Search

This study examines the determinants of financial inclusion and FinTech, and then evaluates their effects on youth labour force participation in the MENA region. The World Bank's Global Findex 2021 database was used to perform probit estimations and propensity score matching. The results show that young people with higher education levels, higher incomes, mobile phones and Internet access are more likely to be included in the traditional and digital financial systems. In addition, barriers to financial inclusion encompass a lack of documentation, religious constraints and the costs associated with financial services. Furthermore, examining the effect of financial inclusion and FinTech reveals that having formal bank accounts and mobile money accounts, as well as savings, formal loans, and digital transactions, has a significant impact on young people's participation in the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its emergence in 2020, COVID‐19 has profoundly influenced the Taiwan economy and employment landscape, leading to differential impacts across sectors. In response to this unprecedented crisis, the Taiwanese government promptly enacted the "Special Regulations on the Prevention and Rescue of Severe Specific Infectious Pneumonia" on February 25, 2020, which came into force on March 13. This study examines the pandemic's effects through various stages, with a particular focus on the service industry, the sector most affected owing to diminished domestic demand. Using a computable general equilibrium model by integrating monthly changes, the study assess the effectiveness of the Taiwan government's interventions in mitigating job losses and stabilising the economy. Our findings indicate that without the government's relief and revitalisation measures, unemployment rates would have surged significantly. The study underscores the critical role of policy interventions in mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market is a market with imperfect competition, which must present a certain flexibility that leads to greater competitiveness and systematically and favorably influences economic growth. In the current conditions of the market economy, the social division of labor is deepening considerably, the workforce being structured by age, sex, socio-professional categories, qualification levels, geographical areas and employment opportunities. depending on the performance parameters, the main labor market characterized by high levels of stability and safety and the secondary labor market characterized by parameters specific to the periphery of economic activity can be delimited. Also, the labor market can be analyzed as the labor market characteristic of the macroeconomic level and the labor market characteristic of the microeconomic level.

Agriculture is an important sector for regional economies across Europe, especially in rural areas where it supports livelihoods and ensures food security. However, its sustainability is correlated to demographic dynamics. This article explores the relationship between demographic trends and the development of agrarian sector, emphasizing the critical importance of human resources for achieving sustainable economic development. The rural and urban-rural population structure is reflecting an imbalance accentuated by demographic trends such as population aging and rural-urban migration, phenomena that reduce the availability of young labour in the agricultural sector. The comparative analysis of European regions highlighted significant variations in the demographic structure. The article highlights the importance of adopting an integrated perspective, addressing both demographic challenges and the needs to modernize the agricultural sector, to ensure the resilience of regional economies in Europe.

Kazakhstan today is a country with a low level of economic development, although it has sufficient resources and manpower. The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of human capital development in the labor market under the conditions of modernization of the economy of Kazakhstan. The analysis of economic indicators has shown that the financial stability of the country is at a low level. The study of the labor market has established that its labor supply is sufficient but low-promising. The perfect econometric modeling using the additive method of forecasting has shown that in the next two periods it should be expected an increase in the labor force. With the help of linear forecasting, it was established that in the next two periods of education and labor market reforms are not carried out, the economic situation of the country will continue to deteriorate.

