Search

Upalne bolesti crijeva bolesti su koje predstavljaju globalni zdravstveni problem, a u zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća bilježi se porast njihove incidencije. Kao dva najznačajnija predstavnika ističu se Crohnova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis koje karakterizira kronična recidivirajuća upala. Tiopurin S-metiltransferaza (TPMT, E.C. 2.1.1.67) citosolni je enzim koji metabolizira reakcije S-metilacije aromatskih i heterocikličnih sulfhidrilnih skupina kao što su tiopurinski i tiopirimidinski lijekovi. Među ksenobiotike koje TPMT metabolizira spadaju i azatioprin i 6- merkaptopurin koji se u reakciji posredovanom ovim enzimom inaktiviraju. Pored konvencionalne farmakoterapije, sve više pacijenata rješenje svojih zdravstvenih problema pokušava pronaći u komplementarnoj i alternativnoj medicini. Neki od biljnih pripravaka za koje postoje znanstvene informacije o protuupalnom i imunomodulatornom učinku koji bi pozitivno utjecao na ishode liječenja ovog tipa bolesti uključuju kurkumu (Curcuma longa), crni papar (Piper nigrum), indijski tamjanovac (Boswellia serrata) i kineski androfagis (Andrographis paniculata). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi dovode li navedeni biljni pripravci do inhibicije tiopurin S- metiltransferaze, enzima koji je ključan u metabolizmu azatioprina i merkaptopurina, ili istodobna primjena biljnih pripravaka i navedenih lijekova ne uzrokuje takvu vrstu interakcije. Istraživanje je uključivalo razvoj i validaciju analitičke metode koja bi učinkovito pratila enzimsku rekaciju metilacije 6-MP i nastanak 6- MMP, ispitivanje enzimske kinetike TPMT i, u konačnici, ispitivanje njegove potencijalne inhibicije ekstraktima odabranih biljnih droga. Razvijena je HPLC metoda u trajanju od 22 min. Kao nepokretna faza korištena je Cortecs Phenyl kolona (150 × 4, 6 mm, veličina čestica 2, 7 um). Provedena je gradijentna eluacija s dvije sastavnice mobilne faze (0, 1 % mravlje kiseline u vodi, odnosno metanolu). Metoda je zadovoljila sve ispitane parametre validacije. Ispitivanje enzimske kinetike dovelo je do zaključka da TPMT dobrovoljca pokazuje visoku enzimsku aktivnost te da se dobiveni rezultati mogu translatirati na najveći udio populacije. Na kraju, određeni su i inhibicijski potencijali ekstrakata biljnih droga te su dobivene vrijednosti za ekstrakt podanka kurkume (IC50 = 275 µg/mL), ekstrakt ploda crnog papra (IC50 = 490 µg/mL), ekstrakt lista kinsekog androfagisa (IC50 = 2300 µg/mL) i smole indijskog tamjanovca (IC50 = 1900 µg/mL). No, niti jedan od ovih biljnih ekstrakata nije inhibirao TMPT učinkovito kao furosemid (IC50 = 15 µg/mL) koji je poznati inhibitor ovog enzima. Dobiveni podaci doveli do zaključka da se koncentracije koje su u ovom istraživanju dobivene kao inhibicijske ne mogu ostvariti pri koncentracijama u kojima se odrabrani pripravci nalaze na tržištu i pokazuju svoje farmakološke učinke. Sve navedeno ukazuje da istodobna primjena ovih pripravaka i liječenja azatioprinom i 6- merkaptopurinom ne dovodi do značajnijih farmakokinetičkih interakcija zbog kojih bi istodobna primjena ovih tvari bila kontraindicirana te da, barem prema ispitivanim parametrima, ne postoji ograničenje u njihovom zajedničkom korištenju.

Uzturs Veselības aprūpe Nutrition Health Care Pētnieciskā problēma: Liela daļa no medikamentiem, kas tiek izmantoti, lai ārstētu hroniskas kuņģa-zarnu trakta slimības, var radīt nevēlamus blakusefektus, kā arī nesniegt vēlamos ārstēšanas rezultātus. Līdz ar to gan pacienti, gan veselības aprūpes speciālisti meklē alternatīvas un papildus līdzekļus, lai uzlabotu zāļu darbību vai samazinātu nevēlamos blakusefektus. Kā viena no papildterapijām tiek izskatītas dažādas garšvielas un tajās esošie ķīmiskie savienojumi savu pretiekaisuma, antioksidatīvo, antibakteriālo u.c. efektu dēļ, tomēr joprojām nav skaidri visi to darbības mehānismi. Hipotēze: Kurkumas, ingvera, kanēļa, piparu vai to aktīvo vielu izmantošana var dot labvēlīgus ieguvumus pacientiem ar iekaisīgām zarnu slimībām, hronisku gastrītu vai peptiskām čūlām. Pētījuma mērķis: Apkopot un analizēt pieejamos pētījumus par kurkumas, ingvera, piparu un kanēļa lietošanas ietekmi uz iekaisīgām zarnu slimībām, gastrītu un peptiskām čūlām pieaugušo populācijā. Noskaidrot, vai šīm garšvielām ir potenciāli pozitīva ietekme uz minētajām slimībām. Pētījuma metodes: Sistemātisks literatūras pārskats. Datu meklēšana tika veikta četrās datu bāzēs - PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library. Pārskatā tika iekļauti intervenču pētījumi no 2015.gada līdz 2022.gadam, kuros pētīta garšvielas vai tās aktīvās vielas ietekme uz hroniskām KZT slimībām. Rezultāti: Pārskatā tika iekļauti 5 intervenču pētījumi, kuri atbilda izvirzītajiem iekļaušanas kritērijiem. Rezultātā tika iegūti dati par kurkumīna un ingvera ietekmi uz iekaisīgo zarnu slimībām un hronisku H.Pylori gastrītu. Kurkumīns uzrādīja pozitīvu iedarbību čūlainā kolīta un gastrīta gadījumā paralēli medikamentozai terapijai, tomēr neuzrādīja ieguvumus Krona slimības gadījumā. Ingvers spēja uzlabot oksidatīvos rādītājus un samazināt slimības aktivitāti čūlainā kolīta pacientiem. Secinājumi: Pētījumu rezultāti ir dažādi un nepietiekamā daudzumā, lai apstiprinātu vai noliegtu darba izvirzīto hipotēzi. Iegūtie pozitīvie rezultāti, īpaši kurkumīna un čūlainā kolīta gadījumā, ir pamats veikt papildus randomizētus, kontrolētus pētījumus, lai apstiprinātu to labvēlīgo ietekmi. Research problem: A big part of the medications that are being used to treat chronic gastrointestinal diseases can cause negative side effects as well as not provide the expected treatment results. Thereby patients and healthcare professionals are looking for alternatives and additional means to improve the action of medications and minimize the negative effects. Spices and their active components are being investigated as one of the adjunctive therapies for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-bacterial and other properties however not all mechanisms of spices are clear yet. Hypothesis: Use of turmeric, ginger, cinnamon, pepper or their active components can have potentionally beneficial effects for pacients with inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gastritis or peptic ulcers. Objective of the study: To compile and analyze avaliable research about effects of turmeric, ginger, cinnamon and pepper on inflammatory bowel disease, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers in the adult population. Determine if these spices have potentially beneficial effects on the mentioned diseases. Research methods: Systematic literature review. Search of data was conducted on four data bases – PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library. Research included in the review were interventional studies from year 2015 till 2022 where a spice or its active component are being investigated on chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Results: Five interventional research papers were included in this review that conformed to the inclusion criteria. As a result, data on the effects of curcumin and ginger on inflammatory bowel disease and chronic H. pylori gastritis were obtained. Curcumin showed positive effects on ulcerative colitis and gastritis in parallel to taking medications however didn`t show any benefits for Chron`s disease. Ginger improved oxidative stress indicators and lowered disease activity for ulcerative colitis patients. Conclusions: The results of the selected research are too diverse and not enough in quantity to confirm or deny the hypothesis of this review. Obtained positive results, especially about curcumin in case of ulcerative colitis are a foundation for doing more randomised, controlled trials to confirm the benefits of the spice.

