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The article studies history of migration among the countries of Central Asia and Russia, the factors and scale of emigration to Russia against the background of sanctions from the European Union and the USA, and migrants’ contribution to the economic and demographic development of the state. Migration processes from Central Asia to Russia have a long history dating back to Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, migration took on unimaginable proportions and became one of the most important factors affecting economic and political life in both Central Asia and Russia. Labor migration began in the late 1990s and peaked in 2014. During their stay in Russia, migrants faced various crises. They have always played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the country. Although migration has always had both positive and negative consequences for the host countries, from an economic point of view it has rather a positive impact on the host countries’ economies. After February 2022 Western countries have imposed new economic and political sanctions against Russia, which have affected the situation and orientation of migrant workers from Central Asian countries. Some migrants have started to look for other emigration channels, while the majority are still focused on Russia. Compared with previous crises, the migrant workers’ role in Russia’s economic and demographic development has increased now against the background of new sanctions.

The article is devoted to the topical issues of forced migration in times of war as a way to ensure the survival of domestic citizens in the face of Russian aggression. The author examines the peculiarities of the development of forced resettlement of citizens during martial law and outlines its main manifestations and problematic aspects. The paper analyzes the peculiarities and dynamics of migration processes in wartime, identifies the trends of resettlement of Ukrainians to the west of the country, and the peculiarities of migration to foreign countries. At the same time, it is noted that this problem is complicated by a number of certain financial and economic challenges related to the loss of Ukraine's labor potential, the need to restore economic processes in the country, etc. In this regard, the author identifies preventive measures to mitigate the negative consequences of forced migration and proposes certain financial, economic, and organizational instruments to ensure the re-emigration of internally displaced persons. The main priorities of the financial, economic, organizational, and managerial policy during the period of martial law and for the period of its termination are outlined to facilitate the repatriation of IDPs and to introduce effective conditions for their reintegration. The main directions of work with displaced persons, sources of funding for the reintegration program of Ukrainian migrants, key elements of the strategy of economic reintegration of refugees, etc. are identified. It also outlines certain financial and economic re-immigration measures for countries that have accepted forced migrants from Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the legislative guarantees of the prohibition of forced labour, modern risks of occurrence and involvement of Ukrainians in martial law. International and national norms prohibiting the use of forced labour are revealed. Attention is focused on the fact that Ukraine is one of the states whose citizens suffer from this phenomenon the most in Europe. Researching the concept of "forced labour", the authors note that it is absent in Ukrainian legislation, therefore, for a full understanding of this term, they use international practice. The article describes the main forms and manifestations of forced labour. The conditions of employment are defined, which are signs of danger for the employee and which should be paid attention to in the process of employment relations in order not to become a victim of labour exploitation. Political and socioeconomic factors that influence the increase in the number of cases of forced labour are analysed. In particular, political instability, a difficult economic situation, the inability of the state to guarantee a decent living standard, unemployment, labour migration, especially outside the state, the low level of legal culture of citizens, which is the reason for the poor awareness of Ukrainians with their rights and the principles of the prohibition of forced labour. The authors draw attention to the fact that under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, the number of socially vulnerable sections of the population that suffered from military aggression and may be at risk of being involved in forced labour has increased. Statistics of criminal proceedings related to human trafficking for 2022-2023 are presented, as a significant part of the victims of this offense were subjected to forced labour. It is emphasized that in most countries of the world the phenomenon of imposing forced labour by the state has disappeared and such an activity is recognized as a criminal offense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies argue that anti-immigrant sentiment stems from threat perception. Yet, conventional theoretical approaches cannot fully explain hostility toward immigrants in the Middle East and North Africa, where low-skilled foreign workers occupy an inferior social and legal status vis-a-vis natives under the kafala system. Building on existing studies of immigration politics, we theorize how immigration policies can either facilitate or prevent the social mobility of foreign workers. Exploring immigration attitudes in 14 Middle East and North Africa countries using an original dataset that matches survey responses with host country-specific factors, we find that extreme rights-restricting immigration policies (such as the kafala system) encourage wealthier natives to be more hostile than their lower-class counterparts. Our study suggests that anti-immigrant sentiment is context-specific and influenced by local institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Steven Vertovec's concept of Superdiversity as a starting point, this special issue examines the dynamic interaction of diversity variables in the field of sport and migration issues. The articles published this Speical Issue span from studies on sports labor migration (sports as migration) to consideration of the role sport plays in the everyday lives of disparate groups of migrants (sport in migration). Considering the contemporary diversification of migration, we argue that it is more relevant than ever to expand the empirical focus of research in sports and migration issues, but also the breadth of theoretical and methodological approaches utilized. To this end, we illustrate the value of postcolonial theory and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks that can focus on multiple axes of differentiation along with structuring conditions that impact sports and migration issues. Further, we call for researchers in the field to consider the value of methodologies that are novel to their work such as participatory action research and approaches that avoid methodological nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Building on perspectives from the study of multilevel governance, migrants' inclusion and emergency management, this article asks how differences across national regulations for foreign residents, work eligibility and access to national emergency supports intersected with local approaches in responding to migrants. Design/methodology/approach: This article examines national policy adjustments and parallel subnational governance early in the pandemic for three groups of foreign residents: international students, technical interns and co-ethnics with long-term visas, primarily Brazilians and Peruvians. It uses Japanese-language documents to trace national policy responses. To grasp subnational governance, the article analyzes coverage in six Japanese regional newspapers from northern, central and western Japan, for the period of April 1 to October 1, 2020. Findings: National policies obstructed or enabled migrants' treatment as members of the local community but did not dictate this membership, which varied according to migrant group. Migrants' relationship to the community affected available supports. Originality/value: The article brings together perspectives on multilevel governance, emergency management and migrants' inclusion. It exposes how different migrant groups' ties to the local community affected access to supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's migration policy is based on the idea of its migration attractiveness, which makesit possible to solve a number of importantsocial, demographic, and economic problems.At the same time, the large flow of external migrants creates certain threatsto national security. This article focuses on studying the potential of national labor policy instruments and employment promotion to solve the problem of decriminalization and demarginalization of the migrant workers'community. It exposesthe need in improving the performance of the state employment service in three main directions: raising the awareness of foreign citizens about the basics of labor legislation, types, procedures, and methods of obtaining public services; adaptation of individual public services to the demands and capabilities of external labor migrants; and interdepartmental interaction advancement. According to the authors of the article, each direction requires the development of the functionality of a single digital platform in the field of employment and labor relations "Work in Russia" and its integration with similar digital resources in other countries. The mechanism for protecting the labor rights and freedoms of foreign citizens also requires enhancement. The special role of trade unions and the State Labor Inspectorate in reducing the crime rate among migrants is noted. It is concluded that trade unions can significantly influence the content of local regulations adopted by employers and the resolution of certain personnel issues in relation to foreign workers, exercise control and other functions, and participate in the formation and implementation of internal state policy in the field of labor and employment promotion.

