, and improved collaboration between the government and the community to increase awareness and compliance with tax obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to legalize the creation of specialized land courts in order to more effectively protect the land rights of individuals and legal entities. The article deals with issues related to international experience in the field of judicial protection of land rights and the resolution of land disputes. Foreign legislation on the functioning of specialized bodies in this area is analyzed. In particular, the general characteristics of: the Land Court of Scotland, the Massachusetts Land Court and the Queensland Land Court were investigated. Specialized judicial bodies dealing with consideration of land disputes demonstrate their effectiveness. The experience of such courts can be used in reforming the judicial system of Ukraine, in particular with the aim of creating specialized courts for consideration of land disputes. The presence of a special judicial body that would consider disputes arising in the field of land legal relations contributed to a more efficient and qualitative consideration of such disputes. Since land disputes are characterized by high complexity and complexity, their resolution requires in-depth knowledge of a significant array of land legislation, the interpretation of these norms in the context of the socio-political and environmental situation in the country, as well as the special competence of a judge, who also needs knowledge in environmental, technical, land management sphere, etc. In addition, the full-scale invasion of Russia significantly affected land and legal relations in Ukraine. In the post-war period, a significant increase in the number of land disputes is expected, which is associated with the restoration of rights to land plots, compensation for damages, restoration of legal documentation by individuals and legal entities, etc. Overcrowding of courts of general jurisdiction can lead to rapid but insufficiently balanced decisions, which in turn will cause legal errors and dissatisfaction among litigants. Therefore, the creation of specialized courts that will deal exclusively with land issues could help distribute the burden more effectively and ensure quality consideration of land disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the relationship between women's land ownership and nutritional outcomes in Nepal. Using three waves of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey and employing a bounding technique by Oster, I estimate bounded treatment effects of land ownership. The results show that women's land ownership is associated with a reduction in the incidence of childhood underweight and stunting and an increase in women's body mass index. Additionally, I find the selection on unobservable characteristics has to be larger than the selection on observable characteristics to drive these estimates to zero, suggesting that land ownership credibly improves nutritional outcomes. Furthermore, heterogeneous results show that the negative association between land ownership and childhood nutritional status is more prominent in male children and children from the Brahmin caste. Similarly, the negative relationship between land ownership and underweight in women is more pronounced in women employed in agriculture and rural areas. While I argue that landownership improves nutrition, these estimates are sensitive to the assumptions made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnographic study explores the life histories of 12 key informants of Siamese descent who were living in Myanmar but illegally fled into Thailand following civil unrest and thus became a diaspora in their motherland. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2022 in the Singkhon diaspora community of Ban Rai Krao village near the Thai-Myanmar border, in Prachuap Kiri Khan province, Thailand. It used the Critical Medical Anthropology (CMA) perspective, the concept of social suffering, and borderland anthropology to illustrate the traumatic experiences of the Singkhon and their participation in social movements for citizenship rights, land ownership and, particularly, public healthcare access. Although they have cooperated with Thai Nationality Reintegration Networks for decades, they have run into difficulties as a result of power relations within capitalism and bureaucratic delays. Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic made it more difficult for those without ID cards to access government assistance and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land limitation dramatically affects people with land-based livelihoods, such as farmers, and is often an obstacle to earning sufficient income for their family’s needs. Privately owned forests (POFs) are a land-based farming activity with a long history in Indonesian society. This study aimed to determine the socio-economic conditions, inequality, poverty, and livelihood dynamics of POF farmers. The research was conducted in three villages in Ciamis Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted from February to May 2022 through structured, questionnaire-based interviews and in-depth interviews. The number of respondents was 170 POF farmers selected by simple random sampling in each village: 60 in Kalijaya village (18% of 325 farmers), 55 in Mekarjaya village (35% of 154 farmers), and 55 in Hujungtiwu village (37% of 148 farmers). The data obtained were processed using the Gini index and Poverty Line calculations, and analyzed descriptively. The results of this study show that POF farmers are dominated by productive age, long farming experience and low education. POF is the most dominant land use in the three research locations, but the income and contribution of POF are high only in Kalijaya village and lower in Mekarjaya and Hujungtiwu villages. Regression analysis indicates that land has a strong positive impact on farmers’ income. Land inequality was present in farmland, paddy fields, and POF land. The overall level of income and land inequality was less equitable in all locations. Land and income from POFs and non-POFs worked together to reduce POF farmers’ income and land inequality for POF farmers. Poverty was also more widespread among POF farmers in Mekarjaya and Hujungtiwu communities, where average land ownership was low. Farmers’ strategies to deal with this condition include continuing to farm the land but also diversifying their work both within and outside the village. Policymakers can utilise this information to promote or incentivize POF farmers to optimize POF management and improve their families’ living standards.