Svrha rada: Ovo in vitro istraživanje rocjenjivalo je učinak izbjeljivanja različitih komercijalno dostupnih prirodnih sredstava za izbjeljivanje te učinak na površinsku hrapavost tvrdih zubnih tkiva. Materijali i metode: Trideset uzoraka cakline podijeljeno je u pet skupina, prema sredstvima koja su se koristila za izbjeljivanje: aktivni ugljen, soda bikarbona, kokosovo ulje, kurkuma, kombinacija sode bikarbone i limunovog soka. Uzorci su četkani navedenim sredstvima dva puta dnevno, po 30 sekundi, električnom četkicom kroz dva tjedna. Boja zuba, indeks izbjeljivanja i ΔE procijenjeni su spektrofotometrom na početku istraživanja te nakon sedam i 14 dana. Površinska hrapavost uzoraka procijenjena je Surface Roughnes Tester K210 na početku istraživanja te nakon 14 dana. Podatci su analizirani jednosmjernom ANOVA i Tukey post-hoc testom. P- vrijednost je postavljena na 0, 05. Rezultati: ANOVA testom potvrđena je statistički značajna razlika među različitim sredstvima za izbjeljivanje za vrijednost ΔE* između vremena T2 i T0 (14 dana korištenja u odnosu na početne vrijednosti), isto kao i između vremena T2 i T1 (14 dana korištenja u odnosu na 7 dana od početka korištenja različitih sredstava), Uočena je negativna, statistički značajna korelacija površinske hrapavosti nakon tretmana te mjera boje a* (R = -0, 276, P = 0, 010) i b* (R = -0, 249, P = 0, 020) te indeksa izbjeljivanja (R = -0, 238, P = 0, 027). Zaključak: Iako su sva ispitivana sredstva, osim kurkume, rezultirala izbjeljivanjem boje, aktivni ugljen je pokazao veću učinkovitost izbjeljivanja od ostalih sredstava dok je soda bikarbona pokazala veću promjenu površinske hrapavosti tvrdih zubnih tkiva u odnosu na ostala sredstva.

Einleitung/Hintergrund: Die Depression gilt als eine der wesentlichen globalen Gesundheitsbelastungen. Die mangelhaften Fortschritte im Bereich der Psychopharmakotherapie stehen in deutlichem Kontrast zu dieser Entwicklung und verlangen nach neuen, therapeutisch gangbaren Wegen. Chronische Entzündungen können an den Mechanismen einer Depression beteiligt sein. Aufgrund der entzündungshemmenden und antioxidativen Eigenschaften von Kurkuma wird vermutet, dass es bei der Behandlung von Depressionen wirksam sein könnte. Ziele: Ziel dieser systematischen Überprüfung ist es, die Auswirkungen von Kurkuma bei der Behandlung von Depressionen, aber auch im gesundheitsfördernden Bereich einzuschätzen. Methoden: In den Studien waren die Teilnehmer von einer schweren depressiven Störung (MDD) betroffen. Der Effekt von Kurkuma wurde mittels Montgomery-Asberg-Depression-Rating-Scale (MADRS), Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale (HDRS), Beck-Depression-Inventory (BDI) und Inventory of Depressive-Symptomatology-Self-Report (IDS-SR30) vor und nach der Intervention bewertet. Ergebnisse: Die endgültige Auswahl umfasste sieben klinische Studien mit insgesamt 672 Proband*innen. Die Intervention wurde bei allen Studien mit dem Kurkuma-Extrakt Curcumin durchgeführt. Die Reduktion der Depressionssymptome im Vergleich zur Baseline konnte in der Interventionsgruppe (IG) in allen sieben Studien nachgewiesen werden, davon zeigte sich in sechs Untersuchungen ein signifikantes Ergebnis. In vier dieser Studien waren die Verbesserung in der IG signifikant im Vergleich zur Placebogruppe. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die beste Wirksamkeit dann erzielt wird, wenn Curcumin zusätzlich zur medikamentösen Standardtherapie (MST) verabreicht wird. Schlussfolgerung/Fazit: Die Verwendung von Curcumin verbessert das Depressionsniveau und kann daher als zusätzliches Verfahren bei der Behandlung von Depressionen empfohlen werden. Aus Sicht der Salutogenese besteht großes Potential, dass durch Kurkuma sowie Curcuminoide das Risiko für das Auftreten von depressiven Symptomen reduziert und die mentale sowie allgemeine Gesundheit gestärkt wird. Background: Depression is considered one of the major global health burdens. The lack of progress in the field of psychopharmacotherapy stands in clear contrast to this development and calls for new, therapeutically feasible ways. Chronic inflammation may be involved in the mechanisms of depression. Due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of turmeric, it is suggested that it may be effective in the treatment of depression. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of turmeric in the treatment of depression, but also in the health-promoting field. Methods: In the studies, participants were affected by major depressive disorder (MDD). The effect of turmeric was assessed using Montgomery-Asberg Depression-Rating-Scale (MADRS), Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale (HDRS), Beck- Depression-Inventory (BDI), and Inventory of Depressive-Symptomatology-Self-Report (IDS-SR30) before and after the intervention. Quality assessment was performed using EPHPP-QAT. Results: The final selection included seven clinical trials with a total of 672 subjects. The intervention was performed with the turmeric extract curcumin in all studies. The reduction of depression symptoms compared to baseline was demonstrated in the intervention group (IG) in all seven studies, of which six studies showed a significant result. In four of these studies, the improvement in the IG were significant compared to the placebo group. The results suggest that the best efficacy is achieved when curcumin is administered in addition to standard medical therapy (MST). Conclusion: The use of curcumin improves depression levels and can therefore be recommended as an additional procedure in the treatment of depression. From the point of view of salutogenesis, there is great potential that turmeric as well as curcuminoids reduce the risk of the occurrence of depressive symptoms and strengthens mental and general health. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2022

Biljke i dodaci prehrani su važan izvor biološki aktivnih sastavnica koje pozitivno utječu na zdravlje ljudi. Osim toga, primjena dodataka prehrani u stalnom je porastu. Budući da se indijski tamjanovac, justicija i kurkuma koriste u ublažavanju simptoma upalnih bolesti crijeva, cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti kvalitetu dodataka prehrani obzirom na sadržaj kalcija i magnezija. Sadržaj navedenih minerala u analiziranim dodacima prehrani određen je plamenom tehnikom atomske apsorpcijske spektrometrije nakon postupka mikrovalne digestije. Nadalje, u analiziranim uzorcima ispitan je gubitak sušenjem prema propisu Američke Farmakopeje. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na visoki sadržaj ovih minerala te se analizirani dodaci prehrani mogu smatrati dobrim izvorom minerala. Osim toga, svi analizirani dodaci prehrani osim jednog uzorka koji sadrži suhi ekstrakt papra zadovoljavaju USP zahtjeve obzirom na gubitak sušenjem.

Upalne bolesti crijeva, Chronova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis, su kronične relapsirajuće bolesti koje pogađaju milijune ljudi diljem svijeta te narušavaju njihov svakodnevni život. Budući da polifenoli, sekundarni metaboliti biljaka, imaju antioksidativni i protuupalni učinak, cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti kvalitetu dodataka prehrani za liječenje upalnih bolesti crijeva obzirom na sadržaj polifenola te odrediti antioksidativnu aktivnost istih. Sadržaj ukupnih polifenola u analiziranim uzorcima određen je spektrofotometrijskom metodom korištenjem Folin-Ciocalteu reagensa, dok je antioksidativna aktivnost procijenjena DPPH testom. Sadržaj polifenola značajno je bio veći u jednom multipreparatu tri biljne vrste: kurkuma, indijski tamjnanovac i crni papar. Nadalje, sadržaj ovih biološki aktivnih tvari u monopreparatima kurkume bio veći nego kod ostalih analiziranih monopreparata. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na iznimnu kvalitetu dodataka prehrani za liječenje upalnih bolesti crijeva te se analizirani uzorci mogu smatrati dobrim izvorom polifenolnih sastavnica, dok je antioksidativna aktivnost ispitivanih dodataka prehrani u skladu sa sadržajem ovih biološki aktivnih sastavnica.

V živilski industriji se začimbe uporablja kot dodatek različnim živilom za izboljšanje senzoričnih lastnosti (barve, vonja, okusa in arome) ter kot antioksidante in protimikrobna sredstva. Kot začimbe uporabljamo različne dele rastlin, liste, semena, lubje, plodove in korenine. Pri ocenjevanju senzoričnih lastnosti različnih začimb si lahko pomagamo z McCormickovim senzoričnim kolesom začimb, ki vključuje senzorične opisnike za vonj in aromo. Proučili smo možnosti uporabe začimb v pekovskih izdelkih kot dodatkov za izboljšanje barve in arome ter kot antioksidativnih in protimikrobnih učinkovin. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela diplomskega dela smo želeli raziskati vpliv dodatka izbranih začimb (janeža, pimenta, ingverja in kurkume) na všečnost nekaterih senzoričnih lastnosti (videz, vonj, okus, aroma, krhkost, topnost) in celokupno všečnost piškotov. Spekli smo piškote z dodatkom začimb in jih senzorično ocenili s panelom študentov. Večje razlike med vzorci so bile pri videzu, vonju, okusu in aromi. Kontrolni vzorec brez začimb je prejel najvišje ocene pri večini senzoričnih lastnosti, razen videzu, kjer so bili bolje ocenjeni le piškoti z ingverjem. Pri ocenjevanju topnosti in krhkosti piškotov so bili rezultati med vzorci primerljivi. Pri ocenjevanju celokupne všečnosti so študenti najboljše ocenili kontrolne piškote brez dodatkov, sledili so piškoti z janežem, nato piškoti z dodatkom pimenta, najslabše so bili ocenjeni piškoti z ingverjem in s kurkumo. Pri dodatku ingverja je študente najbolj zmotil pekoč pookus piškotov, pri dodatku kurkume pa preveč intenzivna rumena barva. In food industry, spices are mostly used to improve colour, odour, taste and aroma of different foods, and as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Spices come from different parts of plants, such as leaves, seeds, bark, fruits, roots, berries and pods. Sensory properties of different spices can be described with McCormick's spice wheel, which includes sensory descriptors for odour and aroma. In graduation thesis we have studied the use of spices in bakery products for improvement of colour and aroma, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Also we wanted to investigate the effect of the addition of selected spices (anise, allspice, ginger and turmeric) on some sensory properties (appearance, odour, taste, aroma, fragility and solubility) and overall liking of cookies. The cookies were prepared with addition of spices and then sensory evaluated with a panel of students. The major differences between the cookies were in appearance, odour, taste and aroma. The control sample (without spices) received the highest scores for most sensory properties except for the appearance, where only cookies with ginger were evaluated better. In assessing the solubility and fragility of cookies the hedonic scores were comparable between the samples. In evaluating the overall likeness, the best results were obtained for the control, followed by cookies with anise and allspice, while the lowest scores were obtained for cookies with ginger and turmeric. Cookies with ginger received lower hedonic score because of spicy, burning aftertaste, whereas cookies with turmeric were evaluated lower because of too intense yellow colour.

