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Flow, the holistic sensation people experience when they act with total involvement, is a known driver for desired work outcomes like task performance. However, the increasing ubiquity of IT at work can disrupt employees' flow. Thus, the impact of IT-mediated interruptions on flow warrants more attention in research and practice. We conducted a NeuroIS laboratory experiment focusing on a typical office work task--an invoice matching task (i.e., matching customer payments to invoices). We manipulated interruption frequency (low, high) and content relevance (irrelevant, relevant) to study the impact of interruptions on self-reported flow, its dimensions, and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV; calculated from electrocardiography recordings) as a proxy for parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation. We found that content relevance moderated the relationship between interruption frequency and self-reported flow and that these results vary along flow dimensions. Content relevance also moderated the relationship between interruption frequency and PNS activation. Furthermore, selfreported flow was positively associated with both perceived and objective task performance, while PNS activation was not related to either performance measure. Lastly, we found no relationship between PNS activation (measured by HF-HRV) and self-reported flow, contributing to an important debate in the NeuroIS literature on whether physiological evidence constitutes an alternative or a complement to selfreports. Overall, our findings indicate that frequent interruptions are not harmful per se. Rather, considering content relevance is critical for a more comprehensive understanding of the effects on selfreported flow, its dimensions, and the underlying physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Framings may affect individuals' choices. In particular, the perception of (implicit) risks and their costs may influence intertemporal choices. In a between‐subjects experimental design, participants are presented choices either in a standard (i.e., current vs. future payoffs), penalty (i.e., the same as before, presenting the differences between present and future amounts as losses), future‐improved (i.e., increasing by 35% the future payoff with respect to the standard frame) or penalty present‐improved way (i.e., with small differences between present and future amounts). Undergraduate students participated in 3 two‐step experiments. The results show that the negative and the present‐improved frames render the participants more patient and subjects who are trained to be more farsighted using a penalty decision problem continue to be patient in subsequent classical formulations where that specific attribute is no longer present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of professional skills is essential for biology students to be successful in their future careers. However, current teaching approaches often fail to provide adequate training. The aim of this theory to practice study was to develop an effective methodology for improving the professional skills of biology students through laboratory work. Theoretical and diagnostic methods, mathematical statistics, empirical methods, and a questionnaire were used. The results showed a significant increase in competencies after the laboratory training intervention. Students demonstrated significant improvements in technical skills, critical thinking, teamwork, and communication. In conclusion, structured practical laboratory training shows promise for enhancing the professional capabilities of aspiring biologists. The practical value of this study is to develop work skills, independent decision-making ability, and professional skills, in line with the requirements of modern scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing one-dimensional model is inadequate in predicting the dynamic interactions between hydraulic transients and inline air pockets in water pipelines, leading to underestimated pressure dissipation in the modeling results. In this study, a one-dimensional (1D)–three-dimensional (3D) coupling model was applied to analyze and explain the interactions between the hydraulic transients and inline air pockets observed in systematic laboratory experiments. In this model, the method of characteristics provides 1D modeling of hydraulic transients in the regions without the inline air pocket and the finite-volume method with volume of fluid approach provides 3D modeling of hydraulic transient interactions at the air pocket. The coupling between 1D and 3D models is achieved using the partly overlapped coupling method. The analysis of the transient velocity profile unveils unique velocity distributions on both sides of the air pocket due to reflection and transmission processes, which contribute to the compression and movement of the air pocket. The investigations of variation in the internal energy of the air pocket using the 1D–3D model demonstrate that the internal energy reduces in the slow compression process due to greater energy fluctuations and more rapid energy transfer between air and water, especially at the front of the air–water interface directly impacted by the incident wave. This explains why the existing 1D model underestimates the pressure damping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) reservoirs, the performance of chemicals used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology will be significantly affected by the temperature and salinity of formation water, resulting in the ineffective effect of chemicals. To solve the problem of low recovery in HTHS reservoirs, a new foam J4F6 was prepared. First of all, seven kinds of surfactant with good foam performance were selected on the base of widely used surfactants. Then matched the quality proportion of surfactant following the design, under the same conditions to evaluate their foaming performance and the ability to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT), J4F6 with the best performance was selected and then the concentration, NaCl, and Ca2+, temperature, aging time, and adsorption loss on the foaming performance were investigated. Finally, a sandpack flooding experiment was carried out to study the flow characteristics and resistance factor (RF) of J4F6. The results showed that J4F6 has the high strength adjustment and flooding ability of traditional foam. In addition, it has strong temperature and salt resistance, which can greatly improve the swept zone and oil displacement efficiency of HTHS reservoir and enhance oil recovery. This study can provide a reference value for EOR of HTHS reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study intra- and intergroup cooperation in the production and distribution of a jointly created good. Over several periods, members of one group can choose whether or not to contribute to the good's production. Members of the other group vote to implement a fair or a discriminatory sharing policy for the good's proceeds. More cooperative behavior by members of an outgroup renders ingroup members more willing to cooperate in turn. Our experiment documents reciprocity in intergroup cooperation settings. This reciprocity at times leads to mutually beneficial cooperation but when one group defects, it may also lead to cooperation breaking down. Understanding how one group's cooperation influences another group's decisions can improve resource allocation as well as influence policy-makers' decisions towards fairer distribution strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notch development at the base of sea cliffs is an important control on cliff recession rates, but a detailed mechanistic understanding of notch formation by swash abrasion is lacking. We conducted physical experiments, using homogeneous erodible rock simulants, to study notch‐forming mechanisms under periodic sediment‐laden bore impacts. Our findings reveal shifts in the temporal dynamics of notch development. Initially, swash uprush and