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We investigate the impact of ultra-fast broadband connections on labor income and employment. We use panel data for Italian municipalities for the period 2012–2019 and we exploit the staggered roll-out of ultra-fast broadband started in 2015. Through an event study approach, we find evidence of endogeneity between ultra-fast broadband roll-out and labor market outcomes. To identify causal relationships, we use income from pensions to implement the estimator developed by [Freyaldenhoven, S., C. Hansen, and J. M. Shapiro. 2019. "Pre-Event Trends in the Panel Event-Study Design." American Economic Review 109 (9): 3307–3338. .]. We find that access to ultra-fast broadband increases the income of the self-employed by 1.3% but has no impact on workers. Such an effect is mostly driven by a rise in self-employed workers, which is concentrated in urban areas, and in municipalities at the top and bottom quartiles of labor income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of robotic capital, physical capital, technological change, human capital, and trade globalization on labor income share dynamics in the era of robotic automation. Focusing on China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and the United States – countries responsible for 79.2% of global industrial robotic installations from 2010 to 2023 – our analysis employs key variables such as labor income share, annual industrial robot installations, gross fixed capital formation, researchers in research and development, human capital index, and trade of goods and services. Estimations using Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods reveal a consistent negative association between labor income share and robotic capital. Conversely, a positive relationship is observed with research and development. Notably, the study underscores the consistent negative impact of physical capital accumulation on labor income share across the Arellano-Bond, Driscoll-Kraay, and Arellano-Froot-Rogers methods. Furthermore, globalization, as assessed by the Arellano-Bond, Generalized Estimating Equations, and Driscoll-Kraay methods, is identified as a factor adversely affecting labor income share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study identifies economic, political, and institutional variables that influence the distribution of personal incomes in the Eurozone countries facing severe fiscal imbalances, namely Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Crucially, this paper is the first to investigate the effect of the corrective arm of the Stability and Growth Pact, the so-called Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), on the income distribution of the aforementioned economies, where EDP was imposed over a long time period. The empirical results of this study show that (i) EDP impact depends on the specific mix of policy measures undertaken and that (ii) a high public debt does not reflect the existence of common factors shaping income distribution in the four Southern European economies. The share of labor income in total income, constitutes a significant determinant of income inequality. However, we find that the relationship between labor share and income inequality is also country-specific, depending on the intrinsic characteristics of each individual economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely, 12-month or 4-quarter average indicators, such as monetary poverty rates, are computed from repeated cross sections of household surveys and interpreted as annual. This is a valid interpretation only when individuals do not change their status within the year; for instance, those observed as poor in the month they are interviewed stay poor the other 11 months. First, we demonstrate that such misinterpretation affects the calculation of several labor market, inequality, and monetary poverty measures. Then, we propose several methods to accurately annualize sub-annual data. Some methods rely on ancillary questions often included in household surveys while others require econometric techniques such as predictive mean matching. Using data for Colombia, we apply the methods to compute annual measures of labor participation, occupation, per capita labor income, average per capita household income, the Gini coefficients of labor income and per-capita household income, and moderate and extreme monetary poverty indices (headcount, gap, and severity). We show that differences with respect to the usual calculations based on monthly averages can be substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined cross‐national variations in marriage and motherhood penalties between Western and East Asian countries. Background: Little is known about how and to what extent motherhood affects women's labor market outcomes in East Asia compared to Western welfare countries. We examine employment, wage, and labor income with regard to the motherhood penalty. Method: We selected the five countries of Finland, Germany, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States and applied probit and Heckman selection models using Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Wave IX and Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey data. Results: Variations between Western countries and East Asian welfare states are highlighted. Married mothers with children in East Asian countries are greatly disadvantaged in employment compared to those in Western countries. Having a child is associated with lower labor income and wages by 2.9% to 4.5% across the countries, but we do not find a significant association in Germany and Korea. Conclusion: Women experience various dimensions of motherhood penalties across countries. East Asian women are more likely to face both marriage and motherhood penalties than others. Implication: Marriage and motherhood in East Asian countries should be understood differently from those in Western contexts. Marriage and motherhood are life events that are associated with women's employment decisions and work opportunities in East Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the impact of scientific and technological innovations on the industrial structure of the tradable sector of the economy. The analysis of economic data was carried out on the basis of the VAR model by Christopher Albert Sims for 15 developed countries with open economies and without a sanction’s regime, including the Russian Federation, for the period 1995…2013. Research has shown that the greater the continuous growth of total factor productivity (TFP) in the tradable sector of the economy compared to growth in the non-tradable sector, the more labor resources move from the tradable sector to the non-tradable sector of the economy, which has a stimulating effect on the share of labor income in both sectors of the economy. A model of the influence of scientific and technological innovations on the labor market in the tradable sector of the economy has been developed. The model allows for a state with an open economy and taking into account cross-country dispersion of redistribution effects to calculate factor technological changes. The model predicts the most accurate results for states where capital-intensive industries make a greater contribution to the increase in total factor productivity of the trade sector of the economy, i. e. for states in which capital increases in relation to labor efficiency.

