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Background: In a competition for scarce resources, higher education institutions in developing countries have lost to other priorities. The article examines specific barriers to innovation in the higher education context. A thorough understanding and removal of these impediments paves a way to innovation in developing countries, specifically Zimbabwe. Objectives: Firstly, the study sought to evaluate the barriers to innovation in higher education and secondly recommend strategies to improve the innovation capabilities of the institutions. Method: A survey strategy was adopted to collect data from 240 purposefully selected academics at four state universities in Zimbabwe with a 66.6% response rate. Results: The results indicate that the lack of funding for research is the biggest barrier to innovation in higher education with a 46% representation. Along the same spectrum, the lack of incentives is also another barrier with an account of 21% of the participants who participated. The organisational structure is also a pertinent barrier with 24% representation. Lastly, the organisational culture accounts 9% of the participants. Conclusion: Adequate resource allocation and funding is crucial to the success and transformation of the higher education system. Implementing policies that align with the strategic goals of the institutions is imperative to bring about innovation not only in Zimbabwe but also in other developing countries too. Contribution: Higher education institutions should provide adequate funding for research and reassess their organisational cultures and structures for them to be on the cutting edge.

JLIS.it puts the organization of knowledge at the centre of its interests. Indeed, one can go so far as to say that the study of knowledge management processes as a whole best represents the focal point of our journal's scientific objectives. On the other hand, if we look at archival description as a complicated process of collecting, organizing and processing the information necessary to promote the knowledge and use of archival material, we recognise that it is a process of knowledge management and interpretation. Indeed, if we go beyond the perhaps somewhat breathless perimeters of a consolidated technical vocabulary, describing an archive means processing and transmitting codified information. This particular knowledge domain is also fed by data conveyed by increasingly changing objects such as documents and it is therefore as dynamic and multifaceted as its objects of study. Archival tools, in their typological and informative multiplicity, are in turn the most effective synthesis of archival work, especially when dealing with the world of historical archives. For these reasons it was deemed appropriate and useful to dedicate the present issue of JLIS.it to archival mediation as a peculiar form of knowledge management and to the tools through which it manifests itself. The essays making up the issue derive in almost all cases from the works of the AIDUSA conference Research on the border. Archival tools between production, dematerialization and continuity of use, held in Rome on 13 and 14 October 2022.

This study explores a more pragmatic innovation management system (IMS), based on the Stage Gates Model developed by Cooper and the philosophy of the five Fs. It required extensive bibliographic research, which was carried out in the scientific bases of Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO and google scholar, and also used the snowball technique. The System is a wide platform, subdivided in four processes: opportunity identification; opportunity selection and prioritization stage; implementation and protection of opportunities; and process and metrics evaluation. Contributions from other authors and more knowledge from management were also included, to strengthen innovation management capacities. The proposed model reflects the current generation of innovation research, based on the theory of ecosystems and the Total Innovation Management (TIM) perspective, and the most recent research on innovation management systems, which are dedicated to integrated models, networking, more regularity in projects evaluation, and parallelism and high functional integration.

Background: The economic well-being of any organisation in the world today significantly depends on the intellectual capital possessed by these institutions. However, with its richness in intellectual capital, some higher learning institutions in Tanzania are facing financial hardships. Objectives: To establish methods used by Tanzania’s higher learning institutions in managing the intellectual capital in their possession, with the focus of establishing a link between such practices and the financial performance of such institutions. Methods: This study was conducted using a multiple case study design, employing a purely qualitative research approach. Purposive sampling technique was used to involve respondents in this study. Collected data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: The visited institutions had a wide range of intellectual capital such as human, relational and structural capital. The intellectual capital found was managed using various methods, including careful recruitment of staff and knowledge-sharing strategies. Although the practices of managing some aspects of such capital were at a very basic level at the registry points, the practice was found to be very important for the economic well-being of the institution. Conclusion: Tanzania’s higher learning institutions possess a wide range of intellectual capital, and its management methods vary depending on the aspect of such capital. More importantly, the intellectual capital had a significant link with the financial performance of the institutions. However, the process of managing intellectual capital faced some challenges, including improper succession planning and the lack of a sharing culture.