vortex formation contribute to a positive feedback loop that creates a shallow and wide notch. Subsequently, upward erosion ceases, and notch backwear and downwear are dominated by the vortex. Eventually, sediment deposition armors the notch floor; this negative feedback loop reduces erosion. The sediment size determines the amount of erosion, with a range of grain sizes generating maximum erosion. This indicates a dependence on the momentum of the sediment particles entrained within the bore. This research reveals fundamental notch formation mechanisms driven by swash abrasion. Plain Language Summary: When waves attack a rock cliff, they gradually undercut the cliff and remove materials, forming a wave‐cut notch. Studying how notches form and develop in natural settings takes a very long time, so we created a weaker cliff in the laboratory using easily eroded foam. The cliff was exposed to repeated impacts from bores carrying sediment, representing the impact of broken waves. Notch formation is observed over a few hundred hours. Initially, the notch is wide and shallow. As it grows, abrasive sediment cannot be propelled into the roof, stopping the upward expansion of the notch, and sediment piles up at the bottom, blocking further downward erosion. The notch continues to deepen, but at a decreasing rate. The size of the beach sand or gravel has an important influence on the erosion rate. If the sediments are too large or too small, little erosion occurs, whereas sediments of a certain size can cause rapid erosion. This is because waves need to be able to entrain sediment and hurl it with sufficient force against the cliff to cause erosion. Key Points: Controlled laboratory experiments with repeated swash impacts reveal positive and negative feedback mechanisms in abrasion notch formationNotch geometry varies over time and is determined by swash impact location, vortex formation and sediment depositionGrain size modulates beach shape and sediment‐laden bore momentum, collectively influencing notch development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clogging frequently occurs in the cutter head, excavation chamber or screw conveyor when an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine is tunneling in soft or silty clay ground with high clay mineral content. In this paper, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite were selected as research objects, and molecular dynamics simulation and laboratory experiment were adopted. At the microscopic scale, dynamic contact behavior and interfacial mechanical behavior of the interface between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution was simulated and the interfacial adhesion and conditioning mechanism between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution was revealed. Thus, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant was selected as the main composition of the soil conditioner. Then, the adhesion stress before and after soil conditioning and the contact angles between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution were tested and analyzed at the macroscopic scale. The result shows that the contact angle between droplet and clay mineral surface is an important parameter to characterize soil adhesion. The simulation rules of the microscopic contact angle are consistent with the experiment results. Furthermore, the adsorption energy between microscopic substances is dominated by electrostatic force, which can reflect the adhesion stress between macroscopic substances. Soil adhesion stress can be effectively decreased by adding the surfactant to the soil conditioner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavity formations by soil dissolution or underground collapses are at the origin of large surface subsidence that constitutes a risk of damage or failure for infrastructures. Soil reinforcement with geosynthetics positioned at shallow depth is an economical and functional solution to reduce the induced surface settlements. Previous research has mainly focused on the load transfer mechanism and the arching effect in cohesionless reinforced backfills when the cavity opens. Experimental and numerical studies dealing with cohesive soils are very rare, although this situation is commonly found in practice. To overcome this lack of knowledge, a numerical study based on Discrete Element Modelling is carried out to better understand the load transfer mechanisms that are mobilized in cohesive embankments prone to underground cavity opening. The results are compared with experimental data obtained on a small-scale laboratory model in terms of vertical and horizontal displacements of both soil and geosynthetics. The numerical results focus on the collapse mechanisms of the cohesive embankment, the load transfer mechanisms, the shape of the vertical load distribution acting on the geosynthetic layer, the strain and traction forces within the geosynthetic sheet. • A numerical DEM model is proposed to analyse the load transfer in geosynthetic reinforced cohesive soil at the failure • The experiments and the numerical results exhibit a backfill failure mechanism as a rigid trapezoidal-shaped block of soil • Displacements and strains of the membrane show a frictional and sliding mechanism of the anchorage areas near the cavity • The membrane shows a flatness in the central part of the cavity due to the presence of the collapsed rigid block onto it. All the mechanisms are different from those observed e case of a geosynthetic reinforced granular soil addressed in the literature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing is the property of Editorial Department of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The organic food market's rapid expansion necessitates an understanding of factors influencing consumer behavior. This paper investigates the impact of packaging colors on perceptions and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic foods, utilizing an experimental auction among university students. Drawing on previous research, we explore how colors influence perceived healthiness, premiumness, trust, and sustainability. The results indicate nuanced responses to different colors, emphasizing the need for businesses to adopt tailored packaging strategies. White and green dominate organic food packaging, aligning with associations of freshness and health. However, the study uncovers varied consumer responses, suggesting a more intricate relationship between color, trust, premiumness, and healthiness perceptions. Demographic factors such as age, gender, income, and residence areas influence WTP for organic foods with different colors, emphasizing the importance of diverse consumer segments in marketing strategies. Trust and perceived premiumness significantly influence WTP, highlighting their pivotal role in consumer valuation. The results highlight that green packaging builds trust among non-organic buyers, while organic buyers are influenced by a broader range of colors that emphasize premiumness and healthiness. The study concludes that businesses in the organic food market should carefully consider color choices in branding and packaging to effectively communicate product qualities and align with consumer values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are underrepresented in business, academic, and political decision-making bodies across the world. To investigate the causal effect of gender representation on multilateral negotiations, we experimentally manipulate the composition of triads in a majoritarian, divide-the-dollar game. We document a robust gender gap in earnings driven largely by the exclusion of women from alliances rather than differential shares within alliances. Experiments with different subject pools show that distinct bargaining dynamics can underlie the same inequitable outcomes; gender-biased outcomes can be caused by outright discrimination, but they can also be driven by more complex dynamics related to differences in bargaining strategies. Although replacing the male with a female majority all but eliminates