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Purpose: This study investigated the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus reuteri TISTR 2736 on glucose homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms of its actions in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. Methods: A rat model of T2D was established by a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were treated daily with L. reuteri TISTR 2736 (2 × 108 CFU/day) for 30 days. Biochemical, histopathological, and molecular analyses were carried out to determine insulin signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with L. reuteri TISTR 2736 significantly ameliorated fasting blood glucose and glucose intolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity indices in the diabetic rats. The hepatic histopathology was improved with L. reuteri TISTR 2736 treatment, which was correlated with a reduction of hepatic lipid profiles. L. reuteri TISTR 2736 significantly reduced glycogen content, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activity, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 protein expression, and enhanced hexokinase activity in the diabetic liver. The downregulation of IRS1 and phosphorylated IRS1Ser307 and upregulation of PI3K and phosphorylated AKTSer473 proteins in the liver were found in the L. reuteri TISTR 2736-treated diabetic group. Furthermore, it was able to suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in the diabetic rats, as demonstrated by decreased malondialdehyde and protein levels of NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α, but increased antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Conclusion: By inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory stress, L. reuteri TISTR 2736 alleviated hyperglycemia and improved carbohydrate metabolism through activating IRS1/PI3K/AKT pathway in the T2D rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the role of a newly isolated strain L.reuteri LY2-2 in colitis in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods L.reuteri: LY2-2 was orally administered to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) treatment was used as the drug control. Results: The results showed that the disease severity of colitis mice was significantly alleviated. The intestinal inflammation was restricted by synergistically reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signaling, restoring the abnormal immune response, and enhancing intestinal barrier function. Of note, L.reuteri LY2-2 showed great potential in modulating macrophages polarization in colonic tissues. Moreover, the gut dysbiosis was improved. The potentially pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter and Romboutsia decreased and the probiotics including L.rhamnosus and L.plantarum increased. Interestingly, the above pathological indexes in the L.reuteri LY2-2 group were better than those in the 5-ASA group. Conclusion: L.reuteri LY2-2 had a better protective effect on DSS-induced colitis via its anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing properties, which supports the potential value of this probiotic against colitis. These results contribute to product development of functional probiotics for colitis and provide valuable insights for their mechanisms of biological function to affect human health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Intestinal health is related to the healthy and efficient breeding of piglets, which needs to be focused on in the post-antibiotic era. Microecological agents play an important role in improving the intestinal health of piglets; however, many of the mechanisms have not been characterized. In the present study, we present an updated report of Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics on the growth performance, intestinal flora structure and plasma metabolome of weaned piglets. Our outcomes demonstrate that Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics improve the antioxidant function and reduce the mortality of piglets by regulating the structure of intestinal flora and upregulating the content of coenzyme Q10 in serum. Our findings provide an important theoretical basis for the application of Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics in piglet production and provide new data for the healthy and efficient breeding of piglets. Probiotics and their postbiotics have the potential to improve the health and growth performance of piglets, which has brought them widespread attention in the post-antibiotic era. In the present study, the effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics on the growth performance, intestinal flora structure and plasma metabolome of weaned piglets were investigated. A total of 816 healthy male piglets with uniform weight were divided into two treatment groups: piglets in the control (CTR) group were fed with a basic diet, and the ones in the LAC group were fed with the basic diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics. There were six replicates in each group and 68 piglets in each replicate. The animal trial lasted for 30 days. The feces and blood of piglets were collected for investigation, and the growth performance during the trial was counted. Our outcomes show that dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics had no effect on the growth performance of piglets; however, it reduced the mortality rate of piglets by 6.37%. The levels of total superoxide dismutase in the serum, propionic acid and butyric acid in the feces were elevated, and the content of malondialdehyde in the serum was decreased with Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics-treated piglets (p < 0.05). The fecal flora sequencing results show that the relative abundance of Firmicutes and monoglobus was upregulated, and the relative abundance of Bacteroides was downregulated with Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics-treated piglets (p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of propionic acid and butyric acid in the feces were positively correlated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Bacteroides (p < 0.05). The plasma metabolome results show that dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics raised the level of coenzyme Q10 in the serum, and the abundance of coenzyme Q10 was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Firmicutes and the level of total superoxide dismutase in the serum. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri postbiotics contributed to improving the antioxidant function and reducing the mortality of piglets by regulating the structure of intestinal flora and upregulating the content of coenzyme Q10 in serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms synthesize diverse types of exopolysaccharides (EPSs). EPSs with varying structural and physical properties can demonstrate unique health benefits, which allow for their tailored applications as functional foods such as prebiotics. Levan, a fructose-based EPS, is gaining considerable attention as an effective prebiotic to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Consequently, this enhances digestive health, boosts the immune system, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Unfortunately, limited studies are available on levan-type EPSs to demonstrate their role as prebiotics. Therefore, in this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments, concerning intestinal cell integrity and metabolic syndrome, to assess the therapeutic potential of levan derived from Lactobacillus reuteri FW2. The in vitro experimental results revealed that levan improved the survival of impaired HT-29 epithelial cells of the intestine and also exerted antioxidant effects. In the in vivo experiments, mice fed with levan-supplemented feed exhibited low body weight gain, blood glucose, and serum cholesterol levels compared to the control group. These findings highlight the biotherapeutic potential of L. reuteri FW2-derived levan for improving metabolic syndrome and its associated aspects. It also signifies the need for a further detailed investigation based on clinical trials to include levan in dietary supplements for improved health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to optimize the process conditions of solid-state fermentation for full puppy food with Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus gasseri, and to explore the changes of nutrient and enzyme activity before and after fermentation. Using a single factor experimental design, the optimal fermentation temperature, solid-liquid ratio, fermentation time, inoculation amount and inoculation ratio for compound lactic acid bacteria fermentation were selected based on the number of lactic acid bacteria colonies in the fermentation products, and the optimal fermentation conditions were explored by response surface method. The results showed that the optimal fermentation process of compound lactic acid bacteria were as follows: the inoculation amount of compound bacteria was 1.8×107 CFU/g, the inoculation ratio of compound bacteria was 1∶1.0, the monoglyceride addition amount was 200 mg/kg, the solid-liquid ratio was 1∶1.2 g/mL, the fermentation temperature was 35 ℃, and the fermentation time was 36 h. After fermentation by Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus gasseri, the contents of crude protein and crude fat in the fermentation products increased significantly (P<0.05). However, the crude ash, calcium and total phosphorus did not change significantly (P>0.05). It could be concluded that the solid-state fermentation of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus gasseri can improve the feeding value of Kunming dog food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are endocrine-disrupting persistent organic pollutants (POPs) used as flame retardants in a wide range of commercial applications. We have previously reported neurobehavioral and metabolic reprogramming produced by developmental PBDEs. PBDEs perturb the microbiome, an influencer of life-long health, while probiotic supplementation with Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR) can avert neurobehavioral and endocrine disruption. