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1. Introduction Metonymy is a central conceptual strategy (Dirven 1993), which has been found to underlie some grammatical phenomena (e.g., Panther et al. 2009; Bierwiaczonek 2013; Ruiz de Mendoza 2021: chap. 2). One of the central points of attention in this research domain has been the motivating role of the EFFECT FOR CAUSE metonymy, which has been argued to underlie some grammatical constructions (e.g., He gave me bruises ‘a beating that caused bruises’) (see Kövecses & Radden 1998; Panth...

1. General characterization of the construction family In German, Italian and Spanish, the construction family of negative polarity is employed to express ‘Absolute Lack of Interest’ on the part of the speaker. From a semantic and pragmatic point of view, these constructions are characterized by a high degree of subjectivity and expressiveness, and, depending on the concrete nominal and verbal slot fillers, by an informal or vulgar register. Lexically, the construction is renewed by concrete ...

1. Introduction Many linguistic frameworks have led to applications in the field of foreign language teaching, relying on their theoretical or methodological advances to make pedagogical suggestions. Corpus linguistics and Construction Grammar have both contributed to this applied linguistic approach. Corpus linguistics, with its focus on naturally-occurring language, has recommended giving learners access to materials better reflecting authentic language use, including actual corpus data (se...

1. Construction Grammar as a theory of the co-existence of the generalized and the item-specific When, in the first quarter of the 21st century, one is looking for a theory that is likely to increase our understanding of the nature of language, Construction Grammar – in the sense of the research sailing under the names of Cognitive Grammar, usage-based approach and the various versions of explicitly constructionist approaches that are united by a number of key positions (Beckner et al. 2009;...

1. Introduction Various strategies can be deployed in English and Italian to portray the simultaneity, i.e. the partial or total overlap, between two events. Among them, in English, is the use of the subordinators as, while and when, as in (1). (1) a. As Mr. Dursley drove around the corner and up the road, he watched the cat in his mirror. b. Harry sat and thought about this while Hagrid read his newspaper, the Daily Prophet. c. … when Ha...

1. Introduction and paper rationale For teachers and learners worldwide, the Covid-19 pandemic has meant an overnight shift to a fully online learning environment. This unprecedented situation presents its unique set of challenges, including skill-building from a distance, student well-being and, most importantly for this paper, maintaining student engagement and motivation (Dörnyei 2014) in a context of social isolation: “the principal factors of successful learning are student motivation, s...

1. Recent trends in feedback studies Feedback is part and parcel of teachers’ and students’ lives. Typically, teachers are the providers of feedback and students the recipients. But feedback can also be provided to students by their peers, their relatives or even by automated digital tools; the practice of self-feedback (Raaijmakers et al. 2019) should not be underestimated either, as it constitutes a valuable means towards improvement but also as it enhances feedback received from others. Fe...

Since the beginning of her career, Professor Sabine De Knop has been doing research within the frameworks of Cognitive and Contrastive Linguistics and has mainly distinguished herself in three research areas: Language & Cognition, Construction Grammar and Applied linguistics. This volume brings together a range of contributions which open up new perspectives on these three topics, either within one language or from a contrastive perspective. They are written by linguists who have worked with Professor Sabine De Knop at some point in her career. The papers propose new theoretical and empirical insights as well as innovative pedagogical practices in the fields of language and proficiency. Professorin Sabine De Knop arbeitet seit Beginn ihrer Karriere im Bereich der kognitiven und kontrastiven Linguistik und zeichnet sich vor allem in drei Forschungsbereichen aus: Sprache & Kognition, Konstruktionsgrammatik und Angewandte Linguistik & Fremdsprachendidaktik. Diese Festschrift besteht aus einer Reihe von Beiträgen, die sich mit einer oder mehreren Sprachen befassen und ein neues Licht auf diese drei Themen werfen. Die Beiträge stammen von SprachwissenschaftlerInnen, die im Laufe ihrer Karriere mit Professorin Sabine De Knop zusammengearbeitet haben, und diskutieren sowohl theoretische und empirische Erkenntnisse als auch innovative pädagogische Ansätze in der Fremdsprachendidaktik.

1. Introduction This paper discusses Ágel and Höllein’s (2021) proposals regarding the status of semantic roles as well as their relevance for the syntax-semantics interface in German. On their view, a specific restricted list of semantic roles can be used to model the meaning side of complex linguistic signs, so-called “Satzbauplanzeichen” (‘clause pattern signs’, lit. ‘signs of sentence-building plans’, a type of complex linguistic sign), which are assumed to be completely abstract signs th...