One of the forms of ownership of land rights for foreigners in Indonesia in addition to being given the Right to Rent is the Right to Use which is very attractive, because the granting of a very long period of time can be up to 80 years, and can provide opportunities for economic value on the status of land in the form of financial value. The Government of Indonesia formed a regulation granting the status of Land Use Rights for Foreign Citizens is for private residences, but in reality Foreign Citizens secretly use the status of Land Use Rights for business activities such as: villas, elite boarding houses, cafes and restaurants because of the absence of strict regulations and supervision and sanctions from the Government of Indonesia to Foreign Citizens as applicants and users of the status of Land Use Rights imposed on land owned by Indonesian Citizens.

Agrarian reform encompasses a series of government actions and policies designed to restructure the land system, aiming to enhance social justice, reduce land ownership inequality, increase agricultural productivity, and stimulate economic growth in the agricultural sector. These reforms typically involve transferring land from large owners to smaller farmers, improving the land ownership structure, and granting land to farmers. This study employs descriptive qualitative research. According to Lexi J. Moleong, qualitative research seeks to understand phenomena experienced by the subjects. Although agrarian reform in Indonesia began during Dutch colonialism, significant reforms were implemented during the Old Order and New Order eras, particularly through Law Number 5 of 1960, known as the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). This law established regulations related to agrarian principles during the Old Order period. The Old Order’s agrarian reform aimed to dismantle colonial capitalism and feudalism by nationalizing foreign companies and redistributing land. However, agrarian reform in Indonesia still faces numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

The article reveals the current problem of the Ukrainian legal system, which is the difficulty of identifying and qualifying crimes related to unauthorised land seizure and construction works without proper permits. The study focuses on the analysis of the current state of legislation and legal practice, and provides statistics confirming the seriousness and scale of the problem. The article highlights that unauthorised land seizures and unauthorised construction not only violate the right to property, but also threaten the stability and predictability of law enforcement, creating risks to legal certainty and fair justice. The author draws attention to the difficulties in interpreting and applying Article 197-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for criminal liability for illegal occupation of a land plot, and to the ambiguity of its correlation with other legal provisions, in particular, Article 79 of the Land Code of Ukraine. The author analyses the research and publications covering the issues of qualification of unauthorised land seizure and construction, drawing attention to the importance of further analysis and improvement of the legislative framework. Particular attention is paid to the historical analysis of changes in legislation and the impact of these changes on law enforcement practice, which demonstrates the importance of adapting the legal system to modern challenges. The article presents proposals on ways to optimise criminal legislation for effective protection of property rights and combating crimes related to unauthorised land occupation and construction. The author emphasises the need to take into account international experience and suggests specific areas of reform, such as clarification of regulatory definitions, improvement of procedures for granting construction permits, and introduction of clear criteria for qualifying crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to highlight the little-known facts of the biography and the main milestones of the life and work of the Archimandrite of Yelysei Pletenetskyi, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, his role in the development of Ukrainian culture, science, and enlightenment in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, thereby honouring the memory of the great Lavra enlightener. The author uses various research methods along the lines of the new social history, as well as comparative historical, problematic chronological, microhistorical, and everyday history. The scientific novelty lies in the coverage of little-known facts of the archimandrite’s biography and activities, which allow us to speak more specifically about the origin of Yelysei Pletenetskyi and new archival finds that correct or expand the known information. Conclusions. The figure of the archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery, Yelysei Pletenetskyi, is one of the most prominent figures in the Ukrainian cultural space of the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but he has not yet received a separate thorough study. Pletenetskyi’s undoubted merits include the foundation of the institute of preaching, the Lavra intellectual circle, the first school, the establishment of the Lavra printing and papermaking house in Radomyshl, participation in the restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy in 1620, the regulation and improvement of monastic life, and charitable activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the implementation of the property right to land on the territory of Ukraine during the state of war. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, despite the guarantee of land ownership proclaimed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the full-scale invasion significantly affected almost all spheres of public life. This influence is also observed in the implementation of the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine, in particular regarding the implementation of the right to free privatization of land. It is determined that on November 19, 2022, amendments were made to Subclause 5, Clause 27 of Chapter X of the Land Code of Ukraine which has prohibited the free transfer of state and communal land into private ownership from now on. It is indicated that, as an exception, free privatization is allowed for those owners on whose land plots are located real estate objects, as well as in the case of free privatization of plots transferred for use before the entry into force of the specified changes. Particular attention is paid to the issues of ensuring the ownership of land of military personnel, whose free privatization is also guaranteed by the Laws of Ukraine "On social and legal protection of military personnel and members of their families" and "On the status of war veterans, guarantees of their social protection." The relevant judicial practice, which is devoted to the issue of recognition of illegal negligence regarding the failure to consider within the time limits specified by law requests for a permit for the development of a land management project or for the approval of a land management project and appeals against the refusal of the subject of authority to grant a permit for the development of a land management project / approval of a land management project, has been analyzed. It is proven that the provisions of Subclause 5, Clause 27 of Chapter X "Transitional Provisions" of the Land Code are an additional legal basis for refusing to grant permits for the development of land management projects or approving land management projects and granting ownership of land plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moorland plateau is the defining landscape of the North York Moors National Park in England. It reflects the everyday management decisions of land managers and the complex web of power relations between multiple stakeholders. The moorland is a contested, shared space that poses questions over access, habitat conservation, biodiversity, grouse shooting, land management, and ultimately, the purpose of National Park landscapes. This article draws upon a mixed methods approach and a heritage-landscape perspective to analyse community viewpoints of the management, use, and ownership of this landscape and to demonstrate how power relations frame human-nature synergies in the Park. In doing so, the article highlights new ways that North York Moors communities could be better represented in discussions on how landscapes are perceived, valued, and managed. It proposes a system that amalgamates key decision makers and residents and, therefore, involves a wider range of stakeholders in the landscape decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In pursuit of greater equality, African nations have implemented land reforms to increase land ownership among indigenous citizens. Despite these efforts, Africa remains one of the world’s most unequal regions. Aim: In line with the sustainable developmental goals (SDGs) 10 of the Equal World campaign, the study investigates how land ownership influences income inequality in African countries. We create a unique time series measuring landholders per square kilometre of agricultural land and explore its relationship with income inequality. Setting: The analysis covered the period of 2000–2020, using data from the World Bank gender data portal and World Bank Development Indicators to compute the land inequality index. Method: Conventional cointegration and advanced wavelet coherence techniques are employed to examine the influence of land ownership on inequality. Results: Traditional estimators reveal a long-run positive relationship between land ownership and income inequality, with bi-directional causality, implying that African countries with higher (lower) land concentration are associated with higher (lower) levels of inequality. However, wavelet coherence analysis reveals that only 8 countries exhibit a positive relationship, while 16 show a negative relationship, and 2 show an insignificant relationship. Notably, most countries with a negative (positive) relationship (did not) implement additional land reforms after 2000. Conclusion: We conclude that countries that fail to undergo continuous adjustments in land reforms risk experiencing a higher concentration of land ownership and income inequality. This study’s findings underscore the importance of land policy updates for long-term equity. Contribution: Unlike previous studies using the Gini Land coefficient, this study measure agricultural landowners per square kilometre, capturing the entire population and its relationship with income inequality.