As a key feature of digital economy, digital infrastructure plays a prominent role in influencing labor migration across regions. To examine the impact of urban digital infrastructure development on labor migration in China, we first propose the theoretical mechanism of urban digital infrastructure affecting labor migration. Using the conditional logit model, we further analyze the impact based on the data of 165,866 individual data from 2013 to 2018 and the data of 240 prefecture-level cities in China. Empirical results indicate that urban digital infrastructure development has a significant inverted U-shaped effect on labor migration. The individual heterogeneity of the inverted U-shaped effect is significant in the labor migrants. Urban digital infrastructure development is more attractive to labor migrants with low education levels, labor migrants with the rural hukou , as well as female and new-generation individuals. Further research shows that the mechanisms that the inverted U-shaped effect depends on the comprehensive effects of mediating effects including the employment creation, the productivity, the employment substitution, and moderating effects as employment quality. Our findings are helpful to guide the orderly labor migration in the context of the accelerated development of digital infrastructure. • We incorporate urban digital infrastructure development into a locational decision-making framework. • We examine the impact of urban digital infrastructure development on labor migration by matching macro and micro data. • Urban digital infrastructure development has a significant inverted U-shaped effect on labor migration. • The individual heterogeneity of the inverted U-shaped effect is significant in labor migrants. • The mechanisms that the inverted U-shaped effect conclude mediating effects and moderating effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the influx of labor migrants across the globe and developed countries being on the receiving end, countries like the Russian Federation have implemented strict migration policies to check the inflow of these migrants, mainly from low-income countries. However, with theoretical underpin the increase in labor migrants brings about competitiveness in the receiving countries labor market. The current study evaluates whether the Russian labor migration policy promotes competitiveness given the characteristics of labor migrants in Russia. The study carried out panel data analysis for 14 countries within Russian region and an aggregated data from the rest of the world using the non-stationary heterogeneous panel model and estimators of mean group and pooled mean group. The result first presents strong cointegration between wage levels and labor supply (immigrant, emigrants, and native workforce). The result then reveals a negative effect of immigrants inflow and native workforce on wage levels in the short run but a positive effect, in the long run, suggesting that the labor migrants inflow is imperfectly substitutable in the Russian labor market. The result also shows a positive effect of migration policy on wages both in the short and long run, indicating that the strict migration policy can hinder the competitiveness of the labor force in the labor market.