Ljekovita svojstva poput antioksidativnih, protuupalnih i antiseptičkih proizlaze iz bogatog nutritivnog sastava kurkume (Curcuma longa L.) i mača zelenog čaja (Camellia sinensis). Sadržaj makro- i mikroelemenata u uzorcima kurkume i mače određen je metodom atomske emisijske spektrometrije uz induktivno spregnutu plazmu (ICP-AES) i spektrometrijom masa uz induktivno spregnutu plazmu (ICP-MS). Svi uzorci su razoreni u uređaju za mikrovalno potpomognuto razaranje smjesom dušične kiseline i vodikovog peroksida. Nakon optimiranja metode za pripravu uzorka, metodama ICP-AES i ICP-MS određen sadržaj elemenata: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Te, Tl, V i Zn. Sadržaj makro- i mikroelemenata razlikuje se u različitim uzorcima iste biljne vrste te između kurkume i mača zelenog čaja. Properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic derive from the rich nutritional composition of curmuma (Curcuma longa L.) and matcha green tea (Camellia sinensis). The content of macro- and microelements of curcuma and matcha green tea was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The samples were digested using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave assisted digestion system. After optimizing the sample preparation method, the element content was determined by ICP-AES and ICP-MS methods: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Te, Tl, V and Zn. The content of macro- and microelements differs within the same plant species and within turmeric and matcha green tea.

Osteoartritis (OA) je multifaktorijalna degenerativna bolest s upalnom komponentom, čije su incidencija i prevalencija posljednjih desetljeća u značajnom porastu, te trenutno globalno pogađa oko 240 milijuna ljudi. Uzrok nije u potpunosti razjašnjen, lijek za sada ne postoji, a terapijske intervencije usmjerene su poglavito smanjenju simptoma te usporenju progresije destrukcije zgloba. Od terapijskih opcija koje su na raspolaganju najviše se propisuju nesteroidni antireumatici, koji su opterećeni su brojnim nuspojavama. Stoga se diferencira potreba za sigurnom, a djelotvornom tvari, koja će biti korištena u adjuvantnom liječenju, ali i prevenciji bolesti, a bit će bez ili sa što manje neželjenih učinaka. Jedna od takvih tvari je i kurkumin, hidrofobni polifenol koji čini aktivnu komponentu rizoma biljke Curcuma longa. Više studija pokazalo je njegovo jako antioksidativno i protuupalno djelovanje, uz netoksičnost i sigurnost primjene i pri visokim dnevnim dozama. Kurkumin osim što blokira apoptozu hondrocita, blokira i ekspresiju ciklooksigenaza, prostaglandina E-2 i proupalnih citokina u hondrocitima te tim mehanizmom potencijalno ublažava simptome upalne bolesti. Premda postoje velike varijacije kvalitete, metodologije i razultata do sada provedenih istraživanja, u ovom trenutku svoje mjesto u liječenju OA kurkumin prvenstveno nalazi kao sistemska kratkoročna i srednjeročna adjuvantna terapija u liječenju boli i smanjenju biokemijskih faktora upale. Navedeno u konačnici dovodi do bolje regulacije boli i poboljšanja funkcije zahvaćenog zgloba, što rezultira značajnom redukcijom standardno propisivanih doza lijekova koji sa sobom nose čitav niz nuspojava, a time i poboljšanjem kvalitete života pacijenta te stoga zaključujemo da postoji osnova za preporuku uzimanja kurkumina u terapijske svrhe. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja s ciljem utvrđivanja preventivne uloge kurkumina na razvoj OA, učinka dugoročne primjene kurkumina na prevenciju i/ili liječenje bolesti, te determiniranja optimalnih terapijskih doza.

V magistrskem delu smo predstavili rastlino kurkumo in njeno učinkovino kurkumin. Sama rastlina kurkuma (Curcuma longa) uspeva na Indijskem polotoku in jugovzhodni Aziji ter se že izredno dolgo uporablja v ajurvedski medicini za zdravljenje vnetnih bolezni. Številne moderne študije so pokazale pozitivne učinke kurkumina pri mnogih bolezenskih stanjih, kot so: rak, ulcerozni kolitis, revmatoidni artritis, pankreatitis, osteoartritis in številnih drugih. Največja težava pri uporabi kurkumina za zdravljenje v moderni medicini je njegova slaba biorazpoložljivost, saj so v krvni plazmi zaznali zelo majhne koncentracije kurkumina tudi ob zaužitju večjih doz. V sami nalogi smo predstavili več bolezenskih stanj, katera bi naj kurkumin izboljšal, ter študije oziroma raziskave, v katerih so te učinke kurkumina dokazali. Prav tako smo prej omenjene študije med seboj tudi primerjali. Delovanje kurkumina izhaja iz njegove sposobnosti vplivanja na veliko število signalnih molekul, kot so: pro-inflamatorni citokini, encimi, apoptozni proteini, adhezijske molekule, nuklearni faktorji in ostale. Nepravilno delovanje prej naštetih molekul in signalnih poti, v katerih te molekule sodelujejo, so mnoge študije povezale z razvojem raznih bolezenskih stanj. V nadaljevanju smo podrobneje pregledali spletno bazo PubMed. Z dodajanjem drugih ključnih besed smo raziskovalni vzorec postopoma omejevali. Osredotočali smo se na število študij, ki so bile izvedene in vivo ali pa in vitro, prav tako smo se osredotočali tudi na število študij, ki so se izvedle v kliničnem okolju. In this master thesis the plant Turmeric and its main constituent, curcumin has been thoroughly described. The plant Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia and has a long history of use in the Ayurvedic medicine. Numerous studies have shown the positive effects of curcumin on different pathological conditions, such as cancer, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, osteoarthritis and many other. What hinders the medicinal use of curcumin the most is its low bioavailability, since extremely low levels have been detected in blood plasma even after administering very high doses. In the thesis many different pathological conditions will be described, on which curcumin is supposed to have beneficial effects. We focused on various studies, who claim to have proved these beneficial effects. These aforementioned studies have also be compared with one another. Curcumin is capable of having an effect on many signalling molecules, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, apoptotic proteins, prostaglandins, cell adhesion molecules, NF–κB, COX-2, STAT3 and others. Irregularities in aforementioned molecules and signalling pathways have been linked to countless pathological conditions by numerous studies. In the following chapters we took a closer look at the online database PubMed. We were periodically narrowing our search by adding additional keywords, thus focusing ourselves on the number of studies, that had been carried out either in vivo or in vitro. We also focused on the number of studies, carried out in a clinical environment.

Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je sveobuhvatan pregled znanstvenih spoznaja o antitumorskim svojstvima kurkumina, posebice rezultata kliničkih istraživanja i razvoja novih formulacija. Materijali i metode Istraživanje u okviru ovog rada je teorijskog karaktera i uključuje pregled dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature o predloženoj temi. U pretraživanju su korištene bibliografske baze podataka PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct i Cochrane Library. Rezultati Kurkumin je glavna bioaktivna sastavnica podanka kurkume (Curcuma longa L.) koja djeluje antitumorski, protuupalno i antioksidacijski. Mehanizmi antitumorskog djelovanja kurkumina uključuju induciranje apoptoze kroz regulaciju različitih signalnih putova i zaustavljanje staničkog ciklusa tumorskih stanica. Kliničke studije su ukazale na njegov veliki potencijal u prevenciji i liječenju različitih vrsta tumora te dobar sigurnosni profil. Medicinska primjena kurkumina ograničena je slabom bioraspoloživosti, brzim metabolizmom i eliminacijom. Istraživanja novih formulacija lijekova poput nanočestica, liposoma, micela, fosofolipidnih kompleksa i hibridnih molekula pokazala su značajno poboljšanje farmakokinetičkih svojstava kurkumina. Zaključak Potrebna su daljna klinička istraživanja koja će pružiti veću razinu dokaza o terapijskom potencijalu kurkumina u onkologiji. Objectives The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific knowledge on the anticancer properties of curcumin, especially the results of clinical studies and new formulations development. Materials and methods Research in this paper is a theoretical one and includes a detailed overview of the available professional and scientific data on the topic. Relevant bibliographic database such as Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline and Cocharen Library are searched. Results Curcumin is the main bioactive compound of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with anticancer, antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Mechanisms of curcumin anticancerogenic action include the induction of apoptosis by various signal pathways regulation and blocking tumor cell cycle. Clinical studies indicated its great potential in the prevention and treatment of various cancers and a good safety profile. The medicinal use of curcumin is limited by its low bioavailability, rapid metabolism and systemic elimination. Investigations of novel drug formulations such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipid complexes and hybrid molecules showed a significant improvement in pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin. Conclusion Further clinical studies are required to provide a higher level of evidence of curcumin therapeutic potential in oncology.

Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog specijalističkog rada je pregled podataka o kliničkim studijama na kojima se temelji medicinska primjena biljne droge Curcumae longae rhizoma i kitički osvrt na fitopreparate u ljekarničkoj praksi u pogledu njihove učinkovitosti i sigurnosti. Materijal i metode Istraživanje u okviru ovog rada je teorijskog karaktera i uključuju pregled dostupne znanstvene i stručne literature o predloženoj temi. U pretraživanju su korištene bibliografske baze podataka kao što su: Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Cocharen Library i Lexicomp. Važan izvor informacija bile su i monografije Europske agencije za lijekove. Rezultati Kurkuma (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) je zeljasta trajnica azijskog porijekla, s jakim podankom koji se primjenjuje u medicinske svrhe te kao začin i prirodna boja. U narodnoj medicini kurkuma se koristi kroz stoljeća u različitim dijelovima svijeta. Kurkuminoidi i eterično ulje bogato seskviterpenima su glavne aktivne sastavnice kurkuminog podanka. Tradicionalnu primjenu podupiru brojna neklinička i klinička istraživanja. Prema Europskoj agenciji za lijekove, fitopreparati s kurkumom su tradicionalni biljni lijekovi s indikacijom za poboljšanje protoka žuči i za ublažavanje simptoma loše probave poput osjećaja težine, nadutosti i usporene probave. No, na hrvatskom tržištu su dostupni jedino kao dodaci prehrani, najčešće bez naznačenih zdravstvenih tvrdnji. Ljekarnik se svakodnevno susreće s problemima doziranja dodataka prehrani s kurkumom te nedostatkom informacija o njihovoj standardizaciji i kontroli kvalitete. Zaključci U svom profesionalnom radu ljekarnici se trebaju oslanjati na rezultate kliničkih istraživanja te neprestano usvajati relevantna stručna znanja kako bi mogli odabrati pogodan fitopreparat i prilagoditi dozu za određenog pacijenta te doprinijeti njihovoj učinkovitoj i sigurnoj primjeni. Objectives The aim of this work was to present the data on the conducted clinical studies of Curcumae longae rhizoma and a critical review of phytopreparations in pharmacy practice regarding their efficacy and safety. Material and methods Research in this paper is a theoretical one and includes a detailed overview of the available professional and scientific data on the topic. Relevant bibliographic database such as Current Contents, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Medline and Cocharen Library are searched. The European Medicines Agency monographs were also important information sources. Results Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant of Asian origin, with a strong rhizome used for medicinal purposes and as a spice and natural dye. In folk medicine, turmeric has been used over the centuries in different parts of the world. Curcuminoids and essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes are the main active components of turmeric rhizome. The traditional use is supported by a numerous preclinical and clinical studies. According to the European Medicines Agency, turmeric phytopreparations belong to traditional herbal medicinal products used for the relief of digestive disturbances, such as feelings of fullness, slow digestion and flatulence. But, on the Croatian market they are available as food supplements, most often without any health claim labeled. Pharmacists are faced with the problems about dosage of turmeric products and lack of data on their standardisation and quality control. Conclusion In their professional work, pharmacists should rely on the results of clinical research and acquire relevant knowledge continuously to be able to select suitable phytopreparation and dosage for a particular patient as well as contribute to their effective and safe use.

Biljke i razni proizvodi prirodnog podrijetla stoljećima se tradicionalno koriste u tretiranju raznih bolesti u svim dijelovima svijeta, dok u zemljama u razvoju i danas čak 80 % populacije ovisi o medicinskim biljkama. Povijest poznavanja i upotreba lijekova dio su kulturne povijesti čovječanstva, a suvremena farmakologija također se zasniva na poznavanju i upotrebi biljnih, životinjskih i anorganskih (mineralnih) sirovina. S obzirom na rastuću rezistenciju patogena i povećanu incidenciju nuspojava zbog prevelike upotrebe konvencionalnih lijekova, istraživači se okreću prema novim izvorima lijekova, i kemijski sintetiziranim i onima prirodnog podrijetla. Najpoznatije biljke, odnosno biljni i proizvodi životinjskog podrijetla koji se upotrebljavaju u dentalnoj medicini jesu nim, kurkuma, propolis, aloe vera, Camellia sinensis, razna eterična i biljna ulja, ali sve više dolaze u fokus i manje poznate biljke koje pokazuju obećavajuća zdravstvena svojstva poput Salvadora persica, Ocimum sanctum, Morinda citrifolia i brojnih drugih. Zbog pozitivnih terapijskih djelovanja (antibakterijsko, antivirusno, antifungalno, antioksidativno, protukancerozno, protuupalno, imunomodulacijsko) i različitih mehanizama djelovanja mogle bi pronaći svoju ulogu kao pomoćna, a možda i glavna sredstva u tretiranju raznih bolesti zuba, parodonta i usne šupljine te u raznim granama dentalne medicine poput endodoncije, ortodoncije i oralne kirurgije. Do sada, uglavnom u istraživanjima in vitro, pokazuju izvanredna svojstva usporediva sa zlatnim standardima poput klorheksidina i natrijeva hipoklorita te s konvencionalnim lijekovima. Iako se lijekovi prirodnog podrijetla smatraju sigurnima i s manje nuspojava, potrebne su još brojne kliničke studije kako bi se utvrdila njihova sigurnost i eventualna toksičnost te kako bi zaživjele u svakodnevnoj praksi. Plants and various products of natural origin have traditionally been used for the treatment of various diseases in all parts of the world for centuries, while in developing countries even today 80% of the population is dependent on medical plants. The history of medicines and the knowledge of their use are a part of the cultural history of mankind. Contemporary pharmacology begins with the knowledge and use of plant, animal and inorganic (mineral) raw materials. The increasing resistance of pathogens and the increased incidence of side effects due to excessive use of conventional drugs have prompted researchers to begin searching for new sources of medicines, both chemically synthesized and those of natural origin. In dental medicine, the most famous plants, herbal or animal origin products used are neem, turmeric, propolis, aloe vera, Camellia sinensis, various essential and vegetable oils, although even lesser known plants that show promising health features such as Salvadora persica, Ocimum sanctum, Morinda citrifolia and many others are being brought into focus more and more. Because of their positive therapeutic effects (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory) and various mechanisms of action, they could find their role as auxiliary and perhaps the main agents in the treatment of various tooth, periodontal and mucous diseases and conditions, as well as in various branches of dental medicine such as endodontics, orthodontics and oral surgery. So far, mainly in in vitro studies, they have shown remarkable properties comparable to gold standards such as chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite, and with conventional drugs. Although natural remedies are generally considered safe and with fewer side effects, many clinical studies are needed to determine their safety and possible toxicity so that they could come to life in day-to-day practice.