This paper examines the impact of the tariff increase implemented by the U.S. in 2018 on Chinese firms' export and subsequent employment adjustment. Under the influence of front run shipment and expected stock pile, the export volume increased by 10% after the tariff increase in 2018. While firm employment remains stable, the average working hour and wage increased. In 2019, with the impact of tariff increase gradually emerging, the export volume declined significantly. However, Chinese exporter did not cut jobs on a large scale. Instead, they reduced the per capita working hour and other employment costs, leading to a simultaneous decline in wage and non-cash benefits. The latter contributes to more than 42% of the decline. Our study indicates that the impact of tariff on employment is mainly reflected in the intensive rather than extensive margin.

Small business is characterized by a flexible mechanism of adaptation to the changing conditions of the market environment in the economy, as well as non-economic influencing factors, etc. In the conditions of Ukraine, the permanent military threat of the russian federation can be attributed to the latter, which changes the conditions for the functioning of small business entities in agriculture, since the satisfaction of the population's primary needs for food and the employment of labor in rural areas depend on it. The subject of research covers the theoretical and practical principles of the development of small business entities in the agrarian sector of the economy. The purpose of research is to substantiate the directions of prospective development of small business entities in agriculture based on the analysis of indicators of their economic activity in recent years. Research methods: abstract-logical; monographic; statistical and economic, systematic approach, etc. The essence of all subjects of small entrepreneurship in agriculture is summarized and defined on the basis of the organizational, legal and social and economic principles of their development; perspective directions for the production of less capitalintensive and more labor-intensive types of agricultural products by small business entities are substantiated, taking into account their current economic condition; directions for supporting the development of small agrobusiness in rural communities and the transformation of part of rural households into farming and other types of small business entities thanks to organizational and financial and material support at the level of territorial communities have been determined. Organizational and financial and material support for the development of small agribusiness entities will ensure a decrease in unemployment, an increase in added value, labor productivity, labor income in the agrarian sector of the economy, and will contribute to the development of rural areas and communities. Practical implementation: the formation of agrarian and regional policy for the development of the economy and territorial communities, the process of developing projects of state and local programs for the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the theoretical perspective centered on "dynamic inequality" and inter-category or individual differences is questioned, while the structural approach of extra-categorical analysis is sustained as essential and pertinent to sociological discussions of inequality and, further, attributable to social class, rather than internal or individual differences as posited by some theorists of inequality. From this position, an attempt is made to offer a frame of reference for the analysis and understanding the distributive structure of income in contemporary Panama. Despite presenting one of the best positioned minimum wage and average income structures in Latin America, Panama occupies one of the worst income distributions in the region. The approach subscribed to in this investigation is based on the theoretical assumption that links the conditions of income inequality with the structures of occupation and class location of the workers. The purpose is to build an empirical model of class structures associated with the occupational categories of the workers and, from this, to analyze the trends in the distribution of income in the country. The data analysis was carried out based on the Labor Market Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Census of the Comptroller General of the Republic for 2000 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of mining intensity and presence on Peru's mining districts' welfare from 2004 to 2019. A pooled cross-section regression is used which is constructed from different sources and two sets of comparisons are made: the first compare districts with and without mining presence within mining provinces, and the second compares districts with and without mining presence without the constraint of being within mining provinces. The primary dependent variables included in the model are income inequality, labor income, and poverty rate. In mining districts, inequality has increased, but labor income has increased, and poverty has decreased compared to non-mining districts. However, once control for province-fixed effects and clustered by standard errors at the district level, the significance of inequality is lost, while the impacts on labor income and poverty remain. The transmission mechanisms are human capital, employment, and redistributive policies. Also the mining presence has had positive effects on labor income in other sectors such as construction and commerce; Finally, the labor incomes of unskilled workers increases but not the labor incomes of skilled workers, and it has negatively impacted informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study is to estimate the parameters of the stochastic wage process using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). The main method of analysis is econometric estimation, which includes two steps. In the first step, the authors estimated a Mincer-type regression. In the second step, they estimated the parameters of the stochastic wage process using the generalized method of moments. As a result, the autoregression coefficient turned out to be lower, and the variance of shocks was higher than in similar foreign studies. The results of the research allow to conclude that labor incomes in Russia are less stable over time and are marked by great uncertainty. The practical value of the work lies in the possibility of using the obtained estimates when calibrating general equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents, which is demonstrated in the framework of estimation of macroeconomic effects from hypothetical tax maneuvers based on the canonical model with heterogeneous agents.

