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Despite the prominence of fitness testing in school physical education (PE), there is a sparsity of research examining the antecedents of students’ affective experiences during fitness testing lessons. This study aimed to investigate the associations among task- and ego-involving motivational climates, perceived physical competence, physical performance, enjoyment, and anxiety during two different types of PE fitness testing lessons. Altogether, 645 Finnish students from Grade 5 (50% boys, Mage = 11.2, SD = 0.36) and Grade 8 (47% boys, Mage = 14.2, SD = 0.35) participated in two fitness testing lessons with different content (lesson 1: 20-meter shuttle run test and a test of flexibility; lesson 2: curl-ups, push-ups, 5-leaps, and a catching-throwing combination test). Students’ experiences were collected using short questionnaires immediately after the lessons. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the direct and indirect associations among study variables. Results indicated that task-involving climate and perceived competence increased students’ enjoyment and decreased their anxiety levels whereas ego-involving climate had no effect on students’ enjoyment but increased their anxiety levels. In addition, students’ actual physical performance as a mediator between motivational climate and affects, or as a direct predictor of affects, was limited. Strategies advancing task-involving motivational climate and students’ perception of competence should be employed to increase enjoyment and decrease anxiety during PE fitness testing lessons.

The aim of the current study was to test the long-term predictive validity of the trans-contextual model in accounting for variance in adolescents’ out-of-school physical activity measured by self-report and accelerometer based-devices over a one-year period. Secondary school students ( N = 265) aged 11 to 15 years completed a three-wave survey on two occasions in time, spanning a one-year interval, measuring perceived autonomy support in physical education (PE), peer and parent autonomy support in leisure-time, autonomous and controlled motivation in PE and leisure-time, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intention, and out-of-school physical activity both by self-report and accelerometer-based devices. A variance-based structural equation model using residualized change scores revealed that perceived autonomy support from PE teachers predicted autonomous motivation in PE, and autonomous motivation in PE predicted autonomous motivation in leisure-time. In addition, peer and parent autonomy support predicted autonomous motivation in leisure-time. Autonomous motivation in leisure-time indirectly predicted physical activity intention mediated by attitude and perceived behavioural control. Intention predicted self-reported physical activity participation, although the effect was in the opposite direction to our prediction, but not physical activity measured by accelerometer-based devices. Results support some tenets of the trans-contextual model over a one-year time period, particularly the determinants of physical activity intentions. The introduction of COVID-19 restrictions may explain the negative relationship between intention and self-reported physical activity. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify the results of the current study.

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Opettajat tarvitsevat osaamista liikunnan kolmiportaiseen tukeen ja soveltamiseen erilaisille liikkujille. Koululiikuntaa kaikille -täydennyskoulutus tarjoaa opettajille keinoja toteuttaa soveltavaa liikuntaa. nonPeerReviewed

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Patterns of physical activity in adulthood are often established during adolescence, making this an important period for promoting physical activity. To address this, the Sotkamo Physical Activity as Civil Skill Program 2010–2014 was implemented to increase Grade 5 to 9 students’ physical activity on a daily basis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of program on students’ physical activity and enjoyment. Furthermore, the relationship between motivational climate and enjoyment, and the percentages of students who engaged in 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on the daily basis were examined.

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As a result of educational reforms in many countries, including Finland, new or renovated comprehensive schools have increasingly begun to incorporate open and flexible designs and principles. Multipurpose and adaptable open learning spaces can provide children with amplified opportunities to be physically active during general education. Classroom-based physical activity has been associated with better academic-related outcomes and students’ on-task behaviour, while overall physical activity has been associated with better health. In the present study, we investigated the effects of classroom type, gender and grade level on classroom-based physical activity, and the associations between systematically-observed teachers’ instructions about students’ movement and classroom-based physical activity. The participants consisted of 182 3rd and 5th grade students in one school with open learning space and two schools with conventional classrooms. Overall, classroom-based physical activity, assessed with accelerometery, was not higher in open learning space than in conventional classrooms. However, 5th grade students had more sedentary time and less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in open learning spaces than conventional classrooms, but both 3rd and 5th graders had more breaks from sedentary time in open learning spaces than conventional classrooms. Girls were more sedentary than boys, while 5th graders were less physically active than 3rd graders. Teachers’ instructions regarding 5th graders’ movement in open learning spaces were more restrictive and both 3rd and 5th graders had more instructed transitions in open learning spaces. In conventional classrooms, students had more teacher-organised physical activity. Teachers’ restrictive guidance was associated with less light physical activity, while teachers’ organised physical activity was associated with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

