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Due to stalling land consolidation process and limited resources, Slovak administration needs to prioritize new projects. 120 cadastral areas are currently selected annually based on weights and different point-scales for the criteria. It can be argued that the evaluation of the official governmental special non-departmental criteria (6) for 2023, targeted to social, environmental, landscape, and development issues, is flawed and should be modified. Normalized relative magnitudes (particularly where the areal extent of the phenomenon represented by a given criterion is measurable and data is available) are suggested. Only 4 areas from the 2023 official selection would place in the first 120 (13 in the first 500) by the simple average ranking with modified criteria values. The criteria (M1, least developed districts; M2, transport infrastructure; M3, protected natural areas; M4, protected water management areas; M5, natural disasters; M6, risk of erosion) could be complemented by 4 new ones, namely: M7, critical profiles and integrated area protection; M8, marginalized population groups; M9, strategic projects and industrial parks; M10, agro-forestry systems. Using severity of risk for a cadastral area (i.e. percentages of appropriately measured and subsequently normalized criteria) could contribute to improved selection by removing unnecessary distortion by a point scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policies of requisition-compensation balance and transfer in/out balance for cultivated land are institutional innovations that facilitate cultivated land protection, and supplementary cultivated land consolidation is an important way to implement the “dual balance” policy of cultivated land protection. In this paper, from the perspective of the “dual balance” policy of cultivated land protection, the concept and suitability evaluation index system for supplementary cultivated land resources have been proposed. Moreover, using multi-factor comprehensive evaluation and SOFM methods, the suitability of supplementary cultivated land consolidation in county units in Guangdong Province was evaluated, graded, and zoned. The results showed that the area percentages of reserve supplementary cultivated land, immediately supplementary cultivated land, and engineeringly supplementary cultivated land were 19.69%, 35.72%, and 44.59%, respectively, and many supplementary cultivated lands were currently used to produce fruit, timber, and aquatic products. The area of supplementary cultivated land resources in Guangdong Province accounted for 14.20%, 33.69%, 22.42%, 17.74%, and 11.95% from high suitability grade to low suitability grade, and the areas with higher suitability were mainly distributed in the west, east, and Zhaoqing City. The agricultural production environments of Guangdong Province ′ s supplementary cultivated land resources in the priority consolidation zone, key consolidation zone, selected consolidation zone, and reserve consolidation zone are quite different, so it is necessary to adopt different measures such as administrative intervention, project quality improvement, organizational guidance, incentive, and compensation. This study can provide scientific reference for guiding the adjustment, formulation, and implementation of the “dual balance” policy of cultivated land protection in Guangdong Province, and it has important theoretical and practical significance for ensuring regional food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject behavior modeling of rural residential consolidation (RRC) can rely mainly on the linear utility function and prior knowledge of experts at present. These approaches have the high subjective interference, leading to hardly capture the nonlinear influence of natural, and socio-economic aspects of RRC. It is very necessary to reduce the uncertainty of simulation. In this study, an intelligent simulation model of RRC potential was constructed to couple the deep learning under the framework of agent modeling. The decision factors system and role connotations of county-level governments and farmers were constructed in the process of rural residential land consolidation in China. 37 decision indicators were selected to represent the decision-making of government agents in the aspects of urban-rural development, government finance, agricultural development, food security, location and topography, and distribution characteristics of rural settlements and cropland. 38 decision indicators were selected to represent the decision-making of farmer agents in the aspects of social economy, nature, land use and landscape pattern. As such, the light gradient boost machine and long short-term memory algorithms were utilized to construct the agent decision-making simulation modules for the governments and farmers, respectively. An agent interaction scheme was then developed using the seed region growth algorithm. Collaborative and automatic simulation was realized for the quantitative scale and spatial layout of regional consolidation potential. A case study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the improved model in the Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The data was collected from the county-level units in the study area. Among them, the data from county-level units in Hunan Province was also introduced to expand the sample size of the government agent module. 70% of the samples were used for the model training and 30% were used for the validation and test. The experimental results show that the government agent module was firstly achieved the determination coefficient of R² =0.9875 and the average relative error of 6.95% to predict the quantitative scale of consolidation potential. Meanwhile, the farmer agent module demonstrated an overall accuracy of 82.31% to identify the rural residential land consolidation potential. Specifically, there were a precision rate of 83.68% and a recall rate of 80.27% in the initial identification of consolidation potential. Secondly, the simulation results show that the consolidation potential of rural residential areas in Guangzhou from 2018 to 2035 was about 951.84 hm², which was mostly distributed in the areas with backward infrastructure conditions, poor living environment quality and relatively single land structure. Urban and remote mountain villages were relatively concentrated in the areas of potential distribution. In addition, the areas with spatially connected and flat terrain were more likely to be included in the consolidation scope. The simulation was basically consistent with the general framework of land use patterns. In conclusion, the strong modeling reliability and feasibility can provide the scientific and accurate data support to the land consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the historical justification for protection and restoration efforts in China while also examining the theoretical underpinnings of ecological conservation and restoration. Utilizing a literature review method, logical reasoning method, and inductive summarizing method, the historical and theoretical frameworks of territorial spatial ecological conservation and restoration are elucidated, leading to the following conclusions: (1) The ecological protection and restoration of national land space represents an advanced form of land remediation; however, they differ in terms of objects, principles, goals, and measures. (2) Territorial space ecological protection and restoration is historically unavoidable due to the current phase of societal development, driven by the natural environment and the necessity to establish an ecological civilization. (3) To implement territorial spatial ecological protection and restoration effectively and rationally, it is essential to comprehend its systematicity, territoriality, dynamics, and scientificity. By clarifying its historical and theoretical rationale, we can achieve a deeper understanding of its current relevance. This can effectively inform practical efforts in territorial spatial ecological protection and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive land improvement causes strong disturbances of land use patterns in the short term, resulting in changes in landscape structure and function. This study adopts the moving window method and semi-variation function to explore the spatial scale effect of landscape