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The socio-economic, political, and even cultural consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic are more than obvious. They affect the whole world and are relevant in all spheres and levels of social and public life. Numerous anti-pandemic measures, mainly the closure of borders, restrictions on the movement of citizens, and isolation hit the businesses and economies of different volumes and intensities. The spheres of tourism and services are special here and the ones where the organization of activities is based on the circulation of people and face-to-face interactions. The effective functioning of a number of social institutions was disrupted. Negative consequences were also relevant in the case of various migration flows. Having been actively involved in the migration for many years, the Armenian society is not immune to the effects of Covid-19. Based on the available literature, articles, reports, various publications and rich statistical data, the article presents in detail the impact of the pandemic on Armenian migration processes. The paper introduces the migration context of Armenia, the effects of the pandemic on the activities of a number of migrants and related groups. Conflicts of adapting to and overcoming the crisis, formal and informal tactics, approaches and practices are analyzed.

Copyright of Historical Journal / Historijski Zbornik is the property of Drustvo za Hrvatsku Povjesnicu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shrinking population, including working age population is one of the most acute problems for Japan. Most countries solve the problem of labor shortage by actively attracting labor migrants to the country. However, Japan - one of the most mono-ethnic countries in the world - is known for its strict migration law. The migration balance in 2018 amounted to a little more than 160 thousand people, despite the fact that in order to stabilize the population, the influx of people into the country should be about 500 thousand annually. This situation is largely caused by limited migration attractiveness of Japan, where migrants still often face violations of their rights, difficulties in renting housing, employment and in everyday life due to the language barrier, complexity of administrative procedures and socio-cultural characteristics of Japanese society. Given the demographic trends, the use of labor migration to fill the shortage of labor in Japan seems to be not only reasonable, but also an uncontested option. That is why the migration policy of Japan has become one of the most important issues with regard to the well-being of the Land of the Rising Sun during the premiership of Shinzō Abe, who decided to gradually move to liberalize the migration legislation. Since 2012, initiatives and goals of the Abe administration in the field of immigration control have, in fact, affected all categories of migrants - highly qualified specialists, students, low-skilled workers, middle-skilled workers, and illegal immigrants. The article will examine what measures are being taken to attract foreigners and how liberalization of migration legislation correlates with the growth strategy of Japan - Abenomics.

