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El mono choro común (Lagothrix lagotricha) es una especie del Nuevo Mundo y ha sido clasificada por la Unión Internacional para la conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) como vulnerable, perteneciendo al apéndice II de la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES). Como parte de su conservación se realizan controles sanitarios anuales en los centros de conservación y zoológicos; la ecografía abdominal forma parte importante de este examen al ser mínimamente invasiva. El presente estudio recopila las ecografías abdominales de 18 individuos Lagothrix lagotricha en cautiverio (Lima, Perú) y en semicautiverio (Loreto, Perú) categorizados como sanos a través de un examen físico realizado previamente por sus centros de origen. Éste es el primer estudio en caracterizar los órganos abdominales en esta especie y los hallazgos muestran que la mayoría de las descripciones de estos órganos coinciden con lo descrito en otras especies de primates neotropicales. Sin embargo, se observó la presencia de una vesícula biliar pseudo bilobulada que coincide con lo descrito en la especie Alouatta seniculus y en el gato doméstico. Así mismo, la medida de los testículos fue mayor en comparación a las medidas encontradas en las especies Alouatta seniculus y Cebus albifrons.

RESUMEN La disminución de las poblaciones del mono choro común (Lagothrix lagotricha) ha llevado a categorizar la especie como amenazada, además, muchos ejemplares se mantienen en cautiverio debido al tráfico ilegal. La hematología es una herramienta muy útil para evaluar el bienestar y diagnóstico de condiciones patológicas, siendo necesario contar con parámetros referenciales para todas las especies de primates mantenidas en cautiverio. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los valores hematológicos de ejemplares de mono choro común (L. lagotricha) bajo cautiverio en los zoológicos de la ciudad de Lima, (Perú). Para ello, el estudio contó con una población total de 28 individuos distribuidos en siete zoológicos, 16 hembras y 12 machos de cuatro grupos etarios diferentes. Se realizó la captura y contención físico-química de los primates utilizando mallas y un protocolo anestésico combinando clorhidrato de ketamina y xilazina. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron por punción de la vena femoral, se colectaron en tubos estériles con anticoagulante EDTA y se mantuvieron en refrigeración hasta su análisis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: eritrocitos 8,76 x 106/μl (± 2,91); hematocrito 36,46% (± 3,38); hemoglobina 12,32 g/dl (± 1,89); VCM 60,61 fl (± 7,85); HCM 20,37 pg (± 3.07); CMCH 33,85 g/dl (± 4,61); leucocitos 6,12 x 103/μl (± 1,05); abastonados 0,05 x 103/μl (± 0,11); segmentados 5,54 x 103/μl (± 2,23); linfocitos 2,62 x 103/ul (± 1,60); monocitos 0,07 x 103/μl (± 0,02); eosinófilos 0,42 x 103/μl (± 0,23); basófilos 0,13 x 103/μl (± 0,14) y plaquetas 314,39 x 103/μl (± 78,09). Se encontró diferencia estadística significativa para el valor de monocitos en relación al sexo. ABSTRACT The decrease in the populations of common woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) has generated its categorization as an endangered species, and many specimens are kept in captivity due to illegal trafficking. Hematology is a very useful tool to assess the well-being and diagnosis of pathological conditions, it is necessary to have reference parameters for all primate species kept in captivity. The aim of this study was to determine the hematological values of the common woolly monkey (L. lagotricha) kept in captivity in zoos in Lima-Peru. The study was counted with 28 individuals in seven zoos, 16 females and 12 males from four different age groups. Primates were captured and the physical-chemical containment was done using screens and an anesthetic protocol based on a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. Blood samples were obtained by puncture of the femoral vein and placed into sterile tubes with EDTA anticoagulant and refrigerated until analysis. The following results were obtained: erythrocytes 8,76 x 10

Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) are impressive characteristic species of Southern America. Thus, their keeping and breeding at Dortmund Zoo between 1960-1974 and 1979-1988 should be contemplated in a retrospective and concluding way. Seven births plus one putative abort occurred. Births were distributed over the year as follows: February (1), May (2), June (1), November (2), and December (1). Two woolly monkeys reached a remarkable age assumed between 16 and 19 years for a female and between 18 and 21 years for a male. Gravidity lasts only about five months. The data presented here are of historic interest but unfortunately the set is too small to provide meaningful statistical results.