pattern metrics in the comprehensive land consolidation project area of Baimahu Farm, and the spatial variability and homologous ecological processes. The results showed that: (1) patch density, largest patch index, area-weighted average shape index, contagion, and division index all showed obvious scale effects, and the suitable first and second scale domains in the study area are 5–7 m and 35–40 m, respectively, and 5 m is the most suitable grain size for the study of landscape pattern change. (2) The block basis ratio of the semi-variogram of the six landscape level indices begins to stabilize at the window radius of 210 m. This scale can reflect the spatial variability of the landscape pattern in the study area and is the most suitable analysis range. (3) The fragmentation degree of paddy fields as landscape matrix decreased and the landscape dominance degree increased in the comprehensive land improvement; the degree of fragmentation of irrigated land and agricultural land for facilities increased, the aggregation of land for construction increased, the dominance degree of the pond surface decreased, and the overall landscape diversity of each mosaic decreased; the landscape heterogeneity of ditches, rural roads, forest and grassland corridors was weakened, and the ecosystem service function was weakened. (4) The trend of increased fragmentation, simplification of landscape types, and decreased diversity presented by the landscape pattern clearly indicates that the landscape pattern of the study area has been seriously damaged to some extent under the influence of human activities. This damage not only has a direct negative impact on the local ecological environment, but also poses a potential threat to the sustainable development of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The values of vegetation indices can provide a new source of data for use in the estimation of land to be consolidated. The results of research work carried out so far indicate a significant advantage of low-volume imaging over satellite methods when it comes to calculating vegetation index values. This paper analyses multispectral images for the areas of selected croplands acquired via the Sentinel-2 satellite and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a multispectral camera. The research work consisted of evaluating NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) and SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) values depending on the type of crop grown, the size of the cultivated area and the method of data acquisition. The data obtained were used to assess their potential use in the estimation of land to be consolidated. The effect of land consolidation is primarily to create more favourable living conditions and increase agricultural productivity. The results of the study showed that it would be preferable to use multispectral images acquired using UAVs rather than those from Sentinel satellites. This is due to the insufficient resolution of the satellite data, the correlation of NDVI and SAVI values at only a satisfactory level and the low accuracy of the data obtained for small registered plots of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using multi-temporal GF-2 imagery and meteorological, soil, and socio-economic data, we analyzed the changes in ecological assets and the dominant factors in Maogang town in 2017, 2019, and 2022 by accounting for the area, quality, and ecological service value. Results show that: (1) From 2017 to 2022, towns of the research area continued expanding, while forest ecosystem area and quality decreased before land reclamation. After land consolidation from 2019 to 2022, forest ecosystem area and quality were restored. Analyzed by the Eco-Asset Composite Index,Maogang's Ecological Asset Composite Index was 49. 54 in 2017, 46. 26 in 2019, and 50. 38 in 2022, Maogang's Eco-Asset Composite Index decreased and then increased. (2) The ecological service value (ESV) of Maogang decreased from $4. 9062 billion in 2017 to $4. 5597 billion in 2019 before the land consolidation was carried out. After land consolidation is carried out, ESV increases to $4. 9337 billion in 2022, of which the ESV of villages in key areas of land consolidation increases by 10. 80%, and the ESV of villages in non-key areas of land consolidation increases by 7. 23%. This reveals that the land consolidation measures have brought about a certain degree of ecological and economic effectiveness. (3) CP, POP, GDP, Slope, and DEM have a negative correlation with ESV, and PRE shows a positive correlation with ESV. Socio-economic factors CP, POP, and GDP have a more significant influence on ESV compared to natural factors, indicating that the intensity of human activities has a more obvious influence on the change of ecological assets compared to natural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the weakening of the developmentalist State in Brazil and the consolidation of the neoliberal project in the 1970s and 1980s. It highlights the struggle for redemocratization and the participation of the business sector in government decisions, as well as the influence of external pressures and social movements in the consolidation of neoliberalism. It mentions intercapitalist conflicts and bourgeois mobilizations during the Geisel government, as well as the importance of workers' and social movements in the political opening and social benefits of the 1988 Constitution. [Extracted from the article]

Land consolidation is a crucial strategy for optimizing land use structure and ensuring cultivated land security and food safety. Since 2019, Zhejiang Province has been piloting and exploring Whole-Region Comprehensive Land Consolidation (WRCLC). However, there remains an insufficient understanding of the feasibility of WRCLC in ensuring cultivated land security and its potential for synergy with other policies. This study utilizes panel data from 707 townships in Zhejiang Province spanning from 2013 to 2022. By categorizing cultivated land security into two dimensions—quantity and quality—this study employs a double machine learning approach to evaluate the impact of WRCLC policies on township cultivated land security. The results indicate that implementing WRCLC significantly enhances both the quantity and quality of cultivated land. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that WRCLC is particularly effective in improving the quality of cultivated land in non-major grain-producing areas and low economic development areas. Furthermore, examining policy synergies indicates that agricultural mechanization and agricultural industry integration policies work well in conjunction with WRCLC, thereby enhancing both the quantity and quality of cultivated land. However, the synergy with rural tourism policies improves cultivated land quality without effectively increasing cultivated land quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between the space vitality of rural production, living, and ecology (SVRPLE) and comprehensive land consolidation (CLC), establishing a theoretical foundation for improving SVRPLE in rural areas. Building on this theoretical framework, we employed double-constraint spatial clustering and the three-dimensional magic cube method to zone the study area at the village level, facilitating the determination of CLC objectives and scheduling. We then applied an obstacle diagnosis model to identify key challenges within each zone for enhancing rural space vitality. The results indicate the following: (1) Theoretical analysis reveals the mutually reinforcing relationship between CLC and rural vitality. Efficiency-driven CLC enhances the vitality of rural spaces by optimizing the synergistic interactions between production, living, and ecological spaces. Rural vitality is both the core objective of and the guiding principle for the implementation of CLC. (2) The case study validates the proposed framework—"Vitality Status Evaluation—Vitality Enhancement Zoning—Land Consolidation Guidelines"—as a feasible approach for CLC strategy development based on SVRPLE. The zoning outcomes accurately reflect the unique conditions of different rural villages within the study area, providing a scientific and logical methodology for constructing a context-specific CLC strategy. (3) The zoning results, which incorporate CLC objectives and scheduling, yield differentiated CLC sub-strategies aimed