1. Einleitung Das Konzept des übertragenen Redens oder der figurativen Sprache geht von der Beobachtung aus, dass sprachliche Ausdrücke oft etwas anderes bedeuten oder bezeichnen als es ihre „Grundbedeutung“ oder „Quellbedeutung“ oder „eigentliche Bedeutung“ nahelegt. Dabei stehen diese „eigentliche“ und die abgeleitete „uneigentliche“ Bedeutung in einer erkennbaren Beziehung zueinander. Die Art dieser Beziehung dient dazu, die beiden prominentesten Typen uneigentlichen Redens, nämlich Metaph...

1. Einleitung Das Deutsche verfügt über zahlreiche Lokalisierungs- und Fortbewegungsausdrücke, die französischsprachigen Lernenden viele Schwierigkeiten bereiten (u. a. De Knop & Gallez 2016; De Knop & Perrez 2014; Lemmens & Perrez 2018). In diesem Artikel werden zwei Lexikalisierungsmuster untersucht, die für das Deutsche besonders typisch sind und daher in einer didaktischen Perspektive von großer Relevanz sind: kausative Fortbewegungskonstruktionen (Sie brüllen Cruz von der Bühne) und Mehr...

1. Context This research brings together scholars in two Belgian universities (Leuven and Liège), for whom Sabine De Knop has been a source of intellectual escapades, by asking intriguing questions: (1) how do we need to to consider and use in teaching the similarities and differences between L1 and L2 learners and their constructions; (2) how can constructional research result in efficient teaching practices and resources? In this contribution, the extended version of a paper presented at C...

Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer áreado conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a LinguísticaContrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento ea consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida naárea, ampliando levantamento anterior (SIPRIANO, SOUZA e PEREIRA 2021) para áreas intra- eextralinguísticas (TEKIN 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessívela toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quantiqualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área epor periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito dapolítica de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e nasociedade. Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer áreado conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a LinguísticaContrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento ea consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida naárea, ampliando levantamento anterior (SIPRIANO, SOUZA e PEREIRA 2021) para áreas intra- eextralinguísticas (TEKIN 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessívela toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quantiqualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área epor periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito dapolítica de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e nasociedade. Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer áreado conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a LinguísticaContrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento ea consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida naárea, ampliando levantamento anterior (SIPRIANO, SOUZA e PEREIRA 2021) para áreas intra- eextralinguísticas (TEKIN 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessívela toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quantiqualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área epor periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito dapolítica de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e nasociedade. Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer áreado conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a LinguísticaContrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento ea consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida naárea, ampliando levantamento anterior (SIPRIANO, SOUZA e PEREIRA 2021) para áreas intra- eextralinguísticas (TEKIN 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessívela toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quantiqualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área epor periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito dapolítica de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e nasociedade.

Traballo Fin de Grao en Lingua e Literatura Modernas. Curso 2021-2022 Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind Verben, die in der deutschen Sprache zur Bezeichnung der Position von Objekten im Raum verwendet werden und die eine Spezifizierung der Lage oder Orientierung bzw. des Positionsmodus enthalten. Dazu gehören statische Positionsverben wie zum Beispiel "stehen", "liegen", "hangen" und "stecken" und auch morphologisch verwandte kausative Positionsverben wie zum Beispiel "stellen", "legen", "hangen" und "stecken". Die Analyse wird sich auf die folgenden Paare von intransitiven und transitiven Verben konzentrieren: "stehen" - "stellen", "liegen" - "legen" und "stecken" - "stecken". Die häufige Verwendung solcher Verben ist eine Besonderheit des Deutschen. Während das Deutsche eine ganze Reihe von spezifischen Positionsverben besitzt, gibt es im Spanischen weniger. Daher ergeben sich im Sprachenpaar Deutsch - Spanisch Unterschiede im Ausdruck von Lokalisierungen, die in dieser kontrastiven Analyse herausgearbeitet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird das Parallelkorpus Deutsch / Spanisch, PaGeS, verwendet. PaGeS ist ein bilinguales Parallelkorpus, das sich aus deutschen und spanischen Originaltexten und deren Übersetzungen sowie einem geringen Anteil deutscher und spanischer Übersetzungen aus einer dritten Sprache zusammensetzt. Stichproben der genannten sechs Verben werden aus deutschen Originaltexten mit ihren Übersetzungen erhoben und analysiert, wobei der Fokus auf deren Verwendung zur Lokalisierung von unbelebten Objekten liegt.