the gap in one pool, it has minimal effect in the other. These findings show that there is no "one-size-fits-all" solution to the gender gap we uncovered and highlight the importance of studying bargaining dynamics in detail. This paper was accepted by Marie-Claire Villeval, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: A. Baranski recognizes financial support from Tamkeen [under the New York University Abu Dhabi Research Institute; Grant CG005]. J. Tremewan acknowledges funding from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Grant ANR-21-CE03-0018 (Project ENDURA)]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of a donation incentive tied to contributions to a public good when group members can decide on the size of their donation. An up to 20% donation of the public good was implemented either exogenously or endogenously by group members. In the Vote treatment, groups could either decide in favor of or against a donation of 20% of the public good; in the Vote Share treatment, subjects could decide on a donation share of between 0 and 20%. Results show that a large percentage of the participants vote in favor of implementing a donation share in both treatments. In groups voting in favor of a 20% donation share or endogenously implementing a high donation share in the Vote Share treatment contributions to the public good are higher compared to an exogenously implemented donation share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) is an interdisciplinary field that studies the large-scale motion of fluids in the natural world. With a wide range of applications such as weather forecasts and climate prediction, GFD employs various research approaches including in-situ observations, satellite measurements, numerical simulations, theoretical analysis, artificial intelligence, and physical model experiments in laboratory. Among these approaches, rotating tank experiments provide a valuable tool for simulating naturally-occurring fluid motions in laboratories. With proportional scaling and proper techniques, scientists can reproduce multi-scale physical processes of stratified fluids in the rotation system, which allows for the simulation of essential characteristics of fluid motions in the atmosphere and oceans. In this review, rotating tanks of various scales in the world are introduced, as these tanks have been actively used to explore fundamental scientific questions in ocean and atmosphere dynamics. To illustrate the GFD experiments, three representative cases are presented to demonstrate the frontier achievements in the the GFD study by using rotating tank experiments: mesoscale eddies in the ocean, convection processes, and plume dynamics. Detailed references for the experimental procedures are provided. Future studies are encouraged to further explore the utilization of rotating tanks with improvements in experimental design and integration of other research methods. This is a promising direction of GFD to help enhance our understanding of the complex nature of fluid motions in the natural world and to address the challenges posed by global environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with printing industry wastewater is a serious concern because of the toxicity associated with the effluent components and a tendency to create cascading ecological effects. The influence of printing-press effluent on the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana strain UTEX2714 was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The microalga was subjected to various effluent concentrations prepared by diluting printing-press effluent with bold basal medium (BBM) in the following ratios (effluent:medium): 1:149, 1:119, 1:99, 5:95 and 10:90, reflecting greater concentrations of the effluent. The control BBM had no effluent added. Higher effluent concentrations had a negative impact on the cell density of C. sorokiniana; at low effluent concentrations the algae displayed a high growth rate and high chlorophyll a production (p < 0.05), although total chlorophyll content did not differ significantly among treatments (p ≥ 0.05). This study also discovered an increase in peroxidase activity in this microalga in response to higher concentrations of printing-press effluent, which indicated an increase in oxidative stress that prompted antioxidant defence mechanisms. We conclude that printing-press effluent adversely affects the physiology of C. sorokiniana, indicating the potential of printing wastewater to harm phytoplankton in freshwater environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the emergence of (unarmed) peace and investments in arms within a guns-vs-butter conflict setting. We introduce a novel feature within the conflict game and separate the decision to start a conflict and the investment in arms, following the theoretical framework of Garfinkel and Syropoulos (2021). Based on this model we experimentally examine the emergence of peace while varying resource inequality among conflicting parties. We find that inequality leads to more conflicts and higher investments in arms. Despite these trends, achieving a state of unarmed peace is rarely observed in both treatments. Our results highlight the critical role of trust in attaining peaceful outcomes and show that armed peace, although not an optimal strategy in either treatment, is one of the most frequently chosen decisions. • We investigate conflict and arming decisions in a novel guns-vs-butter setting. • We test the effect of resource inequality on decisions toward and in conflicts. • Inequality leads to more conflicts and higher investments in arms. • A state of unarmed peace is rarely observed, while armed peace occurs frequently. • Trust is identified as a key factor influencing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying the erosion of democratic institutions – such as elections – researchers often focus on elite co-optation or regime dynamics. Yet changes in political selection may also have long-term effects on the types of individuals seeking a political career, defining the dominant features of decision-makers down the road. I design a lab experiment to explore the effects of changes in political selection that accompanied authoritarian backsliding in Russia. Using a series of experiments, I show that creating an unfair playing field in elections and replacing elections with appointments for the local offices leads to self-selection of the risk-averse individuals into political careers. This happens because selection features like low costs of running (for regime candidates) and the absence of public evaluation for the appointees attract individuals who are more risk averse. This study demonstrates a causal mechanism connecting elements of authoritarian backsliding with citizen political ambition and contributes to our understanding of the long-term effects these changes may have on political participation, elite quality, and regime functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic eruption is known as multi-hazards to the surrounding environment and society causing the formation of lahar as the frequent hazards that shortly occurred due to airborne tephra after an eruption. Erosion triggered by rainfall on unconsolidated tephra material, such as volcanic ash, is the primary lahar initiation mechanism. The time and scale of lahars vary based on eruptions and watershed conditions. The variability of the erosion process is driven by a set of local factors including the grain size and spatial distribution of volcanic ash thickness, slope, and rainfall intensity. Laboratory simulation experiments were conducted in a 3.00 m long, 0.75 m wide, and 0.50 m deep flume to study the relationship of volcanic ash erosion rate to three driven parameters, namely slope, rainfall intensity, and volcanic ash thickness. Three slope gradients were selected to represent gentle (14.1%), mild (26.8%), and steep (46.6%) slopes. Meanwhile, the rainfall intensity ranged from 0.65 to 1.85 mm.min-1, and the variations of volcanic ash layer thickness were 1.00 cm; 2.50 