Introduction: Knowledge has shown growing importance in economy, as a differentiation factor and a competitiveness enhancer, being considered as an important pillar of modern society development. Networks within and between organizations, as a strategy to potentiate knowledge sharing might be considered one of the most important approaches an organization may adopt. Objectives: To evaluate how the dynamics of knowledge creation occur in an intra-organizational network. Methods: This study is developed according to a descriptive and exploratory typology and uses the methodology of a case study developed over an optical services network in Portugal. Results: The results present evidence that the context of an intra-organizational network may favor a collective learning environment, mainly represented by the interaction that occurs between the collaborators of the various units and with the help of several “interaction” and knowledge creation spaces. Conclusions: The potential attributed to knowledge and networks in promoting the best organizational practices justify the interest of this analysis and the contribution of this study to the business environment.

The emergence of cooperative groups created by companies with a co-operative status, upstream production, and private companies resulted in the rupture of their relationship with their members. This paper addresses the role of agricultural consultation in strengthening the relationship between cooperatives and their members in order to resolve the inherent identity crisis of such groups. A qualitative method based on the case study of five groups allowed us to study the interactions between communities through a new mode of knowledge management characterised by the interaction between functional groups and communities of practice: the Model 3. We show that agricultural advisors act as translators between the two cognitive communities and this facilitates the resolution of the identity crisis of agricultural cooperatives.

Introduction: A knowledge-based organization will deal with the existing challenges and will be more successful in the area of competition. In this research, the relationship between knowledge management and creativity is investigated. Methods: The present study is an applied survey. The statistical population of this study is nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 187 by Cochran formula. Data were collected from three questionnaires: respondents' demographic information, Lavson knowledge management, and creativity of Dorabjee et al. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts and the internal consistency of the questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: The average scores were 3.17 and 2.98 for knowledge management and creativity respectively, showing that nurses had a moderate level of creativity and knowledge management. Pearson test results showed a direct and significant relationship between knowledge management and its components with creativity. Among knowledge management components, knowledge application had the greatest correlation with nurses' creativity. Conclusion: Nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Ilam University of Medical Sciences may use knowledge management as a conscious strategy for identification, assessment, organization, storage and use of knowledge. They can also use knowledge management to boost creativity in their hospitals. Citation: Omidi N, Omidi M. Surveying the Relationship between Knowledge Management and Creativity among Nurses Working In Hospitals of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Development Strategies in Medical Education 2017; 4(2): 23-32.

Knowledge is more and more a strategic resource for health organizations while information & communication technology earns an important role for sharing knowledge and information among people in and out organizations. these conditions satisfy specific demands related to the new emerging information needs, asking for a change in relationships and effective communication. so, the medicine apps represent an emerging and rapidly developing framework for health system, able to contribute to its quality and efficiency. The same u.s. supervisory authority activated in the last years an appropriate study in order to control the medical applications downloaded directly through mobile devices and able to influence health performance. this work - with a mixed approach - presents the results of the exploratory and descriptive studies in order to make clear the general dynamics and functionality of the medicine category apps.

In today's competitive world, knowledge and use of knowledge is a competitive advantage that it makes the administration more efficient and effective management of a true knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to collect and identify the factors influencing knowledge sharing. In the present study in terms of purpose and using grounded theory methodology classified in nine categories including cultural, leadership, social, personal, business, motivational, organizational, technological, competitive and well. In this paper, fuzzy Dematel method for identifying and investigating the interaction between the criteria used for grading components ISM approach. The results show that components of culture as a social and technological factors as mainly Most influential and knowledge sharing are factors before any activity in knowledge management, investment culture should be discussed, as well as factors other than cultural factors such as leadership and management, interpersonal, motivational and other factors affecting job or are due for knowledge sharingprocess.

Big data is an emerging research area where common terminology is still evolving. Different perspectives to the research area and terminology exist, but a common definition for big data does not exist. We have performed a systematic mapping study in order to identify different big data definitions and their perspectives. As a result, we present a state-of-the-art review of the current status in big data definitions, discuss the shortcomings of the current definitions, and propose possible solutions for the shortcomings. The paper contributes to the emerging big data research by analyzing current definitions of big data from different perspectives, suggesting enhancement to the terminology as well as pointing out new research avenues. In addition, the article helps new researchers and practitioners to understand what big data is, and bridges the knowledge between theory and practice.