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that perinatal maternal LR supplementation would protect gut microbiome richness and diversity, developmental milestones, adult neurobehavior and metabolic homeostasis in PBDE-exposed offspring. C57BL/6N dams were orally exposed to a commercial penta-mixture of PBDEs, DE-71, at 0.1 mg/kg/day, or corn oil vehicle (VEH/CON) during gestation and lactation. Mice offspring received DE-71 or VEH/CON with or without co-administration of LR (ATCC-PTA-6475) indirectly via their mother from gestational day (GD) 0 until postnatal day (P)21 (Cohort 1), or continued to receive LR directly from P22 through adulthood (Cohort 2). Results of fecal 16S rRNA sequencing indicated age- and sex-dependent effects of DE-71 on gut microbial communities. Maternal LR treatment protected against DE-71-induced reduction in α-diversity in P22 females and against β-diversity alterations in P30 males. In females, DE-71 changed the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa, such as Tenericutes and Cyanobacteria (elevated) and Deferribacterota (reduced). In males, several Firmicutes taxa were elevated, while Proteobacteria, Chlamydiae, and several Bacteroidota taxa were reduced. The number of disrupted taxa normalized by maternal LR supplementation was as follows: 100% in P22 females and 33% in males at P22 and 25% at P30. Maternal LR treatment protected against DE-71-induced delay of postnatal body weight gain in males and ameliorated the abnormal timing of incisor eruption in both sexes. Further, DE-71 produced exaggerated digging in both sexes as well as locomotor hyperactivity in females, effects that were mitigated by maternal LR only in females. Other benefits of LR therapy included normalization of glucose tolerance, insulin-to-glucose ratio and plasma leptin in adult DE-71 females (Cohort 2). This study provides evidence that probiotic supplementation can mitigate POP-induced reprogramming of neurodevelopment, adult neurobehavior, and glucose metabolism in association with modified gut microbial community structure in a sex-dependent manner. Highlights: Maternal Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR) supplementation sex-dependently normalized DE-71-induced gut dysbiosis in offspring. Maternal DE-71 sex-dependently altered the timing of offspring postnatal developmental benchmarks. Maternal LR ameliorated DE-71-induced delay in male body weight gain. Maternal LR normalized sex-dependent DE-71-induced reprogramming of adult glucose homeostasis. Maternal LR prevented DE-71-induced hyperactivity and repetitive behavior in adult female offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of L. plantarum and L. reuteri on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant, and immunity-related genes in zebrafish. Six hundred zebrafish (38.19±1.4 mg) were randomized into twelve tanks (50 fish per), and fed prepared diets comprising unsupplemented (T0), 1×108 CFU/g L. plantarum (T1), 1×1011 CFU/kg L. reuteri (T2), and 1×108 CFU/g L. plantarum + 1×1011 CFU/kg L. reuteri (T3) for 8 weeks. Experimental diets had meaningful effects on weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), and the highest WG and FW were seen in T3. Fish-fed supplemented diets had higher amylase and lipase activities. No significant differences were seen in protease, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin activities between treatments. The supplemented groups showed a significant increase in lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin levels. Meaningful differences were noticed in ACH50, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin, and IgM levels. ALT levels were markedly higher in T2 and T3. Catalase (CAT), total antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were significantly impacted by the experimental diets. The experimental diets showed no marked impact on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) values. Relative expressions of CAT, GPX, and SOD genes were notably upper in T3. Moreover, IL1, LYZ, and TNFα gene expressions were significantly enhanced in T3 diets. The challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that zebrafish fed L. plantarum and L. reuteri had a lower mortality rate than the control. Consequently, the combination of L. reuteri and L. plantarum is proposed to improve growth efficiency, immunity, and reduce the negative effects of A. hydrophila infection in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral diseases, particularly dental caries and periodontal disease, pose significant global health challenges. The imbalance of the oral microbiota plays a key role in the occurrence of these diseases, prompting researchers to seek new strategies to restore oral ecological balance. Lactobacillus reuteri is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that exists in various body parts of humans, including the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and so on. This species has a potentially positive impact on oral health and plays an important role in maintaining systemic health. Recent studies have explored the application of Lactobacillus reuteri in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, and its impact on systemic health has also been preliminarily revealed. The current review summarizes the role of Lactobacillus reuteri in oral health and systemic health and outlines its potential applications in the future. Lactobacillus reuteri has shown promising prospects in treating non-communicable biofilm-dependent oral diseases, but its mechanism of action and efficacy still need further research. In addition, Lactobacillus reuteri has also displayed some potential benefits in promoting overall health. Future research should focus on revealing the specific pathways of action of Lactobacillus reuteri, screening for the most beneficial strains, determining the most effective drug delivery strategies, developing oral and systemic health products based on Lactobacillus reuteri, and ensuring their safety in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Periodontal inflammation, often linked to oral microbiota dysbiosis dominated by pathogenic bacteria, remains a significant challenge in periodontitis management. Traditional periodontal therapies primarily reduce the bacterial load but fail to restore the microbiota balance. Probiotics offer a promising therapeutic adjunct with their ability to enhance beneficial bacteria. This study investigates the effects of probiotics on the oral microbiota, inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α), and clinical parameters (gingival index, bleeding index, and periodontal pocket depth). Materials and Methods: In this pilot study, 80 patients with moderate-to-severe periodontitis were assigned to two groups. Group A received standard periodontal therapy (non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT)) with probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus reuteri, 2 × 10⁹ CFU daily for 8 weeks), and Group B received standard treatment with a placebo. Microbiological changes were assessed via quantitative PCR, while inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α) were analyzed using ELISA. Clinical parameters, including the gingival index (GI), bleeding index (BI), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD), were measured at baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T1), and 8 weeks (T2) using standardized methods. Results: Probiotic therapy (Group A) significantly reduced the pathogenic bacteria and increased the beneficial bacteria levels compared to the placebo (p < 0.01). Inflammatory markers decreased by 37% (IL-1β) and 42% (TNF-α), while clinical parameters improved, with reductions in the gingival and bleeding indices (−1.5, −1.3) and a 2 mm decrease in the periodontal pocket depth (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Probiotics, as an adjunct to periodontal therapy, effectively restore the microbiota balance, reduce inflammation, and improve clinical outcomes in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) remains a significant contributor to calf mortality within the first 3 weeks of life, prompting widespread antibiotic use with associated concerns about antimicrobial resistance and disruption of the calf gut microbiota. Recent research exploring NCD treatments targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis has highlighted probiotic supplementation as a promising and safe strategy for gut homeostasis. However, varying treatment outcomes across studies suggest the need for efficient treatment options. In this study, we evaluated the potential of probiotics Limosilactobacillus reuteri , formally known as Lactobacillus reuteri , isolated from healthy neonatal calves to treat NCD. Through in silico whole genome analysis and in vitro assays, we identified nine L. reuteri strains, which were then administered to calves with NCD. Calves treated with L. reuteri strains shed healthy feces and demonstrated restored gut microbiota and normal animal behavior. Leveraging a machine learning model, we evaluated microbiota profiles and identified bacterial taxa associated with calf gut health that were elevated by L. reuteri administration. These findings represent a crucial