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Na kmetijah, ki se ukvarjajo z rejo krav molznic in s tržno prirejo mleka se vedno bolj uveljavljajo sodobne tehnologije kot so robotska molža, dodajanje močne krme na avtomatih, avtomatsko napajanje telet in drugo. Vse več kmetij se odloča za uporabo različnih senzorjev kot podporno orodje za izboljšanje managementa v njihovih čredah. Senzorji, ki so običajno locirani na posamezni živali bodisi kot pedometri na nogah, ovratnici ali senzorji v ušesih, dajejo veliko število različnih podatkov, ki jih je potrebno z ustrezno računalniško opremo in algoritmi pretvoriti v uporabne informacije za rejce. Moderni rejski cilji vključujejo podatke zbrane s pomočjo senzorjev, ki so locirani na posamezni živali. Ti podatki so osnova za oceno in izboljšanje zdravja ter dobrega počutja živali in vplivajo na izboljšanje prireje kakovostnega mleka, reprodukcije, dolgoživosti in življenjske prireje. Novejši senzorji omogočajo tudi spremljanje pojava vročinskega stresa (mikro-klime hleva), emisij toplogrednih plinov in drugih okoljskih parametrov. Uporaba senzorjev na kmetijah se vse bolj uveljavlja in postaja pomemben pripomoček za izboljšanje managementa, učinkovitosti dela, prihodka rejca, predvsem pa zdravja in dobrega počutja živali. Modern technologies such as robotic milking, the addition of concentrates at the concentrate feeder, automatic feeding of calves and others are increasingly being used on farms that keep dairy cows and produce milk for the market. More and more farms are opting to use a variety of sensors as tools to improve management in their herds. Sensors, usually attached to the individual animal, either as pedometers on the legs, collars, or sensors in the ears, provide a large amount of different data that must be converted into useful information for breeders using appropriate computer equipment and algorithms. Modern breeding objectives also include data collected via sensors on individual animals. These data form the basis for evaluating and improving animal health and welfare, and improve milk quality, reproduction, longevity, and lifetime production. Newer sensors also allow monitoring of the occurrence of heat stress (the microclimate in the barn), greenhouse gas emissions, and other environmental parameters. The use of sensors on farms is becoming increasingly important and is becoming an important tool for improving management, labour efficiency, grower income, and most importantly, animal health and welfare.

V Sloveniji je veliko govedorejskih kmetij, kjer so hlevi zastareli in živalim ne nudijo zadostnega udobja in možnosti izražanja naravnega obnašanja. S podobnim problemom se srečujemo tudi na kmetiji Strel, saj je hlev majhen in nefunkcionalen, zato razmišljamo o gradnji sodobnega hleva, ki bo živalim in okolju prijazen. V prvem delu naloge smo naredili pregled literature glede pohodne in ležalne površine. Poleg tega smo predstavili tudi različne tipe molzišč ter predstavili nekatere rešitve avtomatizacije, ki je na voljo na trgu. V drugem delu smo zasnovali idejni načrt sodobnega hleva na kmetiji Strel na prosto rejo za 30 krav molznic in 20 mladih živali. V delu hleva za krave molznice bodo visoki ležalni boksi pokriti z gumo, na blatnih hodnikih pa bodo rešetke. Pod rešetkami bo skladišče za gnojevko s slalom sistemom. Molža bo potekala v molzišču tipa »ribja kost« velikosti 2x3. Živali bomo krmili s pomočjo mešalne prikolice. V idejni načrt smo vključili tudi porodnišnico in bolnišnico. Uredili bomo del hleva za mlado živino, kjer bo ločen prostor z igluji in skupinski boks za teleta ter boksi za plemenske telice. Prostor za telice bo urejen tako, da bomo imeli kombinacijo ležalnih boksov z nastiljem in odstranjevanje živalskih izločkov s pehali. Zaradi težnje po zmanjšanju fizičnega dela bomo v novem hlevu nekatere delovne procese avtomatizirali. In Slovenia there are many cattle farms whose stables are outdated and do not provide enough comfort and opportunity for the animals to live out their natural behaviour. On the Strel farm we face a similar problem, because the barn is small and not functional, so we want to build a modern, animal and environmentally friendly barn. In the first part of the paper we have presented the literature review about walking and lying areas. We have also presented different types of milking parlours and some of the automation solutions available on the market. In the second part, we have prepared a conceptual plan for a modern free stall barn on Strel farm for 30 dairy cows and 20 young animals. In the part of the barn intended for dairy cows, the cubicles will be covered with rubber flooring, and the cows' walkways will be equipped with a slatted floor. Under the slatted floor there is a slurry storage with a slalom system. Milking is done in a 2x3 herringbone milking parlour. A mixer waggon is used for feeding the animals. A calving pen and a separate stall for sick animals are also included in the concept. Part of the barn will be set up for young animals, with a separate area with individual calf pens and group pens for older calves, heifers and for breeding heifers. Space for heifers will be organised in a combination of cubicles and deep straw. The removal of animal excrement by manure scrapers is made possible. Due to the tendency to reduce physical labour, some work processes will be automated in the new barn.

Rejci krav molznic se zaradi vse bolj intenzivne prireje mleka soočajo z vse večjim tveganjem za pojav bolezni. Da povečajo odpornost in plodnost živali, so pomembni predvsem preventivni ukrepi in pravilno vodenje prireje z ustreznim vrednotenjem rezultatov, pri čemer jim je v pomoč vodenje evidence reprodukcijskih dogajanj v čredi. V letu 2020 opažamo, da so bili najpogostejši razlogi za izločitev krav molznic plodnostne motnje (31 %), sledijo bolezni parkljev in nog (13,7 %), mastitis (7,5 %) in povečano število somatskih celic (5,2%). V drugem delu diplomske naloge smo analizirali podatke o mlečnosti in plodnosti krav molznic na kmetiji Sinjur za obdobje od leta 2010 do 2021. Število molznic se je v tem času gibalo med 17 in 21. Povprečna mlečnost v 305-dneh se je gibala med 6.189 kg mleka leta 2021 in 4.003 kg mleka leta 2011. Doba med telitvama se je v povprečju gibala med 392 dni leta 2010 in 533 dni leta 2021. Najpogostejši vzroki za izločitev krav iz črede na kmetiji Sinjur so bile plodnostne motnje, bolezni in poškodbe parkljev in nog ter bolezni vimena. Največji delež izločenih krav zaradi plodnostnih motenj je bil leta 2011 in 2021, zaradi bolezni in poškodb parkljev in nog pa leta 2018 in 2021. Due to increasingly intensive milk production, dairy cow breeders face an increasing risk of disease. To increase animal resistance and fertility, preventive measures and proper management of milk production with proper evaluation of milk recording results are important and keeping records of reproductive events in the herd is helpful. In 2020, we found that the most common reasons for culling dairy cows were fertility problems (31%), followed by hoof and leg diseases (13.7%), mastitis (7.5%), and increased somatic cell count (5.2%). In the second part of the paper, we analysed milk recording data on milk yield and fertility of dairy cows on Sinjur farm for the period from 2010 to 2021. The number of dairy cows varied from 17 to 21 during this period, and the average milk yield in 305 days varied from 6,189 kg of milk in 2021 to 4,003 kg of milk in 2011. The calving interval varied on average from 392 days in 2010 to 533 days in 2021. The most common reasons for cows leaving the herd on the Sinjur farm were fertility problems, hoof diseases, hoof and leg injuries, and udder diseases. The largest proportion of cows culled due to fertility problems was in 2011 and 2021, and due to hoof diseases and hoof and leg injuries in 2018 and 2021.

Na osnovi pregleda literature ugotavljamo, da s pomočjo podatkov pridobljenih na molznem robotu lahko pomembno izboljšamo upravljanje črede krav molznic. Ugotavljamo, da daljši intervali med molžama negativno vplivajo na prirejo mleka, zdravje vimena in število somatskih celic (ŠSC). Pogostost molže na molznem robotu je odvisna zlasti od stadija laktacije in nivoja mlečnosti, pasme ter zdravja in počutja živali (šepave krave pridejo težje na molzni robot). Krave, ki se molzejo pogosteje, dosegajo večjo mlečnost. Uvedba molže na molznem robotu ne kaže izrazitega vpliva na ŠSC, medtem ko naj bi se s pogostejšo molžo vsebnost maščob in beljakovin v mleku rahlo zmanjšala. Molzni robot potencialno lahko izboljša kakovost mleka, saj imajo molzni roboti natančne senzorje, ki hitro ugotovijo spremembe v kakovosti mleka. Ugotovili smo, da močna krma v molznem robotu privablja krave, kar vpliva na število obiskov molznega robota. Tudi na naši kmetiji se ukvarjamo s tržno prirejo mleka. Ugotavljamo, da je na odločitev za uvedbo robotske molže vplivala starostna struktura delovne sile ter želja po izboljšani učinkovitosti dela, zmanjšani porabi časa namenjenega molži, zmanjšanju fizično napornega dela, kar vpliva tudi na samo počutje družine in njen življenjski slog. Tudi za našo kmetijo so podatki iz molznega robota uporabni in pomembno prispevajo k izboljšanju upravljanja črede krav molznic. Based on the literature review, we conclude that data from a milking robot can significantly improve the management of a dairy herd. We found that longer milking intervals have a negative impact on milk production, udder health, and somatic cell count (SCC). The frequency of milking with the milking robot depends mainly on the lactation stage and milk yield, breed, and health and well-being of the animals (lame cows have a harder time getting on the milking robot). Cows that are milked more frequently have a higher milk yield. The introduction of robotic milking shows no significant effect on SCC, while more frequent milking is likely to slightly reduce the fat and protein content of milk. Robotic milking can potentially improve milk quality because milking robotics have precise sensors that quickly detect changes in milk quality. We have found that the concentrate feed in the milking robot attracts cows, which affects the number of visits to the milking robot. Our family farm is also involved in commercial milk production. We conclude that the decision to introduce a milking robot was influenced by the age structure of the workforce and the desire to improve labour efficiency, reduce the amount of time spent milking, and reduce physically demanding work, which also affects the family's well-being and lifestyle. For our farm, the data from the milking robot is also useful and makes an important contribution to improving the management of the dairy herd.

Na kmetiji Kuralt smo 3 mesece (od marca 2021 do maja 2021) spremljali prehrano krav molznic. V hlevu je približno 50 krav molznic, večinoma lisaste, nekaj pa črno-bele pasme. Z rezultati mesečnih kontrol mlečnosti (AT4) in vsebnosti hranil v mleku smo spremljali odziv krav na krmni obrok, ki smo ga redno prilagajali, da bi pokrili potrebe krav molznic. Osnovni obrok so sestavljale travna in koruzna silaža ter mrva. Po opravljeni kemijski analizi voluminozne krme smo ugotovili, da je bila travna silaža pod slovenskim povprečjem po vsebnosti beljakovin, po vsebnosti energije pa povprečna. Koruzna silaža in mrva pa sta bili rahlo nadpovprečni. Pred spremljanjem prehrane molznic je bila dnevna mlečnost 26,36 kg, pri porabi 200 g močne krme na kilogram mleka. Izkoriščenost energije je bila le 84,1 %. Vsebnost maščob v mleku je bila 4,10 %, beljakovin pa 3,58 %. Osnovni obrok smo dopolnili z energijskimi in beljakovinskimi krmili, dodatkom soli, mineralno vitaminskega dodatka ter apnenca. S prilagajanjem obroka smo v treh mesecih mlečnost povečali za 2,55 kg, temu pa je sledil rahel padec maščob (4,04 %) in beljakovin (3,43 %) v mleku. Zmanjšali smo porabo močne krme na kilogram mleka in sicer z 200 g na 120 g ter povečali izkoriščenost energije obroka na 98,6 %. On the Kuralt farm, we monitored the diet of dairy cows for 3 months (from March 2021 to May 2021). In the barn there are around 50 dairy cows, mostly Simental, and some Holstein Frisian. The results of monthly milk yield (AT4) and milk nutrient content checks were used to monitor the response of the cows to the feed ration, which was regularly adjusted to ensure that it met the needs of the dairy cows. The basic ration consisted of grass, maize silage and hay. After chemical analysis of the roughage, we found that grass silage was below the average Slovenian analytical results for protein content, but average for energy content. Maize silage and hay were slightly above average. Before monitoring the dairy cows' diets, the daily milk yield was 26,36 kg, with a consumption of 200 g of strong feed per kg of milk. Energy utilisation was only 84,1 %. The fat content was 4,10 % and the protein content was 3,58 %. The basic ration was supplemented with energy and protein feeds, salt, a mineral and vitamin supplement and limestone. By adjusting the ration, we increased milk yield by 2,55 kg in three months, followed by a slight decrease in fat (4,04 %) and protein (3,43 %) in the milk. We reduced the use of strong feeds per kg of milk from 200 g to 120 g and increased the energy utilisation of the ration to 98,6 %.