cm; and 5.00 cm. The erosion rate model was generated from a dimensional analysis accommodating slope, rainfall intensity, flow discharge, and the ratio of critical and applied boundary shear stress as independent variables. The variable coefficients were obtained by parameter optimization of experiment data through nonlinear regression analysis. The erosion rate model performance was tested using the Nash-Sutcliffe model Efficiency (NSE), Index of Agreement (IOA), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The performance of the volcanic ash erosion rate model was proven to be satisfactory with the NSE>0.75, IOA>0.95, and RMSE values ranging from 0.005 to 0.009. This model has proven applicable better for volcanic ash erosion than other erosion models which are sandy soil material-based experiments because of the specific characteristics of volcanic material itself. The volcanic ash erosion model in this study can be implemented to predict the sediment yield of tephra as part of volcanic disaster mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A major issue regarding biodiversity offset schemes is uncertainty about conservation and its costs. Although the demand for market expansions for biodiversity banking has increased in the past few decades, they may increase the degree of uncertainty regarding the completion of offsets. Therefore, stipulating the rights and responsibilities of stakeholders about the implementation of offsets is important. However, researchers have overlooked the behavioral aspects of market participants regarding responsibility and uncertainty. This study experimentally investigates the effect of uncertainty and market structure change on credit trading behavior in biodiversity banking. First, we verify that uncertainty regarding additional conservation costs provides significant disincentives for bankers to engage in trading when they are directly responsible for the costs, leading to the over-reduction of transactions. Since developers share the payment for the additional costs through the increase in credit prices, it is important to determine the way of sharing the responsibility for the costs between market participants and the public/society. Second, the provision of insurance to alleviate the uncertainty for bankers may not influence efficiency. Therefore, it may be reasonable for the public sector to incorporate insurance schemes into biodiversity banking programs. Third, increases in the number of bankers and developers improve efficiency, and this lowers the possibility of over-reduction of transactions. Therefore, when market expansions increase degrees of uncertainty, responsibility sharing schemes should be linked and revised according to the expansions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct an experiment in a simulated online bookstore to study how consumers respond to display ads with varied content. We study how advertising content influences consumers' decisions. To this end, we create a simulated online bookstore that imitates a real online shopping experience. We then conduct a preregistered and incentive-compatible experiment in which we randomly expose store visitors to display ads, randomizing both advertising exposures and content. We find that ad content plays a major role in shaping advertising effects. Ads that reveal a book's low price consistently increase demand for the advertised book relative to ads that do not reveal price. By contrast, ads that reveal the book's genre induce some consumers to search and buy the book but lead others to reject it without search. We show these polarized responses can increase or decrease the total number of searches and purchases of the advertised book depending on the share of consumers who favor the revealed genre. Our findings suggest that advertisers should carefully choose which product attributes to reveal in their ad copies. We also show that revealing product attributes in ads does not change the total amount of search. Taken together, our results suggest the primary role of ad content is to affect consumers' beliefs about the advertised book rather than to alter the perceived benefits from search. History: Catherine Tucker served as the senior editor for this article. Funding: This work was supported by Amazon Research Award. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in an any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2023.0138. The preregistration document is available at https://aspredicted.org/m3jm2.pdf. Our public data repository at https://github.com/ilyamorozov/adContent contains data, codes, and a written tutorial with instructions on how to create a simulated online store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a submerged breakwater with effective wave control and eco-friendly characteristics is developed and proposed. Hydraulic experiments are conducted to compare the hydraulic performance of a submerged breakwater and an eco-friendly double-row submerged breakwater. The hydraulic characteristics are analyzed based on wave reflections and the transmission-splitting method for each experimental cross-section. This splitting technique utilizes Goda’s two-point method, which employs the spectra of two irregular superposed wave fields. In addition, the reliability of the results obtained from the hydraulic experiments is discussed by comparing the results with empirical formulas. The eco-friendly double-row submerged breakwater features approximately half the width of a typical submerged breakwater. Nevertheless, its transmission coefficient (KT) is approximately 20% more effective, and the difference in the average reflection coefficient (KR) values between the two is approximately 0.17. Moreover, the dissipation coefficient (KD) shows a generally similar trend. Based on these experimental results, the hydraulic performance of the eco-friendly double-row submerged breakwater is more efficient regarding wave control, compared with a typical submerged breakwater. These hydraulic characteristics confirm that the numerical model developed for the eco-friendly double-row submerged breakwater accurately reproduces the KT, KR, and KD values within ±5%.

Laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and fracturing technology were combined to address the problems in shale oil recovery by CO2 injection. The laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the displacement mechanisms of shale oil extraction by CO2 injection, and the influences of CO2 pre-pad on shale mechanical properties. Numerical simulations were performed about influences of CO2 pre-pad fracturing and puff-n-huff for energy replenishment on the recovery efficiency. The findings obtained were applied to the field tests of CO2 pre-pad fracturing and single well puff-n-huff. The results show that the efficiency of CO2 puff-n-huff is affected by micro- and nano-scale effect, kerogen, adsorbed oil and so on, and a longer soaking time in a reasonable range leads to a higher exploitation degree of shale oil. In the “injection + soaking” stage, the exploitation degree of heavy hydrocarbons is enhanced by CO2 through its effects of solubility-diffusion and mass-transfer. In the “huff” stage, crude oil in large pores is displaced by CO2 to surrounding larger pores or bedding fractures and finally flows to the production well. The injection of CO2 pre-pad is conducive to keeping the rock brittle and reducing the fracture breakdown pressure, and the CO2 is liable to filter along the bedding surface, thereby creating a more complex fracture. Increasing the volume of CO2 pre-pad can improve the energizing effect, and enhance the replenishment of formation energy. Moreover, the oil recovery is more enhanced by CO2 huff-n-puff with the lower shale matrix permeability, the lower formation pressure, and the larger heavy hydrocarbon content. The field tests demonstrate a good performance with the pressure maintained well after CO2 pre-pad fracturing, the formation energy replenished effectively after CO2 huff-n-puff in a single well, and the well productivity improved.