With the progress of modern sciences and more competitive becoming environment in the technology era, knowledge management is being counted as one of the most important stable competitive advantages of technology oriented organizations. This matter is of higher importance in high technology organizations, especially those active in information technology field due to their unique identity. This way, knowledge management has been already shifted to one of the most important priorities of such organizations that in case of not identifying, applying, recording and creating that knowledge, the organization is inevitable to pay fortunesto revive the knowledge gone. The purpose of this research is presenting a comprehensive knowledge management implementation model in information technology industry. Therefore, the measures of the suggested research’s model were identified by studying identical researches and projects done in knowledge management and information technology sector and also through consultation with the experts. This way, a questionnaire was designed in two parts and distributed among experts in the understudied organizations. The research’s data were analyzed through T Test and Binomial Test through fuzzy approach due to the constraints presented by the Lickert scale. The research findings demonstrate that the stages of knowledge management implementation model in information technology sector include knowledge evaluation, knowledge leverage, knowledge planning, knowledge culture, knowledge strategies, knowledge management processes, suitable knowledge infrastructures, knowledge organization and knowledge presentation. There also exist actions in each stage that effect successful implementation of the mentioned stages.

Dynamic capabilities are currently becoming an important extension of the theory of resources and capabilities that enables companies to adapt better in the current competitive environment. This paper examines how knowledge management, a dynamic function related to management or administration of a set of knowledge flows, develops thanks to the greater dynamism of social networks. It then shows how this relationship is especially strengthened by different technological capabilities. To achieve these goals, the paper examines the main tools that permit companies to develop an ability to achieve competitive advantage relative to the technological capabilities of managers and workers, social networks and knowledge management.

Changing field name from “Library and Information Science” to “Knowledge and Information Science” has been based on a background of theoretical and practical developments that have led to the name change. Moreover, this issue has signified new features that new title for them would imply. The aim of this article is explaining these fundamental issues. It is the authors attempt using deductive approach to explain the nature and aspects of Knowledge-oriented of the field (Compared with information-oriented aspects) in the new condition. The first part of the article deals with the concepts of knowledge and knowledge Science, and explains differences and similarities of Knowledge Science with epistemology, as well as knowledge management. The second part deals with the reason of combining notions of “information” and “knowledge” in new name of the field, and the final section is describing the expected Outcomes for the discipline and profession (affected by name change). The authors' view is that these cases could be the consequences changing the field name: Solving dualism arising from dual of "information versus knowledge" in the field, expanding the conceptual and practical scope of discipline due to the nature of knowledge which is more than information complicated and abstract, and finally, Strengthening the human-oriented and social dimension of the discipline and profession.

This paper aims to identify and analyze the actions in the Network of Libraries and Information Centers on Art in the State of Rio de Janeiro (REDARTE/RJ), in order to promote the production of new knowledge and implementation of new ideas, minimizing the difficulties met by information professionals who work in institutions which integrate the Network, so that to optimize the users services and the enrichment in the thematic field of Information on art. It nvestigates if the organizational and informational culture of REDARTE/RJ supports cooperation, collaborative work, information and experience sharing and the use of information and communication technology. It analyses the process of cooperation, sharing and collaboration among the participants of REDARTE/RJ, aiming to verify if the Network might be considered a social knowledge network. It seeks to understand the way that REDARTE/RJ has used and taken advantage of the interaction and collaboration as means to the accomplishment of the purposes determined in its bylaws. It comes to the conclusion that REDARTE/RJ has had a relevant role in Information on art, and has been useful to its users and to the professionals and institutions which are part of it, but in order to become a social knowledge network, there are still some aspects to be improved.