The bedding materials used in dairy cow housing systems are extremely important for animal welfare and performance. A wide range of materials can be used as bedding for dairy cattle, but their physical properties must be analysed to evaluate their potential. In the present study, the physical properties of various bedding materials for dairy cattle were investigated, and different fuzzy clustering algorithms were employed to cluster these materials based on their physical properties. A total of 51 different bedding materials from various places in Europe were collected and tested. Physical analyses were carried out for the following parameters: bulk density (BD), water holding capacity (WHC), air-filled porosity (AFP), global density (GD), container capacity (CC), total effective porosity (TEP), saturated humidity (SH), humidity (H), and average particle size (APS). These data were analysed by principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce the amount of data and, subsequently, by fuzzy clustering analysis. Three clustering algorithms were tested: k-means (KM), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and Gustafson&ndash, Kessel (GK) algorithms. Furthermore, different numbers of clusters (2&minus, 8) were evaluated and subsequently compared using five validation indexes. The GK clustering algorithm with eight clusters fit better regarding the division of materials according to their properties. From this clustering analysis, it was possible to understand how the physical properties of the bedding materials may influence their behaviour. Among the materials that fit better as bedding materials for dairy cows, Posidonia oceanica (Cluster 6) can be considered an alternative material.

Na osnovi pregleda literature ugotavljamo, da imajo pri črno-beli pasmi številne kravje družine velik vpliv na razvoj pasme, saj iz teh družin prihajajo najboljši biki črno-bele pasme. Ti biki imajo hčere in sinove po vsem svetu in tako zaznamujejo razvoj pasme ne le v državi od koder prihajajo, ampak v globalnem smislu. Spremljanje in poznavanje pedigrejev plemenskih živali v čredi ter bikov, ki jih uporabljamo za načrtno osemenjevanje so ena izmed metod uporabljene za izražanje najboljših materinih in očetovih lastnosti, ki rezultirajo v vrhunskih živali naslednjih generacij. V diplomskem delu smo želeli predstaviti pomen kravjih družin ter kako mogočno zapuščino ima lahko kvalitetna kravja družina z njenim pozitivnim vplivom na pasmo. Predstavili smo najpomembnejše kravje družine krav črno-bele pasme in sicer kravje družine Roxy, Apple, Rudy Missy, Oman Mirror, Chief Adeen, Barbie in Laurie Sheik. In reviewing the literature, we have found that several cow families in the Holstein breed have a great influence on the development of the breed, as the best Holstein bulls come from these cow families. These bulls have daughters and sons all over the world, thus marking the development of the Holstein breed not only in the country they come from, but worldwide. Monitoring and knowing the pedigrees of the breeding animals in the herd and the bulls used for mating are one of the methods used to express the best maternal and paternal traits that lead to top animals in the next generations. In the thesis, we wanted to show the importance of cow families and what a powerful legacy a good cow family can have with its positive influence on the breed. We presented the most important cow families of the Holstein breed, cows of the cow families Roxy, Apple, Rudy Missy, Oman Mirror, Chief Adeen, Barbie and Laurie Sheik.

Mleko A2 je nišni proizvod po katerem porabniki v tujini že povprašujejo, v Sloveniji pa imamo samo enega ponudnika takega mleka. Samo krave, ki imajo dve kopiji gena A2 za beta kazein, lahko proizvajajo t.i. mleko A2. Beta kazein A2 ima na mestu 67 prisotno aminokislino prolin, ki prepreči sproščanje beta-kazomorfina 7 (BCM7) iz beta kazeina A2. BCM7 je znan kot močan opioid in ga povezujejo z dejavniki tveganja za zdravje ljudi, saj lahko prizadene opioidne receptorje v živčnem, endokrinem in imunskem sistemu. Tradicionalne pasme goveda, ki so bile podvržene manj intenzivni selekciji na proizvodne lastnosti, imajo praviloma večjo frekvenco alela A2 za beta kazein. Prireja mleka s temi pasmami bi lahko bila model sistema trajnostnega upravljanja z marginalnimi območji. Namen naloge je bil primerjati različne strategije selekcije živali za prirejo mleka A2 in oceniti posledice posamezne strategije selekcije. Dobili smo podatke 965 živali rjave pasme govedi z znanim genotipom za beta kazein in PV12 za količino mleka, vsebnost maščobe in beljakovin v mleku, število somatskih celic ter skupni selekcijski indeks. Do statusa črede 100 % A2 najhitreje pridemo z uporabo semena bikov z genotipom A2A2 in z genotipizacijo krav. Hitrost spreminjanja lahko dodatno povečamo z uporabo seksiranega semena. Ugotovili smo, da genotip A2A2 statistično značilno vpliva na PV12 za vsebnost beljakovin v mleku ter na skupni selekcijski indeks. Interakcija med spolom in genotipom ni imela statistično značilnega vpliva na nobeno od opazovanih lastnosti, spol pa je statistično značilno vplival na skupni selekcijski indeks ter na PV12 za količino mleka. Uporaba semena bikov z genotipom A2A2 lahko povzroči manjši genetski napredek, ki je posledica neuporabe semena, sicer nekaterih elitnih bikov, z genotipom za beta kazein A1A1 ali A1A2. A2 milk is a niche product that is already in demand by consumers abroad, but in Slovenia we have only one supplier of A2 milk. Only cows that have two copies of the A2 gene for beta-casein can produce A2 milk. A2 beta-casein has a proline at position 67 that prevents the release of beta casomorphin 7 (BCM7) from A2 beta-casein. BCM7 is potentially known to be an opioid and has been linked to a risk factor for human health because it can affect opioid receptors in the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems. Traditional cattle breeds subjected to less intensive selection for production traits generally have a higher frequency of the A2 allele. The objective of this thesis was to compare different strategies for breeding animals for A2 milk production and to evaluate the consequences of each selection strategy. We obtained genotyping data from 965 brown cattle. Data included BV12 per milk yield, fat and protein contents in milk, somatic cell count, and total merit index. The fastest way to achieve herd status 100% A2 is to use semen from sires with the A2A2 genotype and genotyping all cows. The speed of replacement can be further increased by using sexed semen. We found that genotype had a significant effect on BV12 for protein content and on BV12 for total merit index. Animals with genotype A2A2 had higher BV12 for these two traits. The interaction between sex and genotype had no effect on the observed traits, but sex had a significant effect on BV12 for total merit index and on BV12 for milk yield. The use of sires with the A2A2 genotype may result in lower genetic gain because elite sires with the genotype A1A1 or A1A2 for beta casein was not used.

Po telitvi je novorojeno tele izpostavljeno okolju polnemu patogenih organizmov. Tele še nima lastne imunske zaščite, zato je zelo pomembno, da mu jo čimprej zagotovimo. V poskusu, ki je trajal od junija do konca decembra 2019, nas je zanimalo, kateri dejavniki v času presušitve krav molznic vplivajo na kakovost mleziva. V poskus je bilo vključenih 7 kmetij. V tem času je v teh čredah telilo 42 krav. Pri vseh kravah smo ugotavljali kakovost mleziva v prvih 24 urah po telitvi s pomočjo digitalnega refraktometra. Preverjali smo vpliv meseca telitve, zaporedne telitve in dobe presušitve na kakovost mleziva in zdravstveno stanje telet. S statističnim modelom smo pojasnili 52,7 % variabilnosti. Rezultati kažejo, da na kakovost mleziva vplivata mesec telitve in trajanje dobe presušitve, medtem ko zaporedna telitev ni vplivala. Večja kot je količina mleziva, manjši je delež beljakovin v njem. Od 42 telet sta bila 2 mrtvorojena, trije pa so poginili v prvih treh mesecih po telitvi. Ugotovili smo, da če presušeno dobo podaljšamo za en dan, se kakovost mleziva izboljša za 0,07 %. V primeru, da presušeno dobo podaljšamo z 20 na 60 dni, se kakovost mleziva izboljša za 2,8 %. Boljša kot je kakovost mleziva, večje možnosti ima tele, da preživi in čimprej doseže dobre proizvodne rezultate. The newborn calf is exposed to the environment full of pathogenic organisms. The calf does not yet have its own immune protection so it is very important of us to make it possible for it. In our experiment, which lasted from June to the end of December 2019, we wanted to know what factors affect colostrum quality. The experiment included 7 farms. During this time 42 cows had calves. We measured the colostrum of all these cows in the first 24 hours after calvingusing a digital refractometer. We checked if the month of calving, number of lactations and length of dry standing period had an effect on colostrum quality and calf health. Using this model we explain 52.7 % variance. The results show us that the length of the dry period and the month of calving influence the colostrum quality, while parity have no influence. The greater the quantity of colostrum, the lower the protein content in it. Out of 42 calves there were 2 stillbirths and, 3 calves died in the first three months after calving. We found that colostrum quality improved by 0.07 % when we extended the dry period by one day. That is, if we extend the dry standing time from 20 to 60 days, the colostrum quality improves by 2.8 %. The better the colostrum quality, the greater the chances for the calves to survive and achieve good production results as quickly as possible.

Ustrezna namestitev in oskrba krav molznic je izrednega pomena za veliko in kakovostno prirejo mleka, ugodno zdravstveno stanje živali, ekonomičnost ter uspeh rejca. Čeprav v Sloveniji še vedno prevladujejo hlevi z vezano rejo, se rejci vse bolj zavedajo kako pomembno ustrezna ureditev hleva vpliva na proizvodnjo njihovih živali. Hlev, kjer živalim omejimo življenjski prostor, mora biti čim bolj prilagojen potrebam živali. Vsakemu funkcionalnemu področju v hlevu je potrebno nameniti veliko pozornosti, da se s tem zagotovi ustrezno zdravstveno stanje in čim večje udobje krav molznic. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil prikazati ureditev hleva za izboljšanje počutja in zdravja krav molznic ter dejavnike, ki vplivajo na dobro počutje in zdravje živali. Pri ureditvi hleva smo se osredotočili na glavna funkcionalna področja hleva, med katera spada ležalna površina, krmilni in napajalni prostor, blatni hodnik ter izpust, ki ima ugoden vpliv na živali. Med dejavnike, ki vplivajo na počutje in zdravje krav molznica pa spadajo čistoča in kondicija živali, spremembe na koži kot so rane, deli kože brez dlake, otekline, gibanje živali in pojavnost šepavosti ter stanje parkljev. V drugem delu smo prikazali ureditev hlevov za krave molznice na treh kmetijah, kjer smo dvakrat opravili ocenjevanje po protokolu Welfare Quality®. Ugotovili smo, da so največje razlike v frekvenci pojavljanja sprememb na koži in v pojavu šepavosti pri kravah molznicah. V poletnih mesecih so rezultati najboljši v kompostnem hlevu, saj tam ležalna površina ni omejena s pregradami, podlaga pa je zaradi visokih temperatur suha. Proper housing and care of dairy cows is extremely important for high milk production, good animal health, the economic aspect of the dairy farm and the success of the breeder. Although tie-stall housing system for cattle is still predominant in Slovenia, breeders are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of adequate barn construction for animal production. Barns where the living environment of the animals is restricted must be adapted as much as possible to the needs of the animals. Much attention must be paid to each functional area of a barn to ensure good health and maximum comfort for dairy cattle. The aim of this work was to present a possible barn construction that contributes to better welfare and health of the dairy cattle, as well as the factors that influence the welfare and health of the animals. In designing the barn construction, we focused on the most important functional areas of the barn, including rest areas, feed alley and drinking areas, manure alleys, and exits that have a positive effect on the animals. Some of the factors that affect the welfare and health of dairy cows are their cleanliness and body condition, skin changes such as lesions, hairless parts of the skin and swellings, locomotion, lameness and hoof condition. In the second part of this thesis, we presented the set-up of a dairy cows barn on three family farms where we conducted two assessments using the Welfare Quality® protocol. We found that the biggest differences in dairy cows are related to the frequency of skin lesions and lameness. During the summer, the best results can be attributed to the compost bedded pack barn, as the animals' lying areas are not restricted by fences and all surfaces are dry due to the higher temperatures.