Complexities in mechanical behaviours of rock masses mainly stem from inherent discontinuities, which calls for advanced bolt-grouting techniques for stability enhancement. Understanding the mechanical properties of bolt-grouted fractured rock mass (BGFR) and developing accurate prediction methods are crucial to optimize the BGFR support strategies. This paper establishes a new elastoplastic (E-P) model based on the orthotropic and the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) plastic-yielding criteria. The elastic parameters of the model were derived through a meso-mechanical analysis of composite materials mechanics (CMM). Laboratory BGFR specimens were prepared and uniaxial compression test and variable-angle shear test considering different bolt arrangements were carried out to obtain the mechanical parameters of the specimens. Results showed that the anisotropy of BGFR mainly depends on the relative volume content of each component material in a certain direction. Moreover, the mechanical parameters deduced from the theory of composite materials which consider the short fibre effect are shown to be in good agreement with those determined by laboratory experiments, and the variation rules maintained good consistency. Last, a case study of a real tunnel project is provided to highlight the effectiveness, validity and robustness of the developed E-P model in prediction of stresses and deformations.

The paper presents the results of experimental evaluation of oil displacement efficiency by flue gas of a thermal power plant, compared to water, for a carbonate reservoir in the Ural-Volga region. The experiments were performed under two different injection schemes using an original laboratory complex for coreflood studies, with recombined reservoir oil, model of formation water, reservoir core material, and under reservoir thermobaric conditions. It has been confirmed that due to the prevailing nitrogen content and low values of reservoir pressure and temperature, flue gas is ineffective as an independent displacement agent either for injection from the beginning of reservoir development or as a tertiary method after waterflooding. Taking into account the relevance of synergy between increasing oil recovery and sequestration of industrial emissions, evaluation of flue gas injection as part of water-gas mixtures (SWAG) is recommended.

We investigate the effects of nonlinear deductible contracts on health utilization behavior by using a laboratory experiment in which we can control the likelihood of hitting the deductible. We also evaluate the effect of subjects receiving regular information updates on their remaining deductible. Our results show that varying the future price has a significant effect on health care consumption. At an individual level, we identify and richly characterize heterogeneity. We find fully forward-looking, fully myopic, as well as mixed types after controlling for risk preferences. We show that there is a substantial welfare loss due to a lack in forward-looking behavior. The distribution of the welfare loss are characterized and differ sharply according to the model of risk preferences adopted for normative evaluation. Potential drivers of welfare effects are investigated and have a tendency to differ across risk preference models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job satisfaction is sensitive to economic fluctuations; it rises during economic growth and falls in recessions. Job satisfaction also depends on relative comparisons. For workers less affected by business cycles-as is typical in the public sector-job satisfaction may thus be countercyclical due to comparisons with other sectors. Previous laboratory results confirm this countercyclical trend. This study reports new results from the German Socio-Economic Panel confirming the overall countercyclical job satisfaction trend but also revealing this trend is present only among men, not women. We consider three possible drivers of this gender gap. Competitiveness and pro-sociality differ between men and women both in the laboratory and in the field and plausibly interact with job satisfaction countercyclicality. Another potential explanation of countercyclicality is that men are more commonly the primary household providers. We conducted an experiment to explore these three channels. The experiment replicated the countercyclical job satisfaction trend. While identifying a significant gender gap in competitiveness, pro-sociality, and job satisfaction, we found no difference in job satisfaction cyclicality between men and women, nor a correlation with these traits. Our findings suggest that the fundamental gender differences we identified in the laboratory do not drive the gender differences observed in the survey data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to examine the impact of different healthcare payment systems, specifically salary and fee-for-service (FFS) models, on service provision, patient welfare, and quality of care. The influence of payment models on healthcare delivery and patient outcomes, as well as how these models affect doctors' decision-making based on patients' insurance coverage, is not well understood. Methods: A medically framed real-effort task experiment was conducted. This study compared two payment systems: salary and FFS models. Key outcomes measured included the level of service provision, patient welfare, and quality of care. The analysis focused on how financial incentives and patient insurance coverage influenced healthcare decisions. Results: This study found overtreatment in FFS models and undertreatment in salary-based models. Healthcare decisions are significantly influenced by financial incentives and patient needs. Specifically, in FFS models, decisions are driven by self-interest, while in salary models, they are guided by patient needs. Within the FFS model, insurance coverage affects doctors' decisions and patients' benefits. Insured patients often receive unnecessary or incorrect procedures, indicating a supply-side moral hazard. Conclusions: Financial incentives and patient insurance coverage significantly influence healthcare decisions, with FFS models promoting self-interested decision-making and salary models focusing more on patient needs. This study contributes to the literature on supply-side moral hazard to health economics studies that use laboratory experiments to model medical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biased practices by employers have been suggested as one possible cause for the observed gender disparities in labor market outcomes. While US-based laboratory experiments show a clear motherhood penalty in recruitment, European laboratory experiments on the topic are to our knowledge lacking. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 228 university students to study a potential gender bias in the evaluation of (fictitious) job candidates for an accounting manager position, and how recruitment decisions are made. We explore two dimensions of decision-making, that is, evaluators' individual ratings and collectively made ratings. The results show a statistically significant gender bias in job applicant ratings in favor of female applicants. Thus, female job applicants are more often than male applicants rated as the top candidates, regardless of their parental status. Also, we find no motherhood penalty in the applicant ratings. Moreover, there is a statistically significant pro-female bias in applicant ratings made by female evaluators individually and by all-female evaluation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and fracturing technology were combined to address the problems in shale oil recovery by CO2 injection. The laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the displacement mechanisms of shale oil extraction by CO2 injection, and the influences of CO2 pre-pad on shale mechanical properties. Numerical simulations were performed about influences of CO2 pre-pad fracturing and puff-n-huff for energy replenishment on the recovery efficiency. The findings obtained were applied to the field tests of CO2 pre-pad fracturing and single well