Diplomski rad daje pregled osnovnih elemenata navodnjavanja u uzgoju kurkume (Curcuma longa L.). Izdvojeni su najvažniji elementi navodnjavanja kod kojih je zabilježena statistički opravdana varijabilnost prinosa i kakvoće kurkume u pogledu sadržaja kurkumina. Pregledom literaturnih izvora uočen je statistički opravdan utjecaj obroka navodnjavanja na prinos i kakvoću kurkume gotovo linearnim povećanjem. Nadalje je prinos kukrume značajno ovisio o normi navodnjavanja pri čemu je najveći prinos ostvaren na tretmanima s najvećom normom navodnjavanja. Analizom parametara prinosa kao što su broj listova, lisna površina, visina biljke i sadržaj suhe tvari zabilježeni je značajno veće vrijednosti kod tretmana s većom normom navodnjavanja, kraćim intervalima i turnusima navodnjavanja. Prema navedenom, kurkuma je kultura koja ima visoke zahtjeve prema vodi te je pravilno planiranje i provođenje agrotehničke mjere navodnjavanja ekonomski opravdano., This thesis gives the review of the most important elements of irrigation scheduling in turmeric growing (Curcuma longa L.). The most important elements of irrigation scheduling are chosen, the one who have the statistical significant impact on turmeric yield and quality in term of curcumin content. According to the literature review there is a significant impact of amount of water added in one irrigation event on yield and turmeric quality. The yield was higher as the amount of irrigation water was increased, with almost linear correlation. Furthermore, the yield of turmeric was significantly higher in irrigation treatment with the highest amount of irrigation water added during the growing season. The analysis of growth parameters such as leaf numbers, leaf area, plant height and dry matter compounds showed that the highest values were recorded on irrigation treatments with the highest amount of irrigation water as well as the shorter irrigation intervals. According to that, the turmeric is plant with high water demands what means that right irrigation scheduling is economically adjusted

Komplementarne i alternativne metode (KAM) liječenja koriste se kao zamjena ili kao nadopuna metoda medicine zasnovane na dokazima. One prolaze provjeru sigurnosti i djelotvornosti, ali, za razliku od konvencionalnih metoda, u nedostatno kvalitetno dizajniranim istraživanjima. Sve je više pacijenata koji se odlučuju za KAM, posebice onih koji boluju od kroničnih, rekurirajućih ili fatalnih bolesti. Incidencija upalnih bolesti crijeva (UBC) u stalnom je porastu, a patogeneza i, posljedično, terapija ostaju nedovoljno spoznate. U liječenju UBC-a nastoji se koristiti sigurne i jeftine lijekove koji se primijenjuju samostalno ili kombinirano. Konvencionalni lijekovi za UBC umanjuju simptome, ali su često nedostatni za uspješno liječenje ili pak imaju značajne nuspojave. U današnjoj kliničkoj praksi nameće se potreba edukacije liječnika o primjeni KAM-a, posebice u kroničnih bolesti kao što je UBC. Najčešće spominjani oblici KAM-a u djece oboljele od UBC-a su: ljekovite biljke (kurkuma, kanabis), probiotici, riblja ulja, hiperbarična oksigenoterapija, akunpunktura, dijetne prehrane te multivitaminske terapije., Complementary and alternative treatment methods (CAM) are used instead of, or as a supplement to, methods of evidence based medicine. CAM treatments undergo verification of safety and efficacy, but in not sufficiently well-designed studies. Increasing number of patients is opting for CAM, especially those suffering from chronic, recurrent or fatal diseases. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been growing steadily and pathogenesis and, consequently, the therapy remains insufficiently defined. In the treatment of IBD there is a tendency towards using safe and cheap drugs, which may be applied independently or combined. Conventional medications for IBD reduce symptoms, but are often insufficient for successful treatment or have significant side effects. In everyday's clinical practice, there is a need for educating physicians on the use of CAM, especially in chronic diseases, such as IBD. The most commonly reported forms of CAM in children with IBD are: herbs (turmeric, cannabis), probiotics, fish oils, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, acupuncture, diet nutrition and multivitamin therapy.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Literature data indicate that, due to these diseases, approximately 17.5 million people died in 2012. Types of cardiovascular disease include ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Proper nutrition is an important factor in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. An interesting element of our diets is spices. For thousands of years, they have been used in the treatment of many diseases: bacterial infections, coughs, colds, and liver diseases. Many studies also demonstrate their antioxidant, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper focuses on discussing the importance of selected spices (garlic, cinnamon, ginger, coriander and turmeric) in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Dosedanje študije so pokazale, da ima prehrana ključno vlogo pri preprečevanju kroničnih bolezni. Uživanje sadja, zelenjave, zelišč ter semen je močno povezano z manjšim tveganjem za bolezni srca in ožilja, raka, sladkorne bolezeni, Alzheimerjeve bolezni ter z zmanjšanim tveganjem za debelost. V magistrskem delu smo želeli preveriti vpliv antioksidantov, proantocianidinov in totalnih fenolov iz izbranih naravnih materialov (goji jagode, kurkuma, laneno seme, preslica, rožmarin, tropine in semena grozdja) na zmanjšanje metabolne aktivnosti rakastih celic kožnega raka. Pripravili smo raztopine izbranih naravnih materialov, jih liofilizirali in po liofilizaciji dobljenim ekstraktom izmerili koncentracijo antioksidantov, proantocianidinov in totalnih fenolov ter jih nanesli na WM-266-4 celice. Rezultati so pokazali, da so vsi ekstrakti vplivali na zaviranje rasti rakastih celic, saj so zaustavili njihovo delitev, vendar bi bile pri nekaterih ekstraktih potrebne še dodatne raziskave, še posebej pri ekstraktu lanenega semena. Najboljše rezultate pa smo zabeležili pri ekstraktu kurkume, rožmarina ter tropinah in semenu grozdja. Tem ekstraktom smo določili visok delež antioksidantov, proantocianidinov in totalnih fenolov. Predvidevamo, da je visok delež teh komponent bistven za zmanjšanje metabolne aktivnosti rakastih celic. Several studies have demonstrated that diet has a important role in the prevention of chronic diseases. The consumption of fruits, vegetables, herbs and grains is strongly associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and reduced risk of obesity. The main goal of the master's thesis has been to check the correlation between the content of antioxidants, proanthocyanidins and total phenolics in the selected natural materials (goji berries, turmeric, flaxseed, carrots, rosemary, troipins and grape seeds) and the reduction of the metabolic activity of skin cancer cells. The solutions of the selected natural materials were lyophilized. After lyophilization, the concentration of antioxidants, proanthocyanidins and total phenol was measured and the extract solution was applied to WM-266-4 cells. The results showed that all the extracts affected cancer cells and stopped their further divisions, but some extracts would require further research, especially the extract of flaxseed, where the metabolic activity of the cells was barely noticed. The highest reduction of the metabolic activity of cancer cells was noticed for the extracts of turmeric, rosemary and grape marc extracts. Those extracts contained high concentrations of antioxidants, proanthocyanidins and total phenolics and proofed positive effects on the reduction of the metabolic activity of cancer cells.

Osteoartritis je kronična upalna bolest zglobova obilježena degeneracijom zglobne hrskavice i okolne kosti što može uzrokovati bol i ukočenost te samim time određeni stupanj invalidnosti pacijenta. Liječenje osteoartritisa je simptomatsko gdje farmakološka terapija uključuje primjenu paracetamola, opioidnih analgetika, nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova (NSAID) te intraartikularnih injekcija kortikosteroida i hijaluronske kiseline. Nedostatak navedene terapije jest kontraindiciranost NSAID-a kod pacijenata koje se manifestiraju na gastrointestinalnom sustavu. Kortikosteroidi, iako snažni protuupalni lijekovi, opetovanom primjenom mogu uzrokovati oštećenje zgloba. Zbog toga se nameću novi koncepti u liječenju osteoartritisa, a kao jedna od alternativa navode se nutraceutici. Nutraceutici imaju visok potencijal u liječenju osteoartritisa zbog potencijalne učinkovitosti i dobrog sigurnosnog profila što je osnovna prednost primjene takvih proizvoda. Tako je i kurkumin, glavna aktivna sastavnica biljke kurkume, molekula pleiotropnih učinaka s odličnim sigurnosnim profilom i dokazane potentnosti u upalnim bolestima kao što je osteoartritis gdje djeluje protuupalno i antioksidativno. Iako prirodni kurkumin ima ograničenu terapijsku učinkovitost zbog slabe topljivosti i niske bioraspoloživosti, većina kliničkih studija istražuje terapijsku učinkovitost formulacija s poboljšanom bioraspoloživošću. Daljnje provođenje kliničkih studija može doprinijeti definiranju optimalnih terapijskih smjernica za primjenu kurkumina u osteoartritisu kako bi se unaprijedila ljekarnička skrb oboljelih od te bolesti. Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by degeneration of the joint cartilage and surrounding bone, which can cause pain and stiffness and thus a certain degree of disability of the patient.Treatment of osteoarthritis is symptomatic where pharmacological therapy involves the use of paracetamol, opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid. The disadvantage of mentioned therapy is the contraindication of NSAIDs in patients manifesting in the gastrointestinal system. Corticosteroids, though potent anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause joint damage when frequently used. That is why new concepts for osteoarthritis are being introduced and nutraceuticals are mentioned as one of the alternatives. Nutraceuticals have a high potential in treating osteoarthritis due to their potential efficacy and a good safety profile, which is the main advantage of using such products. Curcumin, the main active turmeric ingredient, is a pleiotropic molecule with an excellent safety profile and proven potency in inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis where it acts as anti-inflammatory agent and as an antioxidant. Although natural curcumin has limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor solubility and low bioavailability, most clinical trials investigate the therapeutic efficacy of formulations with improved bioavailability. Further clinical studies may contribute in defining optimal therapeutic guidelines for the use of curcumin in osteoarthritis in order to improve pharmacological care of patients suffering from this disease.