advancement towards sustainable antibiotic alternatives for managing NCD, contributing significantly to global efforts in mitigating antimicrobial resistance and promoting overall animal health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal inflammation is a common and serious health problem in piglet production, especially enteritis caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). This condition often leads to high mortality, slow weight gain, and significant economic losses. Results: In this study, we isolated an E. coli strain, SKLAN202302, from the colon of diarrheal piglets to create an intestinal inflammation model for evaluating the protective effects of baicalin. Piglets infected with E. coli exhibited significant reductions in body weight, feed intake, small intestine length, and ileal goblet cell count (P < 0.05), along with deteriorated ileal morphology. However, baicalin supplementation resulted in body weights, feed intake, and intestinal morphology similar to those of the control group. Notably, there was a significant increase in the colonization of Lactobacillus species, particularly Lactobacillus_reuteri, Lactobacillus_amylovorus, and Lactobacillus_johnii, compared to the E. coli group (P < 0.05). At the metabolic and transcriptional levels, E. coli infection increased inflammatory mediators, including eicosanoids (leukotriene F4, prostaglandin F1a, leukotriene E4, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin G2, and PGH2), monosaccharides, and TCA cycle intermediates (oxoglutaric acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, citric acid, and isocitric acid) in the ileum. It also promoted the expression of genes related to autoimmune diseases and the Th17 differentiation signaling pathway (CTLA4, IFN-ALPHA-8, IL12RB2, TRAV3, TRAV16, FOS, and VEGFA), as well as inflammatory factors. Conversely, baicalin supplementation not only counteracted these effects but also enhanced the presence of metabolites such as phospholipids [including lysoPC (P-18:1(9Z)/0:0), PC (17:0/0:0), lysoPC (16:1(9Z)/0:0), PC (18:0/0:0), lysoPC (18:0/0:0), PA (10:0/i-16:0), and PA (10:0/8:0)] and amino acids. It also regulated genes within the IL-17 signaling pathway (IL4, CCL17, CXCL10, IFNG, and CXCL2), suggesting a mechanism by which baicalin mitigates E. coli-induced intestinal and microbial disturbances. Subsequent flow cytometry analysis showed that E. coli infection increased the numbers of CD3+ and Foxp3+ cells, decreased IL-17A+ cells, and reduced Th17/Treg ratios. Baicalin supplementation restored these parameters to control levels. Conclusions: Baicalin supplementation effectively alleviates E. coli-induced intestinal inflammation and microbial disturbances in piglets by enhancing beneficial Lactobacillus colonization, counteracting inflammatory mediators, and regulating immune-related gene expression and the Th17/Treg balance. These findings highlight baicalin's potential in alleviating intestinal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics, which are beneficial to the host, have been shown to benefit the health of cats. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used probiotics, but most strains used for cats are not derived from cats, leading to reduced efficacy and poor adaptation to cats. The objective was to identify LAB with promising probiotic potential specific to cats. Method: LABs were isolated from fecal samples of 20 healthy cats. Gram staining and the survival rate in the simulated gastrointestinal tract were used for preliminary screening. Candidate strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing, and further evaluated for adhesion ability, growth characteristics, antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and safety. Results: 24 Gram-positive isolates were identified, with 10 (F1-F10) showing robust viability in the simulated gastroenteric fluid. These 10 strains exhibited excellent adhesion to Caco-2 cells and strong auto-agglutination properties. They also possessed the capacity to antagonize and aggregate pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella Braenderup H9812, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1), Moreover, all strains demonstrated tolerance to H2O2 concentrations ranging from 0.5–2 mmol/L and the ability to scavenge 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, indicating a certain level of antioxidant activity. Safety tests showed no hemolytic activity, and all but F6 were highly sensitive to antibiotics, with over 62.5% sensitivity to 16 antibiotics. Remarkably, F4 (Lactobacillus reuteri) and F10 (Lactobacillus brevis) exhibited exceptional viability in the simulated gastrointestinal tract, coupled with robust growth potential, enhanced adhesion efficiency, significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that F4 (Lactobacillus reuteri) and F10 (Lactobacillus brevis) hold promising potential as probiotics. This research lays a solid scientific foundation for the selection and application of probiotics tailored specifically for cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease in preterm infants. Little is known about the regulatory effect of lung Lactobacillus and its mechanism in BPD. This study explored the effect of L. reuteri on hyperoxia‐induced mice lung injuries and examined whether L. reuteri played a role via the IL‐22/STAT3 pathway. We found that the intranasal administration of L. reuteri and its tryptophan metabolite indole‐3‐aldehyde (3‐IAld) ameliorated hyperoxia‐induced mice lung BPD‐like changes, deceased proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α), and increased the levels of surfactant‐associated protein C (SPC), aquaporin 5 (AQP5), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, also known as FLK‐1). Furthermore, L. reuteri and 3‐IAld increased the expression of IL‐22. IL‐22 was also confirmed to ameliorate hyperoxia‐induced mice lung pathological changes, and the protective effects of L. reuteri could be inhibited by anti‐IL‐22 neutralizing antibody. Finally, we confirmed STAT3 activation by IL‐22 in MLE‐12 cells. In summary, our study confirmed L. reuteri alleviated hyperoxia‐induced lung BPD‐like changes in mice by activating the IL‐22/STAT3 signaling pathway via IL‐22 production. Probiotics Lactobacillus is a potential treatment for hyperoxia‐induced lung injury in newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects various organs in the body. In SLE, inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in initiating and sustaining the inflammatory process. Synbiotics may help modulate these inflammatory cytokines. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial aimed to assess the impact of synbiotics intervention on interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) levels, disease activity, and inflammatory factors in patients with SLE. Fifty SLE patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard therapy plus synbiotics (consisting of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and the prebiotic fructooligosaccharides) or standard therapy alone for 2 months. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in both protein and mRNA levels of IL‐17A, as well as in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score, within the synbiotics group after the intervention compared to baseline. In contrast, the placebo group did not experience significant changes in IL‐17A levels or disease activity. Synbiotic supplementation shows potential as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for SLE management; however, further research is needed to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Practical Application: This study explores the use of synbiotics as a supplementary treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus, which is typically managed with immunosuppressive therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to check the effect of prebiotics extracted from citrus peels on the growth of both probiotic bacteria i.e. Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium and enteric bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli in a milk-based model. For this purpose, the prebiotic from citrus peels was extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction and their prebiotic activity scores were calculated for two probiotic bacterial strains i.e. Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium. Afterwards, their growth patterns were studied in a milk-based model in different concentrations of prebiotics in individual and co-culture systems of both probiotic and enteric bacteria. The results showed significant effect of prebiotic concentration on the growth of bacteria supporting the growth of beneficial bacteria and hindering the growth of E. coli. This effect was more pronounced when enteric bacteria (E. coli) were co-cultured with probiotic bacteria i.e. L. reuteri and Bifidobacterium. Similarly, the growth of E. coli was hindered when grown in co-culture of L. reuteri, Bifidobacterium and E. coli. Conclusively, the citrus peel prebiotic was found to modulate the growth of probiotic bacteria while hindering the growth of enteric bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the emulsification method was used to encapsulate Lactobacillus reuteri in microparticles of whey protein concentrate (WPC) at different levels (1%, 2%, and 4%) and gum Arabic (GA) at three levels (0/5%, 1%, and 1/5%) and a constant level of sunflower oil (5%). The results showed that emulsions with higher quantities of wall materials exhibited better encapsulation efficiency (67%/57%) and preservation ability at different temperatures, different pH, and presence of 1% bile salt. During the storage time, the droplet size of the emulsion increased more than two times (from 2.2 to 4.6 μm) and the absolute zeta potential of the optimal emulsion decreased (from −19/63 to −16/76 mV). Encapsulating Lactobacillus reuteri in the stabilized emulsion with the highest concentration of wall material improved the cells' protection during storage. The study also observed a decline in the number of primary encapsulated live cells in the gastrointestinal tract (from 4/32 to 3/58 Log CFU/mL) after 90 days of storage. In the case of the nonencapsulated sample, the initial live population decreased from 2.8 to 1 Log CFU/mL after 90 days of storage. The electron microscope images showed that the emulsions became unstable after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage, but the microbial cells were still visible in the continuous phase. Overall, encapsulating Lactobacillus reuteri using emulsification technique can preserve the probiotics during storage and "in vitro" gastrointestinal digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altered microbiota has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). However, studies showing the effects of probiotic supplementation in CSU are scarce. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus reuteri) in patients with CSU. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, parallel group, and controlled study. Oral probiotic supplementation (L. reuteri ATCC 55730 1 × 108 CFU) and a single dose of ebastine were introduced to 30 CSU patients, whereas a control group of 30 CSU patients received only a single dose of ebastine. Treatment responses, symptom control, and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated with Urticaria Activity Score 7 (UAS7), Physicians’ Global Assessment Visual Analog Score (PhyGA-VAS), and Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-Q2oL) at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Results: There were significant decreases in the UAS7 and CU-Q2oL and increases in PhyGA-VAS both in the probiotic group and control group at weeks 2 and 4 (P < 0.05; for all). The changes in the UAS7, CU-Q2oL, and PhyGA-VAS were significantly higher in the probiotic group than in the control group (P = 0.026; P = 0.001; and P = 0.004). The number of responders was significantly higher in the probiotic group than in the control group (83.3% vs. 50%, P = 0.006). Complete response and significant clinical improvement were observed in 9 (30%) and 20 (66.7%) patients in the probiotic group and 6 (20%) and 12 (40%) patients in the control group, respectively. High levels of total immunoglobulin E (≥100 IU/mL) were more frequent in probiotic nonresponders than in probiotic responders. Conclusion: Probiotics, when added to the standard therapy may improve the symptoms as well as the QoL scores in the treatment of CSU.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Rh) and Lactobacillus reuteri (Re) are well-known probiotic species in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research. The variations between these species’ efficacy against colitis, and their model of action in this regard, are intriguing and enable treatment to be individually tailored to patients. In this study, four strains each of Rh and Re were isolated from fecal samples and their draft genomes were sequenced. The anti-colitis activities of both strains involved various aspects of intestinal immune, physical, chemical, and biological barrier function. Strikingly, the tested strains exhibited considerable interspecies and intraspecies specificity in colitis amelioration. Rh strains significantly outperformed Re strains in terms of short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Nevertheless, Re strains were more effective than Rh strains in inhibiting production of inflammatory factors; promoting production of intestinal mucus, antimicrobial peptides, and tight junction proteins; and supporting the stem cell compartment. This accounts for the anti-colitis outcomes of Re strains being superior to those of Rh strains. In addition, the effective Rh and Re strains were found to express high concentrations of specific carbohydrate metabolism- and prophage-related genes, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study could assist researchers in developing effective therapies for IBD.

Health claims for many probiotic‐labeled products are poorly substantiated. This technical review addressed the clinical question: “Do probiotics have a role in the management of the following conditions in childhood?” Evidence supports efficacy for probiotic strains of Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for improving outcomes of acute gastroenteritis, of S. boulardii and L. rhamnosus GG for antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, and of S. boulardii for Clostridium difficile diarrhea. For functional constipation and GERD, a role for probiotics is questionable as evidence of efficacy is either absent or marginal and as existing treatments are effective. For infantile colic and chronic abdominal pain, where existing treatments have limited efficacy and some important side effects, the use of probiotics, given their safety, is recommended, notwithstanding the evidence is low to moderate. While there is some evidence that probiotics could improve outcomes in the management of celiac disease, obesity, and, to a lesser extent, promotion of growth, their role is adjunctive as dietary management is fundamental. The evidence also supports an adjunctive role for probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and ulcerative colitis. Decisions on probiotic prescription need to take into account disease tempo, severity, and burden, as well as probiotic strain and dose. Any potential advantage will have to be weighed against the complexity and costs of an additional treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Gut microbiota significantly influences dogs' well-being, and several researchers have made strides in characterizing canine gut microbiota composition. Recent research has revealed that the canine gut microbiota is highly impacted by the type of diet. Prebiotics (non-digestible oligosaccharides able to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria) and probiotics (live microorganisms that confer a health benefit by enhancing microbial diversity) can modulate the gut microbiota and promote gastrointestinal health. A growing interest has recently been in combining prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotics) to achieve synergistic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with a prebiotic (Microbiotal) and a probiotic (L. reuteri) using the fecal microbiota of a healthy canine donor. The investigators used a novel in vitro fermentation platform (SCIME™), which closely mimics the canine gastrointestinal tract, allowing long-term experiments. This study demonstrates the promising modulatory effects of prebiotics and probiotics, especially when combined. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in dogs' health, influencing immune function, digestion, and protection against pathogens. This study evaluates the effects of three canine dietary supplements—Microbiotal (prebiotic), Lactobacillus reuteri (probiotic), and a combination of both—on the gut microbiota composition of a healthy canine donor using an in vitro colonic fermentation model. The SCIME™ platform, adapted to simulate the canine gastrointestinal tract, was used to monitor microbial shifts in the luminal and mucosal environments of the proximal and distal colon over a 2-week treatment period. The microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes at various taxonomic levels. Alpha- and beta-diversity indices were calculated, while LEfSe and treeclimbR were employed to identify taxa-driving microbial shifts. Results indicated that all treatments led to significant modulations in key microbial groups, with enrichment of Limosilactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium. These changes suggest improved saccharolytic fermentation and butyrate production, particularly when prebiotics and probiotics were co-administered. This study highlights the promising benefits of combined prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in promoting gut health and microbial diversity, providing a basis for future studies targeting the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota using the same supplements and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus reuteri, which is present in fermented foods, can produce LPxTG motif proteins (LMPs) to help the strain resist gastrointestinal fluid environmental stress and enhance the adherence and colonizing properties. Intestinal nutrient small molecules can interact with LMPs and cooperate with Lactobacillus to exert probiotic effects in the host intestine. However, the mechanism of their correlation with gastrointestinal tolerance needs to be further studied. In this study, different kinds of nutritional food molecules, such as intestinal phenols, sugars, and acids, were screened and the interaction between the LPxTG proteins and small molecules was explored via the molecular docking approach. The docking results showed that phenols and oligosaccharides were more likely to bind to the LPxTG protein (B3XKV5), with the benzene ring, phenolic hydroxyl group, and glycosidic bond in the small molecule more easily binding to the active site of B3XKV5. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal tolerance was enhanced under the rutin, myricetin, quercetin phenols, and stachyose-treated L. reuteri strain groups, especially the phenol group, which revealed the relationship between the molecular interaction of the strain with the small molecules and strain tolerance mechanism. All the findings illustrated the gastrointestinal tolerance escape effect of the Lactobacillus strain under enriched intestinal nutrient small molecular conditions, and they also provide insight regarding the small molecules for the Lactobacillus strain under abnormal growth environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Weaning stress-induced diarrhea is widely recognized as being associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, it has been challenging to clarify which specific intestinal microbiota and their metabolites play a crucial role in the antidiarrhea process of weaned piglets. Results: In this study, we first observed that piglets with diarrhea exhibited a lower average daily gain and higher diarrhea score, and elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-lactate (D-LA) compared to healthy piglets. Subsequently, we analyzed the differences in intestinal microbial composition and metabolite levels between healthy and diarrheal weaned piglets. Diarrheal piglets demonstrated intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, characterized primarily by a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio, a deficiency of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus reuteri, and an increased abundance of Bacteroides sp.HF-5287 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Functional profiling of the gut microbiota based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data was performed, and the results showed that tryptophan metabolism was the most significantly inhibited pathway in piglets with diarrhea. Most tryptophan metabolites were detected at lower concentrations in diarrheal piglets than in healthy piglets. Furthermore, we explored the effects of dietary indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), a key tryptophan metabolite, on intestinal development and gut barrier function in weaned piglets. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg IAld in the diet increased the small intestine index and improved intestinal barrier function by promoting intestinal stem cell (ISC) expansion in piglets. The promotion of ISC expansion by IAld was also confirmed in porcine intestinal organoids. Conclusions: These findings revealed that intestinal microbial tryptophan metabolite IAld alleviates impaired intestinal development by promoting ISC expansion in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence of the effect of probiotic intake on the immune system. However, the effect probiotics may have on the rate of aging is unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a probiotic blend on immunity, redox state, inflammation, and the rate of aging or biological age. A group of 10 men and 14 women took, daily for 2 months, a sachet with three probiotics (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BSO1, Lactobacillus reuteri LRE02, Lactobacillus plantarum LP14) and vitamin D. Before starting the treatment and after 2 months, peripheral blood was collected. Immune functions were assessed in isolated immune cells, and cytokine concentrations were also measured both in mononuclear cell cultures and plasma. Redox state parameters were also analyzed in whole blood cells. Finally, the Immunity Clock was applied to determine the biological age. Results show that the intake of this probiotic blend in general, in both men and women, improves immunity and decreases the oxidative and inflammatory state. In addition, it rejuvenates the biological age by 10 years on average. It can be concluded that this probiotic blend could be proposed as a good strategy to slow down the aging process, and to achieve healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We identified three probiotic strains that significantly reduce amyloid-beta (Aβ) and prevent cognitive impairment in 5xFAD mice. • Lactobacillus reuteri is more abundant in healty human stool samples compared to those with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting its potential role in AD prevention. • Indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), a common major metabolite, and its precursor tryptophan improve cognitive function in 5xFAD mice. • ILA activates the AhR signaling pathway in microglia and astrocytes, promoting Aβ clearance. • AhR agonists or gut microbiome modulation to enhance AhR agonist production may offer new strategies for AD prevention and therapy. Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been associated with the gut microbiome and its metabolites, though the specific mechanisms have remained unclear. In our study, we used a multi-omics approach to identify specific microbial strains and metabolites that could potentially mitigate amyloidopathy in 5xFAD mice, a widely used model for AD research. Among the microbial strains tested, three showed promising results in reducing soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels. Plasma metabolomics analysis revealed an enrichment of tryptophan (Trp) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) in mice with reduced soluble Aβ levels, suggesting a potential preventative role. The administration of a combined treatment of Trp and ILA prevented both Aβ accumulation and cognitive impairment in the 5xFAD mice. Our investigation into the mechanism revealed that ILA's effect on reducing Aβ levels was mediated through the activation of microglia and astrocytes, facilitated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. These mechanisms were verified through experiments in 5xFAD mice that included an additional group with the administration of ILA alone, as well as in vitro experiments using an AhR inhibitor. Clinical data analysis revealed a greater abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri in the gut of healthy individuals compared to those at early stages of Aβ accumulation or with mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, human post-mortem brain analyses showed an increased expression of genes associated with the AhR signaling pathway in individuals without AD, suggesting a protective effect against AD progression. Our results indicate that ILA from gut microbes could inhibit the progression of amyloidopathy in 5xFAD mice through activation of AhR signaling in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients frequently experience gut microbiota dysbiosis. Probiotic supplementation is a potential therapeutic approach to modify gut microbiota and improve CF management through the gut–lung axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation on pulmonary function test, respiratory symptoms and growth in CF patients. METHODS: A randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was carried out on 40 children with CF aged from 6 to 20 years. Participants were designated to receive either L. reuteri or placebo daily for 4 months. Pulmonary function tests, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) z‐scores were measured pre and post treatment. RESULTS: The median baseline BMI of the patients was 16.28 kg m−2. A significant change in the probiotic group's BMI z‐score after the study period was observed (P = 0.034) but not for weight and height z‐scores (P > 0.05). After treatment, Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew in sputum cultures of seven in the placebo and one patient in the intervention group (P = 0.03) while at baseline it grew in the sputum of four patients in each group. There was no significant difference in forced expiratory volume in the first second, forced expiratory flow at 25–75% or forced vital capacity change between the two groups after the treatment period (P > 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences were found in pulmonary exacerbations, hospitalization frequencies or COVID‐19 infection between the two groups during the study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that L. reuteri supplementation may impact the growth of severely malnourished CF patients. Furthermore, it may be concluded that this strain might reduce P. aeruginosa in the sputum culture of CF patients. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the effects of fermentation duration on the microbial ecosystem, potential pathogenic risks, and metabolite generation during the fermentation of distilled grains is essential for safeguarding the safety and enhancing the nutritional profile of animal feed. This study investigates the effect of varying fermentation times (9, 30, and 60 days) on microbial diversity, pathogenic risk, and metabolite profiles in distiller grains using 16S rDNA sequencing and LC–MS-based metabolomics. The results showed that early fermentation (9–30 days) enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05), while pathogenic bacteria, like Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in unsaturated fatty acids and the degradation of biogenic amines during early fermentation. However, prolonged fermentation (60 days) led to a resurgence of pathogenic bacteria and reduced the synthesis of essential metabolites. These findings suggest that fermentation duration must be optimized to balance microbial safety and nutrient quality, with 30 days being the optimal period to reduce pathogenic risks and enhance feed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study utilized full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the impact of dietary protein content on the composition and function of gut microbiota, and to analyze the gut microbiota of pigs in the growing (30 kg) and finishing (120 kg) stages under different feeding conditions. The results indicated that the gut microbiota was significantly different between pigs fed high- and low-protein diets. Comparing fecal samples from pigs at 30 and 120 kg, pigs at 30 kg showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of