V raziskavi smo določali prisotnost antimikrobnih ostankov v mleku pri kravah molznicah, ki so bile zdravljene zaradi kliničnega mastitisa. Vzorci mleka so bili zbrani iz obolelih vimenskih četrti 97. krav, ki so bile zdravljene istočasno z intramamarnimi zdravili in zdravili za paranteralno uporabo. Podatke o zdravstvenem stanju krav in uporabljenih zdravilih so nam posredovali lečeči veterinarji. Za identifikacijo povzročiteljev infekcij je bilo odvzetih 66 vzorcev mleka iz okuženih vimenskih četrti pred zdravljenjem . V večini primerov je bila predpisana karenca 14 molž, zaradi izjemne uporabe zdravil. Vzorce mleka, ki so bili odvzeti iz zdravljenih vimenskih četrti pred in po predpisani karenci, smo preiskali na antimikrobne zaostanke. Pregledali smo tudi vzorce mleka, odvzete iz zdravih vimenskih četrti pri 48. zdravljenih kravah, zaradi preverjanja morebitne možnosti prisotnosti zdravil. Vzorce mleka smo najprej analizirali s tremi različnimi presejalnimi testi, pozitivne vzorce smo ponovno analizirali z ustrezno potrditveno metodo. V 22. primerih (22,7%) smo v mleku iz zdravljenih četrti ugotovili prisotna zdravila nad MRL-vrednostjo po 14. molžah. V 13. primerih so to bili tetraciklini, v 4 primerih cefkvinom, v 6 primerih amoksiciklin, ter v 1 primeru neomycin. Ostankov antimikrobnih zdravil ni bilo v vzorcih iz nezdravljenih vimenskih četrti. Interval dajanja zdravil se je značilno razlikoval (p ? 0.05) med pozitivnimi in negativnimi vzorci mleka pri kravah zdravljenih s tetraciklinom, cefkinomom in amoksiciliom. Pri kravah, ki so bile zdravljene dvakrat na dan, obstaja večja verjetnost, da bodo ostanki zdravil presegali MRL-vrednost po sedmem dnevu končanega zdravljenja. Pri okuženih kravah z Escherichia coli obstaja statistično večja verjetnost (p ? 0.05) daljšega izločanja antimikrobnih zdravil.. Glede na kombinirano antimikrobno terapijo med pozitivnimi in negativnimi kravami ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial residues in milk from dairy cows treated for clinical mastitis. Milk samples were collected from udder quarters from 97 cows treated with intramammary drugs and simultaneously with other drugs via the systemic route. Data on cow health and used drugs were obtained from the farm veterinarians. Milk samples from 66 affected udder quarters were taken for bacterial identification before treatment. In many of the treated cows withhold period (WP) of 14 milkings was prescribed due to the Slovenian National Legislation for off-label use of drugs. The milk samples from treated udder quarters, taken before and after the prescribed WP, were analysed for antimicrobial residues. Additionally, milk samples from 48 cows were taken from untreated healthy udder quarters to check if any crossover of drugs had occurred. Three screening tests were used for antimicrobial detection. The positive samples were analysed with the appropriate confirmatory method. In 22 (22.7%) cows the milk samples from the treated infected quarters contained antimicrobial residues above the maximum residue limit (MRL) after the WP of 14th milking. Thirteen milk samples had tetracycline residues above the MRL, 6 amoxicillin, 4 cefquinome and 1 neomycin. Antimicrobial residues were not detected in milk samples from the untreated quarters. Out of 12 cows treated intramammarily with dihydrostreptomycin instead of systemic as it is intended, 7 (58.3%) milk samples had residues above the MRL after the 14th milking. The treatment interval differed significantly (p ⡤ 0.05) between the positive and the negative milk samples treated with tetracycline, cefquinome and amoxicillin. In our study cows treated at 12 hour interval had higher chances of having residues. The mastitis caused by E. coli was statistically significant (p ⡤ 0.05%) between the positive milk samples and the negative milk samples. No significant differences were found between the positive and negative cows regarding the combination antimicrobial therapy.

Cilj magistrskega dela je oceniti učinek križanja na proizvodne lastnosti čistopasemskih krav molznic lisaste in črno-bele pasme v primerjavi s križankami v Sloveniji. Številne študije poročajo o pozitivnih učinkih križanja različnih mlečnih pasem govedi na lastnosti prireje, zdravja, dolgoživosti ter ekonomiko reje krav molznic. V analizo smo vključili 382.829 standardnih laktacij od 157.339 krav črno-bele in lisaste pasme ter križank med omenjenima dvema pasmama, ki so telile v letih 2010 do 2018. Živali smo razdelili v pet pasemskih razredov glede na delež črno-bele pasme. V statistični model smo kot sistematske vplive vključili pasmo, zaporedno telitev, vpliva leta telitve ter meseca telitve smo ugnezdili znotraj pasme, naključni del modela pa je sestavljal vpliv dolžine laktacije. Ugotovili smo, da se je skupaj s povečevanjem deleža črno-bele pasme, povečevala tudi mlečnost živali ter prireja maščob (kg) in beljakovin (kg) v standardni laktaciji, zniževal pa se je delež maščob in beljakovin (%) v mleku. Mlečnost v standardni laktaciji je bila praviloma najnižja pri prvesnicah, najvišja pa pri kravah v tretji zaporedni laktaciji. Podobno velja za lastnosti količine prirejenih maščob in beljakovin v 305 dneh. Na količino prirejenega mleka, maščob in beljakovin je poleg pasme in zaporedne telitve statistično značilno vplivala tudi sezona telitve. Pri vseh pasemskih skupinah krav smo ugotovili tudi porast v količini prirejenega mleka v standardni laktaciji v tem obdobju. Fenotipske korelacije med posameznimi parametri prireje znotraj posameznih pasemskih razredov so bile statistično značilne (p

Pri gradnji hlevov za govedo je vedno več poudarka na zdravju, udobju in dobrem počutju živali. Upoštevati moramo zoo-higienske normative in živalim omogočiti njihovo naravno vedenje. V prvem delu diplomske naloge smo preučili različne sisteme uhlevitve krav molznic in se seznanili s sodobnimi sistemi molzišč. Preučili smo funkcionalne elemente, ki jih sodoben hlev s prosto rejo govedi mora vključevati. V drugem delu naloge predstavljamo trenutno stanje na družinski kmetiji Bebar. Na kmetiji se ukvarjajo s prirejo mleka in vzrejo govejih pitancev. Stalež živali na kmetiji se giblje okoli 90 glav. Reja krav molznic poteka v zastarelem hlevu na vezano rejo. Pripravili smo idejni načrt rekonstrukcije hleva, ki bo živalim predstavljal večje udobje, hkrati pa zmanjšal ročno delo ljudi. Predlog je, da se obstoječemu hlevu dozida prizidek, v katerem bo 40 globokih ležalnih boksov za krave molznice in molzišče ribja kost 2 x 3. Tla hleva bodo betonska in se bodo čistila z mehanskimi pehali. V novem hlevu bo krmilna miza, porodnišnica in prostor za bolne živali ter boksi za mlado živino. Novorojena teleta bodo nameščena v individualnih boksih zunaj hleva. V nalogi je poleg hleva za krave molznice, podan tudi predlog uhlevitve mlade živine. Building cattle barns nowadays focuses more and more on health, comfort and well-being of the animals. Since we need to take the zoo-hygienic norms into consideration and enable the animals to express their natural behaviour. In the first part of diploma thesis we studied various housing systems for dairy cattle and got familiar with modern milking systems. We studied the functional elements, which need to be included in a modern free barn for the cattle. In the second part of this thesis I present the current state on the family farm Bebar. The main focus of the farm is milk production and fattening of bulls. On the farm we have always around 90 cattle. The rearing of dairy cows is currently happening in the old barn, with a tied-in housing system. We prepared a design for the reconstruction of the barn, which will raise the well-being and comfort of the animals while simultaneously lowering the amount of labour needed for maintenance. The proposal is to build an extension to the existing barn, with 40 deep lying cubicles for dairy cows, as well as a fishbone milking station 2x3. The floor of the barn will be concrete, which will enable us to clean it with mechanical manure pushers. The new part of the barn will hold the feeding area, calving area as well as a separate room for sick animals as well as cubicles for young cattle. New-born calves will be accommodated in separate cubicles outside of the barn. The thesis consists of the dairy barn design as well as the proposal of the young cattle enclosures.

Na osnovi poglobljenega pregleda literature ugotavljamo, da je potrebno pri načrtovanju hleva za krave molznice upoštevati vidik živali, rejca in okolja. Na kmetiji Cveček (po domače Lacnej) se ukvarjamo s tržno prirejo mleka. Redimo krave črno-bele in lisaste pasme. Trenutno se soočamo s problemom prenaseljenosti živali v obstoječem hlevu. V okviru zmožnosti kmetije in dosedanjih izkušenj s prosto rejo na ležalne bokse, smo se odločili za gradnjo novega hleva za krave molznice na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi, s tem, da bomo uvedli sistem avtomatizirane molže (2 molzna robota), kar nam bo omogočilo več časa za oskrbo in nadzor živali. Separacijski boks bo omogočal tudi individualni pristop. Z novim hlevom bomo na kmetiji dosegali boljše reprodukcijske rezultate (manj tihih pojatev, krajša doba med telitvama, …), večjo prirejo kakovostnega mleka kot rezultat več prostora, daljšega zauživanja krme, večjega udobja pri počivanju in manj izločitev (manj poškodb, manj presnovnih motenj, večja higiena, …). Vse to se bo odrazilo v boljših ekonomskih rezultatih kmetije. Po preselitvi krav v novo zgrajeni hlev, bomo obstoječi hlev za krave molznice preuredili v hlev za mlado živino in posebej uredili tudi prostor za teleta. Based on an in-depth literature review, B. Sc. Thesis argues that aspects of animals, breeders, and the environment must be taken into account when planning a new barn for dairy cows. At the farm Cvecek (locally known as Lacnej) we are engaged in the market production of milk. We breed Holstein and Simmental cows. We are currently facing the problem of overcrowding of animals in the existing barn. Within the capabilities of the farm and previous experience with free-barn with cubicles, we decided to build a new freewalk barn for dairy cows with cubicles, by introducing an automated milking system (AMS). This will include 2 milking robots, which will allow us more time for animal care and monitoring of cows. Separation boxing will also allow for an individual approach. With the new barn we will achieve better reproductive results on the farm (less cows with silent heat, the shorter calving interval,…), higher production of quality milk as a result of more space, longer feed consumption, greater comfort at rest, and less excretion (less damage, less metabolic disorders, better hygiene…). All these issues will result in better economic results of the farm. After moving the cows to the newly built barn, we will convert the existing barn for dairy cows into a barn for heifers and also arrange a separate space for calves.