Background: Fitness testing is a commonly applied learning and teaching practice implemented in both secondary and elementary school physical education (PE). Many teachers believe that by using a variety of different tests, they are able to provide students with feedback regarding their fitness status, and furthermore, increase students’ willingness to be physically active later in their lives. However, empirical evidence concerning students’ affective responses during fitness testing classes is limited. Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to investigate whether students’ perceptions of enjoyment and anxiety differed between two different types of fitness testing classes and PE in general. In addition, the measurement invariances over time and between Grade 5 (aged 11–12) and Grade 8 (aged 14–15) groups were determined. Method: A total sample of 645 Finnish Grade 5 (N = 328, 50% boys, mean age = 11.2, SD = 0.36) and Grade 8 students (N = 317, 47% boys, mean age = 14.2, SD = 0.35) participated in the study. Series of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the level of measurement invariance between general PE and fitness testing classes, and between age groups. Strict factorial invariance was supported for both enjoyment and anxiety scales allowing for latent mean comparisons. Latent mean differences were studied using z-tests. Results: Grade 5 students perceived significantly lower levels of enjoyment and cognitive processes and a higher level of somatic anxiety in fitness testing classes compared to general PE. Additionally, for Grade 8 students, levels of enjoyment and cognitive processes were significantly lower and somatic anxiety and worry higher in fitness testing classes than in general PE. Furthermore, enjoyment was significantly higher, and cognitive processes, somatic anxiety and worry lower among Grade 5 students compared with Grade 8 students in both contextual PE and during fitness testing class. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that students’ perceptions of enjoyment were lower in fitness testing classes compared to PE in general. Additionally, students perceived lower levels of cognitive anxiety and higher levels of somatic anxiety in fitness testing classes than in general PE. It is noteworthy that students might not significantly dislike fitness testing per se but instead have significantly more positive affects towards PE in general. Generally, practitioners conducting fitness testing lessons are encouraged to embrace different strategies such as fostering basic psychological needs or promoting mastery climate to facilitate enjoyment and diminish anxiety. peerReviewed

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In many countries, sex equality is an essential aim of physical education (PE) curricula, while the PE grouping practices are widely hetero-normative. As far as there is a discrepancy between the curricula and practice, equality will not fully take place. This study examined the associations between PE teachers’ perceived teaching efficacy (student engagement, instruction, class management) and preferences for single-sex (i.e. juridical sex) vs. coeducational grouping in PE. The analysis, based on a cross-sectional online survey of 175 Finnish PE teachers, showed that higher perceived class management was associated with the stronger preferences for single-sex PE. Associations of teacher’s age and teaching experience with the preferences for coeducational vs. single-sex PE showed considerable heterogeneity. PE teachers’ teaching efficacy, especially in class management, for teaching diverse groupings of students could be improved through in-service teacher training in accordance with the national curriculum. peerReviewed

Liikunnasta ei ole ollut tapana antaa kotitehtäviä. Vapaaehtoisia liikuntaläksyjä tehdään kuitenkin ahkerasti ja ne lisäävät yläkouluikäisten tyttöjen liikkumista. nonPeerReviewed

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Noin 40 prosentilla viides- ja kahdeksasluokkalaisista fyysinen toimintakyky on heikko. Kahdeksasluokkalaisilla kestävyyskunto on edelleen heikentynyt, mutta viidesluokkalaisilla lasku näytti tasaantuneen. Positiivisia merkkejä näkyy erityisesti poikien liikkuuvuudessa. nonPeerReviewed