at enhancing SVRPLE, offering both theoretical and practical support for CLC implementation in China, particularly in the ecologically fragile Qinghai Plateau. Overall, our research deepens the understanding of rural vitality enhancement pathways, supplements existing studies on rural vitality, and provides practical guidance for CLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the broader impacts of high-value commodity crops in the tropics by examining critically the rapid expansion of Hass avocado plantations (HAP). Using Salamina as a case study, this paper provides empirical evidence of local impacts and highlights the need for more sustainable and equitable governance strategies to manage emerging socio-economic and environmental challenges. HAP are transforming Salamina's traditional landscape by seizing considerable areas for avocado cultivation in response to the ongoing coffee sector crisis. Since 2018, the region has transitioned from a coffee-centered economy to one dominated by capital- and labor-intensive avocado production. While HAP has become a significant economic driver, it has also exacerbated social grievances and inequalities among local communities. This paper stresses the economic shift, environmental disturbances, and comments on governance policies for inadequately addressing sustainability and social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To amplify grain production capacity, a global trend is emerging in which many regions are transitioning from dependence on rainfall to irrigated agriculture. An illustrative example of this form of land consolidation is the conversion from dryland to paddy fields, which has changed the ecological environment of farmlands, resulting in significant effects on carbon fixation and emissions. However, there currently exists a deficiency in essential understanding regarding the short-term effects of dryland-to-paddy conversion on ecological processes tied to soil carbon-fixation bacteria and carbon emission efficiency (CEE). Therefore, field monitoring and high-throughput sequencing were carried out to monitor the changes in soil carbon emission efficiency and carbon-fixation bacteria before and after the conversion. Our results indicate that while conversion from dryland to paddy fields can boost grain yield, it also results in an increase in soil carbon emissions and a consequent decrease of 25.78% in carbon emission efficiency. This transition has resulted in an increased soil carbon-fixing bacterial alpha diversity index and enhanced network complexity. The structural equation model indicates that changes in soil environmental factors, especially soil moisture, soil organic carbon (SOC), readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), and carbon-fixing bacteria, are the primary drivers of CEE variation (p < 0.05). Given the critical role that the soil carbon cycle plays in global climate change, there is a pressing need for increased global attention towards the carbon emissions triggered by the transition from rainfed to irrigated agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural reforms, land consolidation, and the abandonment of livestock farming effects grassland ecosystems worldwide. Utilising data from four medium-sized livestock farms across different regions in Lithuania, we assess floristic composition, productivity, and grass quality in both permanent grasslands and leys. Our findings reveal significant differences in flora diversity, with 120 species identified in permanent grasslands compared to only 20 in leys. Additionally, dry matter yield was notably higher in leys (13.97 t ha−1) than in permanent grasslands (5.66 t ha−1), underscoring the productivity potential of leys. The crude protein levels remained stable across both types, but leys demonstrated significantly lower neutral detergent fibre content, indicating better forage quality. However, the high biodiversity of permanent grasslands supports ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research carried out in this paper connects land, as a non-renewable and necessary resource, with land consolidation, whose primary task is the arrangement of the land territory, with the aim of determining the extent to which land consolidation projects affect the land itself, as well as to assess the impact of land consolidation to sustainable development. The research is based on the analysis of changes in the quality of the soil, after the realization of land consolidation projects. The studies that were carried out showed that the level of underground water was significantly reduced after the realization of the land consolidation projects. The goal of the research is defined in accordance with the modern definition of land consolidation, according to which compaction tends more and more towards sustainable development and conservation of land. Therefore, in the paper, land consolidation is presented as a measure that resolves the conflict between short-term and long-term goals of spatial planning and land conservation.

This paper sheds light on the broader impacts of high-value commodity crops in the tropics by examining critically the rapid expansion of Hass avocado plantations (HAP). Using Salamina as a case study, this paper provides empirical evidence of local impacts and highlights the need for more sustainable and equitable governance strategies to manage emerging socio-economic and environmental challenges. HAP are transforming Salamina’s traditional landscape by seizing considerable areas for avocado cultivation in response to the ongoing coffee sector crisis. Since 2018, the region has transitioned from a coffee-centered economy to one dominated by capital- and labor-intensive avocado production. While HAP has become a significant economic driver, it has also exacerbated social grievances and inequalities among local communities. This paper stresses the economic shift, environmental disturbances, and comments on governance policies for inadequately addressing sustainability and social issues.

This study examines the dynamics of collaborative rural planning through an in-depth single case study of participatory land consolidation. It argues that while complete consensus might be considered a utopia, effective collaboration among stakeholders requires a certain degree of alignment in perspectives. By analyzing how stakeholders’ perspectives evolve, this study investigates how this convergence occurs. Furthermore, it explores how planning professionals try to promote convergence, focusing on a project manager’s approach and insights from a focus group. The findings emphasize the complexity of achieving joint understanding for fostering cooperative decision-making. The paper proposes clear process parameters to stimulate this convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third version of the Regional Atmosphere and Land (RAL3) science configuration is documented. Developed through international partnership, RAL configurations define settings for the Unified Model atmosphere and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator when applied across timescales with kilometre and sub-km scale model grids. The RAL3 configuration represents a major advance compared to previous versions by delivering a common science definition suitable for application to tropical and mid-latitude regions. Developments within RAL3 include the introduction of a double-moment microphysics scheme and a bi-modal cloud scheme, replacing use of a single-moment scheme and different cloud schemes for mid-latitudes and tropics in previous versions. Updates have been implemented to the boundary layer scheme and a consolidation of land model settings to be more consistent with Global Atmosphere and Land (GAL) science configurations. Physics developments aimed to address priorities for model performance improvement identified by users. This paper documents the RAL3 science configuration, including a series of iterative revisions delivered since its first release, and their characteristics. Evidence is provided from the variety of assessments of RAL3, relative to the previous version (RAL2). Collaborative development and evaluation across organisations has enabled evaluation across a range of domains, grid-spacing and timescales. The analysis indicates more realistic precipitation distributions; improved representation of clouds and of visibility; a continued trend to