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This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 on labor income changes of employees in Serbia. The research was conducted on a representative sample of 3,044 individuals from Serbia, using the CATI method, whereby 1,464 of them were included in the analyses as they provided the complete data needed for this study. Employees' labor income was recorded by collecting data on wages before and nine months after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. To obtain the difference, we calculated the percentage change in wages, accounting for the nominal values. There was no significant gender difference in the percentage change of income, while there was a difference regarding education level. Employees with primary education experienced an average percentage increase in wages of 7.6%, whereas those holding secondary and tertiary education had a negligible increase (1.84%) and a decrease (-0.78%), respectively. The analysis revealed a significant interaction between gender and education, indicating that men with primary education had an average increase of 12.8%. Our results showed that employees who could not perform their jobs from home had an average percentage increase of 2.9% in wages. The employment sector also had an effect on percentage changes in wages. The construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishery sectors had an average percentage wage increase of 12.6% and 11.5%, respectively, while employees in the sector of other service activities experienced an average percentage decrease of 7.9%. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the diverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor income, emphasizing the importance of considering gender, education, remote work possibilities, and the employment sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research assesses the impact of informal employment on the wage earning rate (marginal return) of individuals who have Higher Education (HE) in Mexico in the framework of the health contingency due to COVID-19 in 2020, which forced to the closure of a significant number of formal economic activities. HE returns estimation is carried out using the procedure suggested by Heckman et al., (2001) and extended by Mogstad et al., (2020) incorporating multiple instrumental variables and by Pinamang-Acheampong et al., (2022) treating unobserved heterogeneity using an endogenous switching regression model. The information employed for the estimates uses a sample from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH, Spanish acronym for Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares) 2020. Empirical evidence is found that the informal labor market had a drastic negative impact on the wages of individuals with ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to extend the Fama-French three-factor model by including human capital as a fourth factor. For this purpose, we have collected data from 164 non-financial firms from July 2010 to June 2020. To evaluate the validity and applicability of our augmented human capital-based four-factor model, we apply the two-pass time series regression proposed by Fama-Macbeth (1973). We find that small firms outperform big firms, value stocks firms outperform growth stocks firms, and low-labor-income firms outperform high-labor-income firms. The augmented human capital-based four-factor model is valid and applicable in the context of the Pakistan equity market. The empirical results motivate academia and all investors to consider human capital in investment decisions.

Relevance. Under the dual background of the deepening global population aging and the rapid development of the digital economy, the study of the impact of digital literacy on the labor income of the elderly is of social significance in guiding the «young» elderly to continue to participate in social labor, making up for the shortage of labor force, alleviating the pressure of social pension and reducing the burden of family pension. In this regard, it is important to study international cases reflecting the impact of digital literacy on labor income. This paper introduces the influence of digital literacy on the labor income of «young» elderly people from China. Objective: to study the impact of digital literacy on the income of Chinese elderly people who have just reached retirement age and to make development recommendations for the interests of all stakeholders in this process: the State, the market, society, the elderly and their families. Methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature regarding the concept of digital literacy of the elderly and the influence mechanism of digital literacy on labor income. Using Chinese Social Survey 2017 (CGSS-2017) data, Poisson regression method is used to empirically analyze the impact of digital literacy on labor income of the «young» elderly in China. Results. This paper confirms that digital literacy has a positive impact on the labor income of the «young» elderly, and analyzes the digital divide formed by the differences in education level and living area of the «young» elderly and the differences in labor income. Conclusions. Protecting the labor participation of the «young» elderly by developing their digital literacy is important not only for increasing personal income but also for reallocating family budgets between generations; it is also important for macroeconomics, since the employment of the «young» elderly contributes to reducing labor shortages in the labor market, as a result of changes in the age structure of the working population in the context of global ageing. Maintaining one 's labor activities after reaching working age limits increases budgeted tax revenues, reduces government spending on additional social benefits for low-income older persons and reduces individual and family dependency on social pensions. Equally important is the social benefits of narrowing the intergenerational digital divide. This paper puts forward specific suggestions to improve the digital literacy of the «young» elderly and make up for the digital divide. It is suggested to actively build a 'five-in-one' digital literacy improvement governance system for the elderly with (1) government guidance, (2) market initiative, (3) social linkage, (4) family support and (5) elderly participation.