puff-n-huff. The results show that the efficiency of CO2 puff-n-huff is affected by micro- and nano-scale effect, kerogen, adsorbed oil and so on, and a longer soaking time in a reasonable range leads to a higher exploitation degree of shale oil. In the "injection + soaking" stage, the exploitation degree of heavy hydrocarbons is enhanced by CO2 through its effects of solubility-diffusion and mass-transfer. In the "huff" stage, crude oil in large pores is displaced by CO2 to surrounding larger pores or bedding fractures and finally flows to the production well. The injection of CO2 pre-pad is conducive to keeping the rock brittle and reducing the fracture breakdown pressure, and the CO2 is liable to filter along the bedding surface, thereby creating a more complex fracture. Increasing the volume of CO2 pre-pad can improve the energizing effect, and enhance the replenishment of formation energy. Moreover, the oil recovery is more enhanced by CO2 huff-n-puff with the lower shale matrix permeability, the lower formation pressure, and the larger heavy hydrocarbon content. The field tests demonstrate a good performance with the pressure maintained well after CO2 pre-pad fracturing, the formation energy replenished effectively after CO2 huff-n-puff in a single well, and the well productivity improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective fire prevention in mine workings and tunnels requires a thorough theoretical analysis of the heat and mass transfer processes within these structures. This involves using established models to calculate non-isothermal air flow dynamics in long tunnels and mine workings. While the ventilation of tunnels has been extensively studied, significant challenges persist regarding mine ventilation systems, particularly due to their complex and branched topology. This study aimed to address these challenges and gaps in mine ventilation. We designed a laboratory bench to simulate an inclined mine working with a heat source (fire) and validated a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in such settings. Using experimental measurements, we verified the model's accuracy. It is important to note that our experimental and theoretical analyses focused solely on the thermal effects of a fire, without considering the release of harmful impurities. Using the validated model, we conducted multiparameter simulations to identify the conditions leading to the formation of a thermal slug in an inclined mine working and the subsequent reversal of air flow. The simulation data enabled us to determine the dependency of the critical heat release rate on the aerodynamic parameters of the mine working. Additionally, we evaluated the changes in average air density within a mine working at the critical heat release rate. These findings are crucial for the further development of a network-based method to analyze air flow stability in mine ventilation networks during fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax deposition is one of the most common complications in oil production. The most promising method of preventing wax depositing is dosing of wax inhibitors. Based on the results of studies at the Cold Finger installation, it was found that dosing an inhibitor at a temperature below wax appearance temperature reduces the efficiency of the inhibitors. Based on large scale, numerical simulation was found that dosing by "drop" injection through the impulse tube leads to the accumulation of the inhibitor in the near-wall zone and low distribution over the cross section of the tubing. When dosing with a nozzle, the degree of distribution of the inhibitor increases and reaches the highest value at a nozzle diameter of 0.5 mm and a length 1.5 cm. The influence of flow rate on the degree of inhibitor distribution was also evaluated. It was found that with an increase in the flow rate to 45 m3/day, the distribution of inhibitor improves and reaches the highest value, after which it does not change. The results of the work performed will make it possible to scientifically substantiate the choice of the inhibitor dosing site in order to achieve the greatest efficiency and reduce the cost of servicing oil wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brett, J.; Samuell, M.; Augstein, B.; Parra, S.; Hancock, E.; Saunders, C.; Wunsch, S.; Winstead, N., and Boothby, J., 2024. Nature-based coastal protection: Measuring and modeling flow reduction by oysters. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(4), 647–660. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Natural coastal infrastructure protects coast lines from climate hazard impacts, such as erosion and flooding. Laboratory and modeling studies presented here examine the utility of oyster reefs as a form of natural coastal protection. Oyster reefs are known to provide both water quality improvements and erosion protection. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of oysters on flow parameters in a recirculating flow channel. A cage of eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, was placed in the flow channel, blocking a portion of the flow, to imitate cultured oysters in the ocean. Particle image velocimetry was used to measure the flow behind the oyster cage to examine the impact of the oysters compared with a control test with an empty cage. Average velocities were reduced by 15%, with velocities directly behind the cage reduced 70% in fresh water and reversed in salt water. A setup similar to the laboratory experiments was simulated in a Coupled Ocean–Atmospheric–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) model. In the COAWST model, the oyster reef was simulated as stiff vegetation with a drag coefficient of 8, reproducing the 70% reduction measured in the lab experiments. Finally, a regional model is presented, which demonstrates the impact of an oyster reef on waves and currents at a larger scale with a drag coefficient of 1.5, the highest numerically stable value found. Within the oyster vegetation patch, depth-averaged currents were reduced 14% and bottom currents were reduced 97%. Significant wave heights were reduced by 62% above the reef and 23% shoreward of the reef. The results here suggest that regional modeling such as COAWST can be an effective tool for assessing the impact of potential coastal resilience strategies to mitigate climate hazard impacts in a climate-changed world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is experiencing an organ shortage crisis. We experimentally test the effectiveness of the family-priority allocation rule on organ donation and argue that such incentive would be highly motivating in Chinese family-oriented culture. Results of our experiment show that introducing the family-priority rule can not only increase donor registration but also promote family consent. Such priority rule would be particularly effective to increase deceased organ donation in China, as it will significantly promote donor registration and meanwhile generate a consistent higher family consent rate in a more family-orientated culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant roots significantly reduce soil detachment by overland flow. However, there have been few studies on how plant growth time and hydrodynamic characteristics affect the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots. This study cultivated ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as representative of plants possessing fibrous roots and taproots, respectively, in silty soil from the Loess Plateau, China. Root‐soil composites were collected monthly from March to September 2021 and subjected to flow scouring in a hydraulic flume at a 15° slope using five different flow discharges (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 L s−1). The results of the study indicated that root length density, root surface area density and root mass density exhibited a significant increase during the early growth phase, followed by a slight decrease. All parameters of fibrous roots revealed greater values than those of taproots, except for root mass density. The reduction in soil detachment under varying flow shear stresses showed a significant