This article discusses agrarian conflicts between indigenous communities in Maluku and state authorities, focusing on a case study involving a conflict between the indigenous community of Negeri Laha and the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) as adjudicated by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia in 2012. Employing a sociological approach, the study analyzes the root causes, conflict processes, and resolution efforts. Qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews and field observations, were utilized for data collection, along with literature analysis comprising articles, books, and the aforementioned Supreme Court ruling. The article asserts that resolving agrarian conflicts in Maluku can serve as a model for addressing similar conflicts in the region. In addition to elucidating the status of land ownership and management among indigenous communities in Maluku, the article identifies triggers and resolution processes for agrarian conflicts. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of preventing agrarian conflicts by involving indigenous communities in strategic project development and resolving conflicts through customary processes and dialogue. Conflict prevention is prioritized to mitigate losses, both in terms of human lives and property. Violence and threats against indigenous communities must be avoided to prevent resistance or escalation of conflicts.

Agrarian reform is recognized globally as a solution for reducing land ownership inequality. Many countries, including Indonesia, are still working to enhance its implementation. This study examines global agrarian reform research trends over the past decade, focusing on Southeast Asian (SEA) nations, particularly Indonesia. The methodology involved conducting a bibliometric analysis using RStudio and adhering to the PRISMA framework. The result of our analysis, which included 248 articles, reveals a trend of increasing interest in agrarian reform. Among the 20 selected articles, we observe that agrarian reform success in Europe, especially in Scandinavia, correlates with democratization. Conversely, Latin America contends with personal agenda challenges, while Africa faces issues of inclusivity and gender. SEA nations employ diverse approaches: Vietnam boosts productivity with private farming, Thailand enhances revenue through agrotourism, but Timor-Leste and the Philippines face managerial and credit access hurdles. Indonesia integrates asset and access management, yet access issues persist.

In agrarian society, land is a critical resource. Not only does access to arable land increase food security and household income, it also provides resources to cope with any environmental stresses. In most cases, in the low-income developing regions land distribution is very heterogeneous. Based on empirical research in coastal Bangladesh, this article explores patterns in land ownership among the local farmers, discussing how gender, ethnicity, religion, and status relate to farm size, playing a critical role in shaping the heterogeneous distribution of land ownership. Historical patterns of inequality and marginality influence land distribution patterns as the historical 'Zamindar system' in the region reinforced elite control. Colonial and post-colonial expansion into climate-vulnerable regions fuelled land expropriation. Cultural constructions of gender create challenges for females owning land. These legacies impact current land ownership patterns. Land distribution informs who is struggling with limited resources and who needs financial subsidies or other forms of support in times of crisis. Even though this paper has a regional focus, it provides critical insights and caution about overlooked assumptions of resource distribution, poverty, and development that can be applied to other parts of the Global South facing similar social, economic and postcolonial legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land ownership is one of the most important factors for community sustainable and well-being. Yet for the Orang Asli, it's a way to secure a land tenure. Orang Asli is an abbreviation for Orang Asli of Peninsular Asia according to Orang Act Asli 1954 (Act 134) and Constitution of Malaysia. They possess unique rights and privileges and have previously acknowledged the provisions stated in this Act. However, in Peninsular Asia, the concept of communal land does not serve as a single pillar in uniting Orang Asli to the land ownership. The value of the Orang Asli's land has been impacted by the issue caused by the development of their land. The situation illustrates the necessity of communal land from the viewpoint of the government in order to protect the well-being of the community. Therefore, this article highlights the necessity of preserving communal land from the viewpoint of Orang Asli. This article employed a quantitative methodology, utilising questionnaires. A non-probability sampling technique that is purposive was used to select 150 Orang Asli respondents who resided in the states of Selangor, Perak, and Pahang. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 26) was used to analyse the data. The analysis of this article indicates how highly significant communal land ownership is to the Orang Asli community. The article that outlines how Orang Asli identity, religion, social, economy, and customs affect their land ownership. Nonetheless, there is a lack of consensus among Orang Asli over the necessary component for land ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of land ownership on farm-level investment and investment risk (variability) in Indian agriculture using nationally representative survey data. The study adopts a flexible moment approach with White's heteroscedasticity consistent standard error method. Results reveal that land ownership intensity significantly augments on-farm investment and reduces its variability. Other variables like family head's education, access to irrigation, technical advice, credit and nonfarm income have significant inducement effects on-farm investment. We also observe that farmers' education, age, irrigation, technical advice, MSP awareness and commercialization reduce farm investment risk. Findings have important policy implications for Indian land tenancy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a key passage in the Palestinian Talmud (the Yerushalmi), on mGit 4.8, that presents a salient discussion about the halakhic meaning of gentile ownership of lands in the land of Israel. Two theoretical moves are evident within the amoraic effort to define it. The first is an innovative turn, achieved through a creative reading of Leviticus 25, that interprets Jubilee law as a model by which gentile possession of the Land is portrayed as a lamentable yet temporary form of partial ownership, similar to enslaved Jews in gentile hands, until returning to Jewish control.The second is a conceptual deliberation on select legal categories of ownership, most notably the concept of ususfructus , which may be seen in light of their centrality in Roman property law, especially given the key role that such designations hold in Roman construction of hierarchies and space. I suggest viewing the rabbinic use of these categories as a subversive strategy, either as an adaptation to the Roman definition of Italic land or in opposition to Roman perceptions of provincial lands, that is, in dialogue with the very Roman notions of space and control over subordinate populations that the rabbis themselves were confronting in the land of Israel.This sugya thus provides a unique view of how these Palestinian rabbis perceived the Roman presence in their land and their mindset as a conquered community and, in a broader sense, a valuable source for better understanding provincial perspectives under the Roman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent drought, wildfires and rising temperatures in the western US highlight the urgency of increasing resiliency in overstocked forests. However, limited valuation information hinders the broader participation of beneficiaries in forest management. We assessed how historical disturbances in California's Central Sierra Nevada affected live biomass, forest water use and carbon uptake and estimated marginal values of these changes. On average, low‐severity wildfire caused greater declines in forest evapotranspiration (ET), gross primary productivity (GPP) and live biomass than did commercial thinning. Low‐severity wildfires represent proxies for prescribed burns and both function as biomass removal to alleviate overstocked conditions. Increases in potential runoff over 15 years post‐disturbance were valued at $108,000/km2 for commercial thinning versus $234,000/km2 for low‐severity wildfire, based on historical water prices. Respective declines in GPP were valued at −$305,000 and −$1,317,000/km2, based on an average social cost of carbon. Considering biomass levels created by commercial thinning and low‐severity fire as more‐sustainable management baselines for overstocked forests, carbon uptake over 15 years post‐disturbance can be viewed as a benefit rather than loss. Realizing this benefit upon management re‐entry may require sequestering thinned material. High‐severity wildfire and clearcutting resulted in greater declines in ET and thus greater potential water benefits but also substantial declines in GPP and live carbon. These lessons from historical disturbances indicate what benefit ranges from fuels treatments can be expected from more‐sustainable management of mixed‐conifer forests and the importance of setting an appropriate baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in land ownership, generally resulting in changes in land cover and progressive fragmentation of catchments, often result in the inability to take pro-environmental measures. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of land ownership on the environmental status of small, but environmentally valuable lake catchments. The study of environmental quality in terms of ownership and land cover was conducted in lake catchments located in the central part of the West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve. In total, the ownership type was determined for 5661 plots and the land cover type was determined for 2502 subdivisions. The quality of the analysed elements of the study catchments was subjected to expert evaluation using a modified Stapel Scale and was presented using two Qualitative Indexes proposed: Land Cover [Lc] and Land Ownership [Lo]. The obtained values of Index Lc ranged from −0.18 to +1.97, and Index Lo from −1.87 to +2.00. Application of the Average Land Quality Index [LQ], in turn, made it possible to randomise the environmental quality of the analysed catchments, for which it was from −1.02 to +1.99 (areas of very good and very poor environmental quality, respectively). The analyses indicated, for example, catchments that were significantly degraded because of a very large number of private plots in their area − in the five analysed catchments, this ranged from 505 to 719 and their average area was 0.19–1.10 ha. It is noteworthy that very unfavourable land ownership conditions and land cover structure were found in the Poleski National Park catchments – the area with the highest protection status. The proposed assessment system can be used for preliminary analysis of actual and potential threats to lake catchments so as to indicate possible directions of conservation measures and their sensibility.