Woolly monkey populations are decreasing in the wild and in captivity. Woolly monkeys have a reputation for being difficult to keep and breed, infant mortality is high and hand-rearing is rarely attempted or successful. Between 2006 and 2008, three ♂ Woolly monkeys Lagothrix lagotricha born at Monkey World – Ape Rescue Centre, UK, failed to suckle and these infants were removed for hand-rearing. Because no published information was available to inform our procedures, detailed records of the hand-rearing and reintroduction process were kept, and an account is provided here. Although parent-rearing is always the best option, this paper details the hand-rearing and reintroduction process used successfully at Monkey World in order to encourage other keepers who are managing suboptimal birth circumstances in captive Woolly monkey populations.

In May 2010, a newborn ♂ Woolly monkey Lagothrix lagotricha at Monkey World – Ape Rescue Centre, UK, was found being carried by the dominant ♂ (its father). Attempts were made to encourage the ♂ to return the infant to the mother but these were unsuccessful. Both parents were anaesthetized, and the infant was returned to the ♀ who went on to rear it successfully.

We describe patterns of scent marking observed in two wild populations of lowland woolly monkeys that were the subjects of long-term studies in the westernmost portion of the Amazon basin. The woolly monkeys engaged primarily in two types of scent marking: chest rubbing and anogenital rubbing. In both study populations, males and females performed both types of scent marking, but males chest-rubbed more commonly than females, while females engaged in more anogenital rubbing. We evaluated two nonexclusive hypotheses for the function of scent marking by woolly monkeys: 1) that scent marking is used in sociosexual contexts, and 2) that scent marking is used to convey information about occupancy of or willingness to defend an area from conspecifics in other social groups. We found no association between the occurrence of scent-marking behavior and location within the home range, but did find that scent marking occurred more commonly than expected on days when copulations, mating solicitations, and intergroup encounters were observed. Additionally, mating activity and chest rubbing were highly correlated across the yearly cycle, even when the potentially confounding variable of ripe fruit availability was controlled for. In woolly monkeys, overt male-male competition is rare and female choice is an important part of the mating system. Our results are most consistent with the idea that scent marking plays a role in advertising male quality or competitive ability, and perhaps in coordinating mating activity.

I describe the reproductive patterns of female woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) based on a 12-year study of one group of them at Macarena Ecological Investigations Center, Meta, Colombia. As in other atelin species—muriquis and spider monkeys—characterized by male philopatry, female woolly monkeys leave their natal groups. The age of emigration is ca. 6 years. Females probably begin to copulate with adult males soon after emigration, while their mean age of first parturition is 9 years. They frequently changed groups until they birthed. The average interbirth interval is 36.7 mo (n = 13). All births occurred between July and December (late wet season to early dry season). Copulation occurred throughout the year. However, they copulated more frequently in the estimated conception period from December to May (early dry season to early wet season) than in the birth season. The females had a period of sexual inactivity averaging 7.2 mo until conception. The copulation period and copulation cycle or interval between copulation periods averaged 2.3 and 11.3 days calculated by a conventional method, or 3.1 and 14.7 days by a slightly modified method. The reproductive parameters of woolly monkeys are quite similar to those reported for other atelins in many respects, except the immigration process and age of first copulation.

Se reporta el caso de un mono choro (Lagothrix lagotricha) criado como mascota que llega a la consulta por presentar una tumefacción en el cuello, decaimiento e inapetencia. La tumefacción correspondió a un absceso. El examen radiográfico indicó signos radiográficos de bronconeumonía, la tinción alcohol-ácido descartó la presencia de micobacterias y en el cultivo bacteriológico se aisló Klebsiella pneumoniae. Se administró tratamiento antibiótico a base de enrofloxacina 5 mg/kg i.m. c/24 h durante 10 días, antibiótico susceptible según el antibiograma. El individuo se recuperó., A captive woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) maintained as pet was brought tothe clinic due to the presence of a swelling in the neck, loss of appetite and weakness.The swelling corresponded to an abscess. The radiographic test showed signs ofbronchopneumonia, the acid alcohol test ruled out the presence of mycobacteria and inthe bacterial culture Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated. Antibiotic therapy, based onenrofloxacin 5 mg/kg i.m. daily was administered for 10 days, as this antibiotic showedhigh susceptibility in the antibiogram. The patient fully recovered.