increase during the early phases of growth, followed by a gradual decline. Notably, fibrous roots demonstrated a greater impact on soil detachment than taproots, and this discrepancy fluctuated over time. Moreover, the contributions of fibrous and taproots to reducing soil detachment decreased from 55.81% to 39.66% and from 38.21% to 20.99% with increasing flow shear stress, respectively. It indicated that the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots was greater when subjected to low‐flow shear stress compared to high‐flow shear stress. This study can provide a scientific basis for understanding the erosion‐reducing potential of plant roots at different growing stages and under varying hydrodynamic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Conventional wisdom often cautions charities against providing volunteer opportunities to potential donors based on the assumption that volunteering crowds out monetary donations. We challenge this assumption and investigate the causal relationship between an individual's volunteering activities and their subsequent decisions to donate. Methodology/results: We conducted three consequential experiments where participants engaged in virtual assignments and were subsequently prompted to donate to an existing charity. In the first two experiments, participants were tasked with creating affectionate cards for the homeless, enjoying full autonomy in the design of these cards. In the third experiment, participants colored patterns of varying complexity. Our results indicated that volunteering increased both the propensity and the amount of participants' donations, pointing to a potential explanation rooted in moral consistency. However, as individuals' volunteering efforts intensified, their subsequent donations decreased, reflecting a mental budgeting mechanism in these settings. Managerial implications: Our results suggest that (i) volunteer programs not only build up a charity's labor source but may also increase their donation income; (ii) charities should consider developing virtual volunteering programs that increase their resources by connecting them with more volunteers; and (iii) to maximize donations, charities should carefully design light volunteer tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Carpooling is one of the travel demand management strategies to mitigate road congestion. Incentive-Based Travel Demand Management (IBTDM) strategies are pivotal for carpool promotion by providing incentives to address inconveniences and privacy apprehensions, yet their efficacy lacks validation. Considering the constraints of incentive budget as well as the penetration rate, it is important to assess the long-term impact of incentives on carpooling, improve the programs in term of information feedback and identify the individuals who are most inclined to carpool. To achieve the goals, we conducted a laboratory experiment through WeChat applet platform focused on carpooling and departure time choices. 194 participants successfully completed the entire experiment. The experiment emphasizes several crucial elements, including long term (participants making daily travel choices in one month), the interactivity and information feedback mechanisms, instruments enhancing participant engagement (redeeming incentives at the end of the experiment, etc.), exit questionnaire to collect travelers' behavioral strategies. The findings elucidate several key insights: 1) Incentives have a significant long-term influence on encouraging travelers to carpool, and compensatory mechanisms for unsuccessful carpool matches further amplify travelers' impetus. 2) IBTDM administrations can promote carpooling by improving feedback information according to travelers' learning effect in each round, such as introducing real-time displays of the numbers of carpool drivers and passengers. 3) Drawing from the analysis of travelers' participation, behavioral compliance and psychological strategies of carpooling, it can be inferred that individuals with higher incomes, fewer commuting days who have a solid grasp of the experimental mechanism, constitute prospective candidates for carpooling programs. This work contributes to helping IBTDM administrations clarify the target participants and develop a more reasonable carpooling program. The behavioral data collection approach based on our laboratory experiment is portable for future studies. • An interactive long-term laboratory experiment was conducted by WeChat applet. • Incentives have a significant long-term impact on promoting carpool. • Participants' information-based learning effects affect their travel behaviors. • Young, high-income travelers with good experimental understanding tend to carpool with incentives. • Low-income travelers with private cars tend to adjust departure times with incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of rockfalls, such as the volume and geometry of the detached rock mass as well as the number and diameter of rock fragments, greatly affect their propagated behavior, and different strategies are required to mitigate rockfall hazards. Landquakes generated by rockfalls are regarded as good proxies for those properties. To explore the free‐fall impact dynamics of rockfalls, a series of free‐fall experiments on granular masses were designed and conducted with the characteristics of the generated landquakes versus initial variables being analyzed. The results show that the particle diameter is a dominant factor affecting landquakes, with the most significant effect on the mean frequency. The impact area is another key factor, with which both the maximum seismic amplitude and radiated seismic energy have strong positive correlations, while the mean frequency of landquakes shows a weak negative correlation. The maximum seismic amplitude appears to have a poor correlation with the numbers of layers of the free‐falling granular masses, and it was proven that the maximum seismic amplitude is determined by only the lower part of the granular masses. Quantitative relationships between the number of particles and seismic signal characteristics indicate that disintegration needs to be accounted for when landquakes are used to investigate the characteristics of a rockfall. Moreover, the frequency of landquakes decreases with a decrease in the vertical velocity and increase in the horizontal velocity during granular mass collapse. Plain Language Summary: The movement of a rockfall exerts forces on the ground over which it travels and generates outward‐propagating seismic signals. These signals are considered valuable sources of rockfall information. However, the interpretation of the generated seismic signals may be challenged by the various effects of the properties of rockfall masses. Here, we conducted a series of controlled laboratory experiments on the impacts of free‐falling granular masses on a flat plate with several different experimental conditions and seismic measurements. The power laws established allow us to further characterize the different effects of rockfall properties, including the rockfall volume, initial disintegration, and impact area, on the resulting seismic signatures. An important result is the dependency of the seismic signal frequency on the granular mass properties, which can be used to improve the inferences of rockfall characteristics from seismic signals. Key Points: Particle size is a dominant factor affecting landquakes, with the most significant effect on the mean frequencyThe maximum seismic amplitude is mainly governed by the particle size and impact area rather than the numbers of layers of falling massesLinks between rockfall dynamics and landquakes are studied, revealing a positive trend between the vertical velocity and seismic frequency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In legislative bargaining, the proposer is often able to extract a greater proportion of the surplus. However, a higher likelihood of being selected as the proposer can backfire, as it may reduce the probability that the agent is included in a winning coalition. We experimentally test the theoretical prediction of potentially negative returns