Analysis of the internal policy of a state in the North Caucasus, identification of positive and negative factors in the integration of the region, as well as the identification and consequences of the common interests of the tsarist administration and local feudal lords, is relevant since these processes influenced the social and economic development of the region, led to social conflicts, and in general, they changed the social and legal status of the population of the region, which was part of the legal field of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Determining social preferences in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the tsarist administration will to some extent help to avoid this kind of social conflict in the future. The purpose of the article is to identify the social status, historical transformation, the process of strengthening and the role of the upper classes of the North Caucasus, their relationship with the new government during the second half of the 19th century, selforganization and legal status.In the process of the research work methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization have been used, as well as the principle of objectivity and historicism, which provide the opportunity to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view.The practice of Russian reforms in the second half of the 19th century contained a number of aspects that determined a turning point in the socio-political, socio-economic and other spheres of life of the peoples of the North Caucasus. The results of the research are the following: the claims of the upper classes to dominate the population by seizing, with the help of the new government, land holdings into their own property, as well as receiving material benefits while in service have been defined. Conclusions: the upper classes were the conductors of the policies of the Russian administration in the region, which led to social protests and the deterioration of the social situation of the dependent classes.

The article conducts a comparative legal study of the specifics of acquisition and exercise of land ownership by foreigners, stateless persons and foreign legal entities under the legislation of Ukraine and Canada, as a result of which the Canadian experience of legal regulation in the specified area, which is most acceptable for Ukraine, is substantiated. It has been established that in the science of land law of Ukraine, one of the most controversial issues is the possibility, scope, conditions and grounds of granting land ownership rights to foreigners, stateless persons, and foreign legal entities, especially considering the provisions of Art. 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which declares all land to be the property of the Ukrainian people. This issue has not been resolved definitively in the land legislation, as access of foreign persons to ownership of agricultural land can be granted only after a positive decision of the All-Ukrainian referendum. The conducted research showed that Canadian legislation provides for the possibility of establishing restrictions on the acquisition of land ownership by foreign entities both at the federal level (a two-year restriction on the purchase of residential real estate, including vacant land plots intended for residential development), and at the level of individual provinces and territories. At the level of the provinces and territories, there are different legal models for restricting the access of foreign persons to the right to ownership of land, primarily for agricultural purposes. There are no legal restrictions on the acquisition of the right to ownership of land by foreign persons in British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. At the same time, in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec, the access of foreigners to land ownership is significantly limited, in particular, by establishing the maximum size of land plots that they can acquire on ownership. The article claims that the establishment of restrictions in Canadian legislation on the acquisition of ownership rights to land, primarily for agricultural purposes, is conditioned by the need to ensure priority access to the lands of Canadian citizens and Canadian corporations, which can be a reference point for the settlement of these issues in Ukrainian land law. Canadian legislation, both at the federal level and at the level of individual provinces and territories, provides effective mechanisms of legal responsibility in the event of violation of legal restrictions on foreign persons' access to land ownership, which should be provided for in Ukrainian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the sustainability of small farms relies on understanding farm economics, a crucial yet often overlooked aspect. In North Carolina, many small farms are confronted with financial challenges and the risk of collapse. This study examines the factors that influence farm profitability while considering the intersectionality of race and gender. The findings reveal significant disparities in farm and operator characteristics. Specifically, first‐generation and retiree farmers exhibit a lower likelihood of profitability. Conversely, factors positively associated with profitability include owning larger farm acreage, engaging in commercial agricultural production, utilizing paid family labor, practicing full‐time farming, and being a non‐White minority farmer. To foster the sustainability of small farms, it is imperative to implement policies that support full‐time farming