The objective of this study was to determine the haematological and serum biochemistry values in a population of woolly monkeys choros (Lagothrix lagotricha)reared in semi-captivity at the Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación Ikamaperu in Lagunas, Loreto, Peru. Forty primates, 12 males and 28 females, which included juveniles, subadults and adults in apparent good health conditions were sampled. The haematological values were similar, triglyceride and AST values were elevated, and total protein and ALP values were low as compared to other studies in zoos. The age group influenced erythrocyte counts, total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase. No sex effect was found on erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelet counts and in serum chemistry values, except for the number of monocytes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores hematológicos y de bioquímica sérica de una población de monos choros (Lagothrix lagotricha) que se encontraban en semicautiverio en el Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación Ikama peru, en Lagunas, Loreto. Se trabajó con 40 monos, 12 machos y 28 hembras entre juveniles, sub-adultos y adultos en aparente buen estado de salud. Los valores hematológicos fueron similares, los niveles de triglicéridos y de AST estuvieron elevados y los de proteínas totales yALP estuvieron bajos en relación a estudios realizados en zoológicos. El grupo etarioinfluenció los niveles de eritrocitos, proteínas totales, bilirrubina total, colesterol yfosfatasa alcalina; asimismo, no hubo diferencias por efecto del sexo en la serie eritrocítica, conteo de plaquetas y bioquímica sérica, con excepción del número de monocitos.

The objective of this study was to determine the haematological and serum biochemistry values in a population of woolly monkeys choros (Lagothrix lagotricha)reared in semi-captivity at the Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación Ikamaperu in Lagunas,Loreto, Peru. Forty primates, 12 males and 28 females, which included juveniles, subadults and adults in apparent good health conditions were sampled. The haematological values were similar, triglyceride and AST values were elevated, and total protein and ALP values were low as compared to other studies in zoos. The age group influenced erythrocyte counts, total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase. No sex effect was found on erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelet counts and in serum chemistry values, except for the number of monocytes. El estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la combinación ketamina (3 mg/kg), xilacina(1 mg/kg) y midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) para la inmovilización química de perezosos de dos dedos (Choloepus didactylus) y su reversión empleando los antagonistas yohimbina(0.125 mg/kg) y flumazenil (0.005 mg/kg). Se inmovilizaron tres individuos adultos cautivos y se registró la frecuencia respiratoria y cardiaca, saturación de oxígeno de la hemoglobina, presión sanguínea no invasiva y temperatura rectal cada 5 min por 25 min. Se tomaron los tiempos de inducción, inmovilización y recuperación y se evaluaron cualitativamente. La profundidad anestésica se evaluó mediante los reflejos y la relajación muscular. Se logró la inmovilización de los tres animales. Los tiempos de inducción y recuperación fueron de 3.84 ± 0.55 y 13.73 ± 0.64 min, respectivamente. La calidad de lostres periodos fue buena y sin efectos adversos. Los signos vitales, excepto la presión sanguínea durante la inmovilización, estuvieron dentro de los rangos fisiológicos. Seobtuvo buena relajación muscular y la profundidad anestésica permitió realizar los procedimientos de control sanitario. El protocolo utilizado podría utilizarse cuando se requieraun periodo de recuperación muy corto o cuando el posible desarrollo de hipertensión pueda ser adecuadamente controlado.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores hematológicos y de bioquímica sérica de una población de monos choros (Lagothrix lagotricha) que se encontraban en semicautiverio en el Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación Ikama peru, en Lagunas, Loreto. Se trabajó con 40 monos, 12 machos y 28 hembras entre juveniles, sub-adultos y adultos en aparente buen estado de salud. Los valores hematológicos fueron similares, los niveles de triglicéridos y de AST estuvieron elevados y los de proteínas totales yALP estuvieron bajos en relación a estudios realizados en zoológicos. El grupo etarioinfluenció los niveles de eritrocitos, proteínas totales, bilirrubina total, colesterol yfosfatasa alcalina; asimismo, no hubo diferencias por efecto del sexo en la serie eritrocítica, conteo de plaquetas y bioquímica sérica, con excepción del número de monocitos., The objective of this study was to determine the haematological and serum biochemistry values in a population of woolly monkeys choros (Lagothrix lagotricha)reared in semi-captivity at the Centro de Rescate y Rehabilitación Ikamaperu in Lagunas, Loreto, Peru. Forty primates, 12 males and 28 females, which included juveniles, subadults and adults in apparent good health conditions were sampled. The haematological values were similar, triglyceride and AST values were elevated, and total protein and ALP values were low as compared to other studies in zoos. The age group influenced erythrocyte counts, total protein, total bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase. No sex effect was found on erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelet counts and in serum chemistry values, except for the number of monocytes.