This study is comparing causative verbal periphrases in French, faire Vinf, laisser Vinf, donner à Vinf, and mettre à VInf. (as in example 1. faire penser, laisser penser, donner à penser, *mettre à penser or in example 2. Faire chauffer, laisser chauffer, mettre à chauffer, *donner à chauffer). The French causative construction in these four near synonyms constructions has to be analyzed with several criteria:a.modal criteria: how strong is the causation involved ? A deontic or just a permissive value?b.aspectual criteria: the phasal aspect c.nature of the causation: direct, indirect, implicit, manipulative causationd.source of the causation: agentive or othere.constructional value in contextAmongst this paradigm, donner VInf construction is a causative extension of the full lexeme give observed in other languages from different families and is a very peculiar cross-linguistic phenomenon (Bouveret 2021, Gouggenheim 1929, Von Waldenfels 2012, Newman 1997, 1998). Faire VInf is the most well known causative expression by a foreign learner but what are the differences between these four expressions, is what we will study using contempory newspapers corpora from Europresse.

Im Fokus dieses Beitrags steht das Verhältnis von Sprache und Gewalt, die an sich selbst ausgeübt wird, insbesondere deren Versprachlichung und der damit einhergehende Gebrauch (fach)spezifischen Wortschatzes. Bei der Analyse wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie SVV in Online-Diskussionsforen für Betroffene und deren Angehörige dargestellt wird. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den sprachlichen Mitteln bei der Beschreibung dieser psychischen Störung und der damit verbundenen Verhaltensweisen. Eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle spielen dabei pragmatische Komponenten der Textgestaltung, insbesondere die der Emotionalität. Dies wird aus einer deutsch-tschechischen Perspektive betrachtet, um einen interlingualen Vergleich der Darstellung des Verhältnisses von Gewalt und Sprache zu ermöglichen The focus of this paper is the relationship between language and self-inflictedviolence in particular its verbalization and the corresponding use of a specific vocabulary. The analysis examines how self-harm is presented in online discussion forums for affected persons and their relatives. The focus is on the linguistic means of thedescription of this mental disorder and the associated behavior. Pragmatic components of the text design, especially the emotionality, play a role that is not to be underestimated. This is considered from a German-Czech perspective to enable an interlingual comparison of the representation of the relationship between violence and language.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como propósito relatar o desenvolvimento, a metodologia e os resultados de um Projeto de Iniciação Científica que propõe a construção de uma base de dados da bibliografia da linguística contrastiva Português/Alemão. De natureza documental- bibliográfica, a coletânea bibliográfica foi realizada em bases de dados brasileiras de publicações em português, e as referências compiladas no softwareZotero. As buscas foram realizadas entre agosto e dezembro de 2019 e se utilizou as palavras-chave (Língua Alemã; Língua Portuguesa; Alemão; Português; Linguística; Linguística Contrastiva), assim como as grandes áreas da Linguística (Morfologia; Fonética; Fonologia; Semântica; Pragmática e Sintaxe). Foram identificadas ao todo 48 pesquisas, publicadas entre os anos de 1972 e 2019, classificadas entre Literatura Branca e Literatura Cinzenta. Os dados apontam uma prevalência de artigos publicados no periódico Pandaemonium Germanicum, da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), especialmente na década de 1990, assim como um grande número de pesquisas na área de semântica. Abstract This work aims to relate the development, methodology and results from a Projeto de Iniciação Científica that proposes the construction of a database of the Portuguese/German contrastive linguistics bibliography. As a research of documental-bibliographical nature, the data was collected out of Brazilian databases of publications in Portuguese, whose references were compiled with the help of the Zotero software. The searches were carried out between August and December 2019 and used the keywords “German Language; Portuguese Language; German; Portuguese; Linguistics; Contrastive Linguistics”, as well as the major areas of Linguistics (Morphology; Phonetics; Phonology; Semantics; Pragmatics and Syntax). 48 references were identified, published between 1972 and 2019, and were classified between White and Gray Literature. The data indicate a prevalence of articles published in the journal Pandaemonium Germanicum, published by the University of São Paulo (USP), especially in the 1990s, and a large number of investigations in the area of semantics. Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, über die Entwicklung, Methodik und Ergebnisse eines Projeto de Iniciação Científica zu berichten, das den Aufbau einer Datenbank der Bibliographie der kontrastiven Linguistik Portugiesisch/Deutsch anstrebt. Es wurde eine dokumentarisch-bibliographische Recherche durchgeführt, bei der in brasilianischen Datenbanken Publikationen in portugiesischer Sprache gesammelt wurden, deren Literaturangaben mit Hilfe der SoftwareZotero zusammengestellt wurden. Die Suche wurde zwischen August und Dezember 2019 durchgeführt und verwendete die Schlüsselwörter (Deutsch; Portugiesisch; Deutsch; Portugiesisch; Linguistik; Kontrastive Linguistik) sowie die Hauptbereiche der Linguistik (Morphologie; Phonetik; Phonologie; Semantik; Pragmatik und Syntax). Insgesamt wurden 48 Forschungen identifiziert, die zwischen 1972 und 2019 veröffentlicht und in Weiße und Graue Literatur eingeordnet wurden. Die Daten weisen auf eine starke Verbreitung von Artikeln hin, die vor allem in der Zeitschrift Pandaemonium Germanicum der Universität São Paulo (USP), besonders in den 1990er Jahren veröffentlicht wurden, sowie auf eine Vielzahl von Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Semantik.