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Background and purpose: In school physical education (PE) lessons, gender is often produced heteronormatively. Lesbian, gay, bi, transgender, intersexual, and queer (LGBTIQ+) students have reported experiences of discrimination and obstacles to participation. This study analyzed Finnish PE teachers and LGBTIQ+ students’ talk about discrimination and problematic practices in PE and how equality in PE might be improved. Theoretical background: We draw on the concepts of heteronormativity and habitus. Habitus provides insight on how gendered norms and inequalities become embodied and contested in different social fields. In the PE context, we define social on the one hand as the heteronormative ‘feel for the game’ and on the other as the queering of practices. We then demonstrate both the habitual elements of gender and sexuality and how expectations and categorizations are socially attached to bodies. Methods: Thematic interviews were conducted with ten heterosexual and cisgender PE teachers and with ten LGBTIQ+ students aged 13–17. First, thematic analysis was conducted to identify each group’s perceptions on discrimination in PE lessons, on PE practices in relation to LGBTQI+ students, and on ways of promoting equality in PE. Second, applying the concepts of heteronormativity and habitus, we studied the identified themes to ascertain whether discrimination, practices, and equality were reproduced or challenged in the PE teachers’ and LGBTQI+ students’ perceptions. Findings: The PE teachers’ perceptions, informed by the ethos of individuality, reduced LGBTQI+ students to ‘minorities’ whose practices diverged from the heteronorm. Hence, the non-heterosexuality and gender diversity of LGBTQI+ were constructed predominantly as ‘tolerated’ and even invisible in PE lessons. However, some teachers reported paying attention to diversity in gender and sexuality in their thinking, speaking, and practices, thereby challenging heteronormativity. While the teachers aimed to protect LGBTQI+ students from discrimination, the majority also defended existing practices. Queering the status quo was considered challenging. In turn, the LGBTQI+ students focused more on lived power relations and structural discrimination and challenged existing practices by queering the status quo. For them, the best ways to promote equality in PE would be teacher familiarity with diversity in gender and sexuality, reduced gender stereotyping and the use of more inclusive language. The students also supported coeducational PE groups and unisex locker rooms or changing facilities for LGBTQI+ students. Conclusions: PE teachers’ tendency to defend heteronormative practices creates a paradox of ‘tolerance’ which works to marginalize non-heterosexuality. The interviews with both groups indicate challenges in implementing the objectives of gender-awareness in school PE in Finland. peerReviewed

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Educational reforms worldwide have resulted in schools increasingly incorporating open and flexible classroom designs that may provide possibilities to reduce sedentary behavior among students during lessons. Cross-sectional associations of classroom type on accelerometry assessed sedentary bout durations and sit-to-stand transitions were investigated in 191 third and fifth grade students recruited from one school with open learning spaces and two schools with conventional classrooms. A three-way ANOVA for classroom type, gender and grade level indicated that students in open learning spaces had more 1-to-4-min sedentary bouts (mean difference 1.8 bouts/h, p < 0.001), fewer >10-min sedentary bouts (median 0.20 vs. 0.48 bouts/h, p = 0.004) and more sit-to-stand transitions (mean difference 0.9 STS/h, p = 0.009) than students in conventional learning spaces. Comparisons between schools by grade, which were conducted with a one-way ANCOVA adjusted for gender, indicated that most of the significant differences occurred between schools with different classroom types. There were only small and mostly statistically nonsignificant differences between the two schools with conventional classrooms. In conclusion, open learning spaces may improve children’s sedentary profiles towards shorter sedentary bout durations and facilitate also postural transitions during lessons, which may translate into beneficial health impacts over a longer period. peerReviewed

Liikunnanopetukseen integroitu Move!-fyysisen toimintakyvyn seurantajärjestelmä on kehitetty lasten ja nuorten fyysisen toimintakyvyn tukemiseen. Heikkojen Move!-tulosten taustalla on nuoren kokonaisvaltainen elämäntilanne, mutta erityisesti liiallisen rasvamassan kertyminen murrosiän aikana. Hyvät tulokset saaneet nuoret kokivat myös terveytensä hyväksi. nonPeerReviewed

"Eihän liikunnasta voi olla läksyjä!" on yleinen aikuisten kommentti liikuntaläksyihin, kun taas "Miksi ei?" vastasivat yläkouluikäiset tytöt tiedustellessani heidän mielipidettään liikunnallisista kotitehtävistä eli liikuntaläksyistä. "Onhan kaikista musitakin oppiaineista läksyjä, miksei sitten liikunnasta?". Tekstissä avataan väitöstutkimuksen " Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity among Finnish Adolescent Girls : the Role of Active Physical Education Homework" sisältöä. nonPeerReviewed

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Oppilaan yksilöllinen kohtaaminen on useimmille opettajille erittäin tärkeää. Ilman suunnitelmallisuutta yksittäiset oppilaat jäävät kuitenkin suurissa opetusryhmissä helposti ilman kaipaamaansa huomiota. nonPeerReviewed