Bread has been one of the basic foodstuffs for more than 30,000 years. It´s prepared mainly by baking, where gluten plays an important role. Gluten is important for holding the gas in the dough to achieve the desired structure, texture and volume. At a time when agriculture began to develop, a disease of gluten began to emerge. One of the best known is the intolerance of gluten, the so-called celiac disease, which affect sapproximately 1 % of the world's population. The cause is gluten-rich proteins (prolamins and glutelins), found in wheat, rye, barley and oats. The second known diseaseis gluten allergy, which is often confused with celiac disease. The difference consist in a different autoimmune reaction to the presence of glucose, when the immunization on glucose produces IgE immunoglobulin and does not damage the small intestine mucosa The only possible treatment for patiens with a dinase is a strict gluten-free diet. Gluten-free breads and pastries are one of the main foods for celiac and allergy sufferers. Preparing a dough without gluten is difficult. Proper selection of raw materials plays an important role in meeting sensory properties. The aim of the diploma thesis was to prepare suitable recipe senriched with selected sources of antioxidants. In total, six different recipes were prepared, both from cereal gluten-free flour and legumes flour. Curcuma and red onion skin were selected sources of antioxidants. In the practical part a sensory evaluation of all samples of bread is performed. There was a positive evaluation of the questionnaire itself. When to Cheb the suitability of raw materials and procedures for dough preparation and baking. Based on the DPPH and FRAP tests, antioxidant aktivity was evaluated for all gluten-free bread. Bread senriched with red onion skin have the highest antioxidant activity in both basic bread and basic bread with legume flour. Thus, it can be said that onion skin effectively increase antioxidant activity. In the final part, a financial evaluation of all six types of gluten-free bread was made on the basis of raw materials used as compared to those already purchased in the shop. Based on this finding, it can be said that home preparation is a cheaper option.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil pobarvati bombaž z barvilom kurkume pri različnih pogojih. Kemično beljena tkanina 100 % bombaža je bila barvana s kurkuminom pri različnih časih (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 in 60 minut) in različnih temperaturah (40, 60 in 80 °C). Pobarvanim vzorcem so bile določene barvne lastnosti (CIE L*a*b* in K/S) z merjenjem na refleksijskem spektrofotometru Spectraflash 600 Plus. Izdelana je bila umeritvena krivulja, iz katere se je izračunalo izčrpanje barvila na substrat. S pomočjo UV/Vis spektrometrije se je izmerila tudi prepustnost tkanine na ultravijolične žarke. Pobarvanim vzorcem je bila določena tudi obstojnost na večkratno pranje. Stopnja izčrpanja barvila je bila največja pri najnižji temperaturi barvanja (40 °C). CIE L*a*b* vrednosti kažejo, da so se vzorci, ki so bili barvani pri višjih temperaturah, obarvali temneje. Vrednosti K/S vzorcev, ki so se barvali pri različnih temperaturah, so bile podobne, kljub temu je bila najvišja vrednost K/S določena na vzorcu, barvanem pri 80 °C. Rezultati kažejo na splošno slabo obstojnost na pranje. Malce boljšo obstojnost imajo vzorci, ki so barvani pri višji temperaturi. Rezultati ultravijoličnega zaščitnega faktorja (UZF) kažejo, da so vrednosti najvišje na vzorcu barvanem pri 80 °C (UZF = 27,93). Vrednosti UZF so se po pranju znižale za približno polovico. The purpose of diploma work was to dye cotton with curcuma dyestuff at different conditions. Chemically bleached 100 % cotton fabric was dyed with curcumin at different times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes) and different temperatures (40, 60 and 80 &#186 C). The colour of dyed samples was determined by colour measurements (CIE L*a*b* and K/S) using a reflectance spectrophotometer Spectraflash 600 Plus. The exhaustion of the dye from the dyebath was determined by using the calibration curve. The transmittance of ultraviolet radiation of dyed samples was measured using UV/Vis spectrometry. Dyed samples were also analysed for their wash fastness. The dye exhaustion was the highest for dyeing at the lowest temperature (40 &#186 C). The CIE L*a*b* values indicate that the samples that were dyed at higher temperatures were darker. K/S values were similar for all samples, however the highest K/S value was determined for a sample dyed at 80 &#186 C. In general, dyed samples had poor wash fastness, although slightly better fastness was determined for the samples dyed at the higher temperature. The results of ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) show that the highest value was determined for the sample dyed at 80 &#186 C (UZF = 27.93). The values of UPF decreased by half after washing.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil proučiti vpliv redčenja barvalne kopeli na obarvljivost svile in volne ter vpliv pranja na obstojnost posameznega barvila v določenem razmerju redčenja barvalne kopeli. Prav tako je bil namen izdelati barvno karto, ki bi oblikovalcu služila kot vodilo pri barvanju končnega izdelka glede na izbrani barvni ton. Za barvanje substratov so bila uporabljena naravna barvila kurkume, rdečega zelja in hrastovih šišk v kombinaciji z železovim sulfatom. Ekstrakcija barvil je potekala v vodnem mediju. Ekstrakti so bili uporabljeni kot barvalna kopel. Polovica vzorcev tkanin volne in svile je bila čimžana v vodni raztopini aluminijevega sulfata. Za ugotavljanje vpliva redčenja barvalne kopeli na obarvljivost tekstilnih substratov so bile barvalne kopeli redčene z destilirano vodo v razmerjih: 1 : 0 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 5 in 1 : 10. Za doseganje enakomernega obarvanja so bile tkanine barvane po izčrpalnem postopku v laboratorijskem aparatu Launder-o-meter. Barvanje z barvilom kurkume in rdečega zelja je potekalo pri kopelnem razmerju 1 : 40, temperaturi 60 °C in času 60 minut. Barvanje z barvilom hrastovih šišk je potekalo pri kopelnem razmerju 1 : 40, pri sobni temperaturi in času 20 minut. Barva čimžanih in nečimžanih vzorcev je bila številčno ovrednotena s pomočjo refleksijskega spektrofotometra Datacolor Spectraflash 600 Plus-CT in uporabe CIE L*a*b* barvnega sistema. Prav tako so bile opravljene meritve tudi po testu obstojnosti na pranje. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da redčenje barvalne kopeli vpliva na obarvljivost substratov, saj so vzorci z redčenjem barvalne kopeli postajali svetlejši (vrednost CIE L* se zvišuje). Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da redčenje barvalne kopeli vpliva tudi na CIE a* in CIE b* barvne vrednosti. Redčenje barvalne kopeli hrastovih šišk pri barvanju svile vpliva na znižanje vrednosti koordinat CIE a* in CIE b* vzorci so z redčenjem postajali bolj zeleni in bolj modri, medtem ko pri vzorcih volne ni bilo opaziti konstantnega zniževanja ali višanja vrednosti CIE a* in CIE b*. Redčenje barvalne kopeli rdečega zelja vpliva na zvišanje vrednosti CIE a* in znižanje vrednosti CIE b* ne glede na substrat ali čimžanje, saj so vzorci z redčenjem postajali čedalje bolj zeleni in bolj rumeni. Z redčenjem barvalne kopeli kurkume so vzorci svile postajali bolj zeleni in bolj modri. Vzorci volne so bili v primerjavi z vzorcem svile bolj rdeči in bolj modri. Prav tako je opazen vpliv čimžanja, saj so bili čimžani vzorci temnejši od nečimžanih. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da imata barvilo kurkume in barvilo rdečega zelja slabo pralno obstojnost. The purpose of the thesis was to examine the effect of dyebath dilution on dyeability of silk and wool and the wash fastness of individual dyes in certain dyebath dilution ratios. Additionally, the aim was to create a colour chart that would serve the designer as a guideline when dyeing the final product based on the selected colour tone. For dyeing of textile substrates, the natural dyes of turmeric, red cabbage and oak gall with the combination of ferrous sulphate were used. The dyes were extracted in the water medium. These extracts were used as a dyebath. Half of the silk and wool fabrics were mordanted with the aluminium sulphate. To determine the effect of the dyebath dilution on the dyeability of fabric substrates, the dyebaths were diluted with distilled water in the following ratios: 1 : 0 1 : 1 1 : 2 1 : 5 and 1 : 10. To ensure uniform dyeing, the fabrics were dyed using the exhaust dyeing process in the Launder-o-meter laboratory apparatus. Dyeing with the turmeric and red cabbage dyes was performed at liquor to goods ratio 40 : 1, at 60 °C, for 60 minutes. Dyeing with the oak gall dye was performed at liquor to goods ratio 40 : 1, at room temperature, for 20 minutes. The mordanted and non-mordanted samples were numerically evaluated for their colour, using the Datacolor Spectraflash 600 Plus-CT spectrophotometer and the CIE L*a*b* colour system. The colour measurements were carried out after the washing fastness test as well. The results show that the dyebath dilution affects the substrates dyeability, as it made the samples brighter (CIE L* values are raising). Moreover, the results show that the dyebath dilution affects the CIE a* and CIE b* colour values as well. Dyeing silk with the oak gall dye, the dyebath dilution lowers the CIE a* and CIE b* colour coordinates the more the dyebath was diluted, the greener and bluer the samples were. On the other hand, there was no constant lowering or raising of CIE a* and CIE b* values with the wool samples. Diluting the red cabbage dyebath raises the CIE a* values and lowers the CIE b* values irrespective of the substrate or mordanting, as the samples became greener and yellower. The dilution of the turmeric dyebath produces greener and bluer coloration of samples. The wool samples were redder and bluer compared to the silk samples. The effect of mordanting was also be observed, as the mordanted samples were darker than the non-mordanted ones. It was established that the turmeric dye and the red cabbage dye have poor colourfastness to washing.