more realistic representation of convection; and reduced near-surface wind speeds, but a persistent cold temperature bias. Overall the convective-scale verification scores and climatological model distributions relative to observations improve for the majority of variables. Ensemble results show improvements to the spread-error relationship. User feedback from subjective assessment activities has also been positive. Differences between RAL3 revisions and RAL2 are further illustrated through process-based analysis of a convective system over the UK. The latest RAL3 configuration (RAL3.3) is therefore recommended for research, operational numerical weather prediction and climate production at km and sub-km scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are some countries able to go ahead with comprehensive top-down local government amalgamation reforms, despite the many challenges such a reform entails? So far, we have limited theoretical and empirical understanding of how central governments manage to adopt such reforms. Drawing on different theoretical frameworks around public policy as well as research into territorial reforms, this article presents key political and institutional factors that are likely to facilitate top-down municipal mergers and examines whether these theoretical propositions help to explain the adoption of comprehensive top-down municipal amalgamation in four cases: Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, and Portugal. Key political and institutional factors identified in existing frameworks provide a useful starting point for understanding and explaining top-down comprehensive municipal amalgamation reforms, such as the role played by the breaking up of existing policy monopolies and emergence of new venues for discussing the reform. At the same time, the cases also reveal some important nuances that at times run counter to theoretical expectations. Our cases also reveal further factors, including the "bundling" of amalgamation reforms with other wider initiatives, and the potential effect of "distracting events" that should be taken into account in the further development of theoretical frameworks concerning top-down amalgamations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation is a crucial approach to addressing the conflicts between people and land, resolving land use issues, and promoting rural revitalization. The advancement of land consolidation engineering technology is essential for the protection of farmland, the promotion of industrial development, and the enhancement of the human settlement environment. This study analyzes 3,439 invention patents and 3,392 references related to land consolidation engineering. Using bibliometric and semantic analysis methods, it explores the subjects of research and development, identifies hotspots and trends, and anticipates future directions for research and development in land consolidation engineering. According to the Land Consolidation Blue Book: China Land Consolidation Development Research Report No. 4, China's land consolidation has undergone a transition from land consolidation 1.0 to land consolidation 4.0. During this period, the number of land consolidation patents issued in China increased year by year, showing an overall exponential growth trend. It has experienced slow, steady and rapid growth stages. As far as inventors and invention institutions are concerned, although there are influential scholars and institutions in land consolidation inventions, land consolidation patent inventions are still sporadic and scattered. The collaboration network of land consolidation patent inventors exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by primary concentration with secondary dispersion. Compared with enterprises, inventors from universities and research institutes cooperate more closely, but the scale of the cooperation network is smaller. In the process of land consolidation technology change, three major development paths have been formed: (1) Research and development of methods and equipment for implementation of soil consolidation: focusing on the invention of structural components and equipment directly related to engineering implementation; (2) Research and development of soil improvement technology: focusing on the remediation of contaminated soil (including soil passivation and soil stabilization), soil fertility improvement, desertification land management and, and saline-alkali soil improvement. The results of the patent research and development keyword timeline show that with the passage of time, the keywords of land consolidation engineering technology have shifted from single to multiple, and the research and development fields have expanded from land preparation methods and agricultural uses to windbreak and sand fixation, soil improvement and land consolidation machinery. The keywords related to land preparation methods, agricultural uses, and weathering prevention exhibit significant continuity and an extensive time span. In the land consolidation 1.0 and 2.0 stages, far-reaching keywords like land preparation methods, agricultural uses, and preventing weathering appeared; in the land consolidation 3.0 and 4.0 stages, the research and development fields of land consolidation patents have become more diverse, especially the research and development of new materials and reagents of soil improvement and windbreak and sand fixation. The co-occurrence results of keywords in the literature on land consolidation projects show that land reclamation is the topic of most focus in the literature on land consolidation projects. Ecological restoration and ecological environment, planning and design of land consolidation projects, evaluation and models have received attention in literature research but are rarely involved in the field of patent research and development. 3) In the future, ecological land consolidation, innovative multisource remote sensing intelligent monitoring for land consolidation, and project management of land consolidation are key areas and development directions that need to be focused on. This study can provide directions for the research and application of land consolidation engineering technologies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial "Advances in Land Consolidation and Land Ecology" discusses the importance of responsible land practices in maintaining ecosystem services and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights the evolution of land consolidation from an economic focus to a multifunctional approach that considers ecological restoration and cultural preservation. The document also explores topics such as green development, land abandonment, and ecological risk assessments, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address the challenges of land management effectively. The research presented in the editorial provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers seeking to balance economic development with environmental sustainability through land consolidation practices. [Extracted from the article]

Improving agricultural energy inefficiency is essential for achieving sustainable agricultural development and promoting major agricultural countries to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. This paper analyzes agricultural energy inefficiency in China, using panel data from 30 provinces between 2000 and 2021. The by-production technology model is employed to measure and decompose inefficiency, and the simultaneous equations model and moderating effect model are utilized to study the impact mechanism of industrial agglomeration, land consolidation, and agricultural energy inefficiency. The findings reveal several key points: First, the average inefficiency of agricultural energy in China increased from 0.370 to 0.514, with economic inefficiency rising at a faster rate than environmental inefficiency. Second, agricultural industrial agglomeration serves to inhibit both agricultural energy economic inefficiency and environmental inefficiency, which, in turn, hampers the development of industrial agglomeration. This relationship shows heterogeneity across the eastern, central, and western regions, as well as between major and non-major grain production areas. Third, land consolidation—both nationally and specifically in the central, major grain-producing, and non-major grain-producing areas—effectively mitigates the