Fyysisen aktiivisuuden sanotaan tehoavan lähes jokaiseen vaivaan, edistävän aivoterveyttä ja auttavan oppimaan. Liikunnallisuuden merkitys oppimisessa on kuitenkin epäselvä ja osin kiistanalainenkin. nonPeerReviewed

This study examined relationships between teachers’ perceptions of verbal and non-verbal sexual harassment and physical violence against teachers and among students in physical education (PE). Participants were 175 (females 122, males 53) Finnish PE teachers between 27 and 62 years (M = 44.8 ± 9.2 years). The cross-sectional data were collected by an anonymous online survey in the fall semester 2018. The findings showed that (a) higher levels of verbal sexual harassment and physical violence among students were associated with higher levels of equivalent types of violence against PE teachers, (b) higher levels of verbal and non-verbal sexual harassment among students were associated with higher levels of physical assaults among students, whereas only non-verbal sexual harassment was associated with physical violence against teachers, and (c) verbal sexual harassment and physical violence among students occurred more frequently in PE classes instructed by less experienced teachers. The results indicated that to prevent both teacher- and student-directed verbal sexual harassment and physical violence in school PE, special attention could be given to the positive development of student–student relationships. peerReviewed

The teaching of physical education (PE) to educators in Finland has shifted from didactic techniques focusing on teachers’ actions towards more holistic pedagogy that questions how pupils learn. These changes can be seen in physical education teacher education (PETE) and study books and in the development of PE curriculums for basic education. The national curriculum for basic education changes approximately every ten years and, recently, the national learning outcomes of PE of the two previous curriculums were evaluated. Reflecting on these learning outcomes, the latest research results and feedback from PE teachers, the groundwork for the latest PE curriculum was laid out. The objectives of the current PE curriculum are operationalised into physical, social and psychological functions, encouraging pupils to adopt physically active and healthy lifestyles. These are sought to be achieved by implementing pupil-centred teaching methods based on improving competence, autonomy and psychological relatedness and by creating task-oriented climates during PE lessons. Research on sport psychology has been complementary to research on sport didactics and pedagogy, and the amount of PE-related research has increased in recent years. However, there is still a need to increase the number of multidisciplinary PE research studies. Future research should try to find ways to motivate pupils who do not enjoy PE lessons. The adolescent years are not an easy period, and the current lifestyle of many adolescents revolves around social media, which can negatively affect their emotional development and place them at risk of negative body image. In this context, PE can be a sensitive subject, and PE teachers face challenges in creating a supportive atmosphere. The search for new and innovative pedagogical and didactic solutions is important in order to promote children and adolescents to adopt healthy lifestyles and have a better quality of life. Given the rapidly changing human environment, care should to be taken to ensure that new technological innovations improve human livelihoods. However, more and more research is showing that technology in fact serves to alienate children from their bodies. PE is a sensitive school subject where pupils are faced with the shape and functional capacity of their own body. Future research is needed to find ways to increase intrinsic motivation and to motivate children to be physically active during their lifespan. Therefore, there is a need for multidisciplinary research and methods to open the door for physically active and healthier lifestyles. peerReviewed

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Background:The trans-contextual model (TCM) has been applied to identify the determinants of leisure-time physical activity participation in secondary school students. In the current study, the TCM was extended to include additional constructs that represent non-conscious, implicit processes that lead to leisure-time physical activity participation alongside the motivational and social cognition constructs from the TCM. The current study used baseline and follow-up data from an intervention study to test the extended TCM.Methods:The current study adopted a two-wave prospective design. Secondary-school students (N = 502) completed measures of perceived autonomy support from physical education (PE) teachers, autonomous motivation in PE and leisure-time contexts, social cognition constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), intentions, trait self-control, habits, and past behavior all in a leisure-time physical activity context. Five weeks later, students (N = 298) completed a follow-up self-report measure of their leisure-time physical activity.Results:Bayesian path analyses supported two key premises of the model: perceived autonomous support predicted autonomous motivation in PE, and autonomous motivation in PE predicted autonomous motivation in leisure time. However, while both forms of autonomous motivation predicted social cognition constructs and intentions, they did not predict leisure-time physical activity participation. Trait self-control, attitudes, and past behavior were direct predictors of intentions and leisure-time physical activity participation. Specifying informative priors for key model relations using Bayesian analysis yielded greater precision for some of the estimates.Conclusions:Findings raise some questions on the efficacy of the original TCM, but highlight the value of extending the TCM to incorporate additional constructs representing non-conscious processes.