and incentivize the use of paid family labor. These measures can contribute to bolstering profitability and safeguarding the economic viability of small farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After over 20 years of a strict moratorium on the turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine, an official market for this type of land has recently been established. The purpose of this study was to examine the functioning of the fundamental elements of this market from the moment of its introduction on 1 July 2021 until today, as well as to understand the possible directions for its further development. The analysis of the agricultural land market and the visualization of the obtained results were carried out using the PostgreSQL database, Python and SQL programming languages, and the QGIS and Metabase tools. It was found that the volume of the agricultural land market remains insignificant, as the total area of sold land during this period made up only 0.7% of the arable land area of Ukraine. Prices for land plots remained at the level of their normative monetary value and are still relatively low, which indicates the significant undercapitalization of agricultural land as a production factor. The stability of agricultural land prices under the influence of various factors also indicates their relative virtuality, which, taking into account the further lifting of restrictions on the size of land plots to be sold as of 1 January 2024, requires the use of appropriate land policy instruments in order to fully utilize the multipurpose role of land in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, which should be based on a human-rights-based approach to rural development, food security, and land policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies taking into account numerous aspects of climate change, disaster, and risk are necessary in order to emphasize the diverse issues such as threats to human lives, their asset base, and their livelihood vulnerability etc. that people confront in different regions. This study explores how institutions may help char dwellers, who reside in Assam, India's flood-prone and erosion-affected areas, become less vulnerable to climate change. The study measures the char dwellers' vulnerability to climate change using the adjusted livelihood vulnerability index (ALVI). The study also evaluates the quality and efficiency of the char institutions in raising the adaptability of the char inhabitants using the adaptive capacity wheel (ACW) and the generalized linear model (GLM). The study finds that the physical circumstances such as geographical location and structure of the char and social circumstances such as different socio-cultural and ethnic belongings of char residents place them at high risk and making the char institutions ineffective and performing unevenly among locations. The GLM result shows that institutions play a substantial role in reducing vulnerability. Land ownership, hazard prevention, and adaptation measures are all important variables in lowering their risk. The study suggests that boosting the char dwellers' resilience requires cooperation and diversity across different types of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of livestock farming practices with trees is neglected and poorly explored in the context of climate change (CC) in drylands. However, such knowledge is urgently needed to propose effective strategies in the livestock sector to cope with CC. This study is initiated to characterize the diversity of indigenous integrated livestock systems with trees in drylands of Benin through a survey including 140 smallholder farmers. Descriptive statistics were performed to socio-economic profile of livestock farmers and data were submitted to a multiple correspondence analysis with hierarchical ascending classification and four types of integrated livestock smallholder farmers have been highlighted. The first type is referred to "Traditional silvopastoral systems", consisting of farmers owning high tropical livestock unit (26 ± 0.59 TLU). They did not have land ownership and they exploited trees and shrubs in rangelands and protected areas. They used indigenous trees for treating sick animals and feeding. The second type is "Improved silvopastoral systems" with an average of 11 ± 0.21 TLU. They had a land ownership and combined livestock, forage plants and fodder trees in pasturelands. The third type, referred as "Small Integrated agrosilvopastoral systems" consisted of smallholder farmers who integrated agriculture, livestock and tree plantations. They owned a low livestock tropical unit (6 ± 0.24 TLU). The last type qualified as "Large Integrated agrosilvopastoral systems" owned an average of 18 ± 0.34 TLU and cultivated large areas of land. Leguminous trees are used to improve soil fertility and as animal feed. A probit model analysis results indicated that the adoption of trees on livestock farming were influenced by ecological region, membership of association, Land tenure, farm size and herd size. Based on these identified different agroforestry practices of livestock smallholder farmers in the drylands, indigenous community-based adaptation can be designed to face CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public perceptions and knowledge of forestry institutions are key for effective governance. Drawing from research among landholders in Chile through structured questionnaires, we examine the role that knowledge of forest regulations and agencies plays in relation to public perceptions of the forestry agency, and