Na kmetijah, ki se ukvarjajo s tržno prirejo mleka, je zagotavljanje dobrega počutja in ustreznega zdravja krav molznic ključnega pomena za uspešno prirejo mleka. Zaradi velikih dnevnih nihanj temperature in vlage ter hitrih vremenskih sprememb, je živalim težko zagotoviti primerno mikroklimo v hlevu. Poleg vremenskih dejavnikov velik problem predstavljajo stari in prenatrpani hlevi za krave molznice. Zato so živali v takih pogojih še toliko bolj izpostavljene neugodni mikroklimi hleva in pojavnosti vročinskega stresa poleti, ki imajo za posledico manjšo mlečnost, slabšo vsebnost mleka, veliko slabšo koncepcijo ob osemenitvi, slabše počutje in zdravje živali. Vse to vodi v ekonomske izgube na kmetiji. V okviru mednarodnega projekta FreeWalk smo na kmetiji Zore v obdobju od leta 2018 do 2020, enkrat mesečno na 9 mestih v hlevu spremljali temperaturo zraka, relativno zračno vlago in hitrost pretoka zraka ter temperaturno vlažnostni indeks (THI). Poleg omenjenih meritev smo v hlevu z datalogerjem beležili temperaturo in vlago s polurnimi zamiki. S pomočjo rezultatov kontrole produktivnosti smo spremljali količino in vsebnosti v mleku v povezavi s parametri mikroklime hleva. Ugotovili smo, da se pri vrednosti THI nad 72, zmanjšajo predvsem vsebnosti maščob in beljakovin v mleku. On dairy farms, ensuring the well-being and proper health of dairy cows is crucial for successful milk production. Due to large daily fluctuations in temperature and humidity and rapid weather changes, it is difficult to provide animals with a suitable microclimate in the barn. In addition to weather factors, big problem for dairy cows are old and overcrowded stables. Therefore, animals in such conditions are even more exposed to the unfavourable microclimate of the barn and the occurrence of heat stress in summer, which results in lower milk yield, poorer milk content, much poorer conception at insemination, poorer animal welfare and health. All this leads to economic losses on the farm. As part of the international FreeWalk project, we monitored air temperature, relative humidity and air flow rate, and the temperature humidity index (THI) at 9 places in the barn of dairy cows at the farm Zore in the period from 2018 to 2020. In addition to the mentioned measurements, temperature and humidity were recorded in the barn with a data logger with half-hour intervals. Using the results of milk recording, we monitored the milk yield and milk content of dairy cows in relation to the microclimate parameters of the barn. We found that when the THI value is above 72, the fat and protein content in milk decreases.

Molzni roboti v čredah krav molznic so se pojavili pred več kot 20 leti in postopoma prevzeli delo molznika. Razvoj in avtomatizacija molznih robotov je bila v tem času izjemna. Podporna orodja, računalniški programi ter možnost spremljanja količine in kakovosti mleka ob vsaki molži na molznem robotu dajejo rejcu veliko število podatkov in stalen vpogled v spremembe pri kravah v čredi ter omogočajo izboljšave v managementu. Na kmetiji Pr' Čuk smo v letu 2012 zgradili nov hlev za krave molznice črno-bele pasme, kjer molža poteka na molznem robotu znamke Fullwood z nameščenim 'Fullexpert IMA' analizatorjem mleka. S pomočjo le-tega imamo stalen pregled nad čredo in lahko na osnovi količine ter vsebnosti mleka po vsaki molži na molznem robotu prepoznamo znake bolezni, pojatev in druge spremembe pri kravah molznicah v zgodnji fazi. Rezultati, pridobljeni s pomočjo 'Fullexpert IMA' analizatorja mleka na molznem robotu, se dobro ujemajo z uradnimi rezultati kontrole produktivnosti po metodi AT4, kar potrjuje relevantnost in uporabno vrednost teh podatkov za namen izboljšanja vodenja črede. V obravnavanem obdobju smo na molznem robotu v povprečju namolzli 25,5 kg mleka na dan s povprečno vsebnostjo 3,85 % maščob, 3,20 % beljakovin in 4,44 % laktoze ter prevodnostjo 9,06 mmho. Krave so v povprečju opravile 2,54 molž na dan. Celodnevni čas za molžo na molznem robotu je v povprečju znašal 17,4 ± 5,4 minut. Milking machines in herds of milking cows have appeared more than 20 years ago and have gradually replaced hand milking. In that time, the scale of development and automation of milking robots has been astounding. Supporting tools, computer programmes and the ability to monitor the quantity as well as the quality of milk from every milking, are of great help for the user. Namely, these tools give the farmer a large number of useful data, a constant insight into the condition of the herd and a possibility to make necessary managing adjustments. On our farm, called Pr’Čuk, we have built a new barn for our black and white milking cows in 2012. Since then, we have been milking with a Fullwood milking robot with the FullexpertIMA milk analyser. With the help of the latter, we can constantly supervise the condition of each cow in our herd and we can detect early signs of disease, estrus and other changes in cows by monitoring the quantity and content of milk after every milking. The results, obtained with the help of the milking robot and of FullexpertIMA milk analyser, match with those obtained through official productivity control, carried out with the AT4 method. This proves the relevance and usefulness of the data from the milk analyser, which enables relevant improvements in herd management. In the given period, we have milked an average of 25.5 kg of milk daily. On average, this milk contained: 3.85% fat, 3.20% protein and 4.44 ± 0.31% lactose, with a conductance of 9.06 mmho. The cows have undergone an average of 2.54 milking a day, with the daily milking time of 17.4 ± 5.4 minutes.

Zanimanje za uporabo sodobne senzorske tehnologije pri reji krav molznic je vedno večje, predvsem zaradi povečevanja števila živali v posamezni čredi. Poleg pedometrov in ovratnic s senzorji, na tržišče prihajajo tudi ušesne značke s senzorji. Eno takih smo preizkusili tudi v naši raziskavi v okviru mednarodnega projekta 2 ORG-COWS z namenom potrditi uporabnost senzorske tehnologije pri izboljšanju upravljanja v čredi krav molznic ter pravočasnem ukrepanju ob predvidenih in nepredvidenih dogodkih v čredi. Podatke o obnašanju krav molznic s pomočjo Agis senzorjev smo zbirali dve leti pri 74-tih kravah molznicah treh različnih pasem (rjava, črno bela, lisasta) na dveh visokogorskih kmetijah v Idrijskih Krnicah. Na osnovi velikega števila podatkov (N=24.241 dni) zbranih s pomočjo teh senzorjev, smo ugotovili, da so živali v povprečju počivale 7 ur, za prežvekovanje so porabile 7,5 ur, za zauživanje obroka 5,5 ur, za gibanje 2 uri in za povečano aktivnost (obnašanje ob pojatvi) 2 uri. Do sprememb v obnašanju pride ob različnih dogodkih, kot so telitev, pojatev ali pojav bolezni oz. poškodb. Ob telitvi krave manj časa prežvekujejo in so bolj aktivne. V času pojatve so krave bolj aktivne, manj časa pa porabijo za zauživanje krme in prežvekovanje. Uporabnosti senzorske tehnologije za pravočasno prepoznavanje bolezenskega stanja živali nismo mogli potrditi, predvsem zaradi majhnega števila živali, ki so v tem času zbolele. S statističnim modelom, v katerega smo vključili vpliv rejca, pasme, zaporedne laktacije, stadija laktacije in načina reje (paša/hlev) smo pojasnili med 9,21 in 15,48 % variabilnosti za posamezne vzorce obnašanja. Razlike med razredi pri vplivih so bile statistično značilne (p

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil predstaviti različne sisteme uhlevitve krav molznic ter opredeliti prednosti in slabosti posameznega sistema. Zanimalo nas je, kako različni sistemi reje vplivajo na dobro počutje živali, na njihovo zdravje ter proizvodne rezultate. V Sloveniji na govedorejskih kmetijah prevladujejo manjši hlevi z vezano rejo. Na kmetijah, ki se odločajo za povečanje črede in povečanje obsega prireje mleka, pa uvajajo sodobnejše sisteme namestitve živali v prosti reji z ležalnimi boksi ali brez njih. V nalogi predstavljamo različne sisteme reje za krave molznice in mlado živino, bodisi hleve na prosto rejo z ležalnimi boksi, na globokem nastilu ali celo v kombinaciji z izpusti na pašo. Opisujemo tudi novejše sisteme, kot so bolj uporabni kompostni hlevi ter sodobni in inovativni hlevi iz Nizozemske, tako imenovani ''kravji vrtovi''. Predstaviljamo tudi nekaj primerov dobrih praks za doseganje optimalnih pogojev reje glede zdravja in dobrobiti živali, doseganja ustreznih higienskih standardov v hlevu ter pozitivnih in neškodljivih vplivov namestitev živali na okolje. Z upoštevanjem teh dejavnikov lahko optimiziramo določen način reje živali ter dosegamo uspešno proizvodnost v sistemih, ki so živalim in okolju prijazni. The aim of graduation thesis was to present the different housing systems of dairy cows and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each system. We were interested in how different housing systems of dairy cows effect on animal welfare, animal health and production results. In Slovenia, on farms with cattle are dominated by smaller and tied-in housing system. On the farms that are choosing to enlarge the herd and increase the volume of milk production, they are introducing more modern systems of housing for animals in free barns with or without cubicles. In this graduation thesis we present different housing systems for dairy cows and young stock, either free barn with cubicles, free barn on depth straw or even combination with grazing and access to pasture. We also introduced innovative housing systems such as useful compost barns and modern barns from the Netherlands, the so-called ‘’Cow Garden’’ housing system. We also presented some examples of good practices for achieving optimal housing and rearing conditions in the context of animal health and welfare, achieving adequate hygiene standards in barns and the positive and harmless effects of animal placement on the environment. With these factors in mind we can optimize a particular animal husbandry and achieve successful productivity in systems that are animal and environmentally friendly.