The correlates of chest-rubbing were studied in a captive group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) to assess possible functions of territorial marking, spacing among competing groups or competing males, reproductive communication, marking to identify familiar environments, selfanointing, and displacement activity. Chest-rubbing was observed only in sexually mature monkeys and was a predominantly male activity. Females increased chest-rubbing when the original adult male died. Chest-rubbing by the first adult male was more common during the two months that he was mating with two females and at times when keepers were likely to be at the exhibit. The results suggest a reproductive function for chest-rubbing in both males and females. There is also support for chest-rubbing as a spacing activity.

This long-term study of woolly monkey (Lagothrix) locomotor and postural behaviour employs methods identical to those used during a previous study of the locomotion and posture of two species of Ateles, allowing a detailed comparison between the two genera, which are strong competitors in extensive parts of the Amazon basin and northern Andes. As in Ateles, Lagothrix locomotion can be divided into five patterns, based on limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism (very rare in wild woolly monkeys) and leaping. Lagothrix differs from Ateles primarily in its greater reliance on quadrupedal locomotion during both travel and feeding and on its de-emphasis of the use of suspensory locomotion as compared to Ateles, while the use of climbing and leaping is roughly equal in the two genera. Lagothrix exhibits more generalised (primitive) locomotive behaviour in accordance with its morphology, in comparison to the more specialised Ateles. The generic differences reflect differences in habitat use and particularly foraging ecology.

Isolated-bout method to estimate the retention times and dispersal distances was applied to the seed dispersal by red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and Humboldt’s woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) in a lowland tropical forest at La Macarena, on the border of the Macarena and Tinigua National Parks, the Department of Meta, Colombia. Continuous observations were made on the feeding and ranging behavior of well-habituated troops of howler monkeys and woolly monkeys as well as continuous collection of monkeys’ feces. We selected out the ‘isolated-bout’ as a feeding bout on the specific species that was only once recorded within 48 h before the seeds of that species appeared in the feces of monkeys. In that case, the seeds were strongly suggested to come from that isolated bout. Then retention times, route seed dispersal distances and direct seed dispersal distances were estimated. Howler monkeys, which are regarded as generalist herbivores, showed longer retention times and dispersal distances along monkeys’ route than did woolly monkeys, which are specialist frugivores. However, the direct distances that seeds were carried from the mother tree were not significantly greater for howler monkeys than for woolly monkeys. This shows that both retention time and movement patterns by the monkeys, especially the total ranging area, influence the direct distance that seeds are carried from the mother tree.

We present data on the reproductive parameters of the woolly monkey from five different colonies and the North American Studbook. Because this species appears to be difficult to breed in captivity and yet is of conservation concern, a description of reproductive performance should be of help to colony managers. Few females (37.5%) were reproductively active for more than two birth events. The most successful females tended to be those who had been born in captivity, having younger ages at first reproduction (median = 6 years) and shorter inter-birth intervals (median = 25 months), compared with their wild-caught counterparts (median = 9 years, inter-birth interval = 30 months). Females reproduced for between 3 and 6 years only and died at approximately 13 years of age. Sex ratio at birth was almost equal, and infant sex had no effect on inter-birth interval. Infant survival and rearing with the mother doubled the length of the inter-birth interval. Zoo Biol 18:421–427, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

I studied proximal spacing within a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) during 7 months at Parque Nacional Tinigua, Colombia. I collected a total of 1188 instantaneous samples on focal individuals, recording the number and age/sex class of individuals that were in contact with

A group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha), studied for 1,800 hr from June 1984 until September 1987 in the eastern Colombian Amazon, used a home range of about 760 ha, 90% of which overlapped the ranges of three other groups. Home range use varied throughout the year, correlating in part with variations in fruit production. The home range exhibited a nonexclusive "core area" in the floristically most diverse part of the home range, although the majority of the home range was entered at a much lower frequency. Within the study area woolly monkeys occurred at a density of 5.5 individuals/km2. The average day range was 2,880 m, and the average straight line distance between sleeping sites was 896 m. Day ranges differed significantly across months, but the only significant correlation tested was a positive relation with time spent "moving" in the activity budget. Comparisons with three other Amazonian sites where woolly monkeys have been studied reveal considerable variation. Soil fertility, plant community differences, and other factors seem to influence ranging patterns. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The present study detected by stool examinations the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in nonhuman primates reared in captivity at the Pucallpa Natural Zoological Park, located in the department of Ucayali - Peru. A total of 72 collective fecal samples were collected from 58 individuals from species Cebus apella (brown capuchins), Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli (saddleback tamarins), Cebus albifrons (white-fronted capuchins), Lagothrix lagotricha (woolly monkey), Ateles paniscus chamek (spider monkey), Saimiri