The current study tested the effects of an intervention based on the trans-contextual model (TCM) on secondary school PE students' sport injury prevention behavior and on theory-based motivational and social cognition mediators. Participants were PE students (N=1168; Mage =13.322±1.045, range=12-16; female=51.721%) who participated in a 3-month cluster-randomized controlled trial. Schools were randomly assigned to a treatment group, in which PE teachers received training to be more supportive of psychological needs in teaching sport injury prevention, or a control group, in which PE teachers received no training. Participants completed survey measures of TCM variables and self-reported sport injury prevention behavior at baseline and at 3-month post-intervention follow-up. The proposed TCM model exhibited adequate fit with the data, χ2 =143.080 (df=19), CFI=0.956, TLI=0.916, RMSEA=0.078 (90% CI=0.066-0.090), and SRMR=0.058. We found positive, statistically significant direct intervention effects on changes in perceived psychological need support (β=0.064, p=0.020). We also found positive, significant direct (β=0.086-0.599, p&nbsp

Prior research indicates that adolescent boys are often more active than girls, implying a need for special attention to increase the physical activity levels of adolescent girls. Adolescents are at an age where they are especially susceptible to environmental and social influences but still have a limited amount of autonomy over their own behaviors. The effective physical activity programs implemented at this age may benefit health into adulthood. The fact that adolescents’ physical activity is influenced by many factors indicates that to achieve any behavioral change, interventions must target several levels across the socio-ecological model. During childhood, the family is the primary factor in socializing and shaping engagement in physical activity. This study is part of the Physical Education (PE) Homework Study project which was implemented in a midsized secondary school in the middle of Finland from 2016 to 2020. The goal was to develop one easily approachable way to prevent the decreasing physical activity of adolescent girls. This was done by increasing physical activity times of adolescent girls outside of the school by giving them active PE assignments. The aim was also to explore students’ and their parents’ perceptions of physically active physical education homework. In this part of the study, there were 43 interviews: 38 student interviews and 5 interviews with parents. The analysis process followed the qualitative content analysis (QCA) strategy by Schreirer. In this study, we combined the views of students and parents, and obtained a broad picture of the PE homework assignments given at school but completed at home. According to students and parents, PE homework assignments should be diverse, interesting, and challenging, they should also be provided at flexible schedules outside of school hours with family support. Physical education homework could be a potential approach to influence the physical activity of the student population by involving school curriculum and families.

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers have a central role in supporting young children’s physical activity (PA) and overall development in the early years. However, the value of early childhood education teacher training (ECETT) programmes is not widely understood. This study aimed to investigate pre-service teachers’ perceptions of perceived competence when (1) supporting a child’s PA, (2) teaching PE, and (3) observing and assessing a child’s motor skills and PA. These self-evaluations were compared with a range of individual, educational, and behavioural characteristics. Final-year Bachelor degree pre-service teachers (n = 274, 54%) from seven universities in Finland participated in the self-report questionnaire. The results of the linear regression models showed that the relevant PE studies and previous experiences of pre-service teachers predicted higher perceived competence of supporting a child’s PA, teaching PE, and observing and assessing a child’s motor skills and PA. Thus, the study findings demonstrated how teacher training could positively influence perceptions and attitudes to increase a person’s perceived competence when implementing PE in the early years. Overall, results reinforce the importance of PE in ECETT, and the time devoted to this syllabus area should be maintained or increased.

This study examined the predictive strength of selected physical education (PE)-centered physical literacy indicators on elementary school students’ accelerometer-measured moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (PA). The study was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 450 Finnish children (M = 11.26 [0.32]; nfemales = 194; nmales = 256). Data on a set of predictor variables (motor competence, in-class PE moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA [MVPA], health-related fitness, and PE motivation and enjoyment) and total MVPA as a single outcome variable were collected. The entire model explained almost 30% of MVPA (R2adj = .298). Cardiorespiratory endurance (β = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [0.22, 0.62], p p = .004) were statistically significant predictors of MVPA. It can be concluded that, of all included variables, cardiorespiratory endurance and MVPA in PE were the most important factors contributing to healthy levels of total MVPA in childhood.