In a knowledge - based society, organizations undergo permanent changes and transformations, and the key factor of such changes is intellectual capital regarded as one of the most critical, yet most strategic values an organization might own. Analyzing intelectual capital and knowledge society over the last decades has primarily emerged in private companies, whereas at present there is an increasing concern in all the fields of activity. The goal of this paper is to emphasize the importance of intellectual capital as a source of innovation and novelty used to create competitive advantages for organizations in the era of knowledge where man must rely on intellect, intuition and creativity. The present paper is an exploratory endeavour based on the qualitative method as various information sources are resorted to in order to conceptualize the terms of intellectual capital and knowledge society: specialty literature, case studies, mass-media articles, reports of in-field organizations etc. Organizations should use all the tangible or non-tangible resources they have in order to secure their success and also to build a knowledge society which involves going a long way, based on an ample, complex process where innovation has a major role and a global nature.

While defining the information audit is a tool that can be used to not only identifying strategically significant information resources, but also to identify those tasks and activities that create knowledge and those that rely on the transfer of knowledge from the other area of the organization. This article firstly describes the relationship between the information audit process and knowledge management. Secondly, introduces the seven stage information audit models. It discusses each stage of the model in terms of its contribution to the process and the desired outcomes. Concludes by examining the potential benefits of using the information audit as a foundation that can be built on as the knowledge management strategy is developed.

Since the decade of 80 when the information management as a resource had a higher emphasis, it also aroused the need to deepen the control measures of such information. This way appeared the informational audit with different focuses. One decade later, the organizations evaluated that the work with information was not enough, but that people and their knowledge marked differences. Then they began to study the phenomenon of the management processes associated to the organizational knowledge, generating also different kinds of audit to this resource. If between the information and the knowledge exist skidding borders, the same may also occur among the audits in both the resources. In fact when an information audit is made in any manner the knowledge is present and vice versa. Therefore, this route presents us the option to think in the integration of both the focuses in an integral methodology which may develop in different organizations. This article introduces us to these issues and justifies the need to count on an integral methodology to the development of these audits in organizational level.

The heart of most knowledge management (KM) strategies was and often is in technologies as data warehousing, dokument management, etc. The so called „second generation of KM“ is based on a knowledge life cycle with both demand and supply side. Many discussions of KM are on theoretical and conceptual level and that ´s why many practicioners do not consider the KM as a significant contribution to competitive advantage. I tis necessary to make the knowledge more concrete, readable and user friendly. For knowledge collection and codification we use knowledge maps – schemas or models of how we undestand the problems and how we take actions. The knowledge maps can be expressed in texts, charts, pictures, etc. The character of knowledge map is closely connected with appropriate containers of knowledge. The containers perspektive is important in the implementation strategy of organizational learning.

Despite the critical importance of knowledge management (KM) in helping organizations to improve performance and achieve the desired goals, the reality of the application of KM indicates that there are plenty of obstacles; most prominent of which are the difficulty of tacit KM, the poor cooperation and sharing in KM, and the difficulty of dealing with its techniques. This paper aims to determine how to take advantage of the virtual communities of practice that employ Web 2.0 technologies to overcome the obstacles of KM. Employing the descriptive approach based on theoretical analysis of literature, the results revealed that Web 2.0 technologies involve important applications in personal KM, supporting participation in participatory KM, in addition to supporting communication and interaction mechanisms. Moreover, results indicated that Web 2.0-based-communities of practice play major roles in capturing tacit knowledge, facilitating innovation, as well as knowledge sharing and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of virtual social networks as a mechanism complementary to formal channels of technology transfer represented by ICT and by private centers of R & D in industry. The strengthening of Web 2.0 has provided the expansion of collaborative tools, in particular the social networks, with a strong influence on the spread of knowledge and innovation. To evaluate the potential of virtual networks, a survey had been conducted to identify and describe the characteristics of some of the major social networks used in Brazil (LinkedIn, Orkut and Twitter). Even this phenomenon is not mature, the study identified the potential and benefits of social networks as informal structures that help in generation of knowledge and innovation diffusion, as a field to be explored and developed.