Namen diplomske naloge je bilo ugotoviti, kateri so glavni vzroki za predolgo dobo med telitvama in poslabšanje plodnosti pri kravah molznicah. Rejci namenjajo premalo pozornost managementu in selekciji v njihovih čredah. Za izboljšanje plodnosti bi rejci morali živali selekcionirati na dolgoživost in lastnosti nog. S primerno prehrano in vhlevitvijo vplivamo na optimalno delovanje hormonov, ki so povezani z reprodukcijo. Rejci zaradi vse večjih čred in vedno več dela na njihovih kmetijah premalo pozornosti namenjajo odkrivanju pojatev in imajo premalo časa za opazovanje živali. Na račun tega je veliko pojatev spregledanih. Zelo pomembno je tudi, da redno izvajamo korekcijo parkljev, saj samo zdrave živali, ki nimajo težav pri hoji, lahko izkazujejo znake pojatve. V poletnih mesecih moramo živalim zagotoviti primerno mikro-klimo in z zadostnim zračenjem preprečiti pojav vročinskega stresa. Veliko napak v čredah krav molznic je narejenih v dobi presušitve, saj se posledice teh napak odražajo v slabši plodnosti pri teh kravah v naslednji laktaciji. Prehrana in oskrba živali v dobi presušitve je osnova za prirejo mleka, dobro plodnost in zdravje živali v naslednji laktaciji. Živali po telitvi hujšajo, zato pogosto zapadejo v negativno energetsko bilanco. Zaradi nepravilne oskrbe s hranili pred porodom, lahko živali po telitvi zapadejo v bolezenska stanja kot so ketoza, acidoza, poporodna mrzlica, mastitis, … Z uporabo različnih senzorjev za spremljanje aktivnosti si lahko olajšamo ugotavljanje pojatev v čredi. Plodnost je potrebno z različnimi strategijami izboljšati, saj si rejci na račun slabe plodnosti njihovih krav delajo velike izgube in nepotrebne stroške. The purpose of this graduation thesis was to find out what are the main reasons for too calving interval and deterioration of fertility at dairy cows. Breeders not intend enough attention to management and selection in their herds. To improve fertility, breeders should select animals for their longevity and feet & legs characteristics. With optimal nutrition and housing systems for dairy cows, breeders influence on optimal functioning of hormones, which are important for reproduction and fertility of cows. Due to growing herds and increasing work on their farms, breeders are paying too little attention to discovering animals in heat and they have too little time to observe the animals. That’s the reason that many of cows in heat are overlooked. It is also very important that we regularly perform the correction of hoof, since only healthy animals have no problems with locomotion and they can show signs of heat. During the summer, we have to assure that animals have suitable micro-climate conditions and with appropriate ventilation to avoid heat stress. Many mistakes in dairy herds are made during the drying-off period, as the consequences of these mistakes are reflected in the poor fertility of these cows in the next lactation. The feeding and animal care in the drying-off period is the basis for milk production, good fertility and animal health in the next lactation. Animals lose weight after calving, so they often fall into a negative energy balance. Due to improper nutrient supply before calving, animals after calving may fall into different health problems like ketosis, acidosis, milk fever, mastitis… With using different sensors to monitor activity, we can easier identify cows in heat in our herds. Fertility needs to be improved through different strategies, as breeders incur considerable losses and unnecessary costs at the expense of the poor fertility of their cows.

Pri gradnji in rekonstrukciji hlevov se vedno več poudarka namenja dobremu počutju in ugodju krav molznic v hlevih. Pri načrtovanju hleva je potrebno upoštevati zahteve in zoo-higienske normative, ki bodo živalim zagotavljale čim večji komfort, možnost gibanja in počitka ter izražanja vzorcev normalnega obnašanja. V prvem delu diplomskega dela predstavljamo elemente, ki jih je potrebno upoštevati, da dosežemo zgoraj naštete dejavnike. Predstavljamo različne sisteme namestitve krav molznic in molzišč. V drugem delu diplomskega dela predstavljamo idejni načrt preureditve hleva za krave molznice na družinski kmetiji Šebat, kjer imamo star in nefunkcionalen hlev na vezano rejo. S preureditvijo na prosto rejo bi radi živalim zagotovili večji komfort ter celotni družini olajšali fizično delo v hlevu. Idejni načrt smo naredili za 31 krav molznic in 12 telic. Hlev bi radi preuredili tako, da bi staro stavbo zaradi omejenega prostora čim manj spreminjali. V starem hlevu bi uredili ležalne bokse ter blatni hodnik z rešetkami. Poleg tega bi radi uredili molzišče 'ribja kost' 2 x 3. V načrtu smo pripravili tudi predlog ureditve hleva za mlado živino. In the construction and reconstruction of stables, more and more emphasis is placed on the well being and comfort of dairy cows in the barns. When designing the barn, the requirements and zoo-hygiene standards must be followed to provide the animals with maximum comfort, the ability to move and rest, and to express patterns of their normal behavior. In the first part of the B. Sc. Thesis the elements that must be taken into consideration to achieve all of the above-mentioned factors are presented. We present different housing systems and milking parlours. In the second part of the B. Sc. Thesis we present an outline plan to reconstruct the barn for dairy cows on the family farm Šebat, where we have an old and non-functional tied-in housing system. With the reconstruction to free stall, we would provide bigger comfort for dairy cows and make the family's physical work easier. The conceptual design was made for 31 dairy cows and 12 heifers. We would like to reconstruct the barn in such a way that wouldn't change the old building much because of the limited space around it. We would like to have to set cubicles and passageways with slatted floor for dairy cows. For milking we would like to arrange a ‘fish-bone milking parlour (2 x 3 layout)’. The plan also includes a proposal for the arrangement of a barn for young cattle.

V diplomskem delu smo za obdobje 9 let (od 2010 do 2018) analizirali podatke mlečnosti, plodnosti in dolgoživosti krav molznic na ekološki kmetiji Bogata v Bovcu. V analiziranem obdobju se je število krav molznic na tej kmetiji gibalo med 76 in 106 glav, povprečna mlečnost v standardni laktaciji pa se je gibala med 5.463 kg mleka v letu 2014 do 6.757 kg mleka v letu 2010. Povprečna skupna količina proizvedenega mleka na leto v obravnavanem obdobju je znašala 518.047 kg. Povprečna vsebnost maščobe v mleku je v obravnavanem obdobju znašala 3,57 %, povprečna vsebnost beljakovin pa 3,15 %. Obrat črede se je gibal med 8,3 % v letu 2010 in 25,9 % v letu 2017. Poporodni premor je trajal od 120 dni v letu 2017 do 206 dni v letu 2014, doba med telitvama pa se je gibala med 400 dnevi v letu 2017 in 489 dnevi v letu 2014. V analiziranem obdobju so na kmetiji izločili 163 krav molznic, pri katerih so bili trije najpogostejši vzroki za izločitev in sicer bolezni in poškodbe parkljev ter nog, plodnostne motnje in starost. Povprečna starost izločenih krav ob izločitvi je znašala 2.913 dni, povprečna življenjska mlečnost teh krav pa je znašala 33.942 kg mleka. Izločene krave v tem obdobju so na molzni dan namolzle 17,6 kg mleka, na krmni dan 15,58 kg mleka in na življenjski dan 9,79 kg mleka. Preživitvena sposobnost molznic se je z vsakim dopolnjenim letom po prvi telitvi vztrajno zmanjševala. Od krav, ki so prvič telile v letu 2010, jih je 8 let dopolnilo le 20 %. In the graduation thesis we analysed milk production, fertility and longevity of dairy cows on organic dairy farm Bogata in Bovec for the period of nine years (2010-2018). In this period the number of dairy cows on the farm varied between 76 and 106, the average milk yield in the standard lactation period varied from 5,463 kg in 2014 and 6,757 kg in 2010. The average total milk production in the analysed period was 518,047 kg per year, with the average fat content of 3.57 % and protein content of 3.15 %. Replacement rate varied between 8.3 % in 2010 and 25.9 % in 2017. The period between calving and the next conception date was at its shortest in 2017 with 120 days and the longest in 2014 with 206 days, while the average period between the calving’s was between 400 days in 2017 and 489 days in 2014. In the analysed period there was 163 cows culled from the farm due to the three most common reasons - diseases and damage of hooves and legs, reproduction disorders and age. The cows were culled at the average age of 2,913 days and their average life milk yield was 33,942 kg of milk. In this period the culled cows produced in average 17.6 kg of milk per milking day, 15.58 kg of milk per feeding day and 9.97 kg of milk per life day. The survival of cows was reducing intensively with each year after the first calving. Only 20 % of cows that calved for the first time in 2010 reached the age of 8 years.

V diplomskem delu smo razvili linearni model za sestavo letnega in zimskega krmnega obroka. Krmni obrok je bil sestavljen za krave molznice na primeru lastne konvencionalne kmetije. Ker vemo, da cene pri prodaji mleka zelo nihajo, je potrebna prilagoditev na optimiranje stroškov. Različni avtorji poudarjajo, da lahko stroški krmnega obroka dosežejo tudi do 65 % vseh skupnih stroškov prireje. Iz tega vidika je torej optimiran krmni obrok izjemnega pomena. Minimizirali smo stroške krmnega obroka in ga naredili ustreznejšega z vidika hranilnih vrednosti. V Microsoft Office Excelu smo razvili program in s pomočjo Reševalnika, ki je eno izmed osnovnih Excelovih orodij, dobili najustreznejše obroke, ki so pokrili vse potrebe po hranilnih snoveh. Za krmo, ki jo pridelamo doma: travno silažo, seno in pašo, smo izračunali lastno ceno, za vso ostalo krmo in dodatke pa smo uporabili nabavno ceno. Primerjali smo krmni obrok, ki je trenutno pokladan na kmetiji in krmni obrok, ki smo ga s pomočjo linearnega programa sestavili. In this reserach, we developed a linear model fort he design fort he annual and winter feed meals. A forage meal was designed on the basis of dairy cows of own conventional farm. While prices in milk sales are fluctuating, adjustment to cost optimization is needed. Diffrent authors are pointing out that feeding costs can reach up to 65 % of total production costs, and that's why an optimized feed meal is very important. We minimized the cost of feeding meal and made it more appropriate to nutrution value. We developed a program Microsoft Office Excel and with the help of one of the basic Excel tools, we got the cheapest meals that covered all the needs for nutrients in the meals. For feed produced at home, grass silage, hay and pasture, we calculated our own price and for all other feed and the additions, the purchase pride was usef. At the end, we compared the feed meal, wich is currently harvested on the farm and the feed meal, wich was designed with the help of our linear model that we have designed.

Na kmetijah, ki se ukvarjajo s tržno prirejo mleka in rejo krav molznic, se vse več pozornosti namenja dobremu počutju in zdravju visoko-produktivnih krav ter mlade živine. Z najsodobnejšimi sistemi namestitve živali v hlevih na prosto rejo, zagotavljamo živalim čim večji komfort, veliko prostora za gibanje in počitek, dovolj svetlobe preko dneva in zadostno izmenjavo svežega zraka. Vse to prispeva k boljši produktivnosti, večji mlečnosti, boljši plodnosti, zdravju in počutju živali, kar se odraža tudi v večjih prihodkih na taki kmetiji. V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo sodobne sisteme proste reje za krave molznice in mlado živino, različne sisteme molže, ležišč, funkcionalnih področij hleva in zoo-higienske dejavnike hleva. V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo tudi najnovejša sistema proste reje t.i. 'kravji vrt' in 'plavajočo farmo', ki je locirana v pristanišču v Rotterdamu na Nizozemskem. V drugem delu diplomske naloge predstavljamo idejni načrt hleva za 75 visoko-produktivnih krav molznic in hleva za mlado živino. Na kmetiji Maleš imamo trenutno vezano rejo. Radi bi zgradili nov modernejši hlev na prosto rejo, ki bo živalim omogočal boljše pogoje reje, nam pa lažje delo. Poleg hleva bomo zgradili laguno in manjše gnojišče za gnoj iz globokega nastilja. V hlevu bodo nameščena pehala za odstranjevanje gnoja in urina. Za molžo krav molznic bomo uporabili molzni robot. V hlevu bo poseben prostor za krave ob porodu t.i. porodnišnica, ki bo na globokem nastilju. V starem hlevu bomo uredili prostor za mlado živino. On farms dealing with market milk production and breeding dairy cows, more and more attention is paid to the well-being and health of high-productive cows and young stock. With modern loose housing systems for cattle, we provide high comfort for dairy cows, plenty of space for movement and rest, enough light over the day and sufficient exchange of fresh air. It’s all contribute to better productivity, higher milk production, better fertility, health and welfare of animals, which is also reflected in higher income on such farm. In our thesis, modern loose housing system for dairy cows and young cattle, various systems of milking, lying pens, functional areas of barns and zoo-hygienic factors of stables are presented. In the thesis, the newest housing systems for dairy cows, i.e. "the cow garden" and "the floating farm", located in a port in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, are presented. In the second part of the graduation thesis, the conceptual design of a stable for 75 high-productive dairy cows and young cattle is presented. On the family farm Maleš, we currently have tied-in housing system for cattle. We would like to build a new modern free stall for dairy cows and young stock, which will provide the animals better conditions and easier work for us. Next to the stable, we will build a slurry lagoon and a small manure storage. In the stable, there will be a transporter for the removal of manure and urine. A milking robot will be used for milking dairy cows. In the stable will be a special place for cows at calving, i.e. a calving pen with deep straw bedding. In the old stable, we will arrange place for young cattle.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil, da predstavimo projekt novogradnje kompostnega hleva za rejo krav molznic, kot nov tip objekta, ki se pri nas šele uveljavlja. Na obravnavani kmetiji so se odločili za nov kompostni hlev, ker želijo povečati število živali, olajšati fizično delo ljudi in izboljšati način reje. S tem bodo prešli iz reje privezanih krav molznic na rejo neprivezanih krav. Trenutno imajo v hlevu 26 krav, v novem hlevu pa bo prostor za maksimalno 62 živali, od tega za 50 krav molznic in za 12 plemenskih telic. Za tip ležalnega prostora s kompostom so se odločili, ker želijo živalim nuditi maksimalno udobje in s tem vplivati na njihovo proizvodnost. Ob slednjem povečanju črede, bodo postopoma povečevali tudi obdelovalne njivske površine z dokupom oziroma zakupom. The aim of the diploma thesis was to present a project for the new construction of a cattle compost barn. This type of object has already been recognized in Slovenia. The farm decided to build a new compost barn in order to increase the number of animals, to reduce the physical work of people and to improve the way of framing. Therfore, they are changing the breeding of tie – stall dairy cows to free – stall dairy cows. At the moment there are 26 cows in the stable, while in the new one there will be place for maximum 62 animals, of which 50 for dairy cows and 12 for breeding heifers. They decided to build the compost bedded – pack barn to offer maximum comfort to the animals, thereby affecting their productivity. By increasing the herd, they also going to purchase or lease additional fields.