Agriculture is an important sector for regional economies across Europe, especially in rural areas where it supports livelihoods and ensures food security. However, its sustainability is correlated to demographic dynamics. This article explores the relationship between demographic trends and the development of agrarian sector, emphasizing the critical importance of human resources for achieving sustainable economic development. The rural and urban-rural population structure is reflecting an imbalance accentuated by demographic trends such as population aging and rural-urban migration, phenomena that reduce the availability of young labour in the agricultural sector. The comparative analysis of European regions highlighted significant variations in the demographic structure. The article highlights the importance of adopting an integrated perspective, addressing both demographic challenges and the needs to modernize the agricultural sector, to ensure the resilience of regional economies in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market is a market with imperfect competition, which must present a certain flexibility that leads to greater competitiveness and systematically and favorably influences economic growth. In the current conditions of the market economy, the social division of labor is deepening considerably, the workforce being structured by age, sex, socio-professional categories, qualification levels, geographical areas and employment opportunities. depending on the performance parameters, the main labor market characterized by high levels of stability and safety and the secondary labor market characterized by parameters specific to the periphery of economic activity can be delimited. Also, the labor market can be analyzed as the labor market characteristic of the macroeconomic level and the labor market characteristic of the microeconomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the development of inequality in Germany from 1983 to 2020, focusing on labour market trends and income inequality. Using data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we show that one of the most important trends in the German labour market in recent decades has been the increasing participation of women in the labour market. In addition, we confirm previous findings that inequality in earnings and household disposable income increased from the 1990s to 2005. Since then, inequality has not increased further despite changes in the composition of the labour force that tend to increase inequality, such as increased assortative matching and high net migration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall, income inequality in Austria is moderate and has been stable in recent years. However, a look at employment statistics reveals important inequality trends in the labour market. This paper highlights five important shifts in the composition of the labour force: (i) a massive increase in female labour force participation; (ii) large shifts in the distribution of education; (iii) trends towards part‐time work among women as well as men; (iv) persistent gender gaps in market and non‐market work of parents; and (v) an increase in labour migration with a substantial share of cross‐border commuters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this scientific approach, vocational training for the unemployed is addressed as an active labour market policy contributing to sustainable employment. In this context, the forms of vocational training in which the unemployed can be involved are presented, increasing their chances of employment. Vocational qualification and retraining courses, on-the-job training and vocational traineeships as types of vocational training are analysed in dynamics, in the case of the Republic of Moldova. In order to assess the overall situation of vocational training of the unemployed in the Republic of Moldova, statistical data were extracted from the annual reports of the National Employment Agency. A questionnaire was also used to determine the degree of involvement of companies in the vocational training of the unemployed. The survey included 350 companies in the Republic of Moldova. The results obtained from the questionnaire show that organizations have certain reluctance to participate in the process of vocational training of the unemployed. Similarly, the results show that the involvement of organisations in the process of training the unemployed does not depend on their location, or size, or field of activity.

Copyright of Global Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Refaad for Studies, Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this scientific approach, vocational training for the unemployed is addressed as an active labour market policy contributing to sustainable employment. In this context, the forms of vocational training in which the unemployed can be involved are presented, increasing their chances of employment. Vocational qualification and retraining courses, on-the-job training and vocational traineeships as types of vocational training are analysed in dynamics, in the case of the Republic of Moldova. In order to assess the overall situation of vocational training of the unemployed in the Republic of Moldova, statistical data were extracted from the annual reports of the National Employment Agency. A questionnaire was also used to determine the degree of involvement of companies in the vocational training of the unemployed. The survey included 350 companies in the Republic of Moldova. The results obtained from the questionnaire show that organizations have certain reluctance to participate in the process of vocational training of the unemployed. Similarly, the results show that the involvement of organisations in the process of training the unemployed does not depend on their location, or size, or field of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation explores the significance of the role played by education in the economic development of Saudi Arabia, particularly at this juncture in pursuit of Vision 2030. The study explores the complex relationship between investments in education and economic growth in the global economy through examinations of education spending versus GDP from 2020 to 2024. A lot of government spending on education has helped many economic indicators but the results also point towards some areas where they can improve, more specifically in terms of resource efficiency and labour market need. The importance of curricula modernization, ongoing professional development for teachers, and stronger links with industry are highlighted in the report to ensure the significance and effectiveness of education. But to be effective, these policies must be accompanied by increased investments