Komplementarne i alternativne metode (KAM) liječenja koriste se kao zamjena ili kao nadopuna metoda medicine zasnovane na dokazima. One prolaze provjeru sigurnosti i djelotvornosti, ali, za razliku od konvencionalnih metoda, u nedostatno kvalitetno dizajniranim istraživanjima. Sve je više pacijenata koji se odlučuju za KAM, posebice onih koji boluju od kroničnih, rekurirajućih ili fatalnih bolesti. Incidencija upalnih bolesti crijeva (UBC) u stalnom je porastu, a patogeneza i, posljedično, terapija ostaju nedovoljno spoznate. U liječenju UBC-a nastoji se koristiti sigurne i jeftine lijekove koji se primijenjuju samostalno ili kombinirano. Konvencionalni lijekovi za UBC umanjuju simptome, ali su često nedostatni za uspješno liječenje ili pak imaju značajne nuspojave. U današnjoj kliničkoj praksi nameće se potreba edukacije liječnika o primjeni KAM-a, posebice u kroničnih bolesti kao što je UBC. Najčešće spominjani oblici KAM-a u djece oboljele od UBC-a su: ljekovite biljke (kurkuma, kanabis), probiotici, riblja ulja, hiperbarična oksigenoterapija, akunpunktura, dijetne prehrane te multivitaminske terapije., Complementary and alternative treatment methods (CAM) are used instead of, or as a supplement to, methods of evidence based medicine. CAM treatments undergo verification of safety and efficacy, but in not sufficiently well-designed studies. Increasing number of patients is opting for CAM, especially those suffering from chronic, recurrent or fatal diseases. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been growing steadily and pathogenesis and, consequently, the therapy remains insufficiently defined. In the treatment of IBD there is a tendency towards using safe and cheap drugs, which may be applied independently or combined. Conventional medications for IBD reduce symptoms, but are often insufficient for successful treatment or have significant side effects. In everyday's clinical practice, there is a need for educating physicians on the use of CAM, especially in chronic diseases, such as IBD. The most commonly reported forms of CAM in children with IBD are: herbs (turmeric, cannabis), probiotics, fish oils, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, acupuncture, diet nutrition and multivitamin therapy.

U ovom radu istraživana je mogućnost priprave bioaktivnog medicinskog tekstila s kurkumom i prahom nima kao prirodnim aktivnim tvarima. Korišten je sol-gel postupak koji u području tekstilne industrije predstavlja zanimljiv i drugačiji pristup površinskoj modifikaciji tekstila. U teoretskom dijelu opisan je sol-gel postupak, objašnjena je važnost i primjena biomedicinskog tekstila te prirodne aktivne tvari koje su u sektoru medicinskog tekstila sve interesantnije kao alternativa sintetskim sredstvima, te tako pripadaju u skupinu fitoterapeutskog tekstila. Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorcima tkanina iz pamučnih i viskoznih vlakana. Obrađenim uzorcima ispitivana je sposobnost apsorpcije, uljeodbojnost, otpornost obrada na gužvanje, pranje i znoj te su određene morfološke karakteristike skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM). U radu je korištena spektroskopska metoda Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Sol-gel postupak uz dobro postavljene uvjete obrade i dodatak zadovoljavajuće količine krukume ili nim praha nudi potpuno novu modifikaciju tekstilija s mogućnošću razvoja novog proizvoda – fitoterapeutskog tekstila s dobrim antibakterijskim, antifungalnim, antiviralnim, antioksidativnim i antiupalnim svojstvima.

Prvi del doktorske disertacije je namenjen raziskavam faznih ravnotežij trigliceridov v sub- in superkritičnih fluidih. Podatki so ključni za nadalnje načrtovanje visokotlačnih separacijskih in formulacijskih procesov, saj so pripomogli k izboljšanju določenih industrijskih procesov v smeri okoljevarstva in kvalitete proizvodov. Za določitev topnosti glicerol tristearata-zgoščeni plini in glicerol trioleata-zgoščeni plini smo uporabili visokotlačno optično celico. Meritve smo izvedli pri različnih temperaturah (30, 50, 70 in 90 °C) in tlakih do 600 bar. Cilj našega eksperimentalnega dela je bilo pridobiti podatke o faznih ravnotežjih za glicerol tristearat in glicerol trioleat v sistemih superkritični CO2 in SF6, ki so ključnega pomena za optimizacijo visokotlačnih separacijskih in formulacijskih procesov. Podatkov o faznih ravnotežij glicerol tristearata-SF6 in glicerol trioleata-SF6 v literaturi ni. Pridobljeni podatki so novi in odpirajo nove perspektive za uporabo SF6 kot topila za različne nosilce. Za raziskave vpliva tlaka na temperaturo tališča in določitev talilne toplote v različnih plinih (dušik in CO2) smo uporabili visokotlačni DSC. Prav tako smo določiti topnosti in difuzijske koeficiente superkritičnega CO2 v različnih naravnih polimerih, ki se uporabljajo v prehrambeni industriji kot vezivo in sicer v različnih celulozah in škrobih. Topnost CO2 v polimeru je odvisna od temperature in tlaka, ter povzroča njegovo nabrekanje in s tem znižanje viskoznosti polimera. S povišanjem topnosti CO2 v polimeru se povečuje tudi masa polimera. Za določanje topnosti CO2 in difuzije smo uporabili magnetno suspenzijsko tehtnico. Meritve smo izvedli s pomočjo magnetne suspenzijske tehtnice pri različnih temperaturah (40, 60 in 80 °C) in tlakih do 300 bar. Določili smo visoke vrednosti topnosti in difuzijskih koeficientov ob izpostavitvi polimerov SC CO2. V nobenem primeru ni prišlo do raztapljanja polimera, ampak je polimer absorbiral CO2 in nabreknil. Iz dobljenih podatkov je razvidno, da topnost CO2 v polimerih z zviševanjem tlaka narašča in z zviševanjem temeperature pada. Zviševanje tlaka povzroča povečanje gostote plina in s tem večjo topnost, pri čemer se poveča volumen polimera. Z zviševanjem temperature pa se znižuje gostota plina. Difuzijski koeficienti CO2 so odvisni od koncentracije CO2 v polimeru. Na začetku se vrednosti difuzijskega koeficienta s povečanjem topnosti dvigajo, dokler CO2 ne zapolni vseh prostih praznin v polimeru, nato pa začnejo te vrednosti padati zaradi delovanja hidrostatičnega tlaka. Z določitvijo topnosti in difuzijskega koeficienta CO2 v polimerih pri določeni temperaturi in tlaku, smo pridobili več podatkov o faznem ravnotežju polimer-plin, ki so pomembni za razumevanje vpliva in optimiranje procesnih parametrov. V zadnjem delu doktorske disertacije smo vezali naravno rumeno barvilo kurkumin iz začimbe in 10 % tekočega ekstrakta na nosilce kot so trigliceridi, polietilen glikol, ciklodekstrin, celuloze in škrobi. Raziskovali smo različne kombinacije zmesi barvil in različnih nosilcev s superkritičnim CO2. Mikroniziranim praškastim produktom barvil kurkume smo izmerili povprečno velikost in povprečno porazdelitev velikosti nastalih delcev. Izvedli smo tudi superkritične in konvencionalne ekstrakcije kurkume (Curcuma longa L.). Naredili smo več različnih konvencionalnih ekstrakcij: ekstrakcija s hladnim topilom v bučki, Soxhlet ekstrakcija, ekstrakcija z ultrazvokom in ekstrakcija s konvencionalnim topilom pri povišanih tlakih. V dobljenih ekstraktih smo analizirali antioksidativno aktivnost s pomočjo pomočjo radikalske metode. Prav tako smo v ekstraktih določili antioksidacijske vrednosti s standardom Trolox. Preverili smo prisotnost kurkuminoidov v ekstraktih s tankoplastno kromatografijo in primerjali dobljene rezultate s HPLC analizo. V doktorski nalogi smo tudi preverili protimikrobno delovanje mikroniziranih vzorcev na različne bakterije in glive. Protimikrobno delovanje smo preverjali z metodo dif The first part of the dissertation is devoted to research of phase equilibria of triglycerides in sub and supercritical fluids. Data is key for further planning and formulation of high-pressure separation processes because they contributed to the improvement of certain industrial processes towards environmental protection and product quality. To determine the solubility of the glycerol tristearate-condensed gases and glycerol trioleate-condensed gases were used a high-pressure optical cell. The measurements were performed at different temperatures (30, 50, 70 and 90 ° C) and pressures up to 600 bar. The aim of our experimental work was to obtain information on the phase equilibria of glycerol and glycerol trioleate tristearate systems in supercritical CO2 and SF6, which are crucial for optimizing high-pressure separation and formulation processes. Data on the phase equilibria of glycerol tristearate-SF6 and SF6-glycerol trioleate in the literature is not. The data obtained are new and open up new prospects for the use of SF6 as a solvent for various media. For investigation of the influence of pressure to a temperature of the melting point and the determination of the melting heat of the various gas (nitrogen and CO2), we used high-pressure DSC. We have also determined the solubility and diffusion coefficient of the supercritical CO2 in a variety of natural polymers, which are used in the food industry as a binder, and in the various celluloses and starches. CO2 solubility in the polymer is dependent on temperature and pressure, as well as causing its swelling and thereby lowering the viscosity of the polymer. By increasing the solubility of CO2 in the polymer also increases the weight of the polymer. To determine the solubility of CO2 and diffusion, we used a magnetic suspension balance. The measurements were performed by means of magnetic suspension scales at different temperatures (40, 60, and 80 ° C) and pressures up to 300 bar. We determined high levels of solubility and diffusion coefficients of polymers when exposed to SC CO2. In any case, there was no dissolution of the polymer, but the polymer can absorb CO2 and swollen. From the obtained data it is clear that the solubility of CO2 in the polymers by increasing the pressure increases and decreases with increasing in temperature. Increasing pressure causes an increase in gas density and to improve the solubility, thereby increasing the volume of the polymer. By increasing the temperature is decreasing gas density. Diffusion coefficients of CO2 are dependent on the concentration of CO2 in the polymer. At the beginning, the value of the diffusion coefficient by increasing the solubility of the rise until the CO2 does not fill all free of voids in the polymer, and then apply these values ​​to fall due to the action of hydrostatic pressure. By determining the solubility and diffusion coefficient of CO2 in polymers at a given temperature and pressure, we gain more information about the phase equilibrium polymer-gas, which are important for understanding and optimizing the process parameters. In the last part of the doctoral dissertation are bound natural yellow colorant curcumin from spices and 10% of the liquid extract on carriers such as triglycerides, polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin, cellulose, and starches. We studied different combinations of colors and a mixture of various media with supercritical CO2. Micronized powder product dyes curcuma we measured the average size and the average size distribution of the resulting particles. We also supercritical and conventional extraction of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). We have several different conventional extractions: extraction with cold solvent in a flask, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction and extraction with conventional solvent at elevated pressures. The resulting extracts were analyzed antioxidant activity by means of using the free-radical methods. We are also in extracts determine the antioxidant value of the standard TROLOX. We verified the presence of kurkuminoidov in the extracts by th