deterioration of agricultural energy inefficiency caused by industrial agglomeration. In the eastern region, land consolidation can enhance the inhibitory effect of industrial agglomeration on energy inefficiency. This paper highlights the interconnections between industrial agglomeration, land consolidation, and agricultural energy inefficiency, providing valuable policy references for the development of sustainable agriculture and the proactive and steady advancement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivated land system resilience is closely related to the "trinity" of cultivated land quantity, quality and ecology, which is of great significance to enhance the stability of cultivated land, improve the utilization efficiency of cultivated land, and innovate the measures of cultivated land protection. This paper analyzed the connotation of cultivated land system resilience from the perspective of integrated effects of internal attributes of cultivated land system and external environment, constructed a cultivated land system resilience evaluation system based on four dimensions of production, ecology, shape and quality resilience, and systematically evaluated the cultivated land system resilience of Shijiazhuang City in the Taihang mountains and piedmont plains. The obstacle factors restricting the resilience level of cultivated land system were analyzed. The results are shown as follows. ➀ The index range of comprehensive evaluation results of cultivated land resilience is [0.754, 1.339]. The resilience level showed a gradient distribution from high to low along the direction of "eastern plain, low elevation hilly land, and western Taihang mountains", with significant spatial heterogeneity. ➁ Superior cultivated land quality and agricultural production conditions in the eastern plain determined its higher production, shape and quality resilience, but the ecology resilience of the eastern plain was weaker than that of the western mountainous land due to the large-scale input of agricultural chemicals. ➂ The obstacle degree of shape resilience is the highest in the criterion layer, and the obstacle degree of soil PH value, field regularity and contiguity of cultivated land is higher in the index layer, which is an important factor restricting the resilience level of cultivated land system. Low-yield cultivated land should be gradually developed and improved, land consolidation and reclamation engineering activities should be carried out, agricultural production conditions should be optimized, and grain storage should be based on land and technology. The study showed that the resilience evaluation of cultivated land system played a positive role in improving the theoretical system of cultivated land evaluation and exploring "trinity" management and protection mechanism based on resilience, which could provide scientific criteria for promoting the sustainable use of cultivated land system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of landscape patterns, this study explores the impact of land use changes in the Lesser Khingan Mountains and Sanjiang Plain region concerning the influence of the integrated conservation and restoration (ICR) project of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands and deserts, and analyzes its response trend and correlation mechanism. The aim is to provide insights for regional land consolidation and ecological restoration decision-making. Spatial-temporal dynamic analysis was conducted using land use transfer matrices and GIS spatial analysis methods. Landscape pattern indices were measured, and a global regression linear model based on land use and landscape pattern changes under the influence of the ICR project was constructed to analyze the associated impacts and reasons for different land uses on landscape patterns in this scenario. Significant changes in land use types have occurred since the implementation of the ICR project, leading to corresponding responses in landscape patterns. The overall connectivity of the region showed an initial decrease followed by an increase, while fragmentation, complexity, and heterogeneity exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease. In the global model, farmland types showed the highest correlation among various landscape pattern characteristics, followed by forest and built-up land types. Different land uses, such as farmland and forest land, exhibited various interactive effects on different landscape characteristics. Additionally, variations in landscape pattern responses were observed in different spatial locations within the region. Under the influence of the ICR project, farmland types played a dominant role in the changes in landscape patterns. The expansion of farmland promoted landscape dominance and connectivity, while mitigating fragmentation and heterogeneity. The response of landscape fragmentation, complexity, and heterogeneity in the Lesser Khingan Mountains region was significant, as was the improvement in connectivity and complexity in the Sanjiang Plain region. This highlights the differential responses of landscape patterns to land use changes in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Agriculture relies on irrigation in many parts of the world, and the need for irrigation is increasing due to rising demands for agricultural products and climate change-induced alterations in rainfall patterns. However, irrigated agriculture has been found to damage ecosystems and threaten landscape sustainability. Objectives: Against this background, there has been a recent development towards large-scale irrigation in Spain. The aim of this study is to understand this development at the landscape level and its impact in the context of landscape sustainability. Methods: We focused on two study sites in Castilla y León using a mixed-methods approach. We studied driving forces, landscape changes, and sustainability outcomes through document analysis, interviews, and aerial photograph analysis. Results: The development of a landscape-level underground pipe network took place at one study site and is planned for the second study site. Interviewees perceived institutional and social driving forces as particularly influential and technological driving forces as less influential. Political and economic driving forces were often interlinked. The irrigation development tied to land consolidation led to landscape changes, such as the removal of trees and increases in field size. Thus, in terms of environmental sustainability, trade-offs were found, while social sustainability outcomes were mainly positive. The impact on farmers’ economic security varied. Conclusions: For further landscape-level irrigation developments, we recommend integrating preserving seminatural habitats and the structural diversity of the agricultural landscape in planning processes. We also recommend a shift towards more water efficient crops, evapotranspiration management, and a new funding scheme for farmers to offset rising electricity costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China's rural revitalisation policy has promoted the transformation of rural industries, which always neglect the "dual-carbon" goal in rural. Rural industrial upgrading in Europe can inspire sustainable rural development in China. Methods: Based on EDGAR and NEP data, the carbon emission intensity of rural ecosystems was calculated in terms of area. By Isodata cluster algorithm and k-means, the Chinese and European rural regions were classified based on agricultural areas. Pearson's coefficient and geographical convergent cross-mapping (GCCM) were used to explore the correlation and causality between carbon intensity and development patterns in rural China and Europe. Results: The expansion of the land share of the primary industry and land consolidation will lead to more carbon emissions in the study areas. The proportion of land used for tertiary industry increases carbon emission intensity in rural China, but not in European study areas. The area carbon emission intensity shows that the fragmented industrial layout may hinder the development of rural industries in Europe, but not in China, from a productivity perspective. Conclusions: Carbon emission distribution and industrial development patterns vary spatially. GCCM can help identify the interactions for this variation between China and Europe, providing insights into China's sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrarian reform settlements emerge as a result of peasant struggles for access to land. From the moment the peasants conquer and appropriate the land, they begin the process of territorialization and, consequently, the constitution of the territory through settlements. Despite their contradictory face, the settlements have great representation, configuring themselves as a means that guarantees the possibilities of reproducing life for peasants. In this context, the debate around the role of women in the processes of struggle for land and establishment of settlements is still quite restricted. In view of this, this article reflects on the importance and role of women in the conquest and consolidation of agrarian reform settlements. Seeking to meet the proposed objective, the following investigative process was adopted: a) bibliographical research on rural settlements, women's struggle for land; b) field research with interview application, starting from a pre-established script. Thus, through interviews with women from the Fazenda Flores settlement, it was possible to perceive the role played by them, from the initial process of struggle to conquer the land to the consolidation of the settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using provincial panel data from 31 provinces in China's mainland regions from 2000 to 2020, this study calculates the provincial agricultural diesel technical efficiency based on the Data Envelopment Analysis Slack-Based Measure (DEASBM) model and the average agricultural diesel consumption per hectare for full mechanization. It constructs indicators to measure the level of farmland suitability for agricultural machinery operations (FSAM), analyzes the impact of FSAM on agricultural diesel technical efficiency using a fixed-effects model, and explores the specific mechanisms through which FSAM influences agricultural diesel technical efficiency using a mediation effect model. The research conclusions are as follows: 1) In general, provinces with lower levels of FSAM tend to have lower levels of agricultural mechanization and higher average agricultural diesel consumption per hectare for full mechanization, and vice versa. 2) Due to the continuous iteration and upgrading of agricultural machinery and the ongoing promotion of high standard farmland construction work, China's agricultural diesel technical efficiency has shown an upward trend from 2000 to 2020, with significant growth achieved after 2017, averaging an annual increase of 8.26% from 2017 to 2020, far exceeding the 1.78% increase from 2000 to 2016. 3) If the level of FSAM is improved from 0 to 1, it would enable an additional 10.06 hectares of farmland to be fully mechanized per ton of agricultural diesel, indicating a direct effect of 10.06 hm²/t on the enhancement of agricultural diesel technical efficiency. However, the upsizing of agricultural machinery equipment driven by higher FSAM levels increases the complexity of operations and the weight of machinery, leading to increased agricultural diesel consumption and reduced agricultural diesel technical efficiency, creating a masking effect. Consequently, the total effect of enhancing FSAM from 0 to 1 decrease from 10.06 hm²/t to 6.75 hm²/t. Based on these findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed: 1) Actively promote the transformation of farmland to enhance its suitability for agricultural machinery operations. As larger farmland plots with smaller slopes and better accessibility for tractor roads are more conducive to agricultural machinery operations, leading to higher agricultural diesel technical efficiency during operations and field transfers, efforts should be intensified to transform farmland to enhance its suitability. Current high-standard farmland construction focuses more on "ensuring harvests despite droughts and floods" while neglecting the adaptability of farmland to agricultural machinery operations, hindering the improvement of agricultural diesel technical efficiency. Therefore, in the construction of high-standard farmland, land consolidation measures such as "merging small plots into larger ones, transforming short plots into long plots, and reducing the slope of the land with high gradient" should be strengthened to facilitate efficient agricultural machinery operations and movements, thereby promoting the enhancement of agricultural diesel technical efficiency. 2) Develop lightweight agricultural machinery technologies. This study indicates that the large-scale power structure of agricultural machinery and equipment has a masking effect on the improvement of agricultural diesel technical efficiency by enhancing FSAM, impeding further improvements. The primary reason is that while agricultural machinery with high horsepower offers higher operational efficiency, the majority of these machines are constructed from steel. Consequently, the heavier the machinery, the greater its horsepower, leading to increased agricultural diesel consumption. It is advisable to minimize the overall weight of agricultural machinery while ensuring strength, safety, and operational effectiveness to reduce agricultural diesel consumption and carbon emissions. 3) Continuously develop green agricultural machinery equipment and technologies. Research and development investments in new energy agricultural machinery and biodiesel-powered agricultural machinery should be increased, and mature green agricultural machinery equipment and technologies should be promoted. Agricultural machinery purchase subsidy policies should appropriately favor these equipment and technologies to accelerate the pace of energy substitution and gradually resolve the conflict between agricultural mechanization development and the "dual carbon" targets at the root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional agricultural land consolidation and ecological restoration measures can address the challenges faced by agricultural land in the short term, but they often overlook the ecological benefits of the land and human well-being. Here, while emphasizing foreseeable project outcomes, we define a conceptual framework of Agricultural Land Consolidation and Ecological Restoration through Nature-based Solutions (ALC&ER-NbS) from three dimensions: ecological sustainability, economic viability, and human well-being, integrating the NbS concept with engineering project evaluation. Our study establishes 8 guidelines and 27 indicators, including scientific restoration, ecological connectivity, biodiversity enrichment, economic feasibility, public participation, benefit coordination, dynamic monitoring, and the promotion of successful cases. This results in an evaluation checklist covering 63 engineering and management details throughout the entire project design life cycle. By using a self-assessment tool for quantifying compatibility, the aim is to quickly verify the project's degree of adaptation. This study is significant as it introduces a comprehensive evaluation system that not only addresses ecological and economic challenges but also prioritizes human well-being, distinguishing it from previous research. The innovative integration of NbS into agricultural land consolidation ensures sustainable development and offers a new approach for enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the effect on livestock production and rural population of the land consolidation (LC) processes that occurred over recent decades in Asturias, an autonomous region located in north‐west Spain. We use a novel Difference‐in‐Difference (DiD) model which allows for multiple LCs at different points in time and for spatial spill‐overs. As many parishes have been involved in two or more LC processes, we test whether we can simplify our analysis using a specification for these parishes that accumulates the effect of consecutive, and often distant, LC processes. We find that this simplification can be implemented when we analyse the effect of the LC processes on parishes' livestock production, but not when we examine their effects on parish population. We find that parish livestock production increases on average by about 3% once we take into account spatial effects, and that LC processes have especially attenuated the decline in the number of farms in (coastal) parishes where dairy farms predominate. We do not find strong evidence regarding the effectiveness of LC