to recognition probability in two-period legislative bargaining noted in Baron and Ferejohn (1989). We find that higher recognition probability benefits subjects in all treatments, except one in which we automate the second period. It is because proposers often favor the member with the greater recognition probability as a coalition partner, and such tendency varies depending on the proposer's recognition probability, counter to the theoretical prediction. In all treatments, a vast majority of subjects exhibit a strict preference for higher recognition probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual harassment has both social and economic consequences for the harassed and others witnessing the behavior, so eliminating sexual harassment is key in creating safe social contexts in which all members of society can contribute. This paper uses an experimental setting to examine the effectiveness of injunctive social norms in nudging potential bystanders to be willing to act against situations of sexual harassment or donate toward related campaigns and examines gender differences in these effects. This was accomplished by exclusively providing the treatment group with previously determined social norms related to the appropriateness of a set of sexual harassment scenarios. We find evidence that providing social norm information in a sexual harassment setting has mixed effects on the willingness to act as a bystander and generally has positive effects on donations. Further, there is evidence that the treatment effects vary by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of lawsuits providing plaintiffs a negative expected value (NEV) at trial has important theoretical implications for signaling models of litigation. The signaling equilibrium possible when there are no NEV suits breaks down because plaintiffs with NEV suits do not have a credible threat to proceed to trial, which undermines the ability to signal type. Using a laboratory experiment, we analyze behavior with and without the possibility of NEV suits. Absent NEV suits, behavior largely follows predicted patterns. However, the possibility of NEV suits is not found to cause the signaling equilibrium to unravel or to cause the dispute rate to increase. Plaintiffs only drop NEV lawsuits three‐fourths of the time, the rejection rate by defendants for revealing demands rises less than predicted and, contra theory, the rejection rate on demands in the semi‐pooling range remains unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel discharge dispersion model is developed to simulate the complex three-dimensional flow behaviour of thermal-induced buoyant water jets under current-wave coexisting conditions. The model solved the governing fluid flow and energy equations for two immiscible and incompressible phases (water and air) which were weakly coupled by applying the Boberbeck-Boussinesq approximation. Different turbulence models, such as k−ε multiphase, k-ω SST, k-ω SST-multiphase, k-ω SST-stable, and realizable k−ε were applied. Extensive verification of the model's performance is conducted by comparing the developed model results against a diverse range of analytical and experimental data. First, a series of simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the model in reproducing the results of the wave hydrodynamic and interactions with the submerged trapezoid bar. This is followed by numerically replicating the experimental results of a vertical non-buoyant submerged jet under current-only and current-wave environments. Finally, the potency of the coupled hydro-thermal algorithm is assessed by validating against different thermal-induced buoyant submerged jet experimental tests. For this purpose, numerical prediction of the developed model is tested against physical experiments for a series of tests for thermal-induced buoyant submerged horizontal jets in stationary water and inclined thermal-induced buoyant water jet under the influence of current-wave environments. Results showed that the k-ω SST-multiphase provides the best agreement with the laboratory measured data in terms of flow, temperature distribution field, plume trajectory and dilution. The findings confirmed that the developed model can be used as a reliable tool in precisely modelling characteristic of thermal-induced buoyant water jet in shallow coastal waters.

Abstract Notch development at the base of sea cliffs is an important control on cliff recession rates, but a detailed mechanistic understanding of notch formation by swash abrasion is lacking. We conducted physical experiments, using homogeneous erodible rock simulants, to study notch‐forming mechanisms under periodic sediment‐laden bore impacts. Our findings reveal shifts in the temporal dynamics of notch development. Initially, swash uprush and vortex formation contribute to a positive feedback loop that creates a shallow and wide notch. Subsequently, upward erosion ceases, and notch backwear and downwear are dominated by the vortex. Eventually, sediment deposition armors the notch floor; this negative feedback loop reduces erosion. The sediment size determines the amount of erosion, with a range of grain sizes generating maximum erosion. This indicates a dependence on the momentum of the sediment particles entrained within the bore. This research reveals fundamental notch formation mechanisms driven by swash abrasion.

Trust violations of online sellers are widely reported in customer reviews and are often ascribed to the sellers’ lack of integrity. These reported violations reduce potential customers’ trust in the accused sellers, given the critical role of seller integrity in e-commerce. However, accused sellers and buyers often dispute the ascriptions of trust violations (e.g., sellers may argue that a violation is due to their lack of competence instead of their integrity). The trust repair literature has inadequately focused on effective strategies to repair reported integrity-based trust violations in ascription disputes. Drawing upon attribution theory and individuals’ cognitive sensemaking process regarding trust violations, we propose an account-based approach through reascription and stability attributions, enabling accused sellers to repair potential customers’ trust in them in the event of such disputes. We theorize the effectiveness of this approach by considering the contingent role of the accused seller’s reputation. The results of our laboratory experiments confirm the effectiveness of our approach in repairing potential customers’ trust forsellers with a high reputation but not for sellers with a low reputation. We further investigate the effectiveness of disclosing substantive amends (i.e., financial compensation) made by the accused seller to the victim as an alternative approach to repairing potential customers’ trust in sellers with a low reputation. The results reveal the significant effects of disclosing substantive amends on repairing potential customers’ trust in the seller, regardless of the seller’s reputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we experimentally investigate the decisions of a manufacturer and a retailer in cooperative advertising. Specifically, in the first stage, the manufacturer proposes the percentage he will reimburse on the advertising expenditure, and then the retailer decides the advertising expenditure in the second stage. In the controlled laboratory experiments, we find that the manufacturer's and the retailer's decisions systematically deviate from the equilibrium prediction and exhibit inequality aversion on both cost and profit. The manufacturer tends to share half of the advertising cost and also decreases the participation rate when his profit is less than the retailer, whereas the retailer decreases the advertising expenditure to reduce the gap on cost and profit between the two parties. We further develop behavioural models and show that the manufacturer's inequality aversion on cost can be a positive force, because it increases the supply chain profit when the profit margin ratio is relatively low between the manufacturer and the retailer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]