Clostridium butyricum, whereas at 120 kg, the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus johnsonii decreased. To access the functional profiles and metabolic pathways based on amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), the microbiome of the 120 kg exhibited significant enrichments in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to metabolism-related category, including Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, Tyrosine and Thiamin metabolism, and Inositol phosphate metabolism. Meanwhile, analysis using the MetaCyc database showed that the metabolic pathways of the 30 kg group were significantly distinct when compared to the 120 kg of fecal samples. Overall, the findings indicated that the gut microbiota composition and function in the 30 and 120 kg fecal samples were markedly shaped by different dietary protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unscientific disposal of agricultural solid waste introduces more antibiotics and other pollutants into the environment. Composting, as an environmentally friendly solid waste disposal method, can be used as a green way to degrade antibiotics, and conditioners can regulate the physicochemical indicators of the composting process. This article investigates the removal mechanism of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) during the composting process by adding different regulators (biochar, zeolite, and biochar + zeolite). The results showed that the conditioning agent could significantly improve the removal efficiency and removal rate of TCs in compost. Among them, the addition of the zeolite group had the highest degradation rate of TCs, which were 91.39% (Tetracycline), 97.18% (Chlortetracycline), and 95.68% (Oxytetracycline). The combination of biochar and zeolite conditioning agents effectively minimized the migration of TCs into the soil. According to the findings of the artificial neural network model, it was determined that TCs exhibited the highest sensitivity to biochar + zeolite modulators at 31.28%. Conditioners influenced the removal of TCs in compost by impacting their physicochemical properties and microbial community structure. We isolated and domesticated a suitable microbial preparation that promotes the degradation of TCs, including Acinetobacter pittii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Lactobacillus reuteri, Pseudomonas putida, and Trichosporon dohaense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reuterin, a mixture of different forms of 3-hydroxypropanal (3-HPA), including HPA hydrate and HPA dimer, is an antimicrobial compound converted from glycerol by Lactobacillus reuteri and other strains. Although its antimicrobial function may be related to its interaction with thiol groups, its temperature stability and effect on the gut environment remain unclear. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial effects and activity of reuterin against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Utilization of a reliable in vitro gut microbiome fermentation system revealed that reuterin has a modulatory effect on the gut microbial community. Reuterin treatment completely inhibited H2 and NH3 production in the gut and significantly enhanced the synthesis of branched short-chain fatty acids. 16s rRNA sequencing indicated that reuterin promoted the growth of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the in vitro system and significantly modulated gut microbiota composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is a bulk of evidence on the favorable effect of probiotics on the cardiac system, their role in the management of myocardial infarction is not clear. Three viable probiotic bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium lactis, were gavaged to the rats daily for 28 days prior to the induction of myocardial injury. Myocardial injury was induced by the use of isoproterenol (ISO) in the probiotics, control and sham groups. The heart tissues were catheterized to evaluate the histopathological parameters and measure the expression of genes related to inflammation. Treatment with ISO caused subendocardial necrosis and rupture of cardiac myofibrils. Pretreatment with probiotics reduced the size of myocardial infarction caused by ISO. Also, in the probiotic group, a relative decrease in the amount of tissue fibrosis and rupture of cardiomyocytes fibers was seen. Pretreatment with probiotics partially ameliorated myocardial necrosis, edema and leukocyte infiltration. Also, a remarkable decrease was detected in the expression of tissue proinflammatory genes in the pretreated group with probiotics. Thus, viable probiotic supplementation may ameliorate or prevent cardiac injury. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are required to clarify the impact of probiotics in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding compound probiotics on the growth performance and intestinal flora of Kunming mice. [Methods] Twelve healthy 2-week-old Kunming male mice with body weight of (11. 09 ± 0.43) g were selected. They were randomly divided into two treatment groups, namely blank control group (NC) and compound probiotics group (CB + LR + BS), with six mice in each group. The two groups were fed with commercial basal diet, and the compound probiotic experimental group was fed with basal diet supplemented with compound probiotics, in which the contents of Clostridium butyricum spores, Lactobacillus reuteri and Bacillus subtilis spores were 1 x 1010, 1 x 1011 and 1 x 1010 CUF/kg, respectively. The body weight, feed in-take and water intake of mice were counted every 4 d, and the experimental period was 13 d. On the 13th day, the cecal contents of the mice were collected for analysis. [Results] There was no significant change in body weight and feed intake when compound probiotics were added to the diet. However, the addition of compound probiotics reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, urease-negative Helicobacter typhlonias and Salmonella enterica, while increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Anaerostipes hadrus, and the contents of IgG and IgM increased significantly (P <0. 05). [Conclusions] In summary, the addition of compound probiotics could significantly improve the structure of intestinal microbial flora, increase the quantity of beneficial bacteria, reduce the quantity of harmful bacteria, and improve the immune function of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crude metabolic extract from plant biocontrol bacteria plays a very important role in sustainable agricultural production. These extracts help maintain healthy plants and have very important application prospects in biotechnology related to alleviating apple replant disease (ARD). In this study, Bacillus velezensis XC1 (T1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QSB-6 (T2), and Lactobacillus reuteri LBR (T3) were examined to characterize the ability of their crude metabolic extracts to alleviate ARD. The high-throughput sequencing data of the soil microbial community structure were analyzed in relation to LBR crude metabolic extracts, and an extensive untargeted metabolomic analysis of UHPLC-Qex active components was performed. Active LC-MS/MS revealed that the main secondary metabolites involved in the biological control exerted by L. reuteri included 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and azelaic acid. These crude metabolic extracts significantly inhibited the growth of soil pathogenic fungi, reduced the abundance of Fusarium, promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Pseudomonas, and optimized the soil microbial community structure. Improved modern extraction and purification technologies will be able to offer additional insights into the mechanism of action of these secondary metabolites and enable them to be used in biological preparations to prevent and control ARD in the future, as well as to allow harmful chemical fumigants to be discontinued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately one-third of the entire world's food resources are deemed to be wasted. Palm kernel meal (PKM), a product that is extensively generated by the palm oil industry, exhibits a unique nutrient-rich composition. However, its recycling is seldom prioritized due to numerous factors. To evaluate the impact of enzymatic pretreatment and Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus reuteri fermentation upon the antioxidant activity of PKM, we implemented integrated metagenomics and metabolomics approaches. The substantially enhanced (p < 0.05) property of free radicals scavenging, as well as total flavonoids and polyphenols, demonstrated that the biotreated PKM exhibited superior antioxidant capacity. Non-targeted metabolomics disclosed that the Lactobacillus fermentation resulted in substantial (p < 0.05) biosynthesis of 25 unique antioxidant biopeptides, along with the increased (p < 0.05) enrichment ratio of the isoflavonoids and secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathways. The 16sRNA sequencing and correlation analysis revealed that Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and polysaccharide lyases had significantly dominated (p < 0.05) proportions in PMEL, and these bacterial species were strongly (p < 0.05) positively interrelated with antioxidants peptides. Fermented PKM improves nutritional value by enhancing beneficial probiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants and minimizing anti-nutritional factors, rendering it an invaluable feed ingredient and gut health promoter for animals, multifunctional food elements, or as an ingredient in sustainable plant-based diets for human utilization, and functioning as a culture substrate in the food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the exact role of it in regulating intestinal health under oxidative stress is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary CGA supplementation on the intestinal health of weaned piglets under oxidative stress, and to explore its regulatory mechanism. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a basal diet (CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CGA (CGA). CGA reduced the diarrhea rate, increased the villus height in the jejunum, and decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Moreover, CGA increased the protein abundance of Claudin-1, Occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). In addition, CGA increased the mRNA expression of pBD2 in the jejunum, and pBD1 and pBD2 in the ileum (p < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that CGA altered the ileal microbiota composition and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus pontis (p < 0.05). Consistently, the findings suggested that the enhancement of the intestinal barrier in piglets was associated with increased concentrations of T-AOC, IL-22, and sIgA in the serum and T-AOC, T-SOD, and sIgA in the jejunum, as well as T-AOC and CAT in the ileum caused by CGA (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, CGA decreased the concentrations of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the serum and jejunum and IL-1β and IL-6 in the ileum (p < 0.05). Importantly, this study found that CGA alleviated intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in the piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. These findings showed that CGA enhances the intestinal health of weaned piglets by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have revolutionized gut microbiome research and can provide strain-level resolution, but these techniques have limitations in that they are only semi-quantitative, suffer from high detection limits, and generate data that is compositional. The present study aimed to systematically compare quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the absolute quantification of Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains in human fecal samples and to develop an optimized protocol for the absolute quantification of bacterial strains in fecal samples. Results: Using strain-specific PCR primers for L. reuteri 17938, ddPCR showed slightly better reproducibility, but qPCR was almost as reproducible and showed comparable sensitivity (limit of detection [LOD] around 104 cells/g feces) and linearity (R2 > 0.98) when kit-based DNA isolation methods were used. qPCR further had a wider dynamic range and is cheaper and faster. Based on these findings, we conclude that qPCR has advantages over ddPCR for the absolute quantification of bacterial strains in fecal samples. We provide an optimized and easy-to-follow step-by-step protocol for the design of strain-specific qPCR assays, starting from primer design from genome sequences to the calibration of the PCR system. Validation of this protocol to design PCR assays for two L. reuteri strains, PB-W1 and DSM 20016 T, resulted in a highly accurate qPCR with a detection limit in spiked fecal samples of around 103 cells/g feces. Applying our strain-specific qPCR assays to fecal samples collected from human subjects who received live L. reuteri PB-W1 or DSM 20016 T during a human trial demonstrated a highly accurate quantification and sensitive detection of these two strains, with a much lower LOD and a broader dynamic range compared to NGS approaches (16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole metagenome sequencing). Conclusions: Based on our analyses, we consider qPCR with kit-based DNA extraction approaches the best approach to accurately quantify gut bacteria at the strain level in fecal samples. The provided step-by-step protocol will allow scientists to design highly sensitive strain-specific PCR systems for the accurate quantification of bacterial strains of not only L. reuteri but also other bacterial taxa in a broad range of applications and sample types. -oGjUmj5e8MXZDxyDjzcm- Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic bacteria continue to receive increasing attention in the food and feed industries. However, the production of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus at an industrial scale is challenging because of specific nutrient requirements and conditions, which are complicated and costly. We developed low-cost culture media by modifying the carbon and nitrogen sources for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis KMP-H9-01 and Lactobacillus reuteri KMP-P4-S03 from available food grade components. Sucrose (15 g/l) was selected as a suitable carbon source for both strains because it was the most economic and facilitated bacterial growth that was equal to that of glucose. The Bifidobacterium strain required beef extract as a nitrogen source to multiply. The fermentation of both strains using the modified media formula in 5-L and 50-L bioreactors showed that the highest cell counts of L. reuteri and B. animalis subsp. lactis were 9 and 9.8 log CFU/ml after 12–15 h, respectively. The concentration (g/l) ratio between lactate and acetate obtained from B. animalis subsp. lactis was 7:7.4 at 12 h and 11.4:10.6 at 40 h; the ratio was similar at both time points (6.9: 1.1) for L. reuteri. Thus, this economically modified food-grade medium for the large-scale fermentation of two probiotic bacteria was efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize the selenium-enriched fermentation conditions for Lactobacillus reuteri, a model was established by using back propagation artificial neural network combined with genetic algorithm (BPANN-GA) to optimize the cultivation parameters. The model was established by selecting cultivation temperature, pH value of the culture medium, selenium concentration, and the time of selenium addition as the input variables with the dry weight of the bacterial cells obtained after drying as the output variable, which achieved a goodness of fit of 99.27%. Subsequently, genetic algorithm was employed for the optimal cultivation parameters. Approximate values that adhere to the equipment specifications were selected for experimental validation. Ultimately, the optimal cultivation parameters, with the objective of achieving maximum biomass dry weight, was determined as follows: a temperature of 36.74 °C, a culture medium pH value of 6.56, a selenium concentration of 1.43 µg/mL, and the time of selenium addition of 5.58 hours after the initiation of cultivation. Under these specified conditions, a biomass dry weight of (13.15±0.03) g/L was obtained. Its selenium conversion rate was (20.23±0.39)%. Moreover, the Lactobacillus reuteri cultivated under these conditions exhibited a survival rate of (89.40±0.42)% in simulated gastric fluid after 3 hours, and (96.70±0.39)% and (95.80±0.25)% in simulated intestinal fluid after 3 and 6 hours, respectively, demonstrating high tolerance. This method effectively achieves the optimization of selenium-enriched fermentation conditions for Lactobacillus reuteri, providing a theoretical basis for further research on this strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the role of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Breast cancer was induced by using Cadmium Chloride (Cd) (2 mg/kg) in group II. Tamoxifen was administered to group III. Group IV was treated with Lactobacillus reuteri. Group V was treated with Cd for one month and divided into three subgroups including VA, VB, and VC which were treated with tamoxifen, Lactobacillus reuteri , and tamoxifen + Lactobacillus reuteri , respectively. Significantly higher levels of TNF-α (40.9 ± 4.2 pg/mL), IL-6 (28.0 ± 1.5 pg/mL), IL-10 (60.2 ± 2.0 pg/mL), IFN-γ (60.2 ± 2.0 pg/mL), ALAT (167.2 ± 6.2 U/l), ASAT (451.6 ± 13.9 U/l), and MDA (553.8 ± 19.6 U/l) was observed in Cd group. In comparison, significantly lower levels of TNF-α (18.0 ± 1.1 pg/mL), IL-6 (9.4 ± 0.4 pg/mL), IL-10 (20.8 ± 1.1 pg/mL), IFN-γ (20.8 ± 1.1 pg/mL), ALAT (85.2 ± 3.6 U/l), ASAT (185 ± 6.9 U/l), and MDA (246.0 ± 7.5 U/l) were observed in group Cd + Tam + LR. Liver histopathology of the Cd group showed hemorrhage and ductal aberrations. However, mild inflammation and healthier branched ducts were observed in treatment groups. Furthermore, the renal control group showed normal glomerular tufts, chronic inflammation from the Cd group, and relatively healthier glomerulus with mild inflammation in treatment groups. Hence, the preventive and anticancerous role of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri is endorsed by the findings of the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Aspartyl compounds, such as β-aspartyl hydroxamate (serine racemase inhibitor), β-aspartyl- l -lysine (moisture retention), and β-aspartyl- l -tryptophan (immunomodulator) are physiologically active compounds. There is limited literature on the development of effective methods of production of β-aspartyl compounds. In this study, we describe the biochemical characterization of asparagine synthetase (AS) from Streptococcus thermophilus NBRC 13957 (StAS) and the enzymatic synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds using StAS. Recombinant StAS was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and it displayed activity towards hydroxylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, and ammonia, as acceptors of the β-aspartyl moiety. StAS exhibited higher activity toward hydroxylamine and ethylamine as acceptor substrates compared with the enzymes from Lactobacillus delbrueckii NBRC 13953, Lactobacillus reuteri NBRC 15892, and E. coli. The coupling of the synthesis of β-aspartyl compounds by StAS with an ATP-regeneration system using polyphosphate kinase from Deinococcus proteoliticus NBRC 101906 displayed an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the production of β-aspartylhydroxamate from 1.06 mM to 2.53 mM after a 76-h reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convincing evidence suggests that aberrant gut microbiota changes play a critical role in the progression and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Probiotic therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiota may provide alternative avenues to treat IBD, but currently available probiotics often suffer from low intestinal colonization and limited targeting capability. Here, we developed azido (N 3)-modified Prussian blue nanozyme (PB@N 3) spatio-temporal guidance enhances the targeted colonization of probiotics to alleviate intestinal inflammation. First, clickable PB@N 3 targets intestinal inflammation, simultaneously, it scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, utilizing "click" chemistry to spatio-temporally guide targeted colonization of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-modified Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR@DBCO). The "click" reaction between PB@N 3 and LR@DBCO has excellent specificity and efficacy both in vivo and in vitro. Despite the complex physiological environment of IBD, "click" reaction can prolong the retention time of probiotics in the intestine. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model, demonstrates that the combination of PB@N 3 and LR@DBCO effectively mitigates levels of ROS, enhances the colonization of probiotics, modulates intestinal flora composition and function, regulates immune profiles, restores intestinal barrier function, and alleviates intestinal inflammation. Hence, PB@N 3 spatio-temporal guidance enhances targeted colonization of LR@DBCO provides a promising medical treatment strategy for IBD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, have emerged as a potential AGP alternative. Limosilactobacillus reuteri, a unique, 'universal' entero-lactobacillus is responsible for playing a role in probiotic formulations individually or together with some other probiotic microorganisms. The administration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains has demonstrated several beneficial effects in chickens including regulating immune responses, modulating gut microbiota, producing beneficial metabolites, inhibit inflammation, strengthen intestinal barrier function, maintain intestinal regeneration, and repair damaged intestinal mucosa. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is able to secrete lactic acid, enzymes and reuterin, a broad-spectrum antibacterial substance which effectively inhibits bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and pathogens. In addition, it has also been found that Limousilactobacillus reuteri performs many of its regulatory actions by modulating the expression of genes involved in the different physiological processes. In this review, the characteristics of L. reuteri are described, in order to update the evidence on the efficacy of using Limosilactobacillus reuteri in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is widely recognized as a probiotic that produces prebiotics. However, studies on bioactive peptides or amino acid (AA) derivatives produced by L. reuteri are still lacking, whereas many bioactive peptides and AA derivatives have been found in other Lactobacillus species. In addition, rapid identification of peptides is challenged by the large amount of data and is limited by the coverage of protein databases. In this study, we performed a rapid and thorough profile of peptides in L. reuteri incorporating Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform database searching, de novo sequencing, and deep mining, based on feature-based molecular networking (FBMN). According to FBMN, it was found that peptides containing identical or similar AA compositions were grouped into the same clusters, especially cyclic dipeptides (CDPs). Therefore, the grouping characteristics of clusters, differences in precursor ions, and characteristic fragment ions were utilized for the mining of deeply unknown compounds. Through this strategy, a total of 192 compounds, including 184 peptides, were rapidly identified. Among them, 53 CDPs, including four novel ones, were found for the first time in L. reuteri. Then, one of the novel CDPs, cyclo(5-OMe-Glu-4-OH-Pro), was isolated and characterized, which was consistent with the identification results. Moreover, some of the identified peptides exhibited considerable interactions with seven anti-inflammatory-related target proteins through molecular docking. According to the binding energies of peptides with different AA consistencies, it was considered that the existence of unnatural AAs in CDPs might contribute to their anti-inflammatory activity. These results provide a valuable strategy for the rapid identification of peptides, including CDPs. This study also reveals the substance basis for the potential anti-inflammatory effects exerted by L. reuteri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionHyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease caused by purine metabolism disorders in the body. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their fermentation broth have the potential to alleviate hyperuricemia, but the potential mechanism of action is still unclear.MethodsThe LAB with high inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XOD) were screened out. Then the fermentation broth, fermentation supernatant and fermentation bacteria after fermentation of these LAB were administered into HUA mice, respectively.ResultsLactobacillus reuteri NCUF203.1 and Lactobacillus brevis NCUF207.7, of which fermentation supernatant had high inhibitory activity against XOD, were screened out and administered into HUA mice. Among them, L. reuteri strain, L. reuteri fermentation broth, L. brevis fermentation broth and L. brevis fermentation supernatant could significantly reduce serum uric acid levels and inhibited the liver XOD activity in HUA mice. The GC–MS metabolomics analysis of colon contents showed that supplementation of these four substances could partially reverse the down-regulation of energy metabolism pathways such as ketone body metabolism, pyruvate metabolism and citric acid cycle in HUA mice. It could also regulate amino acid metabolism pathways such as alanine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, and repair the disorders of amino acid metabolism caused by HUA. In addition, the intervention of L. brevis fermentation broth and L. brevis fermentation supernatant may also accelerate the catabolism of uric acid in the intestine by up-regulating the urea cycle pathway. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that their intervention increased the diversity of gut microbiota in HUA mice and alleviated the gut microbiota dysregulation caused by HUA.DiscussionThese results indicated that the LAB and their fermentation broth may play a role in alleviating HUA by regulating intestinal metabolism and gut microbiota.

ABSTRACTMelatonin has various physiological effects, such as the maintenance of circadian rhythms, anti-inflammatory functions, and regulation of intestinal barriers. The regulatory functions of melatonin in gut microbiota remodeling have also been well clarified; however, the role of gut microbiota in regulating host melatonin production remains poorly understood. To address this, we studied the contribution of gut microbiota to host melatonin production using gut microbiota-perturbed models. We demonstrated that antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice possessed diminished melatonin levels in the serum and elevated melatonin levels in the colon. The influence of the intestinal microbiota on host melatonin production was further confirmed by fecal microbiota transplantation. Notably, Lactobacillus reuteri (L. R) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) recapitulated the effects of gut microbiota on host melatonin production. Mechanistically, L. R and E. coli activated the TLR2/4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to promote expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT, a rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin production), and MyD88 deficiency in colonic epithelial cells abolished the influence of intestinal microbiota on colonic melatonin production. Collectively, we revealed a specific underlying mechanism of gut microbiota to modulate host melatonin production, which might provide novel therapeutic ideas for melatonin-related diseases.

Probiotic use is suggested as an alternative to antibiotics when the treatment of poultry gastrointestinal tract microbiota through antibiotic use has been banned in some countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of previously isolated Lactobacillus salivarius CEL1 and Lactobacillus reuteri CEC3 probiotics on the growth performance, caecal microbial population, and carcass weight of Rhode Island Red (RIR) male chickens. A total of 72, day-old RIR male chicks were randomly assigned into three experimental treatment groups in triplicate. The treatment groups were the control, L. salivarius CEL1 and L. reuteri CEC3. The control group was fed basal chicken feed, and 1 × 108 cfu of L. salivarius CEL1 and L. reuteri CEC3 cultures were added to the feed for the L. salivarius CEL1 and L. reuteri CEC3 groups, respectively. The Lactobacillus, total aerobic bacteria, and Escherichia coli populations in the ceca were also determined. Compared to the control group, supplementation of L. salivarius CEL1 and L. reuteri CEC3 significantly (p