This socio-pragmatic study investigates organisational conflict talk between superiors and subordinates in three medical dramas from China, Germany and the United States. It explores what types of sociolinguistic realities the medical dramas construct by ascribing linguistic behaviour to different status groups. The study adopts an enhanced analytical framework based on John Gumperz’ discourse strategies and Spencer-Oatey’s rapport management theory. This framework detaches directness from politeness, defines directness based on preference and polarity and explains the use of direct and indirect opposition strategies in context. The findings reveal that the three hospital series draw on 21 opposition strategies which can be categorised into mitigating, intermediate and intensifying strategies. While the status identity of superiors is commonly characterised by a higher frequency of direct strategies than that of subordinates, both status groups manage conflict in a primarily direct manner across all three hospital shows. The high percentage of direct conflict management is related to the medical context, which is characterised by a focus on transactional goals, complex role obligations and potentially severe consequences of medical mistakes and delays. While the results reveal unexpected similarities between the three series with regard to the linguistic directness level, cross-cultural differences between the Chinese and the two Western series are obvious from particular sociopragmatic conventions. These conventions particularly include the use of humour, imperatives, vulgar language and incorporated verbal and para-verbal/multimodal opposition. Noteworthy differences also appear in the underlying patterns of strategy use. They show that the Chinese series promotes a greater tolerance of hierarchical structures and a partially closer social distance in asymmetrical professional relationships. These disparities are related to different perceptions of power distance, role relationships, face and harmony. The findings challenge existing stereotypes of Chinese, US American and German conflict management styles and emphasise the context-specific nature of verbal conflict management in every culture. Although cinematic aspects affect the conflict management in the fictional data, the results comply with recent research on conflict talk in real-life professional settings. As such, the study contributes to intercultural trainings in medical contexts and provides an enhanced analytical framework for further cross-cultural studies on linguistic strategies.