V diplomski nalogi smo naredili pregled literature na temo ekološke prireje mleka in v okviru tega izvedli analizo proizvodnih rezultatov na dveh slovenskih ekoloških kmetijah usmerjenih v tržno prirejo ekološkega mleka. Pri pregledu strokovne literature smo poskušali pridobiti najnovejše ugotovitve vezane na prirejo ekološkega mleka pri nas in drugod in cene ekološkega mleka v nekaterih državah Evropske unije. Opisali smo tudi razlike med ekološkim in konvencionalnim načinom prireje mleka ter razlike v kakovosti ekološkega mleka v primerjavi s konvencionalnim mlekom. V analizo smo vključili dve slovenski ekološki kmetiji, ki se ukvarjata s tržno prirejo ekološkega mleka. Kmetiji sta se za usmeritev v ekološki način kmetovanja odločili leta 1999. Na kmetiji Meden redijo krave rjave pasme, na kmetiji Kocjančič pa krave črno-bele pasme in križanke. Preučili smo proizvodne rezultate prireje ekološkega mleka za obdobje 2010 do 2017 na teh dveh kmetijah. Na obeh kmetijah imajo še veliko možnosti za izboljšave, ki bi pripomogle k izboljšanju proizvodnih rezultatov na obeh kmetijah. Na kmetijah bi lahko bolje izkoriščali travinje (dosejavanje trave, uporaba različnih ekoloških mineralnih gnojil, …), kar bi pripeljalo do bolj kakovostne doma pridelane krme in hkrati višje mlečnosti črede. Lahko bi zmanjšali izgube dohodka z znižanjem starosti krav ob prvi telitvi, skrajšali dobo med dvema telitvama in čas, ki preteče do prve osemenitve. In the thesis, we make a review of the literature related to organic milk production and analysis of organic milk production of two Slovenian organic dairy farms, which are oriented towards the production of organic milk. In the review of literature, we tried to obtain the most recent findings, which has related to the production of organic milk in Slovenia and in the world, and what is the organic milk price in some countries of the European Union. We also mentioned differences between the organic and conventional way of milk production and differences in quality of organic milk compared to conventional milk. In the analysis, we included two Slovenian organic dairy farms that are rearing dairy cows and selling organic milk on the market. In 1999, these two farms decided for the transition to organic farming. Family farm Meden breeds Brown Swiss cows, while in the farm Kocjančič they rear Holstein-Friesian cows and crossbreeds. We examined the production of organic milk for these two farms in the period 2010 - 2017. On both farms, there are still many opportunities for improvement, which could improve production results on both farms. On the farms, they could better use grasslands (attaining grass, application of organic mineral fertilizes, …), which could consequently also lead to better quality of forage and higher milk yields on farms. They could reduce income losses by lowering the heifer age at first calving, shortening the calving interval and days open.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil prikazati sisteme reje krav molznic in dejavnike, ki vplivajo na njihovo zdravje in počutje. Med te dejavnike, ki so skupaj s priporočenimi normativi opisani v prvem delu naloge, spadajo mikro-klima v hlevu, ležalni boksi oz. prostor za počitek, krmilna miza oz. prostor za zauživanje krme in napajalniki s pitno vodo, tla v hlevu, osvetlitev, molža ter najpogostejša obolenja, ki se pojavljajo pri molznicah: mastitis in obolenja parkljev. V drugem delu naloge smo prikazali sisteme reje na štirih v tržno prirejo mleka usmerjenih kmetijah z območja Koroške regije. Na teh kmetijah smo skupaj z rejci opravili strokovne ocene razmer njihovih hlevov in namestitve krav molznic. Iz rezultatov ocen razmer v hlevih, opravljenih na teh 4 kmetijah ugotavljamo, da so sistemi na prosto rejo živalim udobnejši, kot sistemi na vezano rejo, da se novejši hlevi gradijo s poudarkom na udobju in funkcionalnosti in so zato boljši od starejših hlevov. Ugotovili smo, da se rejci zavedajo pomembnosti udobja (komforta za živali), varne, higienične reje in da takšen sistem reje prinaša boljše proizvodne rezultate ter manj zdravstvenih težav. Zaradi tega rejci strmijo po izboljšanju namestitve njihovih živali in novogradnji hlevov. The goal of graduation thesis was to present the systems of rearing of dairy cows and the factors, which influenced on their health and well-being. In the first part of this thesis recommended standards and factors as micro-climate in the stable, the cubicles respectively the place for resting, feeding alley respectively feeding area, drinking troughs with drinkable water, floor in the barn, lighting, milking, and the most common diseases which emerge among dairy cows: mastitis and hoof diseases are described. In the second part of the thesis, the system of rearing and housing on four dairy farms from the Carinthia region, which are specialized to milk production, are presented. Together with the breeders, we performed the professional evaluation of conditions in their barns and placing their dairy cows and young stock at these farms. Based on results of the analyses that were made on these four farms, we ascertained that free housing systems are more comfortable for the animals in comparison to the tie-stall housing system. Newer barns are built with the emphasis on the comfort and functionality and therefore newer barns are better for dairy cows than older barns. The breeders realize the importance of comfort for animals, safe and hygienic of rearing and that such a system of rearing and housing enables better production results and less problems with health. For this reason, the breeders look for the improvement of accommodation for their animals and they are building new barns.

Mlezivo je prvo mleko po telitvi in je življenjskega pomena za preživetje novorojenega teleta. Po svoji sestavi se precej razlikuje od običajnega mleka. Mlezivo vsebuje protitelesa (imunoglobuline), ki zagotavljajo primarno imunost teleta. Kakovost mleziva izražena na podlagi vsebnosti imunoglobulinov, je odvisna od več dejavnikov, kot so: dolžina suhe dobe, čas prve molže po telitvi, količina mleziva ob prvi molži, starost, pasma, zdravstveno stanje vimena, prepuščanje mleka pred telitvijo, prezgodnja telitev, vročinski stres, higiena molže in krmljenja. Teletom moramo v prvih urah zagotoviti dovolj visoko-kakovostnega mleziva. Koncentracija imunoglobulinov v mlezivu in absorpcijska sposobnost črevesja telet se slabšata iz ure v uro po telitvi, zato je pomembna pravočasna oskrba teleta z mlezivom. Kakovost mleziva na kmetijah lahko ugotavljamo s pomočjo pripomočkov kot sta refraktrometer ali kolostrometer. Za bolj precizne meritve pa uporabljamo laboratorijske analize mleziva. S pomočjo refraktometra ali kolostrometra lahko hitro ugotovimo, ali je mlezivo primerno za napajanje telet, ali ni. Mlezivo odlične kakovosti shranimo v zamrzovalnik in ga uporabimo, kadar nimamo na voljo mleziva primerne kakovosti oziroma v primeru pogina krave ob telitvi. Colostrum is the first milk after calving and is vital for the survival of a new born calf. Its components quite differ from the usual milk. Colostrum contains anti-bodies (immunoglobulins) which provide the calves with primary immunity. The colostrum quality expressed based on immunoglobulin content depends on many factors: the length of the dry period, the time of first milking after calving, the quantity of colostrum at first milking, age (parity), breed, health of the udder, leakage of milk before calving, premature calving (abortus), heat stress, milking and feeding hygiene. Calves need to get enough high quality colostrum in the first hours of their lives. The concentration of immunoglobulin in the colostrum and absorption ability of calf’s intestines deteriorate hour by hour after calving therefore it is important to give calves colostrum in time. Quality of colostrum on farms can be determined with equipment such as refractometer and colostrometer. Laboratory analysis of colostrum is used for more precise measuring. Refractometer and colostrometer help us determine whether colostrum is suitable for feeding calves. High quality colostrum can be stored in a freezer and used when there is not enough quality colostrum available or in the case of cow’s death at calving.

Intramammary infection and clinical mastitis in dairy cows leads to considerable economic losses for farmers. The somatic cell concentration in cow's milk has been shown to be an excellent indicator for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. In this study, a new somatic cell count index (SCCI) was proposed for the accurate prediction of milk yield losses caused by elevated somatic cell count (SCC). In all, 97238 lactations (55207 Holstein cows) from 2328 herds were recorded between 2010 and 2014 under different scenarios (high and low levels of SCC, four lactation stages, different milk yield intensities, and parities (1, 2, and _>3). The standard shape of the curve for SCC was determined using completed standard lactations of healthy cows. The SCCI was defined as the sum of the differences between the measured interpolated values of the natural logarithm of SCC (ln(SCC)) and the values for the standard shape of the curve for SCC for a particular period, divided by the total area enclosed by the standard curve and upper limit of ln(SCC)=10 for SCC. The phenotypic potential of milk yield (305-day milk yield - MY305) was calculated using regression coefficients estimated from the linear regression model for parity and breeding values of cows for milk yield. The extent of daily milk yield loss caused by increased SCC was found to be mainly related to the early stage of lactation. Depending on the possible scenarios, the estimated milk yield loss from MY305 for primiparous cows was at least 0.8 to 0.9 kg day -1 and for multiparous cows it ranged from 1.3 to 4.3 kg day-1. Thus, the SCCI was a suitable indicator for estimating daily milk yield losses associated with increased SCC and might provide farmers reliable information to take appropriate measures for ensuring good health of cows and reducing milk yield losses at the herd level.