Aronija i kurkuma se sve češće koriste u prehrani ljudi radi njihovog korisnog utjecaja na zdravlje. Plodovi aronije i prah korjena kurkume djeluju kao jak antioksidans, protuupalno, antibakterijsko i antikarcinogeno. Cilj rada je bio proizvesti funkcionalan mliječni proizvod obogaćen s aronijom ili kurkumom, istražiti njihov utjecaj na rast i aktivnost bakterije Lb. casei Lc-1 te senzorska svojstva proizvedenog fermentiranog mlijeka. Fermentacija pasteriziranog mlijeku bez (kontrolna skupina) i s dodatkom 0, 5 i 1 g/L ekstrakta aronije ili kurkume (pokusna skupina) provedena je pri 37°C s bakterijom Lb. casei Lc-1. Tijekom fermentacije mlijeka praćena je pH-vrijednost, titracijska kiselost (°SH) i ukupan broj živih stanica. Senzorska svojstva fermentiranog mlijeka ocijenjena su metodom od 20 ponderiranih bodova. Dodatak aronije ili kurkume u mlijeko nije utjecao na dinamiku fermentacije bez obzira na dodanu količinu. Bakterija Lb. casei Lc-1 dobro raste u mlijeku (oko 2 log CFU/mL), a aronija ili kurkuma nisu utjecali na njezin rast. Fermentirano mlijeko koje je sadržavalo 1 g/L aronije postiglo najveći broj ponderiranih bodova (oko 18, 3) u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak (oko 15, 0). Kurkuma je dale svojstvenu boju i okus fermentiranog mlijeka, a najbolje ocjene je dobilo fermentirano mlijeko s dodatkom 0, 5 g/L kurkume (17, 8 od makismalno 20 bodova).

V diplomskem delu smo raziskali možnosti barvanja bombažne tkanine z naravnimi rastlinskimi barvili, pridobljenimi iz kurkume, koprive in hrastovega lubja. Barvanje je potekalo po izčrpalnem postopku, ob dodatku različnih kovinskih soli (Fe, Al, Cu) ali brez njih, pri različnih pH vrednostih. Kovinske soli vplivajo na barvni ton in boljše vezanje barvila z vlaknom. Po barvanju smo vzorce oprali. Izvedli smo tudi spektrofotometrično vrednotenje barve na opranih in neopranih vzorcih. Pri barvanju s kurkumo smo dobili različne rumene in rjave tone, pri barvanju s koprivo manj izrazite sivkasto-rjave barvne tone in pri barvanju s hrastovim lubjem rjavo oranžna obarvanja. Pri barvanju s kurkumo smo glede na pričakovanja dosegali najboljše rezultate ob sočasni uporabi aluminijevega sulfata in brez uporabe kovinskih soli v kislem mediju. V primeru barvanja s koprivo so bila najboljša obarvanja ob sočasni uporabi bakrovih in železovih sulfatov v alkalnem mediju, v primeru barvanja s hrastovim lubjem pa ob sočasni uporabi bakrovega sulfata in brez uporabe kovinskih soli v kislem mediju. In the thesis we researched the possibility of dyeing of cotton fabrics with natural plant dyes derived from turmeric, nettle leaves and oak bark. Dyeing was conducted according to the exhaustion dyeing procedure by the application of various metallic salts (Fe, Al, Cu) or without salts addition, at different pH values. Metallic salts influence the colour hues and lead to better bonding between the dye and the fibre. After dyeing, some samples were washed with distilled water and dried, and some not. The spectrophotometric evaluation of colour of washed and unwashed samples were also carried-out. Various tones of yellow and brown were obtained when dyeing with turmeric, pale greyish-brown shades when dyeing with nettle, and orange-brown colouring when dyeing with oak bark. The best results, regarding the colour depth, were achieved using a combination of turmeric and aluminium sulphate as well as without the metallic salts in an acidic medium. In the case of dyeing with nettle the best colouring appeared by copper and iron sulphate in an alkaline medium. In the case of dyeing with oak bark, the same result was achieved in the concurrent use of copper sulphate and without the use of metallic salts in an acidic medium.

Cimet, đumbir, kardamom i kurkuma su začinske biljke koje se u Indiji i Kini koriste u kulinarstvu i tradicionalnoj medicini već nekoliko tisuća godina. Danas su sve brojnija istraživanja na tim biljkama, a ljekovita svojstva im se pripisuju najvećim dijelom zbog visokog udjela fenolnih spojeva, te jakog antioksidativnog djelovanja. Cilj ovog rada bio je stoga odrediti koncentraciju ukupnih fenola i flavan-3-ola spektrofotometrijski, te antioksidacijski kapacitet primjenom FRAP metode. Određivanje je provedeno na osam uzoraka: cimet, đumbir, kardamom i kurkuma, a fenolni spojevi iz navedenih biljaka ekstrahirani su primjenom dva različita otapala, 30%-tni etanol i 30%-tni acetonu. U ekstraktima cimeta određena je najveća koncentracija ukupnih fenola, flavan-3-ola i najveći antioksidacijski kapacitet. Kod đumbira i kurkume izmjerene su slične vrijednosti koncentracije ukupnih fenola i antioksidacijskog kapaciteta, ali kod kurkume veća koncentracija flavan-3-ola. Kardamom ima najmanju koncentraciju ukupnih fenola, flavan-3-ola, te ujedno najmanji antioksidacijski kapacitet. Antioksidacijski kapacitet je u dobroj korelaciji s koncentracijom ukupnih fenola. Aceton se pokazao kao bolje otapalo jer su kod većine ekstrakata veće koncentracije fenolnih spojeva te antioksidacijskog kapaciteta izmjerene u acetonskim ekstraktima.