Emotion Concepts in Context – A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse examines emotion concepts from a contrastive perspective, explicitly taking into account their linguistic and cognitive context. This is made possible in particular by the integrative character of the present theoretical approach, which combines approaches from cognitive corpus linguistics, pragmatics and interactive sociolinguistics and extends the Emotion Event model (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 2010) stemming from cognitive corpus linguistics. Based on existing contrastive studies on pragmatic differences between English and German, as well as on studies on Emotion Events (EE), differences in the linguistic realization of EE including their contextual configurations are expected. However, how British and German EE differ, including their linguistic and cognitive context, has not yet been investigated. The present work is the first to relate existing findings regarding pragmatic differences between English and German to the linguistic realization of emotions in discourse, or more precisely, emotion concepts in their linguistic and cognitive context. Indeed, previous studies on English and German emotion concepts are mainly located in lexical semantics and cognitive semantics and largely neglect linguistic and cognitive context. Furthermore, in contrast to existing studies, the focus of this work is not only on specific emotion concepts, but covers a broader emotional spectrum. The present dissertation is one of the few existing studies on emotion discourse that is corpus-based which allows the quantification of emotion concepts including their linguistic and cognitive context. In addition, British and German emotion concepts are examined in this dissertation for the first time in the genre of 'personal narrative'. The present work is based on a corpus (114,024 words) which has been compiled in an experiment. British (n=62) and German (n=68) students were asked to write personal narratives (n=260) on the subjects of 'unfair grading' and 'top marks'. The corpus is balanced in terms of positive and negative texts as well as gender and language. The data was coded using annotation schemes developed specifically for the pragmatic-cognitive and context-sensitive analyses. The qualitative and quantitative analyses include generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), which allow for the investigation of fixed effects such as language and gender and for the inclusion of random effects. Language preferences were identified in particular in the frequency of specific emotion concepts, in the use of parts-of-speech for the realization of EE, in the present tense and in comparative forms of emotion lexemes, and in the realization of thematic roles in the EE. In the British dataset, for example, the concept SADNESS was more frequent than TRAUER in the German dataset. The emotion concept ÄRGER - ANGER, on the other hand, occurred in the German narratives with a higher frequency. Adjectives and adverbs were more often used to express emotions in British EE, whereas verbs were more common in German narratives. Present tense and comparative forms of emotion lexemes were also identified more frequently in the German data set. In the German narratives, the thematic role of the EXPERIENCER was displayed more often than in the British ones, in which the CAUSE of the emotion was realized with higher frequency. Furthermore, language preferences in the (subjective) construal of the EE as a positive or negative event were identified in the form of so-called congruent and incongruent contextual configurations (1st extension of the Emotion Event model). Central to this is that incongruent contextual configurations in EE are discussed for the first time which take specific functions in discourse. Apart from the discourse function of intensification, which has already been discussed in the literature in the case of congruent contextual configurations, such as emotion concept clusters of equivalent emotion concepts, incongruent contextual configurations lead to specific conversational implicatures and can fulfil functions such as attenuation or perspectivization. This was shown, for example, for the emotion concept JOY – FREUDE which can be negatively construed. In the British dataset, JOY was more often negatively construed than in the German data. Finally, language preferences were also found with respect to the (adverbial) modification of emotion lexemes by adverbial subjuncts and by markers of epistemic modality (2nd extension of the Emotion Event model). The German study participants used more adverbial subjuncts in co-occurrence with emotion lexemes than the British, women used co-occurring adverbial subjuncts more frequently than men, and the German male participants used more attenuating adverbial subjuncts. With regard to the markers of epistemic modality in co-occurrence with emotion lexemes, a gender difference was observed. The male participants used co-occurring epistemic markers more often than the female participants. In addition, British students mainly used co-occurring markers of 'low probability', while German students used co-occurring markers of 'certainty'. Modifying adverbial subjuncts and epistemic markers were discussed for the first time from a dialogic perspective in the context of EE as means of intersubjective positioning that either open up space for alternative perspectives (dialogic expansion) or restrict them (dialogic contraction). These discourse functions were particularly prominent in the qualitative analysis of multiple modifications of emotion lexemes and it was shown that modifying adverbial subjuncts and epistemic markers can function as contextualization cues. The model extensions of the Emotion Event model therefore integrate the linguistic and cognitive context for the first time. In this respect, the Extended Emotion Event Model is more refined than previous models on emotions in discourse (e.g. The Appraisal Framework, Martin2005). Emotion Concepts in Context – A Contrastive Analysis of English and German Discourse untersucht Emotionskonzepte aus kontrastiver Perspektive unter expliziter Berücksichtigung ihres linguistischen und kognitiven Kontextes. Dies wird insbesondere durch den integrativen Charakter des vorliegenden theoretischen Ansatzes ermöglicht, der Ansätze der Kognitiven Korpuslinguistik, Pragmatik und Interaktionalen Soziolinguistik vereint und das aus der