processes in redressing rural depopulation, except in some of the parishes located in western Asturias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the perspective of state entrepreneurialism to explore China's environmental governance. The perspective illustrates how the Chinese state maintains its centrality, combining environmentalism and developmentalism while deploying flexible market development tools. This paper examines the Chengdu park-city model, an exemplar President Xi Jinping endorsed and widely emulated in China. The model combines the development of industrial and ecological spaces. It aims to deliver the central government's vision for ecological civilisation and the local government's economic development strategy. The development tools include land consolidation, financial mobilisation and an economic strategy that attempts to introduce 'urban scenes' into ecological spaces. This ecologically oriented development approach is more state-centred, contrasting with the neoliberal green growth machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the land consolidation project in Denizli Tavas District Kızılcabölük Neighborhood, the economic effects of the consolidation on the neighborhood, were examined by making economic analyzes. The data to be used in the economic analyzes were obtained from the consolidation maps and lists, and at the end of the interviews with farmers. While making the analysis, vegetable production variable, labor input variable, water input variable and fertilizer input variables were used. The economic profitability of consolidation was found by bringing together the obtained variables. The agricultural areas, which were 1292 hectares with consolidation, decreased to 1255 hectares with the cuts made On the other hand, consolidation led to an annual profit of approximately 2.5 million dollars in the project area. It is seen that the most important factor in increasing profitability in the project area is the change in product variety. With the land consolidation, the irrigation system was came to the agricultural areas. Farmers that provide easy and more convenient access to water have turned to corn with high profitability. This situation has led to an increase in the plant production value in the project area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation projects are fundamental tools that enable the reorganization of agricultural space to enhance agricultural productivity and improve quality of life in rural areas. However, the high costs associated with such projects necessitate ongoing refinement of their technical aspects, including cost reduction and shortened implementation time while maintaining the required accuracy parameters. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of digital orthomosaic creation obtained using UAVs from the perspective of the implementation of land consolidation projects. The research area is located in southern Poland (Przeginia village), and the data used for the study were obtained during the ongoing land consolidation project. The processing of the resulting images was performed with Structure from Motion algorithms using 103 adjustment points with known coordinates. An analysis performed using a set of 87 control points showed an average error in the position of points on a surface of 0.08 m in relation to control results carried out using the GNSS RTK technique. The observed maximum error value was 0.29 m. The analysis of the causes of the high value of observed errors indicates that they were the result of an incorrectly planned, too low number of control points and their uneven distribution across the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes the importance of land use and agricultural plans in the spatial development of rural areas. The management of rural areas is one of the most important areas of action of the European Union. Planning and implementing a policy aimed at sustainable and multifunctional rural development is a major challenge for the Member States and their regions, as it involves numerous spatial changes. The Polish spatial planning policy lacks documents comprehensively regulating the management and shaping of rural areas, which is a factor that hinders their proper development. This necessitates the development of land use and agricultural plans which outline several solutions (land use and agricultural activities) to facilitate comprehensive management of rural areas. However, since there are no legal regulations in this area, they are not mandatory and therefore not widely adopted. This paper aims to set the objectives for a land use and agricultural plan for rural areas of the Różan commune, the implementation of which will aim at multifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas. The proposed indications will have a positive impact on the development of agriculture and non-agricultural functions, improvement of living and working conditions in the countryside, and protection of the natural environment in the commune. Due to the wide scope of spatial work included in the land use and agricultural plan, it is stated that this document can be used as an effective tool supporting comprehensive spatial planning in rural areas, significantly supporting the implementation of the provisions of local spatial development plans and other schemes. Comprehensive land consolidation is a special type of land use and agricultural activities, which brings multifaceted benefits.

This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of protein-rich food consumption among impoverished rural households in Rwanda. Data from the Rwanda Institute of Statistics, gathered nationally from a random sample of 9,709 households in 2018, was utilized for a comprehensive analysis of the food security and vulnerability survey. Given the dependent variable’s nature, a diverse econometric approach was employed to identify the factors influencing the weekly consumption of key protein-rich foods (milk, meat, and beans) in Rwandan families. An instrumental variable technique was applied to assess the impact of a unified land use policy on the consumption of protein-rich foods in Rwandan households, considering the lack of a direct relationship with welfare outcomes in theory. The results indicate that land consolidation significantly influences the consumption of meat and pulses. Additionally, cattle ownership has a notable impact on milk and pulse intake. In light of these findings, we recommend that the government and development partners enhance support for farmers, particularly by providing subsidized farm inputs and increasing the distribution of cattle to eligible low-income households.

[Objective] Land consolidation has become an important component of national agricultural policies, and a thorough evaluation of its impact on farmland large-scale management is both practically and theoretically significant. [Methods] Based on the policy context of “consolidating small plots into a large field” (CSPLF), this study took the exogenous shock in Yangshan County, Guangdong Province as an observation window, and used data from a quasi-natural experiment and the generalized difference-in-differences model to identify its impact on farmland large-scale management from three dimensions: plot scale, operating scale, and continuous planting scale. [Results] The results indicate that the expansion effect of CSPLF policy on plot scale is significant, with an increase of 12% in the plot area and a 28.8% drop in the number of plots. The CSPLF policy motivates farmers to rent out land to new agricultural operating entities, changing the pattern of “small-scale farmers replications”, and achieving large-scale operating management. It also increases the possibility of farmers growing similar crops on adjacent plots, thus achieving continuous planting scale. Further analysis shows that the farmland large-scale management stimulated by the CSPLF policy can deepen the division of household labor, especially in non-agricultural employment. [Conclusion] The findings of this study demonstrate that CSPLF policy plays an important role in the transformation of China’s farmland large-scale management mode, which has far-reaching strategic implications. The study highlights that we need to change the engineering trend in the implementation of CSPLF policy of the past, and attach great importance to land tenure rights adjustment.