Nowadays Russian Federation is one of the world leaders according to the number of international labor migrants it receives. Russia is among the top ten countries according to the volume of remittances from foreign workers to their countries of origin. However, it is impossible to provide an exact statistical estimate for the total number of foreign citizens working in the Russian labor market since there continue to exist certain legal regimes within the post-Soviet area concerning entry into Russia and staying there. The present research analyzes a methodology for an indirect estimate of the overall number of foreign workers in the Russian labor market. The methodology is based on the data on money transfers to migrants’ countries of origin, on the estimate of their income in Russia and on the structure of their usage. The research reveals that according to the “medium scenario” in 2017 there were about 7.2 million foreigners working in Russia, and only 2.9 million of them worked legally. The following conclusion can be made: about 60% of foreign workers in Russia are not included in the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia and the General Administration for Migration Issues under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The estimate of the foreign workers’ contribution to Russian GDP is based on the overall number of foreign labor migrants in Russia. According to our estimate, their contribution was around 6.4% in 2017

The results of the analysis of Russia’s role in the world system of remittances for the period from 2010 to 2018 have been presented in the article. The volumes of cash outflow from Russia and their inflow to Russia have been determined. The features of cross-border cash flows with the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and foreign countries have been revealed, which consist in the fact, that Russia is characterized by an extremely high volume and rate of outflow of funds in the form of cross-border transfers, along with a low volume of their inflow. It has been established, that the exchange of funds with the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and with foreign countries are independent flows with their own characteristics.The main foreign and CIS countries – Russia’s partners in cross-border money transfers-have been defined. The growth dynamics and the target structure of remittances have been assessed. It has been revealed, that cross-border remittances from Russia are characterized by seasonality: a steadily recurring growth of remittances in the fourth quarter and a decrease in the first quarter of each year. The results of the forecast of the volume of remittances of individuals for 2019 have been presented. In accordance with the forecast, the growth of remittances from the Russian Federation will continue in 2019. According to the forecast, 21,755 million dollars USA will be transferred abroad in the second half of 2019. In general, in 2019, the volume of money transfers abroad will be less than the volume of 2018 and will amount to 42,804 million dollars USA. In the first half of 2020, 17,635 million dollars USA is expected to be transferred abroad.

The article discusses the trends and strategies of labor emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries. Waves and types of emigration from Tajikistan, adaptation of emigrants from Tajikistan to OECD countries. As well as the migration policy of the OECD countries in relation to immigrants from Tajikistan. Tajik labor migrants are becoming increasingly brighter than the prospect of getting a job not only in the CIS countries, but also in Europe, Asia and North America, where working conditions are better, and wages are much higher than in Russia and Kazakhstan. The OECD countries can rightfully be considered as new directions of Tajik emigration. An important feature of the tendency and strategy of labor emigration as a result of our research would be to note the combination of educational and vocational qualifications, resettlement and seasonal labor, labor migration - mostly unskilled and skilled with retraining and internship of labor migration from Tajikistan. Adaptation of immigrants is accompanied by some difficulties. The main one is job searches, which usually take several months. For the most part, the emigrants of Tajikistan consider Eastern Europe and Greece as countries of temporary residence, their main goal being moving to Western Europe (Austria, Germany, Scandinavian countries, etc.). There are cases of intentional destruction of their passports by Tajik migrants when they move to Germany with subsequent appeal to the authorities under the guise of refugees from Afghanistan, since both Tajiks and Afghans speak Farsi (Dari) to receive refugee status and corresponding benefits in Germany. In the OECD countries, new Tajik communities are being formed, which may become, in the near future, networks of attraction for new migrants from Tajikistan.

Introduction. Population is one of the most important economic, social and cultural resources, and the tendency of decline in population is a serious obstacle to urban development. In Russia, the processes of decline in population have taken place due to its natural loss, which until recently has been offset by migration growth. However, in recent years, external immigration flows have reduced significantly. In these conditions, the task of increasing the attractiveness of a provincial city for migrants is of particular relevance. The objective of this study is identification and comprehensive analysis of the full diversity of factors in migration attractiveness of urban space, exemplified by the city of Saransk. Materials and Methods. The study employed qualitative and quantitative research methods, the method of semi-structured interview, supplemented by the method of secondary analysis of statistical data, being the main one. 57 semi-structured interviews with migrants, including participants of the State Program for Resettlement of Compatriots and foreign students studying in the city of Saransk, conducted in 2017–2019, provided the empirical basis for this research. Results. The performed analysis of the interviews has shown that attractiveness of a region is determined not by some single factor, but by a systemic combination of them. The following factors influencing the choice of a region for resettlement have been identified: economic, social, cultural, political and natural ones. Although in the decision-making process the economic factors are the most important ones, the presence of strong social ties, the attitude of the population and officials, the availability of education and housing, and the environmental situation also have a significant impact on the choice of the region. Discussion and Conclusion. When developing migration policies, all groups of factors that help attract migrants to a provincial city should be taken into account. Analysis of these factors as well as comparison of the expectations of newcomers and the real problems they face, make it possible to substantively increase the migration attractiveness of a city and to take into account the opinion of migrants as full-fledged subjects of social change when planning changes in the urban space. The paper may be useful to researchers in the field of sociology of migration and employees of services and organizations involved in the development of migration policies at the regional level.