Kognitiven Korpuslinguistik stammende Emotionsereignis-Modell (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk2010) erweitert. Basierend auf existierenden zwischensprachlichen Untersuchungen zu pragmatischen Unterschieden zwischen dem Englischen und Deutschen, sowie aufgrund von Studien zu Emotionsereignissen, werden Unterschiede in der sprachlichen Realisierung von Emotionsereignissen einschliesslich deren kontextuellen Konfigurationen erwartet. Wie sich britische und deutsche Emotionsereignisse einschliesslich ihres linguistischen und kognitiven Kontextes unterscheiden, wurde bisher jedoch noch nicht untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit bringt erstmals existierende Erkenntnisse bezüglich pragmatischen Unterschieden zwischen dem Englischen und Deutschen mit der Realisierung von Emotionen im Diskurs, genauer gesagt Emotionskonzepten in ihrem linguistischen und kognitiven Kontext, in Verbindung. Bisherige Untersuchungen in Bezug auf englische und deutsche Emotionskonzepte sind nämlich überwiegend in der lexikalischen Semantik und kognitiven Semantik zu verorten und vernachlässigen weitgehend linguistischen und kognitiven Kontext. Darüber hinaus liegt der Fokus dieser Arbeit, im Gegensatz zu vorliegenden Studien, nicht nur auf spezifischen Emotionskonzepten, sondern umfasst ein breiteres Spektrum. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist eine von wenigen Untersuchungen die sich auf ein Korpus stützt, was eine Quantifizierung ermöglicht, und gleichzeitig linguistischen und kognitiven Kontext in die Quantifizierung miteinschliesst. Britische und deutsche Emotionskonzepte werden darüberhinaus in vorliegender Dissertation erstmals anhand des Genres ‘persönlicher Erzähltext’ untersucht. Die vorliegenden Arbeit basiert auf einem Korpus (114,024 Worte), welches in einem Experiment erstellt wurde. Britische (n=62) und deutsche (n=68) StudentInnen sollten darin persönliche Erzähltexte (n=260) zu den Themen ‘unfaire Benotung’ und ‘Bestnote’ verfassen. Das Korpus ist hinsichtlich positiver und negativer Texte sowie Geschlecht und Sprache ausbalanciert und wurde anhand von für die pragmatisch-kognitiven Analysen eigens entwickelten und daher kontextsensitiven Annotationsschemata kodiert. Die qualitativen und quantitativen Analysen umfassen gemischt generalisierte lineare statistische Modelle (generalized linear mixed models, GLMM), die es ermöglichen, abhängige Variablen (fixed effects) wie Sprache und Gender zu untersuchen und Störvariablen als Zufallseffekte (random effects) miteinzuberechnen. Zwischensprachliche Unterschiede wurden im Einzelnen in der Frequenz von spezifischen Emotionskonzepten, im Gebrauch von Wortarten zur Realisierung von Emotionsereignissen, in Präsens- und Komparativformen von Emotionslexemen, sowie in der Realisierung von thematischen Rollen festgestellt (Emotionsereignis-Modell). Im britischen Datensatz wurde beispielsweise das Konzepte SADNESS häufiger realisiert als TRAUER im deutschen Datensatz. Das Emotionskonzept ÄRGER – ANGER hingegen wurde in höherer Frequenz in den deutschen Erzähltexten realisiert. Adjektive und Adverbien dienen häufiger zur Realisierung von Emotionen in britischen Emotionsereignissen, wohingegen in den deutschen Erzähltexten Verben häufiger auftreten. Präsens und Komparativformen von Emotionslexemen wurden ebenfalls häufiger im deutschen Datensatz identifiziert. In den deutschen Erzähltexten wurde die thematische Rolle des ERFAHRENDEN häufiger genannt als in den britischen, in denen die URSACHE der Emotion in höherer Frequenz realisiert wurde. Des Weiteren wurden zwischensprachliche Unterschiede in der (subjektiven) Konstruktion des Emotionsereignisses als positives oder negatives Ereignis in Form von sogenannten kongruenten bzw. inkongruenten kontextellen Konfigurationen (1. Erweiterung des Emotionsereignis-Modells) identifiziert. Zentral ist hierbei, dass inkongruente kontextuelle Konfigurationen in Emotionsereignissen erstmalig diskutiert werden und ihnen besondere Diskursfunktionen zugewiesen werden konnten. Abgesehen von der Diskursfunktion Intensivierung, die bereits bei kongruenten kontextuellen Konfigurationen, wie z.B. bei Klustern von äquivalenten Emotionskonzepten, in der Fachliteratur diskutiert wurde, führen inkongruente kontextuelle Konfigurationen zu spezifischen konversationellen Implikaturen und können Funktionen wie Abschwächung oder Perspektivierung erfüllen. Dies zeigte sich z.B. an der möglichen negativen Konstruktion des Emotionskonzeptes JOY – FREUDE, welches v.a. im britischen Datensatz negativ konstruiert wurde. Schliesslich fanden sich zwischensprachliche Unterschiede auch bezüglich der (adverbialen) Modifikation von Emotionsereignissen durch Gradadverbien und Marker epistemischer Modalität (2. Erweiterung des Emotionsereignis-Modells). Die deutschen StudienteilnehmerInnen gebrauchten mehr Gradadverbien in Kookkurrenz mit Emotionslexemen als die britischen, Frauen realisierten in höherer Frequenz kookkurrierende Gradadverbien als Männer und die deutschen männlichen Teilnehmer gebrauchten mehr abschwächende kookkurrierende Gradadverbien. Hinsichtlich der Marker epistemischer Modalität in Kookkurrenz mit Emotionslexemen war ein Geschlechterunterschied zu verzeichnen. Die männlichen Teilnehmer gebrauchten häufiger kookkurierende epistemische Marker als die weiblichen. Darüberhinaus benutzten die britischen StudentInnen vorwiegend kookkurrierende Marker der ‘geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit’, während die deutschen StudentInnen kookkurrierende Marker der ‘Sicherheit’ gebrauchten. Als Neuerung wurden hierbei die modifizierenden Gradadverbien und epistemischen Marker erstmals im Rahmen von Emotionsereignissen als, aus dialogischer Perspektive, Mittel intersubjektiver Positionierung diskutiert, die entweder Raum für andere Sichtweisen einräumen (dialogic expansion) oder einschränken (dialogic contraction). Diese Diskursfunktionen traten besonders in der qualitativen Analyse von multiplen Modifikationen von Emotionslexemen hervor und es wurde gezeigt, dass modifizierende Gradadverbien und epistemische Marker als Kontextualisierungshinweise fungieren können. Die Modellerweiterungen des Emotionsereignis-Modells integrieren daher erstmalig den linguistischen und kognitiven Kontext in ihre Betrachtung. In dieser Hinsicht ist das Erweiterte Emotionsereignis Modell ausdifferenzierter als bisherige Modelle, die versuchen Emotionen im Diskurs zu fassen (z.B. The Appraisal Framework, Martin2005).