in STEM and vocational training, robust monitoring, and evaluation (M&E) systems, and the expansion of private-public partnerships. At the same time, the study reinforces the need for targeted educational programs specifically aimed at AI, career navigators to guide young people, and investments in R&D and innovation. Working on these areas can help Saudi Arabia to make the best of its educational investments and maintain economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although labour markets show resilience, they still experience a decrease in labour productivity and, consequently, the level of socioeconomic development and living standards of the population. In practise, multidimensional analysis methods and their visualisation are relevant for the further development of the labour market and research in this field. This study aims to identify the main dependencies in labour market and develop recommendations for the integrated regional development. The research methodology includes cluster analysis and multiple correlation and regression analysis. The information array is presented with data on 31 regions of the Russian Federation for 2018–2022. The novelty of the research lies in the combination of static and dynamic analysis and informative visualisation of the results. A specific system of indicators helped to analyse the labour market in modern conditions, ongoing changes in the economy, and the impact on social life. The regions were divided into 4 clusters. The proposed development scenarios differed depending on the level of development in each region. The second stage was the analysis of the relationship between the employment rate and a set of exogenous variables. The results confirm that the influence of wages and investments on the employment rate has decreased, and the influence of social guarantees has increased. This study assesses the potential of the regions to improve the employment rate and the quality of life; the discovered patterns make it possible to develop actions that promote sustainable socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unorganized sector has emerged as the major problem of the country. Most of the informal workers comprise the agriculture sector. So, the present paper is focused on the growth of the unorganized sector in India with special emphasis on the agriculture sector. The agriculture share in gross value added is higher than other sectors. The proportion of selfemployed is higher than casual labour and regular waged workers. In rural areas, workers' livelihoods are dependent upon agriculture because when people have limited or no livelihood opportunities and for earning no formal jobs are there then to fulfil the basic requirement of the family, they are involved in jobs in the informal sector. The government has initiated many measures to formalize unorganized sectors like MGNREGA, Udyam, e-Sharam portal, Atamnirbhar package etc. It is suggested that government should organize awareness camps to inform people about formalization and its potential impact on their lifestyles. Formalization can pave the way for the shift to a green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a comprehensive exploration of unemployment, spanning short-term, medium-term and long-term periods, highlighting the necessity for in-depth analysis and timely intervention. The primary goal is to develop machine learning models proficient in identifying the characteristics of individuals undergoing unemployment. Utilizing data from the European Social Survey, the research employs data processing techniques and diverse machine learning algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Ada Boost, LightGBM, and Gradient Boosting. The comparative analysis of unemployment across different durations reveals significant variations in predicting factors. Short-term unemployment is notably influenced by age. For those unemployed for twelve months or more, factors such as perceived equal opportunities and attachment to Europe become influential. In the context of unemployment lasting five years, variables related to happiness and marital status prove crucial, impacting motivation and potentially contributing to extended unemployment. This study marks the initiation of a comprehensive exploration into understanding the traits of unemployed individuals, extending beyond the individual level to incorporate macroeconomic considerations. The application of machine learning algorithms provides valuable insights into addressing this the societal challenge of unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine led to the emergence of a number of substantial destabilising processes and phenomena of a socio-economic nature, one of which is the strengthening of forced emigration of a substantial number of the economically active population of Ukraine. The purpose of the study was a comprehensive review and analysis of the current scientific legacy of papers devoted to the examination of the features, state, and problems of forced labour migration and identifying its impact on the national labour market and economic entities. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study as made up of general scientific heuristic methods, historiographic analysis and synthesis, comparison, and systematisation. Based on the results of the study, it was established that in the modern scientific discourse, the essence of forced labour migration is defined as a complex and dangerous socio-economic phenomenon that manifests itself in the uncontrolled movement of the population for the purpose of employment within the country and extends to other countries of the world. It was determined that most of the researchers are inclined to argue that the scale of forced labour migration has acquired threatening importance, the threatening trends of which were particularly acute during the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022-2023, during which there is a critical increase in the volume of forced labour migration from Ukraine to European countries. There is an opinion among the scientific community that the processes of forced labour migration cause substantial problems in the national and international labour market. Most of the researchers argue that the most substantial problem caused by forced labour migration is the increase in the unemployment rate, which in Ukraine during the war reached 35% of the economically active population, which substantially unbalances the international and European labour markets, causing it to increase competition for highly paid jobs. Based on the assessment of researchers' opinions, the main ways to reduce imbalances in the development of the labour market in Ukraine and methods for minimising the risks of unemployment growth