Sociological research shows that there is intolerance towards migrants staying in Russian society. Moreover, Russian citizens express the highest level of negativism in relation to representatives of the North Caucasus, that is, citizens of our country who come to work in its other regions. Also, the representations of migrants themselves about the local residents in host societies remain unexplored. In the article, based on the theory of contact, an attempt is made to study the migratory experience of migrants from the Republic of Dagestan who are leaving for work in the capital (direct contact) and their social environment in places of permanent residence (extended contact), as well as the role of direct and indirect migration experience in the formation representations of rural residents of the republic about Moscow and Muscovites. Residents of the republic who did not have migration experience were considered as a control group.The study used quantitative and qualitative methods – questioning respondents who had never been to Moscow and in-depth interviews with labor migrants. It was found that extended contact with Muscovites does not have a significant effect on the changes in their perceptions about the descendants of rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan, their social environment of migrants and other residents of the villages under study. Also, a comparative analysis of the formation of representations of migrants and rural residents of the two North Caucasian republics – Chechnya and Dagestan. There are significant differences in the regions studied, connected, in our opinion, with the frequency of contacts with the Russian population in the places where migrants live.

The article explores approaches to identities and politics of the (post) Yugoslav labor migrants in the German-speaking countries. I am interested in stereotypical media portrayals of gastarbajteri (Gastarbeiter - Ger.pl. guest workers) as inherently nationalist and frequently chauvinist political groups. This relationship can be explained through the Yugoslav state's politics towards gastarbajteri and labor migrants' involvement with nationalist politics during and after the Yugoslav dissolution. The socialist state was heavily invested in the support, protection, and ideological control of labor migrants. During and after the Yugoslav dissolution, the successor states made a radical shift toward ethnically defined diaspora politics, through which they fund research concerning their citizens abroad. This trend projected ethnic politics onto labor migrants. The result of the shift is continuous reporting on post-Yugoslav guest workers, by both academics and media, as identity-based groups abroad fighting to preserve their heritage, and often hard-core nationalist politics. I challenge this portrayal by insisting on a substantial difference between formal and informal levels. The article identifies this blind spot by addressing the relationship between class and ethnicity of the labor migrants in the theoretical contributions of academics from receiving and sending societies. Can post-Yugoslav labor migration be understood through ethno-politics, or do informal social structures built during Yugoslavia remain relevant to an extent? The labor migrants may be identifying primary ethnically but have ways of interacting and relating to the other post-Yugoslavs that involve sophisticated strategies of inclusion/exclusion across the new ethnically defined borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To determine the main directions of the political and socio-economic situation development in Kyrgyzstan under the influence of various levels of factors (global – the coronavirus pandemic; international – the influence of individual international actors; and local – domestic political processes), as well as the state and prospects in the emerging situation of Russian-Kyrgyz relations. Methodology. Through factor analysis, the main trends in the development of the domestic political situation in Kyrgyzstan, interstate relations with neighboring countries and members of the Eurasian economic community, as well as ensuring security and stability in the regional Central Asian system of international relations are considered.Results. The hypothesis is confirmed that the post-pandemic situation in Kyrgyzstan is characterized by a crisis, and a sharp decline in socio-economic development indicators and increased dependence on external financial regulators. Besides, the complication of relations with neighboring countries, especially with Tajikistan, due to unresolved border issues, and Kazakhstan-due to problems of customs regulation are among the crisis indicators. The excessive activity of various international non-governmental organizations and structures working with both state authorities and the opposition in Kyrgyzstan is also obvious. Taking into account the practice of state coups in Kyrgyzstan (of 2005 and 2010), carried out with the direct participation of these structures, their activities on the territory of Kyrgyzstan predetermine the need to take into account the implementation of Russia’s Central Asian policy.Research implications. The provisions of the article, as well as conclusions and recommendations, can be used by analytical structures to assess the situation and develop proposals for adjusting the political course towards Kyrgyzstan and Russia’s overall policy in the Central Asian region.