Tako v Evropi kot v svetu postajajo črede krav molznic vse večje. Zaradi vse večjega števila živali na enem mestu ter zaradi potrebe po izboljšanju managementa v velikih čredah, je potreba po senzorski tehnologiji skoraj neizbežna. Senzorje največkrat povežemo z velikimi čredami, vendar so se zaradi nenehnega razvoja senzorskih in drugih pametnih tehnologij, ter posledično cenovne dostopnosti, le-ti razširili tudi na manjše črede. S pomočjo senzorjev in drugih pametnih tehnologij, kot so robotska molža, avtomatski krmilniki, avtomatsko napajanje in krmljenje telet, ter drugimi avtomatskimi postopki lahko učinkovito spremljamo dogajanja v čredi. S pomočjo senzorskih tehnologij lahko v zgodnji fazi odkrivamo določene zdravstvene težave, kot je npr. šepavost, odkrivamo pojatve, zaznamo začetek telitve, prisotnost stresa in še marsikaj drugega. Namen diplomskega dela je opisati in predstaviti nekaj najpogostejših tehnologij in senzorjev, ki jih rejci uporabljajo v čredah krav molznic, prednosti in slabosti teh senzorskih tehnologij ter predstaviti samo delovanje le teh. V diplomski nalogi želimo predstaviti tudi vpliv uporabe senzorjev ter drugih modernih tehnologij na same proizvodne rezultate ter na izboljšanje managementa v čredi krav molznic. As in Europe as in the world, dairy cattle herds are becoming larger and larger. Due to the increasing number of animals in one place and the need to improve management in large herds, the use of sensory technology is almost inevitable. Sensors are usually associated with large herds, but due to the constant development of sensors and other smart technologies, and consequently affordability, they have been extended to the smaller herds. Using sensors and other smart technologies such as robotic milking, automatic concentrate feeder for cows, automatic calf feeder, and other automated procedures, we can effectively monitor the events in the herd. With the help of sensors technologies, we can detect certain health problems at an early stage, such as, for example, laminitis, we detect oestrus or the beginning of calving, the presence of stress, and much more. The purpose of the B. Sc. Thesis is to describe and present some of the most common technologies and sensors used by breeders in dairy herds, the advantages and disadvantages of these sensors technologies, and to present the usage of them. In this B. Sc. Thesis, we want to present the influence of the use of sensors and other modern technologies on the production results themselves and on the improvement of management in the dairy cow herd.

The aim of the study was technological and economical analysis of free range cow breeding. The case study analyzed two different systems of holstein-fresian dairy cows breeding. The model total costs enterprise budget was developed for evaluation of economic feasibility of loose housing dairy cows in comparison with tied cow breeding system. Computer supported calculation enabled estimation of the most important economical parameters (net return, observed input parameters) loose housing system is economically feasible, if there is a minimum of 41 dairy cows with an average milk production of 8610 kg per cow. It was also established that cows need approximately 6 months to fully adapt to the loose hausing system. Cilj rada bila je usporedba između vezanog i slobodnog držanja krava. Koristeći “case study” pristup analizirane su tehnološko ekonomske značajke oba sustava držanja krava. Za oba sustava razvijena je modelna kalkulacija troškova proizvodnje koja omogoćava analizu nekih indikatora ekonomske efikasnosti proizvodnje (financijski rezultat, cijena koštanja, koeficijent ekonomičnosti). Rezultati pokazuju, da je sistem slobodnog držanja ekonomski opravdan za minimalno 41 muznu kravu u stadu s prosječnom proizvodnjom mlijeka 8 610 kg po grlu. Također smo ustanovili, potrebno je barem 6 mjeseci za potpunu prilagodbu životinja na slobodni sustav držanja.

Zdravje vimena in kakovost mleka sta zelo pomembna dejavnika, ki vplivata na uspešnost prireje mleka. V zadnjem desetletju se je zelo razširil in uveljavil avtomatski sistem molže, zato smo v diplomskem projektu analizirali vplive avtomatske molže na zdravje vimena in kakovost mleka. Avtomatski sistem molže pozitivno vpliva na stanje seskov in posledično na zdravje vimena (praktično ni več poškodb seskove odprtine), saj se ločeno molzejo posamezne četrti, ob tem da imajo nekateri roboti možno še nastavitev pulzacije glede na iztok mleka. Dobro stanje seskov pa pomeni manj vnetij vimena. Ena največjih prednosti tega sistema je povečanje mlečnosti na kravo, zaradi povečane frekvence molže. Na drugi strani pa pri robotu večji problem predstavlja čistoča vimena pred molžo. Zaenkrat ne obstajajo senzorji, ki bi določili kdaj je vime dovolj očiščeno, zato je pranje standardizirano ne glede na dejanske potrebe po pranju vimena in seskov. Zato je čistoča krav in vimena pri tem sistemu molže še toliko bolj pomembna. Slabša čistoča vimena vodi do slabše kakovosti mleka, saj večkrat pride do vdora bakterij skozi seskov kanal v mlečno cisterno, kar posledično privede do vnetja mlečne žleze. Pozitivni vpliv molže z robotom se odraža v povečani količini prirejenih maščob in beljakovin, negativno pa na povečanju količine prostih maščobnih kislin. Vendar pa se moramo pri teh raziskavah zavedati, da je veliko faktorjev, ki se med seboj prepletajo in vplivajo na rezultate prireje mleka na posamezni kmetiji in moramo zato pri interpretaciji le teh biti previdni. Udder health and milk quality are very important factors that affect milk production. In the last decade, the automatic milking system has become very popular and well established. For these reasons, we decided to analyse the influence of automatic milking on udder health and milk quality. Automatic milking system has a positive effect on the condition of the teats and consequently on the health of the udder (there is practically no more damage to the teat opening), since individual quarters are milked separately and some robots have the possibility to adjust the pulsation according to the milk outflow. Good condition of the teat also means less mastitis. One of the biggest advantage of this system is increased milk yield per cow, due to increase of the milking frequency. On the other hand, the cleanliness of the udder prior to the milking, poses a big problem when it is done with robots. At the moment there are no sensors that would determine if the udder is sufficiently clean, so the washing is standardised irrespective of the actual needs for washing of udder and teats. Therefore, the cleanliness of the cows and their udders is even more important in this milking system. Poor cleanliness of the udder leads to lower quality of milk, as this cause more frequent enter of bacteria through the teat canal into the gland cistern, which in turn leads to the inflammation of the mammary gland. The positive impact of milking robot is reflected in the increased amount of fat and protein content and the negative impact is reflected in the increased amount of free fatty acids. However, when carrying out these surveys we need to acknowledge that several factors are intertwined and have effect on the results of dairying in a single farm. We must therefore be careful when interpreting these factors.

Cilj preučevanja je primerjava proizvodnih lastnosti krav lisaste pasme (LS) in križank z lisasto pasmo (LSX) glede na izvor očeta. V proučevanje smo vključili 100 krav (49 krav LS in 51 LSX), ki so prvič telile od leta 1994 do vključno 2014 na eni kmetiji, kjer so bile v enaki oskrbi z enakimi pogoji reje. Preučevali smo 7 lastnosti, ki se nanašajo na količino in kakovost mleka, 11 funkcionalnih lastnosti in 9 plemenskih vrednosti (PV). Najmlajše so telile krave LSX, ki so bile potomke tujih očetov. Dosegle so največ laktacij in s tem najvišjo starost ob izločitvi ter najkrajšo dobo med telitvama. Statistično značilne razlike (p ≤ 0,05) smo ugotovili pri povprečni prirejeni količini mleka in beljakovin v standardni laktaciji, kjer so bile boljše krave LS, potomke slovenskih očetov. Pri primerjavi količine mleka pri posamezni laktaciji smo ugotovili, da so krave LSX, potomke tujih očetov, v vseh laktacijah namolzle več mleka. Največ so namolzle v peti laktaciji, kjer je bila razlika tudi statistično značilna (p ≤ 0,05). Pri primerjavi plemenskih vrednosti smo ugotovili, da so imele potomke in matere potomk LS pasme slovenskih očetov boljše plemenske vrednosti kot potomke tujih očetov. The aim of the study was to compare the dairy cattle production traits of the Simmental breed (LS) and cross breeds with Simmental breed (LSX) in relation to the sire origin. In the study we included 100 cows (49 cows LS and 51 LSX), which have been calving since 1994, and further on until 2014 on a farm, where they have the same husbandry conditions. We investigated seven traits, which are related to quantity and quality of milk, 11 functional traits and 9 breeding values (PV). The youngest have calved LSX cows, who were descendants from foreign sires. They reached the most parities and thus the highest age at culling and the shortest calving interval. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in average milk yield and milk protein, which were better for LS descendants of Slovenian sires. When compared to the milk yield in each lactation, we found that LSX cows, which were descendants of foreign sires, had a higher milk yield in all lactations. The highest milk yield was in the fifth lactation, where the difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). When comparing breeding values of Simmental cows, we found better breeding values in mothers and their offspring in Slovenian sires when compared to foreign sires.

V raziskavi smo za ocenjevanje dobrega počutja krav molznic uporabili protokol Welfare Quality®. Gre za hierarhično zgrajen sistem, pri katerem se ocenjujejo štiri ocenjevalna področja (OP Krmljenje, Način reje, Zdravstveno stanje in Obnašanje). Posamezno OP preverimo z 2 do 4 merili, oceno posameznega merila pa določimo na osnovi manjšega števila meritev, ki jih v večji meri izvedemo na nivoju živali. Ocene OP združimo v skupno oceno primernosti reje in rejo uvrstimo v eno izmed kategorij dobrega počutja: odlično, dobro, sprejemljivo in nerazvrščeno. Protokol smo uporabili na dveh kmetijah, usmerjenih v prirejo mleka: na kmetiji B z vezano rejo krav (n = 15) in na kmetiji G s prosto rejo krav (n = 220). Za OP smo na kmetiji B na lestvici od 0 (najslabše stanje) do 100 (najboljše stanje) dobili ocene: 19,0 za OP Krmljenje, 9,4 za OP Način reje, 26,6 za OP Zdravstveno stanje in 45,8 za OP Obnašanje. Kmetija B se je na podlagi teh ocen uvrstila v najnižjo kategorijo (nerazvrščeno). Za kmetijo G smo dobili ocene 34,0 za OP Krmljenje, 44,7 za OP Način reje, 15,7 za OP Zdravstveno stanje in 59,2 za OP Obnašanje. Kmetija G se je na podlagi teh ocen uvrstila v kategorijo sprejemljivo. V raziskavi smo ugotovili nizko stopnjo dobrega počutja živali, ocenjenega po protokolu Welfare Quality®, na izbranih kmetijah z mlečno proizvodnjo kljub številnim razlikam med kmetijama (velikost črede, menedžment, način reje). In the present study, Welfare Quality® protocol was used to assess welfare of dairy cows. It is a hierarchically built evaluation system, where four principles are evaluated (feeding, housing, health and behaviour). Each principle score consist two to four criterion scores, which are determined based on different measures (mainly animal-based measures). Combination of four principle scores provides overall assessment according to which the farm is classified in one of four welfare categories: excellent, enhanced, acceptable and not classified. In our study, the protocol was applied on two dairy farms: farm B with tie-stall (n = 15 cows) and farm G with loose-stall (n = 220 cows). For farm B, principle scores obtained on the scale from 0 (worst situation) to 100 (best situation) were 19.0, 9.4, 26.6 and 45.8 for principles feeding, housing, health and behaviour, respectively, resulting in overall assessment of not classified. Principle scores for farm G were 34.0, 44.7, 15.7 and 59.2 for principles feeding, housing, health and behaviour, respectively, resulting in overall assessment of acceptable. The study showed poor animal welfare assessed using Welfare Quality® protocol on both dairy farms despite the differences in herd size, management and housing system.