how tenure of forest land affects this association. Multivariate regressions showed a U-shaped relationship between perceptions and knowledge, explained by ownership of forested land. Landholders with more hectares of native forest reported a negative relationship between knowledge and perception, whereas landowners with fewer hectares of native forest reported a positive association. Our results suggest a forest management paradox: forestry institutions are established to sustainably manage and conserve biodiversity, especially for native threatened forests; nonetheless, the perceptions of landholders with greater areas of forest, who should be the targeted partners of these institutions, appear to become more negative as their knowledge of forestry institutions increased. Our results provide key information for adapting forestry institutions to socio-ecological contexts to produce effective outcomes.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using 589 responses to the 2019 Iowa Farm Transfer Survey, we examine factors in farm successor choices among Iowa farmers with a focus on female successors and landowners. Among those with identified successors, 57% chose sons and 8% chose daughters. We find a 12.4% probability a female farmer will choose a daughter, but only 5.9% for a male farmer. Agriculture experience increases the probability of choosing a daughter from 5.4% to 20.7% and from 36.3% to 65.2% for a son. Our paper reveals striking evidence of gender imbalance in farm succession, transfer, and inheritance decisions of US farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social relations of hiring (leasing) property arise almost simultaneously with ownership of such property, which is why the history of lease relations goes back to ancient times. At the beginning, it is worth noting that within the framework of this study of the development of lease relations, the time period from the first mentions of the history of land use relations to the end of the Soviet era on Ukrainian lands will be analyzed. It is clear that before beginning the study of the historical development of the legal relationship of land lease, it is necessary to establish the etymology of the word "lease". The term "rent" comes from the Latin word "arenda", translated from the Latin language "orendo" means "rent, hire". This position is expressed by Y. Serebryakova in her work "Lease contract of state and communal real estate". The same opinion regarding the history of the origin of the word "rent" was expressed in the work of V. Musienko "Civil and legal aspects of the contract of lease of state and communal property". V. Musienko notes that translated from the Latin language it means "hire". The legal basis of land lease originates from Roman civil (agrarian) law. Thus, according to the Agrarian Law of 111 BC. large areas of land were leased to rich tenants for a fairly large rent, which had to be paid in a timely manner. This institution became especially widespread as a special form of hereditary lease called emphytheusis. Emphytheusis was understood as a real, complete, alienable and hereditary right to own and use someone else's land and its fruits for rent with the obligation to cultivate and not deteriorate it. N. Ilkiv considers the history of the emergence of emphyteussis as a special form of hereditary lease, starting from the time of Ancient Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the western United States, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (Acari: Ixodidae) is the primary vector of the agents causing Lyme disease and granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans. The geographic distribution of the tick is associated with climatic variables that include temperature, precipitation, and humidity, and biotic factors such as the spatial distribution of its primary vertebrate hosts. Here, we explore (1) how climate change may alter the geographic distribution of I. pacificus in California, USA, during the 21st century, and (2) the spatial overlap among predicted changes in tick habitat suitability, land access, and ownership. Maps of potential future suitability for I. pacificus were generated by applying climate-based species distribution models to a multi-model ensemble of climate change projections for the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 (moderate emission) and 8.5 (high emission) scenarios for two future periods: mid-century (2026-2045) and end-of-century (2086-2099). Areas climatically-suitable for I. pacificus are projected to expand by 23% (mid-century RCP 4.5) to 86% (end-of-century RCP 8.5) across California, compared to the historical period (1980-2014), with future estimates of total suitable land area ranging from about 88 to 133 thousand km2, or up to about a third of California. Regions projected to have the largest area increases in suitability by end-of-century are in northwestern California and the south central and southern coastal ranges. Over a third of the future suitable habitat is on lands currently designated as open access (i.e. publicly available), and by 2100, the amount of these lands that are suitable habitat for I. pacificus is projected to more than double under the most extreme emissions scenario (from ~23,000 to >51,000 km2). Of this area, most is federally-owned (>45,000 km2). By the end of the century, 26% of all federal land in the state is predicted to be suitable habitat for I. pacificus. The resulting maps may facilitate regional planning and preparedness by informing public health and vector control decision-makers.