Resumo Neste artigo intencionamos realizar uma análise contrastiva de ocorrências de partículas modais (doravante PM) em alemão, catalão, croata, francês e inglês, propondo uma classe de PM para o português brasileiro. Partimos de referencial teórico com base na pragmática e em teorias funcionalistas como suporte. Nosso principal objetivo é defender a existência de PMs no português brasileiro, sendo elas recursos linguístico-discursivos utilizados com a função de modalizar informações não explícitas durante a interação. Nesse sentido, as PMs ativariam pressupostos nas enunciações baseados em significados nucleares. Trata-se de estudo inédito por propor análises de palavras e locuções que ainda não foram classificadas como tal em gramáticas luso-brasileiras, salvo algumas poucas exceções. O presente estudo justifica-se pela dificuldade que essas PM apresentam tanto para o ensino de língua adicional, quanto para a tradução. A investigação e descrição das PMs alemãs e seus equivalentes funcionais em português, podem, portanto, oferecer caminhos para a compreensão de questões pragmáticas importantes para as trocas comunicativas e seus usos em sala de aula. Finalmente, levantamos a hipótese de que, embora exista uma evidente diferença de classificação dessas partículas em muitas línguas, as funções comunicativas das PMs em alemão podem encontrar semelhantes interpretativos e até equivalentes funcionais em português brasileiro. Abstract In this paper we intend to perform a contrastive analysis of modal particle occurrences (hereinafter PM) in German, Catalan, Croatian, French and English, proposing a class of PM for Brazilian Portuguese. We start from the theoretical framework based on pragmatics and functionalist theories as support. Our main objective is to defend the existence of PMs in Brazilian Portuguese, being they linguistic-discursive resources used with the function of modifying non-explicit information during the interaction. In this sense, PMs would activate assumptions in utterances based on nuclear meanings. This is an unprecedented study for proposing analysis of words and phrases that have not yet been classified as such in Portuguese-Brazilian grammars. This study is justified by the difficulty that these PM present both for teaching additional language and for translation. Investigating and describing German PMs and their functional equivalents in Portuguese can therefore provide avenues for understanding important pragmatic issues for communicative exchanges and their uses in the classroom. Finally, we hypothesize that, although there is a clear difference in the classification of these particles in many languages, the communicative functions of German PMs may find similar interpretative and even functional equivalents in Brazilian Portuguese.