The article discusses the potential entry of Tajikistan into the Eurasian Economic Union. The strategically important position of this country at the crossroads of trade routes between Central Asia, East and South Asia is mentioned among important arguments for this entry. Besides, the Republic possesses unique reserves of natural resources, including such strategically important ones as gold, silver, uranium and rare-earth metals. Tajikistan has a huge but inadequately used hydropotential. The author points out the advantages of such an entry for political, economic and military spheres of Tajikistan, as well as the possible specialization of the country within the Union. At the same time, the problems facing the country on the way to joining the Eurasian Economic Union are also discussed. Most importantly, Tajikistan does not want to lose the “freedom of maneuver” within its multi-vector foreign policy in the situation, when there is a growing conflict between the great states.

The world’s national human capital as a whole is 64 % of the total national wealth. Human capital - an integral part of the country national wealth, which provides economic growth. Countries, whose policies are aimed at developing human potential, are the most successful. The article studies the state of Ukraine’s human capital. In the rating of the World Economic Forum on the educated human capital availability, Ukraine takes 34 place from 140 countries of the world The characteristics problems of human capital in the country are given. The real «points of pain», reflecting the current changes in human capital, is the outflow of qualified professionals to abroad, the birth rate decrease, mortality increase, an unhealthy lifestyle and a lack of mutual trust in society. Among other weighty negative trends, it is worth noting also the worsening of the conditions for the small business development, the career guidance lack for young people, environmental pollution, stress, and the civil liberties restriction.