In informal sector, labor is unnecessary to have a higher degree and special skill. So that, working in informal sector is one of the solutions for labor with low skill to gain an income and move out from poverty. This research aims to analyse determinant factors of labor income in informal sector, focused on demographic and social economics variables. By using SAKERNAS data from Indonesian Statistics, this research is adopted Mincer Wage Equation and conducted by Ordinary Least Square Method. The result shows that Mincer Equation still a robust model for modelling wage factor. Labor with more educational backgrounds come up with higher income since the education will refine the workability and capability to improve productivity. In the other hand, labor in informal sector who live in the village earn more income than those who work in the city area. This conclude that by right policy, informal sector can develop higher income as high as formal sector.

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: internal conflict; graduation approach; restitution; labor income; savings; psychological variables; well-being EN internal conflict graduation approach restitution labor income savings psychological variables well-being 129 154 26 07/21/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction After almost six decades of internal conflict and about 8-9 million victims who were displaced, murdered, or lost their assets, Colombia implemented Law 1448/2011 - the Victims Law - through which it began a process of recognition, land restitution, and integral reparation of victims. 2 Background: The TMF Program The TMF program analyzed here was the third cohort of this intervention implemented by UARIV, a government adaptation of the graduation approach. TMF participantAge (years)45.23 (13.18)46.17 (13.26)Proportion of women (%)73.84 (44.00)73.84 (44.00)Proportion of head households (%)77.00 (42.12)81.01 (39.42)Secondary studies achieved (%)42.12 (49.42)41.20 (49.27)Working (%)56.11 (49.67)58.64 (49.29)Proportion receiving monetary compensation (%)7.39 (26.17)6.33 (24.37)Observations474474 ht 1 Source: Baseline and endline TMF survey. Graph: Figure 4: Changes in poverty, income and expenditure for all the groups of TMF's participants. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey data, with 5,439 observations as research objects, this paper empirically tests the impact of flexible employment on workers' wellbeing and introduces labor income as mediator and social security as moderator to explore the mechanism of action. The empirical results show that: flexible employment has an inverted U-shaped relationship with workers' wellbeing, which indicates that increasing employments' flexibility will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective wellbeing after reaching the peak; labor income plays a mediating role in the relationship of flexible employment and wellbeing of workers; social security moderates the mediating effect of labor income whereas the moderating role in the relationship between flexible employment and workers' wellbeing is not observed. Implications and future development of flexible employment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relationship between the level of demand of income groups of the population and labor income. The influence of demand of various income groups of the population on production parameters has been investigated. As a calculation tool, input–output tables with an expanded total cost coefficient matrix by adding elements of wages and household consumption to it have been used. The conclusion has been substantiated that the growth of income and demand in low-income groups of the population has the greatest effect on production in the real sector, and in high-income groups of the population—on the products of the service sector. Large-scale sectors of the economy have been identified, the activities of which are most influenced by the demand of certain income groups, taking into account the induced effects that form in the economy. It has been noted that the growth in demand in low-income groups of the population is most reflected in the incomes of high-income groups of the population. It has been shown that even relatively modest structural shifts in the volume of wages by decile groups can lead to tangible structural and total changes in output. The analysis of the impact on production volumes of changes in the qualification structure of employment, reflecting smaller differences in the response of sectors of the economy to changes in demand of different qualification groups of workers than income groups, has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 2017 China General Social Survey data, with 5,439 observations as research objects, this paper empirically tests the impact of flexible employment on workers’ wellbeing and introduces labor income as mediator and social security as moderator to explore the mechanism of action. The empirical results show that: flexible employment has an inverted U-shaped relationship with workers’ wellbeing, which indicates that increasing employments’ flexibility will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective wellbeing after reaching the peak; labor income plays a mediating role in the relationship of flexible employment and wellbeing of workers; social security moderates the mediating effect of labor income whereas the moderating role in the relationship between flexible employment and workers’ wellbeing is not observed. Implications and future development of flexible employment are discussed.