I studied a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)for 1800 hr from early 1985 until September 1987 near the lower Apaporis river of the Vaupes Department in the eastern Colombian Amazon. The group had an activity budget of 29.9% rest, 38.8% move, 25.8% forage, and 5.5% other activities during 720 hr of observations evenly spaced throughout this year. The only significant change in these activities during the study period was social activity, which increased as a function of increased food supply. Average diurnal activities of resting and moving are negatively correlated, and each activity show significant changes during the day, while foraging show no significant change. The activity budgets of the adult males and females are not significantly different, but the activities of the juveniles and infants showed much more social activity than the adults. High moving scores may be correlated with the comparative infertility of the soils of the Caparu forest, which require increased effort to maintain the energy levels necessary for maintenance and reproduction in Lagothrix.

Dung beetles are among the most important insects in the Neotropics. Some species use a wide range of food sources, whereas other species are highly specialized. This study compares the use of two-primate excrement by an assemblage of dung beetles in a tropical forest in Colombia. Dung ofLagothrix lagotrichaandAlouatta seniculuswas used to attract beetles. A total of 32 species (47.7% of the species recorded for the area) were found on the two types of excrement studied, demonstrating that primate excrement is an important resource. The niche overlap between both feces is 27.03%, which indicates a high degree of resource specialization. Although these two primate species are found in the same areas, their diets vary greatly to permit a high degree of differentiation in beetle species. A study that includes dung of others primates would create a more complete panorama of resource overlap in the assemblage.

Humboldt's woolly monkeys Lagothrix lagotricha have been systematically hunted, mostly for food, to the point of becoming locally extinct wherever humans share their habitat. Remaining populations in the extensive lowland Amazonian range of this species are restricted to remote, unflooded terra firme forests. These populations are, however, quickly wiped out once access is opened by new roads. Terra firme forests, even in entirely undisturbed sites, are seasonally far less productive and can only sustain relatively low population densities. Woolly monkeys are currently more susceptible to hunting than perhaps any other vertebrate in the New World tropics and, as such, should be regarded as highly endangered.

Vertical climbing is central to theories surrounding the locomotor specialisations of large primates. In this paper, we present spatiotemporal gait parameters obtained from video recordings of captive spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps robustus) and woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) in semi-natural enclosures, with the aim of discovering the influence of body weight and differences in general locomotor behaviour on vertical climbing kinematics on various substrates. Results show that there are only few differences between gait parameters of climbing on thin trees, vertical and oblique ropes, while climbing on large-diameter trees differs considerably, reflecting the higher costs of locomotion on the latter. At the same speed, Ateles takes longer strides and the support phase takes a smaller percentage of cycle duration than in Lagothrix. Footfall patterns are more diverse in Ateles and include a higher proportion of ipsilateral limb coupling. Compared to other primates, the gait characteristics of vertical climbing of atelines most closely resemble those of African apes.

Fibrillar deposits, distinct from amyloid deposits, were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the glomeruli and lung of an Amazonian Woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) which had died with extensive pulmonary haemorrhage. The renal lesions were typical of fibrillary glomerulonephritis in man, and IgG deposition was also demonstrated in the kidney. The association of renal and pulmonary lesions has been reported previously in man, but this is the first report of fibrillary glomerulonephritis, and a pulmonary-renal syndrome, in non-human animals.