The governments of the Kingdom of Thailand and neighboring countries have, over the past few years, attempted to legalize the flow of migrant workers. This paper aims to examine, based on empirical data consisting of 97 semi-structured interviews with migrant workers in the Kingdom of Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the challenges migrants face in facilitating legal work in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This paper analyzes, by employing a rights-based approach to migration issues, the obstacles migrants face in seeking legal work in these regions. The findings of the study indicated four main issues related to migration under the current governance system including lack of knowledge of authority and procedure, perceived expense of the recruitment process, migrants' perspectives concerning formal and informal recruitment and limited capacity for assessing labor market needs. Based on the results, the development of laws or measures have been suggested in both the migrant-sending country and Thailand which specify the costs and duration of the process to import labor. It is essential that all personnel give consistent information to interested persons and improve pre-departure training courses to help migrant workers understand the specifications in the bilateral MOUs with Thailand. This knowledge and information should be provided to migrants, prospective migrants, their families, and relevant agencies in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives The disability paradox postulates that some individuals with severe functional limitations demonstrate psychological resilience, that is, good mental health and quality of life. Resilience to disabilities has been linked to psychological (e.g., mastery) and social factors (e.g., social provisions). It is, however, less clear whether cultural factors can provide additional resources for resilience building in older immigrants. We investigated the extent to which sociodemographic, psychosocial, and cultural factors contributed to psychological resilience to disabilities among immigrants of Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands. Research Design and Method The sample included 478 older immigrants aged 55–65 years. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regressions. Results Five categories were identified: (a) High physical and emotional functioning; (b) High physical but poor emotional functioning; (c) Low physical but high emotional functioning (resilient); (d) Low physical and emotional functioning; and (e) Low physical and very low emotional functioning. Resilient functioning (reference category) was associated with poorer Dutch language proficiency, lower levels of loneliness, greater mastery, and more religious coping. Discussion and Implications Findings provide support for the disability paradox and highlight social provisions, mastery, and religiosity/spirituality as important resources for psychological resilience in older labor migrants. Poor Dutch language proficiency is discussed as a potential factor contributing to severe functional limitations in the resilient category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of statistical data, the results of a comprehensive assessment of migration processes in the Russian Far East, including the dynamics of nonreturn migration, as well as internal and external labor migration, are presented. This paper analyzes regional features of the dynamics of migration processes in the Russian Far East in the post-Soviet period (1992–2016). Whereas migration turnover in the Far East before 1997 was marked by the largest share of migrants that moved within Russia, excluding Far Eastern regions, it has been determined that from 2000 to the present, the share of migrants within the Far East exceeds the total share of migrations outside this macroregion and international migrants. Analysis of internal labor migration highlights the leading role of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the share of the economically active population engaged in labor activity outside the region of residence. The study of the dynamics and territorial structure of international labor migration for the period covering 2010–2015 reflects the loss of the Far East's leading positions in the number of attracted labor immigrants, including from China, among the Russian federal districts. It has been found that immigrants engaged in labor activity involving patents predominate in most Far Eastern regions. The study of migration policy from 2013 to 2017 has led to a conclusion about the opposing approaches at the federal and regional levels to attract immigrants to the labor market in Far Eastern regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined significance which social and psychological factors had in occupational stress evolvement in labor migrants who came to Moscow and Moscow region from Central Asia republics. A separate issue was sexual harassment occurrence which female migrants and Moscow region females faced. Psychological tension, i.e. occupational stress, is a contemporary danger in non-conventional working process (labor migration) and it attracts attention of occupational medicine experts. We determined that there were some social and psychological reasons for occupational stress, such as dissatisfaction with work, low level of integration in working teams, poor living conditions. As per questioning results we revealed single harassment cases (3-5%) and their number was the same both for female migrants and for females from Moscow region. Neuro-emotional labor intensity category amounted to 3.3-3.2 for millwrights, subways builders, steelmen, and road construction workers; it amounted to 3.1 for other workers; as for female migrants employed in social sphere, their work category was 3.2. The follow-ing physiological and psychological peculiarities characterize people with low working adaptation as per criteria of great occu-pational stress evolvement probability: low attention level, slow visual signals perception, prevalence of high systolic and dia-stolic blood pressure as a sign of arterial hypertension evolvement. Functional state of labor migrants mostly corresponds to "working strain of 1st and 2nd degree" and "overstrain". Staging in occupational stress evolvement in labor migrants is deter-mined by level of labor neuro-emotional intensity. It seems vital to provide social and psychological support for labor migrants which can include improvements in occupa-tional training, informing workers on health risks occurring at their working places, training on safe working practices, devel-opment of occupational selection culture, organization of rational work and rest regime, providing social support for workers.

Immigrant selectivity describes the notion that migrants are not a random sample of the population at origin, but differ in certain traits such as educational attainment from individuals who stay behind. In this article, we move away from group-level descriptions of educational selectivity and measure it as an individual's relative position in the age- and gender-specific educational distribution of the country of origin. We describe the extent of educational selectivity for a selection of Western European destinations as well as a selection of origin groups ranging from recent refugee to labor migrant populations. By contrasting refugees to labor migrants, we address longstanding assumptions about typical differences in the degree of selectivity between different types of immigrants. According to our findings, there are few and only minor differences between refugee and labor migrants. However, these differences vary; and there are labor migrant groups that score similar or lower on selectivity than do the refugees covered in this study. Selectivity differences between refugees and labor migrants therefore seem less prominent than arguments in the literature suggest. Another key finding is that every origin group is composed of varying proportions of positively and negatively selected individuals. In most cases, the origin groups cover the whole spectrum of selectivity, so that characterizing them as either predominantly positively or negatively selected does not seem adequate. Furthermore, we show that using country-level educational distributions as opposed to sub-national regional-level distributions can lead to inaccurate measurements of educational selectivity. This problem does not occur universally, but only under certain conditions. That is, when high levels of outmigration from sub-national regions in which economic opportunities are considerably above or below the country average, measurement inaccuracy exceeds ignorable levels. In instances where researchers are not able to use sub-national regional measures, we provide them with practical guidance in the form of pre-trained machine-learning tools to assess the direction and the extent of the measurement inaccuracy that results from relying on country-level as opposed to sub-national regional-level educational distributions.