are proposed. The obtained research results can be used to create generalising reviews and more effectively work with the bibliography on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Utilising data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), we estimate quarterly changes in urban labour market flows over the period 2018–2022 and the impact on unemployment rates for men and women. Our analysis provides non-intuitive explanations for established findings as well as pointing out important questions for further study. Both men and women's unemployment rates have reduced in 2022 compared to 2018, showing rapid reductions following the high levels reached during the lockdown. Women's unemployment rates have consistently been higher than men throughout this period. The gap between men and women's unemployment rates reduced during the lockdown, but have shown signs of increasing since 2021, even as unemployment rates have fallen. For women, flows from the labour force to non-participation play a larger role in explaining changes in unemployment rates as compared to men. Flows from the labour force to non-participation, however, have reduced since the pandemic, providing an explanation as to why labour force participation rates (LFPRs) have increased, namely women staying for longer in the labour force rather than more women entering it. Despite rising LFPRs, the gender gap in unemployment rates have risen, in contrast to developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population ageing is a global phenomenon, affecting most European countries, including Romania. This is due among other things to high migration, rising life expectancy and a steadily declining birth rate. The consequences of this demographic phenomenon are particularly important because the social and economic effects are long-term. Some of the research in this area has focused on studying the population aged 65 to 74 (young seniors) who may represent a labour resource at a time when many countries are facing an acute shortage of human resources. This study aims to analyse the demographic situation in the EU and Romania through a comparative analysis of the number of seniors in both EU countries and Romania. In more developed countries such as Italy, France, Germany and Finland, the elderly population exceeds 20% of the total population, confirming concerns about demographic ageing. By residence environment, in Romania we have identified a quite obvious delimitation by fields of activity. While in rural areas, agriculture is the predominant activity, the urban population often opts for fields requiring higher education such as education and health. As a result, although challenging, the inclusion of older people in the labour market can reduce labour shortages, increase contributions to the state budget and at the same time contribute to greater social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the substitution elasticity of capital on the labour force in the context of the development of intellectualization. Given the substitution of capital for labour, China's benchmark listed logistics companies are compared with an American company to discuss the evolution of capital – labour substitution. A large-scale intellectualization process began in 2017, and based on a variable elasticity of substitution, this paper creates an econometric model of substitution elasticity between capital and labour and its evolution between 2017 and 2021. The American logistics company UPS maintains a relatively high level of substitution elasticity, and Chinese logistics companies are quickly catching up. The substitution elasticity of capital on labour in Chinese enterprises trends upward year after year. In 2021, the capital – labour substitution elasticity of logistics enterprises in both countries showed considerable growth. The calculation model of substitution elasticity presented in this paper can be extended to different regions and industries to measure intelligent development levels and the relationship between capital and the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective assessment of their labour value by future employers is a pressing concern for all students and graduates of higher education institutions. Young people frequently overestimate their salary expectations, leading to substandard service provision, or conversely, accept low-paying jobs resulting in emotional burnout due to lack of motivation. The purpose of this study was to identify how students with developed social intelligence assess their earnings prospects during their studies, in the first years after graduation and in adulthood. For this, a survey of students was conducted using the TROMSØ test and specially designed questions that helped to identify the respondents’ subjective assessment of the value of their working time. The study found a statistically significant relationship between social intelligence and labour market pricing. This dependence is particularly pronounced for wage expectations immediately after the graduation (p≤0.01**). However, no correlation was found between social intelligence or its components and ambitions for the level of pay during study. It was found that students are willing to look for part-time work for any financial motivation. As for the level of salary that would fully satisfy them in adulthood, the average salary is three times higher than the minimum wage in Ukraine and equals USD 580. By understanding the level of a person’s social intelligence, one can build an effective hiring system, gaining an additional tool for assessing possible salary ambitions. This will help to optimise the work of the HR department and understand the range of financial incentives needed required to stimulate a particular employee

The paper analyses the labour force composition of two adjacent counties in north-west Romania: Maramureș and Sălaj. Regionally, employers stress the lack of available labour force and resort to commuter networks from nearby rural areas and immigrant labour. Why labour shortage? It is argued that Romania’s FDI-reliant export-led growth model factors in. Namely, the growth model’s reliance on low-cost labour that reduces employment incentives to a minimum (often minimum wage) and employment in repetitive labour-intensive activities make the prospect less attractive. If technological upgrading – requiring skilled employees – is absent, regional labour availability tends to be an issue. Alternative subsistence methods are favoured: seasonal transnational migration, household agricultural subsistence and remittances from relatives. Tying livelihood to families and households, these methods pool resources to replace (even if in part) wage labour under global market-dependency conditions.

Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) will transform the way we live and work, it raises the questions of how much the technology will impact businesses, clients, the work force and the economy generally. Businesses are interested about AI, in the aspect of how can they capitalize the benefits or the opportunities from using it. In other hand employees are afraid of losing their jobs, since they can be replaced by the newest technologies and robots. AI is not a new field, it started to develop over 70 years in the past by computer scientist. The new term AI, now it refers to the combination of multiple technologies in different industries. Recent concerns on technological unemployment claim that artificial intelligence disrupts the labor market which decreases employment over time. Our paper provides a theoretical explanation in the context of rapid progress of AI and its impact in economy. We incorporated AI as a factor effecting the labour force, which will lead to a decline in employment, by causing job losses, but in other hand having new industries in market. In other hand there will be an increasement of productivity and economic growth and the ability of different countries to adapt the process of the transition of the new era of AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the pace and pattern of employment in India during the last four decades using the Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) (1983 to 2011–12) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (2017–18 to 2020–21). The estimates reflect that, notwithstanding the impressive economic growth, aided by demographic dividend, the economy has witnessed a low sustained employment generation. The present analysis reflects a notable increase in both output growth and employment between the years 1983 and 2004-05. However, subsequent to this period, there exists a distinct phase of economic development characterised by a lack of job creation from 2004–05 to 2017-18 and a rebound thereafter. The concerning divergence between Gross Value Added (GVA) growth and employment growth is reflected in the continued dominance of agriculture in terms of employment share even when its GVA share is dismal. Besides, the low employment elasticities of non-farm sectors including industry and services indicate the inability of the non-farm sector to absorb additional labour force and hence sluggish employment opportunities. The slow rate of employment growth during the period of high economic growth failed to bring down overall unemployment. Consequentially, the findings serve as a rebuttal to the claim of 'slow' structural transformation. Not only that the labour market is characterising by significant gender disparity, but there is also a growing level of unemployment for the highly educated youth than the less educated. Apparently, economic growth rather than creating more jobs has resulted in net labour displacement as can be seen from the disaggregated analysis of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR), and unemployment rate. The discourse of falling and lower employment elasticities and strong GVA growth painting a discordant picture of the economy calls for an urgent policy redressal in expanding the human capacity to participate in the new economic and social opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of ill health status on labour participation in Tanzania using panel methods with data extracted from three waves of the National Panel Survey datasets of 2010/11, 2012/13, and the extended panel of 2019/20. Based on estimated random effect probit models, the results show that chronic ill health status has a significant negative effect on labour market participation in Tanzania. By locality, both chronic and acute ill health are significant and negative on labour participation in rural areas; whereas by sex chronic ill health is significant and negative on male's participation. Therefore, the study recommends the adoption of more effective policies and interventions to reduce the prevalence of chronic and acute illness so as to bring more Tanzanians into the labour force. Also, it recommends mainstream employment policy actions to support those with partial work capacity from incurable ill health conditions to take up jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the labour force composition of two adjacent counties in north-west Romania: Maramureș and Sălaj. Regionally, employers stress the lack of available labour force and resort to commuter networks from nearby rural areas and immigrant labour. Why labour shortage? It is argued that Romania's FDI-reliant export-led growth model factors in. Namely, the growth model's reliance on low-cost labour that reduces employment incentives to a minimum (often minimum wage) and employment in repetitive labour-intensive activities make the prospect less attractive. If technological upgrading – requiring skilled employees – is absent, regional labour availability tends to be an issue. Alternative subsistence methods are favoured: seasonal transnational migration, household agricultural subsistence and remittances from relatives. Tying livelihood to families and households, these methods pool resources to replace (even if in part) wage labour under global market-dependency conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an attempt to examine the extent to which the emergence of platform work options has offered succour to the workforce of Kerala hit hard by the dearth of employment opportunities owing to the pandemic-induced economic crisis. A survey of 55 respondents across the state reveals that Kerala's workforce is engaged in diverse types of platform work that can be classified into web-based and location-based works. Platform work is a preferred job option for the young workforce as the mean age of the surveyed is 27.45 years. Though platform work is opted by all irrespective of educational level, those with higher educational qualifications were engaged in web-based work. Gender bias in favour of women is found in web-based work, while location-based jobs happen to be a male dominion. Though platform workers value independence in work, flexible work schedules, etc., associated with gig work, most of them have expressed their desire to have a regular job with stable incomes as the mean income of the respondents was moderate at ₹17,609. Reckoning the rise in platform job options, the policy thrust must be on promoting remunerative web-based work coupled with protecting the interests of the overworked location-based workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in population structure can have a great impact on savings rates. This study investigated the relationship that exists between the aging population and the savings rate in South Africa. The gross savings of South Africa from 1995 to 2017 was analysed. A fixed effect model and a random effect model were used as baselines for arbitrary correlations between unobserved heterogeneity and independent variables. The Hausman test was utilized to find a more efficient and consistent model that produces consistent results. The argument of the Lice Cycle Hypothesis developed by Modigliani (1970) and those previous research findings in which the rising older population has a tendency to decrease the rates of savings were followed in this paper. The findings revealed that an increase in old-age dependency does not cause the level of savings to decline but will rather lead to an increase in savings. The findings agree with the bequest theory, which states that old people save up their money for their upcoming generation. Due to the findings obtained in this paper, economic policies that aim to increase savings through demographics might not be relevant and are therefore not suggested.

The opportunities offered by information technologies in the information society have enhanced business life flexibility, so the working environment has become portable from traditional offices to outside offices. Major public institutions have preferred remote work intensively, which has been a must since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Therefore, the research aims at identification of the remote work benefits remote work to achieve economic efficiency in public institutions. From this perspective, a desktop study was carried out to provide remote work rationale from a theoretical perspective. The Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE), Feminization of the Workplace, The Flexible-Firm Model, Generational Theory, and Social Exchange Theory in the paper's theoretical background determine the remote work significance. The primary conclusions are that using remote work may give public institutions opportunities, such as encouraging women to enter the labour market and designing future working environments for new generations, and the advantages, such as securing a faster communication structure and having a more skilled labour force to achieve economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study contributes to the extant literature by assessing how financial and human developments moderate the incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation in Cameroon for the period 1987 to 2020 using the generalised least squares (GLS) estimation approach. It is apparent from the findings that human development in the perspective of the human development index (HDI) and broad money supply are necessary and sufficient conditions to moderate vulnerable female employment for female labour force participation. Accordingly, HDI thresholds of between 0.591 and 0.634 are needed to reverse the negative incidence of female vulnerable employment on female labour force participation. Furthermore, a threshold of 30.294 (% of GDP) of broad money supply is also needed to reverse the negative incidence of vulnerable female employment on female labour force participation. Other implications for policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes can destroy companies' infrastructures, supply chains, business lifelines, and the human capital necessary for entrepreneurship, leading to a decrease in regional employment and, over time, to the economic collapse of the region. This study aims to reveal the effects of the February Earthquakes on the entrepreneurial activities and labour force indicators of eleven provinces. The article calculates the impact of earthquakes on current entrepreneurial activities by obtaining