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The current study aimed to predict secondary school students' motivation toward sport injury prevention in 'in-school' and 'out-of-school' contexts, and their sport injury prevention behaviour at 3-month follow-up using the trans-contextual model (TCM). Hong Kong secondary school students (N = 1,566; mean age = 13.34 years, range = 11 to 19; female = 49.42%) were recruited. Participants were asked to complete a survey comprising previously-validated scales measuring TCM constructs at baseline, and a measure of sport injury prevention behaviour at follow-up three months later. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the hypothesised paths among TCM constructs. A SEM specifying hypothesised paths among TCM variables showed acceptable fit with the data (χ2 (29) = 418.55, CFI = .93, TLI = .90, and RMSEA = .09, 90% CI [.09, .10], and SRMR = .05). Findings supported tenets of the TCM: the effects of perceived autonomy support from PE teachers on in-school autonomous motivation toward injury prevention, the trans-contextual relationship between students' 'in-school' and 'out-of-school' autonomous motivation toward injury prevention, and the effects of autonomous motivation toward injury prevention on social cognitive variables and subsequent sport injury prevention behaviours. Results supported the tenets proposed within the TCM in predicting students' 'in-school' and 'out-of-school' autonomous motivation toward sport injury prevention. Findings underscore the potential importance of autonomy support from PE teachers in facilitating students' sport injury prevention behaviours. Further longitudinal and intervention research is warranted to establish temporal and causal effects of TCM variables in sport injury prevention. peerReviewed

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Oppilaiden psykologisia perustarpeita eli autonomiaa, kyvykkyyttä ja yhteenkuuluvuutta tukeva liikunnanopetus voi tuottaa omaehtoista ja sisäsyntyistä motivaatiota koululiikuntaa ja vapaa-ajan liikuntaa kohtaan. Perustarpeita edistävä liikunnaopetus tukee liikunnallista elämäntapaa ja siihen sitoutumista. Liikunnanopettajia voidaan kouluttaa oppilaiden perustarpeita tukeviksi, mistä hyötyvät niin oppilaat kuin opettajatkin. nonPeerReviewed

Lukiodiplomeihin esitetään uudistuksia, ne tekisivät liikunnasta rinnastettavan oppiaineen niiden oppiaineiden kanssa, jotka voi tällä hetkellä suorittaa ylioppilaskokeena. Tämä ei kuitenkaan vielä tarkoita sitä, että liikunnasta muodostuisi yhtä merkittävä esimerkiksi yliopistoihin pyrittäessä kuin muista ylioppilasaineista. Suunta on kuitenkin oikea. nonPeerReviewed

Vain joka seitsemäs lukiolainen liikkuu reippaastti päivittäin vähintään tunnin. Lukiolaisille kertyy keskimäärin 6 178 askelta päivässä. Heidän vanhemmilta ja kaverilta saamansa liikunnallinen tuki oli vähäisempää kuin nuoremmilla ikäluokilla ja vaihteli suuresti nuorten välillä. Lukiolaiset pitivät liikuntaa tärkeänä ja opiskelukykyä edistävänä oppiaineena. Oppilaitosten ja internetin jälkeen liikunta- ja urheiluharrastuksissa koettiin kolmanneksi eniten syrjintää ja kiusaamista. nonPeerReviewed

Move!-mittausten kertoma suomalaisten koululaisten fyysisestä toimintakyvystä on karua. Lihaskunto junnaa paikallaan ja kestävyyskunto heikkenee. Koronakin on voinut osaltaan vaikuttaa vuonna 2020 heikentyneeseen kestävyyskuntoon. nonPeerReviewed

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This study examined basic psychological need satisfactions for competence, autonomy, and social relatedness in physical education (PE) and their contributions to accelerometer-based in-class and total moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across a one-year follow-up (T1). Participants were 523 students (girls 280, boys 243; mean age = 11.26 ± 0.31) and the data were collected using self-reports and waist-worn accelerometers. The key findings were: (a) competence and social relatedness need satisfaction at baseline (T0) predicted total MVPA at T1 via total MVPA at T0; (b) in-class MVPA at T0 predicted total MVPA at T1 via total MVPA at T0; (c) in-class MVPA was directly associated with total MVPA at T0 and T1; and (d) boys scored higher than girls on competence and relatedness need satisfaction at T0. These findings indicate that the need satisfactions for competence and social relatedness in PE are central components facilitating the greatest increases in total MVPA participation. To improve student outcomes, it is essential that all children receive positive and satisfying PE experiences. Enhancing the readiness and capability of pre- and in-service teachers through teacher training programmes is vital to raising awareness of the basic psychological need satisfactions behind autonomous motivation and greater MVPA engagement.

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