The purpose of the article is to identify the basic trends in the settlement of migrant workers in the Russian Federation. The methodology of the research was based on the humanistic approach, which allowed focusing on the problems of labor migrants’ life activity and their search for value-based orientations. The systemic and comprehensive approach allowed identifying and substantiating the directions of the trends in the settlement of labor migrants by regions and districts of Russia. The comparative analysis of scientific works helped to identify the causes of settlement of labor migrants by place of their labor activity. Two identified opposing trends are the main results of the study. The first is dispersed settlement, which objectively promotes the integration process of representatives of immigrant ethnic groups into the urban environment of the area of residence, at the expense of a simultaneous weakening of intra-ethnic social ties and an increase in the depth and density of contacts with the local population. The second is the opposite trend – the self-isolation of immigrant groups within the framework of compact settlements, leading to the emergence of large ethnic diasporas of migrants in certain areas of the hosting country. The novelty of the study comes from an original approach to the identification and justification of migrants’ settlement trends in the socio-economic conditions of modern Russia.

This article is devoted to current issues of labor migrants’ adaptation. The research is based on questioning 210 labor migrants from Uzbekistan aged 17 to 49, at present living in Saint Petersburg. It should be mentioned that Uzbekistan labor migrants constitute a considerable part of the entire labor-migrant flow to Russia, Saint Petersburg, in particular. The research targets the analysis of personal characteristics contributing to effective adaptation by labor migrants. The research contains an analysis of the system of personality “I”-structures interrelation, their constructive, destructive, and deficient components as well as the analysis of life-meaning guidelines and the system of migrants’ family and interpersonal relationships. The outcomes obtained make it possible to examine labor migrants’ unique personality characteristics, depending on their attitude toward whether to stay in Russia or return to Uzbekistan, as well as to provide an analysis of migrants’ mental health or psychological well-being and to forecast the effectiveness of migrants’ adaptation. Two groups of labor migrants — those intending to stay in Russia and those wishing to return to Uzbekistan — differ in a number of indicators. The forecast of mental health or psychological well-being of labor migrants intending to stay in Russia is more favorable. A rather high personal level of mental health and adaptation resources are based on a strong potential of activity, ability to achieve definite goals, and capacity to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. The outcomes of migrants wishing to return to Uzbekistan give us grounds to assume that there exist both threats to their psychological well-being and emergence of psychopathological symptoms. Thus, the forecast of this group’s adaptation appears less favorable. Following up, it is reasonable to sort out some groups at risk among migrants wishing to return to Uzbekistan and develop relevant programs of mental-disorder prevention. Nonetheless, we consider the status of both groups to be marginal, that, in its turn, undoubtedly affects the process of their adaptation. The latter is an extremely complex process because, even under quite favorable conditions, it includes many attendant factors.

This article focuses on the role of the media in shaping the worldview of today’s youth. In Part 1, social attitudes and social stereotypes are described in the context of ethnic relations. Part 2 describes the research into social distance and ethnic and religious stereotypes conducted by I.V. Abakumova and A.V. Grishina. The study was conducted in two stages. First we analyzed various TV and radio programs, articles in the press and on the Internet, about migrant workers, published from March 2009 to March 2012, to identify the image of migrant workers in the Russian media, for further study of the perceptions of migrant workers by students in different professional fields. In the second stage, we modified E. Bogardus’s “Social Distance Scale” in order to assess respondents’ attitudes toward media images of migrant workers and, more importantly, to determine the social distance at which the respondent tolerates the images and therefore the migrants themselves. The last part of the article reports the main findings and conclusions of the study.