In this article, we review quantitative studies that empirically examine whether studying abroad influences graduates' wages. Our review suggests that studying abroad has a moderate positive effect on graduates' early-career wages in various national and institutional settings. However, this effect tends to vary across groups of graduates, employment contexts, and types of stays abroad. Employer change, access to large and multinational companies, and access to high-wage labor markets abroad appear to be the most relevant mechanisms mediating the effect of studying abroad on wages. Other mechanisms, such as improved language skills and a greater tendency to pursue further education, turn out to be less relevant. Overall, our review illustrates that this area of research has made great progress in recent years, but it can be further advanced by standardization of study designs, internationally comparative and longitudinal datasets, analyses of further mediating mechanisms, and new research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates changes in the distribution of the real hourly labor income in the Thai labor market from 1985 to 2017. The results show that overall labor income has increased over the past three decades. The gender earnings gap has substantially reduced; however, the disparity between regions still exists. The results also indicate an increase in labor income of workers with primary school and higher education during the past three decades. This study aims to evaluate the cause of the increase according to the changes in demand for labor. The results indicate that the increase in labor income of workers with higher education is due to the increase in their labor demand. In contrast, the increase in labor income of primary school workers is due to the increase in the minimum wage. The evidence on the industry-occupational distribution of workers supports the explanation of demand increase due to Skills-Biased Technological Change: SBTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has maintained great economic growth in the past and reached the status of a middle-income country. Meanwhile, the relationships among environmental pollution, environmental regulation, and economic growth have attracted wide attention. In addition, some studies have shown that economic growth is not balanced in the division of income between labor and capital, and this has become one of the most important issues in China. The conflict over the environment and income distribution is supposed to cause social welfare loss; therefore, we want to examine the impact of environmental pollution and environmental governance on labor income share. Our empirical results show that the relationship between environmental pollution and share of labor income is positive at the present stage. However, the relationship is not linear but rather an inverted-U shape in the long run. In addition, we tested the effects of environmental regulation on labor income share and found an inverted-U-shaped relationship. Although growing concern about environmental pollution adds to the pressure on the government, our statistical results suggest that there is no perfect way to resolve environmental problems. Additionally, labor unions are expected to play a different role in income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we estimate the probable magnitude of changes in income distribution, poverty and extreme poverty in the country, in the metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara and Monterrey, as well as in Mexico City, according to different behavioral hypothesis of labor income, based on information available until the start of the pandemic, which considers the closures of so-called nonessential activities and their impact on specific occupations. The pandemic stroke in the context of an incipient process of real wages and employment growth, which began in 2019, and our results show that the slowdown in activities derived from the health emergency, both in Mexico and in the world, caused an increase in poverty and extreme poverty, in addition to the growth of inequality measured by the Gini index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We link transitory deviations of consumption from its equilibrium relationship with aggregate wealth and labor income to equity returns on the one hand, and to two characteristics of bond investors—the premium demanded to hold long‐term assets, and "flight to quality" behavior—on the other hand. Using a panel of 10 euro area countries over the period 1984Q1–2017Q4, we show that a rise in the consumption–wealth ratio predicts both higher equity returns and the future term spread, while a fall in the consumption–wealth ratio explains a large fraction of the rise in the spread between the "risky" and the "safe‐haven" bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper compares two popular views on the evolution of income inequality. The article by Simon Kuznets, which was published in American Economic Review in 1955, considers inequality as a byproduct of economic growth and suggests that a relatively rich economy should also be less unequal. In contrast, Thomas Piketty indicates that inequality is progressing, and an internationally coordinated policy is required to bring inequality under control. My paper applies the arguments of Kuznets and Piketty to the problem of income inequality in modern Russia.