Land consolidation has become an organized and widely implemented project in rural areas. However, research remains somewhat scarce on the contributing mechanism of land consolidation to farmer income in developing countries. Using provincial panel data from China, this study employs a fixed effects model to analyze the influence of high-standard farmland construction on farmer income and underlying mechanisms. Results suggest that the implementation of high-standard farmland construction can significantly augment farmer income. Reduction in agricultural production cost, improvement in agricultural management benefit and increase in non-farm income have led to the boost in income. The relationship between income and high-standard farmland construction exhibits regional disparities, with the most significant impacts concentrated in economically developed areas and low relief degree areas. Our findings suggest that it is imperative for the Chinese government to persistently promote the establishment of high-standard farmland, and further enhance its positive influence on advancing agricultural cost-effectiveness and expanding non-farm income channels for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Loess Plateau is an important region for soil and water conservation and ecological construction in China. Exploring the spatio-temporal variations in soil conservation and water conservation services and their relationships in Loess Plateau under the background of land consolidation projects is of great significance for ecological protection and quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Taking Yan'an city as the research area, this paper used the InVEST model to quantitatively evaluated spatio-temporal variation characteristics and trade-off/synergy relationship of the soil conservation and water conservation services from 2010 to 2018. According to the implementation data, the relationship between the gully control and land consolidation (GCLC) project in various counties of Yan'an city and soil conservation and water conservation service was analyzed. The results showed that the total amount of soil conservation services in Yan'an City were 4.07 x 106 t and 3.75 x 106 t in 2010 and 2018 with a decrease of 7.76%, and with low spatial clustering characteristic. The total amount of water conservation services were 2.01 x 1010 mm and 2.03 x 1010 mm in 2010 and 2018 with a increase of 0.56%, and with high spatial clustering characteristic. There is a synergistic relationship between soil conservation and water conservation services in most area of Yan'an city. From 2010 to 2018, the effect of the GCLC projects on soil conservation and water conservation services in Yan'an city is not significant. The GCLC project can effectively alleviate the situation of sharp decline of cultivated land area and insufficient food production capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of land consolidation projects on land value were examined and these effects were evaluated with their positive and negative aspects. Land consolidation is an important rural planning strategy that includes objectives such as increasing agricultural productivity, regulating water management and improving infrastructure in rural areas. However, the effects of this strategy on land value are complex and diverse. In addition to the positive effects of the projects, the study also discussed their negative effects such as social inequality, ecosystem changes, water resource imbalances and loss of cultural heritage. The research evaluated the effect of land consolidation on land value in a selected area and determined that land values in the region increased after consolidation. Recommendations were made to mitigate the the negative effects of land consolidation, such as participatory planning processes, environmental impact assessments and the implementation of long-term sustainability strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the economic and environmental impacts of a land consolidation program that leaves changes in the right to lands to be driven by the market on the performance of rice farms in Vietnam. We also investigate the effects of contract farming, which is associated with the land consolidation program, on farms' environmental performance. Using data from the 2014 and 2016 Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys and the 2016 Agricultural Census, we found that the program enhances agricultural productivity, but environmental sustainability comes at the cost of rice incomes for households. We suggest that while this land consolidation can be a useful measure to promote land consolidation for productivity enhancement, adequate tools need to be designed to accompany land consolidation strategies for environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Groundwater resources are essential for sustaining ecosystems and human activities, especially under the pressures of climate change. This study employed Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to assess the impact of Gully Land Consolidation (GLC) engineering on the groundwater hydrological field of small watersheds in the China Loess Plateau (CLP). Results revealed ample subsurface water storage in backfilled areas, primarily migrating along the original river path owing to topographical limitations. Although the distribution patterns of soil moisture in each backfilling block varied slightly, the boundaries of soil moisture content and variation mainly appeared at depths of 8 m and 20 m underground. Significant moisture variation occurred across the 0–20 m underground layers, suggesting the 8–20 m layer could function as a groundwater collection zone in the study area. Human activities could disturb groundwater, altering migration pathways from the original river path. An optimized "Drainage–Conveyance–Barrier" system is proposed to enhance GLC sustainability, involving upstream groundwater level control, midstream soil moisture management, and downstream hydrological connectivity improvement. These findings carry substantial implications for guiding the planning and execution of GLC engineering initiatives. The novelty of this study lies in its application of ERT to provide a detailed spatial and temporal understanding of soil moisture dynamics in the GLC areas. Future research should focus on factors such as soil types and topographical changes for a comprehensive assessment of GLC's impact on small watershed groundwater hydrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional small‐holder agricultural landscapes in southern China are being consolidated to increase mechanisation levels in agriculture, but it is unclear how this influences rice arthropod communities in these landscapes.Here, based on a six‐year study in 20 rice fields, we evaluated the impact of land consolidation on arthropod communities, crop damage, and rice yield. We also analysed how effects of land consolidation were moderated by the proportion of large semi‐natural habitat patches and insecticide use.We found that, compared to consolidated fields, rice fields in traditional farmlands had a higher abundance and family richness of natural enemies, but a similar abundance of rice pests. Land consolidation did not significantly interact with the proportion of large semi‐natural habitat patches or insecticide application, in terms of affecting arthropods. The proportion of semi‐natural habitat reduced the negative effect of insecticide application on key rice pests, but no equivalent interaction occurred for natural enemies.Synthesis and applications: Land consolidation can have negative impacts on the abundance and richness of natural enemies, but not pests in small‐holder rice systems, and these impacts are independent from insecticide application and proportion of semi‐natural habitat in the landscape. We recommend the implementation of agri‐environmental measures or re‐establishing field margin vegetation during the consolidation process to mitigate these potential negative effects, although trade‐off between enhancing crop yields and preserving rice arthropod biodiversity should be considered. We encourage future research to focus on the detailed assessment of the function of linear habitats for a better understanding of the impact of land consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Village development areas define specific areas, usually located in rural areas, where planned growth and expansion is targeted. This concept is used to prevent uncontrolled construction, sustainable growth of villages and expansion of settlements in a planned manner. Village development areas, which are usually planned within the framework of strategies and zoning practices determined by local governments and planning institutions, focus on factors such as the protection of agricultural land, environmental sustainability, infrastructure development and meeting housing needs. Village development areas and zoning practices carried out on public lands aim to create planned rural settlements by reducing the construction pressure on agricultural lands. These plans encourage the organic growth of settlements in rural areas while at the same time protecting agricultural land. Village development areas and zoning applications for these areas aim to ensure the expansion of villages in accordance with population growth, economic development and various needs. In this study, the planning of the allocation of the public land, which is not suitable for agriculture, with the number 103 block 12 parcel number, located in Deliktaş village in Baskil district of Elazığ province, to the village people living in the region was made It is considered that village development area allocation will contribute significantly to the development of rural communities by providing a range of benefits such as sustainable settlement, protection of agricultural lands, fulfilment of housing needs, economic development, access to social services and protection of natural resources. More widespread adoption of the village development area practice across Turkey will significantly support the sustainable protection of agricultural land in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an ideational perspective, this article studies the landing and consolidation of the idea of "Chile as a model country", and subsequently analyzes its permeation in the Chilean political elite and society from 2006 to 2019. It concludes that four points cemented the mentioned paradigm: the neoliberal economic model, the technocratic logic, consensus and sociopolitical stability. The four presidencies between 2006 and 2019 continued to reproduce this idea, with greater or lesser intensity. However, its permeation in society gradually decreased. By the time of the social outbreak, the paradigm of "Chile as a model country" had strongly permeated the political class, while the citizenry was going through a crisis of representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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