the number of private workplaces, the number of enterprises and the number of newly established companies representing the entrepreneurial potential of the provinces from institutions such as SGK, TÜİK and TOBB. The study first calculates the change rates of monthly published data compared to the same period of the previous year, and then uses this to calculate the average number of enterprises of the provinces in 2023. It uses a similar approach in calculating employment and unemployment numbers. Findings show that earthquakes have a devastating effect on provincial entrepreneurial activities. Earthquakes cause a monthly average decrease of 39 thousand in the number of private workplaces and a total of 125 thousand enterprises to be closed by the end of 2023. These losses mean that an average of 262 thousand insured employees will be laid off per month, and 585 thousand people will be unemployed by 2023. It is also worth noting that 70 percent of these losses originate from the first-degree damaged provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for early childhood educators is expected to grow as the Canadian economy adjusts to the end of the pandemic and more Canadians return to in-person work. To support this transition, the federal government has signed bilateral agreements with Canada's territories and provinces to invest more than $30 billion to create a $10-a-day universal child care system. This ambitious movement is a landmark in Canadian child care, yet it is unclear whether Canada's current pipeline of early childhood education graduates is sufficient to meet this increased demand. Using data from the Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Linkage Platform, we find that early childhood education program graduates tend to be concentrated in relatively few provinces, come from primarily college backgrounds, and acquire considerably modest labour market outcomes. We investigate the career transition of early childhood education graduates and argue that low pay and its potential to signal the devaluation of the child care workforce are contributing factors to field exit among early childhood education professionals. Policy implications of this potential shortfall in the supply of early childhood education professionals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan is demonstrating its commitment to promoting gender equality and working closely with the global community. Over the past decade, the gender gap in the structure of labour force of Kazakhstan has slightly decreased. However, gender gaps persist. Women in Kazakhstan make up slightly more than half of the total population of the country, but their contribution to indicators of economic activity, growth and well-being of republic is significantly below their potential. In this article, gender dynamics of Kazakhstan labour market are explored at macro and micro levels using GIS. In this article, authors tried to answer the following questions: What is the gender situation in the labour market of Kazakhstan, as a country of Central Asia region with an Eastern mentality? Does the growing number of employed women lead to higher levels of gender equality in the Kazakhstan labour market? What are the characteristics of women’s employment compared to men’s? The results of research show that women’s increased access to jobs has not led to a significant reduction in the gap in earnings and incomes between men and women. This is due to the gender segregation of vocational education, which lays the foundation for sectoral differentiation of employment with different geographical distributions. Also, the so-called “glass ceiling” or low accessibility to leadership positions hinders women’s greater competitiveness. In addition, such an important element of labour market as unpaid domestic work, which is mainly occupied by women, is still not recognized.

Towards achieving the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, this study revisits the information and communication technology (ICT) leapfrogging hypothesis of Steinmueller (2001), and Fong (2009) to expand the literature by testing its relevance in the labour force-growth dynamics in Asia. To achieve this, the study addresses four objectives: (i) test the ICT leapfrogging hypothesis; (ii) investigate the growth-enhancing impact of labour; (iii) examine whether ICT enhances or distorts the productivity of labour on economic growth; and (iv) if these effects differ by economic development. The study uses an unbalanced panel data on 81 countries located in East Asia and Pacific (EAP) and Europe and Central Asia (ECA) from 2010 to 2019. Two estimation techniques, namely panel spatial correlation consistent fixed effects (PSCC-FE) and random effects instrumental variables two-stage least squares (RE-IV2SLS), are deployed. To appraise if the impact differs by economic development, the study engages income group analysis. Among other findings: the leapfrogging hypothesis holds; labour is a significant predictor of economic growth; mobile phones usage is a more potent ICT indicator with more leapfrogging potentials relative to fixed telephones subscription; the net effect of labour on growth is mostly positive in the mobile phones’ models.