Namen diplomskega dela je spremljanje telesne kondicije krav molznic lisaste pasme in ugotoviti morebitne medsebojne povezave med proizvodnimi lastnostmi in telesno maso. V raziskavo, ki je trajala 6 mesecev, je bilo vključenih 31 molznic. Molznice se je enkrat mesečno tehtalo, ocenila se jim je telesna kondicija in spremljala količina in kakovost mleka. Ugotovili smo, da je ocena telesne kondicije bolj uporaben podatek kot podatek o telesni masi. Kondicija se najhitreje spreminja v prvih treh mesecih po porodu, saj takrat molznice izgubijo največ telesne mase, imajo pa v tem obdobju najvišjo povprečno dnevno mlečnost. Poleg spremljanja telesne kondicije je zelo pomembno tudi spremljanje vsebnosti maščob in beljakovin v mleku, saj nas lahko vsi ti podatki skupaj zgodaj opozorijo na morebitne presnovne motnje molznice. Manj produktivne molznice začno že v prvi polovici laktacije z nalaganjem telesnih maščob in imajo ob presušitvi previsoko oceno kondicije, kar vodi v presnovne težave v naslednji laktaciji. The purpose of the diploma paper is to monitor the body condition score of Simmental dairy cattle and find possible interactions between the production traits and body weight. The experiment, which included 31 dairy cows, lasted 6 months. The cows were weighted once per month, their body condition score and the quality and quantity of the milk was monitored. We established that the body condition score is a more useful data than the body weight information. The body condition changes most in the first three months of lactation. This is also the time when dairy cows loose most of their weight and have the highest average daily milk yield. Next to monitoring the body condition score, it is also very important to monitor the fat and protein content in the milk, since all this data together can warn us about possible metabolic issues of the cow. Less productive dairy cows start building up body fat already in the first half of lactation and have at dry-off a to high body condition score, which leads to metabolic issues at the next lactation.

Za poizkus smo se odločili, ker večina že opravljenih poizkusov z dodatkom melase temelji na obrokih, kjer primanjkuje energije. V poskusu smo želeli ugotoviti vpliv dodajanja različnih koncentracij melase na zauživanje krme in prirejo mleka pri kravah molznicah. Živali v poizkusu so bile ločene v dve skupini, glede na mlečnost in dolžino laktacije. Prva skupina, v kateri je bilo 13 krav črno-bele pasme, je imela krmni obrok izračunan za 25 litrov mleka na dan. V drugi skupini je bilo 22 krav, od katerih sta bili dve rjave pasme, ostalih 20 pa črno-bele pasme. Te krave so imele obrok izračunan za 35 litrov mleka na dan. Poskus je bil razdeljen v tri obdobja in v vsakem obdobju smo spremljali količino namolzenega mleka, količino pokladanega krmnega obroka, ostanka krmnega obroka, porabo vode in temperaturo okolja. Izračunali smo zauživanje krme in ga primerjali z normativnimi vrednosti. Prvo obdobje je potekalo brez dodatka melase. V drugem obdobju smo v optimiziran obrok dodali 1,2 % melase (500 g/kravo/dan) ter v tretjem obdobju dodali 2,4 % melase (1000 g/kravo/dan). V poizkusu smo ugotovili, da je dodatek melase povečal konzumacijo krme in zmanjšal prebiranje, kar je posledično doprineslo višjo vsebnost mlečnih maščob in beljakovin. Na tako izvedenem poizkusu nismo ugotovili, da bi dodatek melase izboljšal prirejo mleka. We decided for the experiment, because most experiments have already been made by adding molasses-based meals, which lack energy. In the experiment, we wanted to determine the effect of adding different concentrations of molasses in feed intake and milk production in dairy cows. The animals in the experiment have been separated into two groups, depending on the milk yield and the length of the lactation. The first group in which there were 13 cows Holstei breed has had a feed ration calculated for 25 liters of milk per day. In the second group there were 22 cows of which were two Brown Swiss, while the remaining 20 were Holstein breed. These cows were given ration calculated for 35 liters of milk per day. The experiment has been divided into three periods, each period hasbeen accompanied by the quantity of cows milk, quantity of feed residues of the feedration, water consumption and ambient temperature. We have calculated the feed intake and compared it with normative values. In the first period we didn`t add any molasses. In the second period, we optimized the meal with adding 1.2 % of molasses (500 g/cow/day) and in the third period, with adding 2.4 % of molasses (1000 g/cow/day). In the experiment, we have found that the addition of molasses has increased feed intake and decreased screening, which in turn has contributed higher milk fat and protein. In this experiment, we have not discovered that the addition of molasses would improve milk production.

Namen diplomske naloge je ugotoviti ekonomsko upravičenost investicije v izgradnjo hleva za krave molznice in razvoj modela v programu Microsoft Excel, ki bo izračunaval upravičenost investicij v izgradnjo ali obnovo hleva po različnih scenarijih. Model, ki smo ga razvili, izračunava NSV (neto sedanjo vrednost) in ISD (interno stopnjo donosa). Upravičenost investicije v obnovo hleva za krave molznice smo izračunavali po štirih različnih scenarijih, v katerih smo spreminjali odkupno ceno mleka in mlečnost krav molznic v standardni laktaciji. Scenarija A in B sta bolj optimistična in v teh scenarijih bi bila investicija upravičila. Scenarija C in D pa sta manj optimistična in v teh dveh scenarijih se investicija ne bi upravičila. The purpose of this work is to determine the economic viability of investments in the adaptation of stable for dairy cows and to develop a model in program Microsoft Excel, which can calculate economic viability in the construction or an adaptation of stable for dairy cows in different scenarios. The model calculate NPV (net present value) and IRR (internal rate of return). We calculated assess of investment in the adaptation of stable for dairy cows in four different scenarios. In this four scenarios we were changing the milk yield and redemption price of milk. Scenarios A and B are more optimistic and investment would be eligible. Scenarios C and D are less optimistic and investment would not be eligible in this two scenarios.

Cilj diplomskega dela je ugotoviti vpliv mlečnega robota na fiziologijo sproščanja mleka in ugotoviti, ali obstajajo vplivi četrti, zaporedne laktacije ter vpliv stadija laktacije na preučevane lastnosti količine mleka, prevodnosti, maksimalnega pretoka ter nizkega pretoka. Namen naloge je tudi ugotovitev morebitnih korelacij med preučevanimi lastnostmi. V februarju 2010 smo opazovali 75 krav molznic v laktaciji. Ugotovili smo, da ima vpliv četrti signifikanten vpliv na bistveno višji donos mleka (kg), višje izmerjen maksimalni pretok in višje izmerjen nizek pretok v zadnjih četrtih. Nadalje je bilo ugotovljeno, da ima vpliv zaporedne laktacije vpliv le na količino mleka (kg), ugotovljen je bil tudi vpliv stadija laktacije na preučevane lastnosti. The aim of the thesis is to determine the effect of the VMS on the physiology of milk release and determine, whether there are effects of quarters, parity number and lactation stage on the studied properties of the milk yield, conductivity, maximum flow and low flow. The purpose of the thesis is also to identify possible correlations between the studied properties. In February 2010 we observed 75 cows in lactation. We found, that the impact of the quarter has significant impact on higher milk yield (kg), higher measured maximum flow and higher measured low flow in hindquarters . It was further found, that the effect of parity effect only on the milk yield (kg), on other studied properties has no influence. We discovered also the influence of lactation stage on the studied properties.

Cilj naloge je bil narediti primerjavo med računalniškim in klasičnim projektiranjem hleva za prosto rejo molznic. Proučili smo gradnje in notranjo ureditev hleva. Predvideli smo nadgradnjo alternativnih energetskih virov in možnost za povečanje — razširitev hleva. Ugotovili smo, da je računalniško sprojektiran hlev lažje spreminjati ali dopolnjevati v skladu z zakonskimi in gradbenimi merili. Za projektiranje smo uporabili program Autodesk Akademy desing. Z njim smo narisali celoten tloris. Začeli smo z zunanjimi nosilnimi stenami, naredili osnovno prostorsko razporeditev posameznih kategorij živali, ter predvideli lokacijo in tip molzišča, mlekarnice in ostalih potrebnih prostorov. V delu hleva s telicami smo naredili bokse različnih velikosti in mesta za presušene krave. V hlevu se porodnišnica in teličnjak nahajajo ob straneh. Načrt smo večkrat spreminjali saj smo hoteli najti čimbolj optimalno razporeditev prostorov. Primerjave so pokazale, da je računalniško risanje boljše od klasičnega projektiranja. Je manj utrudljivo, časovno krajše in manjša je tudi poraba risalnega materiala. Ugotovili smo tudi, da je klasična metoda projektiranja težje prilagodljiva. V primeru sprememb idejnega načrta se mora zavrniti celoten koncept in narediti ga moramo ponovno. Das Ziel der Arbeit war es festzustellen ob eine computerisierte Ausführung des Stalls für 66 Milchkühe mit Freilaufhaltung möglich ist. Wir haben die Art des Bauens und die innere Ausstattung des Stalls studiert. Wir haben mögliche Verbesserungen aus natürlichen alternativen Quellen und eine Möglichkeit für die Vergrößerung des Stalls vorgesehen. Wir haben festgestellt, dass ein Computer projektierter Stall leichter in Übereinstimmung mit den gesetzlichen oder den Bau Kriterien, sowie mit den Wünschen des Investors zu verändern oder zu ergänzen ist. Bei unserer Forschung haben wir das Computer Programm für technisches Zeichnen Autodesk Akademy desing benutzt. Mit ihm haben wir den gesamten Plan gezeichnet. Wir haben mit den äußeren Tragwänden angefangen und haben die Basis Raumeinteilung der einzelnen Tierkategorien gemacht. Wir haben die Lage und den Typ des Melkortes vorgesehen. Neben dem bauten wir auch eine kleine Molkerei und andere nötige Räume. Im Abteil für die Färsen bauten wir Boxen verschiedener Größen und ein Abteil für Kühe, die keine Milch mehr geben. Die bedeutendsten Teile des Stalls sind die Entbindungsstation und das kälberdorf, die an den Seiten des Stalls positioniert sind. Den Plan haben wir mehrere Male verändert, weil wir die optimale Einteilung der Räume finden wollten. Vergleiche haben uns gezeigt, dass Computer Zeichnen besser ist als klassisches Projektieren. Es erspart Zeit und Material. Wir haben auch festgestellt dass es bei klassischer Methode schwieriger ist sich dem Investor anzupassen, weil man im Falle einer Veränderung des Planes das ganze Konzept abweisen muss und man muss wieder von Vorne anfangen.

Ugotavljali smo uspešnost osemenjevanja govejih plemenic na območju Veterinarske postaje Slovenske Konjice v obdobju enega desetletja (2001—2009). Raziskali smo različne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na uspešnost osemenitev govejih plemenic. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih pet veterinarjev, ki so v desetih letih opravili 43.687 osemenitev. Izmed teh osemenitev je bilo 7.086 prvih osemenitev telic in 36.601 prvih osemenitev krav. S semenom plemenskih bikov lisaste pasme je bilo osemenjenih 85,2 % govejih plemenic, s semenom plemenjakov mesnih pasem 7,8 %, s semenom črno-bele pasme 5,5 % in s semenom rjave pasme 1,6 % krav in telic. Povprečni NR vseh osemenjevalcev v obdobju enega desetletja znaša 65,6 % Ugotovili smo, da ima na uspešnost osemenitve precejšen vpliv izvajalec osemenitve, saj je razlika med najslabšim in najboljšim veterinarjem v uspešnosti osemenitve 8,29 %. Ugotovili smo, da uspešnost osemenitve po letih pada, saj je v obdobju 2001—2009 padla za 6,9 %. Dokazali smo, da je uspešnost osemenitev pri telicah večja kot pri kravah. During a ten-year period, we observed the performance of insemination of pure bred cattle female in area of the Slovenske Konjice Veterinary station. Different factors influencing the performance of insemination of pure bred cattle females were observed. In the survey, there were five veterinarians involved who, over the period of ten years, performed 43,687 individual inseminations. Among those, there were 7,086 first-time inseminated heifers and 36,601 of first-time inseminated cows. 85.2% pure bred cattle females were inseminated using the semen of Simmental breeding bulls, while 8.7% were inseminated using the semen of different stud meat breeds, 5.5% of the semen came from the black-white breed, and 1.5% of the cows and heifers were inseminated using the semen of the brown breed bulls. The average NR of all inseminators in the period of ten years is 65.6%. We came to the conclusion that the successful performance depends on the veterinarian, ranging up to 8.29%. Further, we found that the performance has declined in the last few years, as much as 6.9%, so it has been proven that successful performance of insemination in heifers tends to be higher than in cows.