Analise cladistica das sequencias dos genes Epsilon-globin a e IRBP fornece informacāe complementar importante para urn esboco das principais linhas da filogenia dos macacos do Novo Mundo. As abordagens morfologicas e de genetica molecular sao razoavelmente consistentes com as evidencias disponiveis atraves do reg istro fossil , significando que as formas modernas fornecem uma boa base para o desenvolvimento de uma classificācao dos platirrineos, e que o entendimento das relacōes entre fosseis podem ser facil itados com a inclusao dos generos viventes nas analises. Os estudos moleculares e morfologicas fortalecem a ideia de tres grandes grupos modernos, possivelmente divergindo num intervalo de tempo relativamente curto . Considerando as discordâncias nos estudos da sistematica de platirrineos nas ultimas decadas - a correta localizacoo filogenetica de Cebus, Saimiri, Aotus e Callicebus - a cornbina#x00E7;oo das evidencias colocam Callicebus definitivamente como parente dos pitecineos. Elas reforcam tambem a ligacoo entre Saimiri e os calitriquineos, o elo entre Cebus e Saimiri, e sua associacoo com calitriquineos como uma linhagem monofiletica do grupo dos «cebideos». Os dados de DNA divergem, porem, com a colocacoo de Aotus como uma linhagem basal desse agrupamento, urn achado inconsistente com as evidencias morfologicas. A analise de DNA tambem aponta a necessidade de uma reconsideracoo da taxonomia do genero Callitrhix, que talvez noo seja monofiletica. Os dados confirmam parcialmente o padroo de ramificacoo do clade dos atelideos, posicionando Alouatta como a linhagem mais velha. Problemas que permanecem dentro dos calitriquineos e atelineos incluem: 1)os afinidades precisas entre os atelineos, Lagothrix, Ateles e Brachyt eles; e 2) a sequencia de ramificacoo dentre os calitriquineos, i.e., Callithrix/Cebuella, Leontopithecus , Saguinus e Callimico.

Este estudio reporta información básica sobre la cacería realizada por los pobladores de la comunidad de Bretaña como: días requeridos para la cacería, animales silvestres frecuentemente cazados, tipos de hábitat donde se acostumbra a cazar, entre otros aspectos. Se realizó una entrevista a 10 cazadores de la zona, además de las observaciones personales en la zona de estudio. Las especies como majas (Cuniculus paca) 18.06% y choro (Lagothrix lagotricha) 14,01% fueron las más cazadas, entre la menos cazada estuvo la pava (Aburria pipile) 0,46%. La restinga representó el hábitat más frecuentado por los cazadores (42%). Los ungulados (1365 Kg) y reptiles (754 Kg) fueron las especies que aportaron mayor rendimiento de carne fresca por animal, siendo los machos (51,23%) los más preferidos por los cazadores. Es prioritario involucrar a la comunidad en un plan de manejo que busque conservar a las especies en su totalidad y su hábitat.

Lagothrix lagotricha (Humboldt, 1812). Rec. Observ. Zool., 1:322. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Üapes, Rio Guaviare. DISTRIBUTION: Middle and Upper Amazon. STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Vulnerable. SYNONYMS: cana E. Geoffroy; cappato, caroarensis, castelnaui, geoffroyi; humboldtii E. Geoffroy; infumata, lugens, olivaceus, poeppigii, puruensis, thomasi, tschudii, ubericola., Published as part of Colin P. Groves, 1993, Order Primates, pp. 243-277 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 258, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353122

New techniques for obtaining high resolution banding are used in comparative cytogenetics. They make possible a direct comparison of the chromosomes of two distantly related primates, man and Lagothrix lagotricha (Platyrrhine). For many chromosomes, the homoeologies of banding are surprisingly clear. These new results strongly strengthen the interpretations proposed with the use of more conventional banding techniques.

Vertebrate predation has not been reported for woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) in their natural habitat. However, bird predation has been observed in captivity. The present report is based on 15 incidents of bird predation that occurred during a 1-year observational study of the nine woolly monkeys at the Louisville Zoo. All identified captures were by females. The captor and her prey were frequently pursued by the other monkeys. Social rank was related to attempts to steal the prey. Consumption was characterized by much chewing and frequent alternation between the prey and highly fiberous substances. Predation was not characterized by stereotypical behaviors for pursuit or killing of prey, but instead suggested opportunistic capture by a generalized organism. The low frequency of bird predation by captive woolly monkeys may indicate that a similar level of predation has gone undetected in the study ofLagothrix in the wild.

The skin of the golden spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) has many histological and histochemical similarities to that of the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) and howler monkey (Alouatta caraya); however, this monkey possesses certain peculiar properties such as large sebaceous glands, a combined distributional pattern of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, and abundant alkaline phosphatase in the sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. In brief, the anatomical and histochemical properties of the skin of this animal are more similar to those of the howler monkey than to the woolly monkey. In addition, the skin of these three Ceboids falls phylogenetically between that of the Cercopithecoidea and Pithecoidea.

The anatomy of the wrist joint is described in specimens of Ateles geoffroyi, Ateles sp., Lagothrix lagotricha, Pongo pygmaeus and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. It is demonstrated that the semibrachiating monkeys retain a primitive quadrupedal type of articulation with the ulnar styloid process contacting both pisiform and triquetral; the fundamentally different structure of this articulation in Pongidae is confirmed. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of hominoid evolution are briefly discussed.