Online social networks made up of actors with different degrees of innovativeness may allow knowledge management to collect new ideas and measure their acceptance. This research investigates consumer innovativeness and relationships with the uses and participation in social networks. This research has a quantitative exploratory scope, and among the main findings, we can mention that the dimensions of the adopted scale were corroborated by using factor analysis. The findings cannot be generalized, but there are evidences that relationship between social networking and innovative consumer behavior exists. Although there are limitations, correlations were found between the social dimension of innovativeness and information search in the networks and also the use of social networking information for the decision to purchase new products.

The Stokes Diagram model was developed to replace the linear mode view of a progression of science by a two dimensional plane in which the vertical dimension represents the search of understanding and the horizontal dimension represents the use. Although this diagram is easy to understand, no cases of organizations or government programs were identified in literature which developed a method to put this proposal in practice. Thus, based on the development of a conceptual and operating model, both dimensions were measured and validated through structural equation modeling, using information from 28 dissertations developed in a Postgraduate program. The results suggest that the proposed method is viable and give some examples of its use to analyze and manage R&D activities.

This study undertakes an analysis of external sourcing of knowledge by biotechnology companies. It suggests that biotechnology companies need to be more realistic about R&D operational models in a context where technological changes are only incremental and companies based solely on single technology platforms are highly inefficient. It is argued that in order to build, preserve or enhance their knowledge creation capabilities in a fast changing environment, firms increasingly combine internal ‘‘core’’ capabilities with externally acquired ‘‘complementary’’ ones. Knowledge creation requires in reaching the right balance between exploration and exploitation. It consists of activities within the firm in order to create knowledge from its own experience and from the experience of other firms, and on the exploitation of that knowledge to fulfill the mission of the firm. Thus, a biotechnology company’s ability to choose technologies wisely will have a large impact on the performance of its R&D organization in terms of time to market, productivity, and product quality.

In the discourse on knowledge management, the concept of social capital plays a key role as the mediator of individual know-how or 'human capital' (i.e. individual cognitive or embodied skills and know-how) and structural 'organizational capital', i.e. knowledge embedded in the routines and standard operating procedures of an organization. A study of a Swedish specialist rock construction company, ConCo, demonstrates how the social network acquired by individual site managers is mobilized when unanticipated events occur in day-to-day working life. Rather than using a written or mediated system of knowledge sharing (i.e. Intranets or databases), the site managers relied primarily on verbal communication with their peers. Whenever they encounter a problem, site managers talk to their colleagues or call experts outside the firm in order to get credible and useful advice on how to handle precarious situations. One of the implications of the study is that conceiving of knowledge not as an individual property but as a social accomplishment may enable more detailed understanding of how intellectual resources are used in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how seven process innovations have been shared and adopted (or not adopted) between four factories of a multinational company located in Asia. In contrast to most previous studies in this area, these process innovation diffusions happened in a bottom-up manner in which the decision to share and to adopt is made by the individuals at the sites involved rather than by top management either at a local or corporate level. We observe that the factors enabling or discouraging the adoption of process innovation are highly dynamic. When work priorities shift over time, motivating factors once perceived as primary may become secondary, leading to nonadoption of the innovations. As the engineers face an increasing load of other tasks which also demand time and effort, the decision to adopt the Innovation or not seems to depend more on the effort required to adapt the innovation for local use than other factors. Innovations which are highly embedded in the original settings face slimmer chance of adoption by other sites as they are likely to require more effort in adapting them for local use. In contrast, innovations which are less embedded in original settings are more likely to be adopted due to the low adaptation effort needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increased importance for companies to control their intangible assets, little empirical research has been made on the linkages between single and distributed cognition in organizations. In this paper, the transactive memory concept is extended and adapted to examine the antecedents and consequences of directory formation in the Nordic subsidiaries in Japan. Value congruence, psychological safety, organizational commitment, and interpersonal and electronic communication are proposed to have a positive impact on directories. The directories are proposed to have positive linkage with service capital Regression analyses show that the most of the independent variables have a statistically significant relationship with directories. Further, interpersonal communication mediates the impact of value congruence and psychological safely to directories. Directories were also found to have a positive relationship with the service capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Documents as we encounter them in everyday life are complex and diverse things, whether on paper, computer disk or on the World Wide Web. They play many roles vis-à-vis human beings, and the humans engaged with them have diverse responsibilities that are not always easy tofu/fit Added to this is the issue of how a document or literary work can change and yet retain its identity, as found in maintenance, drafting and versioning of documents. This paper explores how the meaning-oriented philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd may be used to understand the complex nature of documents, to throw light on the roles, responsibilities and culture surrounding them, and to tackle issues of identity and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge management is a structured process that enables knowledge to be created, stored, distributed and applied to decision making. Experience from non-healthcare industries has identified the potential of knowledge management to increase the effectiveness of an organisation, and also the necessary factors that are required to ensure success of a knowledge management approach. Important lessons are now available from the available literature to enable the NHS to successfully implement knowledge management and to realize its full potential. There are important implications for work based learning in primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we evaluate accounting practices for internal-use software expenditures. Statement of Position No. 98-1 (SOP No. 98-1) requires expensing certain costs and capitalizing others. We argue that current accounting practice does not allow enough capitalization, since costs incurred during the systems analysis stage of model-based systems development are expensed regardless of whether they create future benefits. The quest for uniformity in accounting treatment in the form of a single rule for multiple economic phenomena (i.e., treating all systems acquisition and development methods the same) results in reduced ability to reflect economic differences between systems acquisition and development methods. To illustrate, we provide an example of the differential effects of adopting SOP No. 98-1 for firms using different development approaches. Under the SOP, "Analysis" costs are expensed. Under model-based approaches, especially those with downstream effects, these Analysis costs are assets, since the reason for these approaches is their ability to re-use models and objects developed in Analysis. Furthermore, since these costs tend to be relatively higher for companies leveraging these models and objects, the SOP has the effect of ignoring the future value associated with these models and objects. We propose a solution that is principles-based and provides a framework specifying the conditions under which capitalization or expensing should occur for internally developed software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective management of knowledge is essential for a CPA firm to remain competitive. Use of computational models of judgment processes and outcomes causes knowledge to be available for use and analysis. We present a comprehensive and integrated computational model of the difficult and knowledge-intensive judgments needed for successful audit planning. The model concludes on a client's going-concern status, applicable levels of inherent, control, and planned detection risk, and appropriate levels of statement- and account-level materiality. Most importantly, the model validly identifies the cause of significant fluctuations given causal hypotheses. The context is the sales and collection cycle of a manufacturing client. The model consistently replicates causal hypothesis judgments generated by the modeled auditor who exhibits considerable judgment expertise, i.e., his[1] judgments typically coincide with actual causes. Concerning judgment expertise, the model reveals numerous linkages among judgments, subtle interdependencies in cue importance across judgments, and new findings concerning cue diagnosticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the reliability of the double-blind peer review systems used for submissions to the 2001 and 2002 UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) conferences. The level of reliability found in the first conference was marginally lower than would be expected from a model based on chance. In the second conference the reliability level was significantly better, but still low. The paper explores some of the implications of this for the reviewing system, and suggests a model for assessing the impact of low levels of reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge management literature highlights the fact that, in the new economy, the achievement of a sustained competitive advantage depends on firm's capacity to develop and deploy its knowledge-based resources. However, not all resources are equally important for the achievement of this competitive edge. In this sense, this paper proposes an integrative framework for the analysis of human capital combining the advances from three different areas of research: knowledge management, intellectual capital, and strategic human resource management. Juxtaposing two dimensions – value and uniqueness – it analyzes the different forms of firm's human capital. These are the following: idiosyncratic, ancillary, core and compulsory. Furthermore different human resources practices that should be used to manage such specific forms of human capital are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights for redesigning IT-enabled customer support processes to meet the demanding requirements of the emerging electronic economy in which fast response, shared knowledge creation, and internetworked technologies are the dynamic enablers of success. The paper describes the implementation of the TechConnect support system at Storage Dimensions, a manufacturer of high-availability computer storage system products. TechConnect is a unique IT infrastructure for problem resolution that includes a customer support knowledge base whose structure is dynamically updated based on adaptive learning through customer interactions. The paper assesses the impacts of TechConnect and its value in creating a learning organization. It then draws insights for redesigning knowledge-creating customer support processes for the business conditions of the electronic economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]