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Background: As the pet population grows, there is increasing attention on the health and well-being of companion animals. Weaning, a common challenge for young mammals, often leads to issues such as diarrhea, growth retardation, and in severe cases, even mortality. However, the specific changes in gut microbiota and metabolites in kittens following weaning remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota, serum metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of kittens at various time points: days 0, 4, and 30 post-weaning. Results: Significant changes in the immune response and gut microbiota were observed in kittens following weaning. Specifically, IgM levels increased significantly (P < 0.01, n = 20), while IgA and IgG levels showed a sustained elevation. Weaning also disrupted the intestinal microbiota, leading to notable changes in serum metabolism. On day 4 post-weaning, there was a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides vulgatus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Anaerostipes caccae, and Butyricico-ccaceae. However, by day 30, beneficial bacteria including Candidatus Arthro-mitus, Holdemanella, and Bifidobacterium had increased (P < 0.05, n = 20). Serum metabolites showed clear separation across time points, with day 0 and day 4 exhibiting similar patterns. A total of 45 significantly altered metabolites (P < 0.05, n = 20) were identified, primarily related to vitamins, steroids, peptides, organic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in eight metabolic pathways, with key changes in arginine metabolism and biosynthesis. Additionally, bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides stercoris, Leuconostoc citreum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were positively correlated with serum metabolic changes, emphasizing the link between gut microbiota and systemic metabolism (P < 0.05, n = 20). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the composition and function of intestinal microorganisms as well as serum metabolic profiles of weaned kittens presented dynamic changes. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the effects of weaning on kitten health, but also provide valuable insights into post-weaning nutritional regulation strategies for kittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The juvenile period is a critical stage of cat growth; in particular, the metabolic activity of the kitten's intestinal microbiota is critical to overall health. This study investigated the effects of a probiotic complex on the intestinal health of kittens. We found that complex probiotics significantly altered the levels of metabolites associated with inflammation and constipation in the intestines of kittens. This suggests that complex probiotics may promote intestinal health in kittens by modulating changes in various metabolites. This study provides a rationale for the development of probiotic supplements for kittens. Cats are popular companions for humans, and their health is of importance to a growing number of pet owners. The juvenile period is a critical stage of cat growth; in particular, the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiome of kittens is critical for processing nutrients and supporting overall health. In this study, the effect of complex probiotics on the intestinal health of kittens was explored through a metabolomics analysis. Twenty-four healthy kittens were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 12): the control group was provided a basal diet and the probiotics group was provided the basal diet supplemented with complex probiotics (given at the same time daily). The kittens were acclimatized for 5 days, and the experiment was conducted for 14 days. We collected feces from each kitten on days 1 and 14 for metabolomic analyses. Compared to the control, the probiotics group had significantly higher (p < 0.05) methylmalonylcarnitine, lysyl-hydroxyproline, phenylpropionylglycine, and vitamin K3 levels, and significantly lower (p < 0.05) gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine, cis-gondoic acid, myristic acid, 12,13-DiHOME, and glycodeoxycholic acid levels. The results of this study suggest that complex probiotics promote intestinal health in kittens by regulating changes in various metabolites in the intestine and may have a mitigating effect on intestinal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how large carnivores utilize space is crucial for management planning in human-dominated landscape and enhances the accuracy of population size estimates. However, Eurasian lynx display a large inter-population variation in the size of home ranges across their European range which makes extrapolation to broader areas of a species distribution problematic. This study evaluates variations in home range size for 35 Eurasian lynx in the Western Carpathians during 2011–2022 based on GPS telemetry and explains how intrinsic and environmental factors shape lynx spatial behaviour when facing anthropogenic pressure. The average annual home range size of lynx ranged from 283 (± 42 SE) to 360 (± 60 SE) km2 for males and from 148 (± 50 SE) to 190 (± 70 SE) km2 for females, depending on home range estimator (95% MCP, KDE and AKDE). Females with kittens had smaller annual and summer home ranges compared to non-reproducing females and subadults had smaller home ranges compared to adults. Lynx home range size was explained by availability of roe deer, except for summer, when alternative prey was likely available. We also found clear evidence of human-induced changes in lynx home range size, in particular, forest cover significantly decreased the home range size of male lynx during summer while road density led to an expansion of both annual and summer lynx home ranges. Lynx exhibited consistent fidelity to their home ranges throughout consecutive seasons, showing no seasonal variations. Strong territoriality was observed among competing males maintaining relatively low home range overlaps and considerable distances between centres of activity. The most pronounced tendency for association was observed between males and females, maintaining relatively close proximity year-round. The insights into lynx spatial requirements provided by our study will greatly enhance the accuracy of population size estimates and effectiveness of mitigation measures across the Western Carpathians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite advances in puppy and kitten neonatology in recent years, mortality rates for these patients are still high, making the neonatal period a challenge for veterinarians and owners. Early recognition of newborns at risk allows for rapid intervention, increasing the chance of neonatal survival. To this end, an adequate clinical assessment is essential, which demands knowing the particularities of these patients and the reference parameters for age. Neonatal puppies and kittens have physiological and anatomical characteristics that differ from those of adult animals, which impacts the interpretation of physical examination and complementary tests. The veterinarian must be familiar with the clinical, laboratory, and imaging aspects observed in neonates. It is necessary to thoroughly evaluate the litter and the mother to notice the most subtle signs of illness and advise the owner to constantly monitor the newborns, quickly sending them to specialized care. This review describes how to perform clinical assessments of newborns systematically and recognize clinical signs of neonatal changes or affections in puppies and kittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to establish the incidence of dystocia in pedigree cat breeds and investigate mortality rates in kittens up to the age of 12 weeks. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted that utilised convenience sampling. Registered cat breeders from 29 countries whose cats had given birth within a single year (2019) were asked to complete an online questionnaire. This study is the third in a series over 30 years that have assessed changes in birth-related statistics in cat breeds. Results: Data were collected from 448 breeders on 853 litters, with 3560 live-born kittens from 45 pedigree breeds (as per the queens' breed). The incidence of dystocia that required veterinary intervention was 14.9% and varied by breed (range 0–22.2%). Caesarean section was required for 10.7% of litters, most commonly in Cornish Rex cats. Despite apparent breed variation, there was no statistically significant difference among breeds. Queens aged over 5 years and litters of more than six kittens were associated with a reduced risk of dystocia, whereas a longer gestation period increased the risk. Bengal cats had the highest cumulative kitten mortality up to the age of 12 weeks (23.4%). Significant breed differences (P <0.001) were noted, with Ragdoll and Norwegian Forest Cats having lower litter mortality compared with Bengal and British Shorthair/Longhair cats. Conclusions and relevance: The incidence of dystocia in pedigree cats was higher than the historical values for non-pedigree and pedigree cats. The age of the queen, gestation length and litter size affected the incidence of dystocia. Kitten mortality was affected by the requirement for caesarean section, presence of birth defects and breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary cultural practices associated with animals give rise to a novel dual concept of corporeality and sensuality. The growth of consumerism in accordance with the feline model of consumption gives rise to the formation of a society where the characteristics associated with the feline species become the prevailing norm. In light of the above, it seems pertinent to examine the strategies of social felinization and to identify the symbolic repressive markers that maintain it, as evidenced in viral cat content. The examination of the most prevalent feline-themed materials on the post-Soviet Internet reveals that the digital representation of cats is primarily shaped by human characteristics, rather than those inherent to the animal itself. This gives the digital cats a subjectivity that is more akin to that of humans. The increasing anthropomorphisation of cats and the felinization of humans has resulted in the emergence of a dystopian world characterised by the “cat police”. In this context, the cat assumes a more prominent role than its human counterpart, thereby conferring upon it the authority to exercise control and impose punishment. However, the methods of control and punishment employed by the “koshchichkina” remain flexible and adaptable to changing corporeality and sensuality, expressed through ironic memes, short videos and clips. The findings of this research can be incorporated into an interdisciplinary study of the mechanisms of identity formation of the modern man and the formation of a new canon of his sensuality and corporeality.

The black-footed cat (Felis nigripes) is the smallest and one of the rarest cats in Africa. Endemic to the semi-arid regions of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana, this nocturnal carnivore spends daytime in burrows, thus avoiding high temperatures and diurnal predators. Despite the importance of burrows, den usage has never been studied in detail for this species. Here we report on the frequency with which female black-footed cats use burrows of different dimensions and compared with burrow availability. The entrances of 50 dens, used by five radio-collared black-footed cats over four weeks, were scanned with LiDAR to measure tunnel width (mean = 15.2 ± 3.9 cm) and height (mean = 13.9 ± 3.6 cm). Of these, 98% (n = 49) most closely matched the dimensions of springhare (Pedetes capensis) burrows. Each cat used a mean of 11.6 den sites and spent a mean of 2.0 consecutive days in a den before selecting a new one. When kittens reached an age of 44–50 days, mothers switched from using a den for a mean of six days-per-den, to changing dens every day. Our results suggest that female black-footed cats are reliant upon springhares to provide suitable daytime refugia and maternity dens in southern Namibia. Further studies should be conducted to determine what den sites are selected in the absence of springhare, and whether localised persecution of springhare impacts the survival of black-footed cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Australia's current strategies for urban cat management are outdated and ineffective, and are typically based on mandated containment and "trap, adopt, or euthanize" responses for nuisance cats. We undertook a situational analysis before implementing a cat management program based on free sterilization for owned, semi-owned, and unowned cats in a targeted area with a high per capita cat intake into the receiving shelters. Before implementing the intervention, we aimed to understand the attitudes and behaviors towards wandering and stray cats, as well as community preferences and priorities for their management. Stray or wandering cats were observed by many respondents (71%), primarily at private residences and in alleyways or streets, which caused serious or moderately serious problems for 38% of respondents who saw stray or wandering cats. Similar levels of concern were expressed in regards to the stray cats killing native birds, killing native animals, creating noise, and soiling. The respondents preferred sterilization over euthanasia for managing stray cats. Only a minority of respondents were satisfied with current local council cat management. Increasing public awareness about the advantages of cat management based on sterilization could further increase community support for this approach. Current cat management approaches are outdated and ineffective, failing to reduce stray cat numbers or related complaints and negatively impacting the job satisfaction and mental health of veterinary, shelter, and municipal staff. We undertook a situational analysis prior to implementing a Community Cat Program based on free sterilization of owned, semi-owned, and unowned cats in the city of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. The study involved 343 residents in three suburbs in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia with high per capita intake of cats into the receiving shelter and municipal pound. We investigated the prevalence and impacts of free-roaming cats in urban areas, focusing on sightings, associated issues, and community preferences for cat management. Stray cats were observed by many respondents (71%), primarily at private residences (52%) and in alleyways or streets (22%), which caused serious or moderately serious problems for 38% of those who saw stray or wandering cats. Key concerns included the killing of native birds (38%) and animals (35%), noise (33%), and soiling (32%). Actions taken by respondents who saw stray or wandering cats included chasing them away or using deterrents (25%), capturing the cat for removal or calling council (18%) and preventing home entry (14%). Respondents' priorities for the local government management of cats included preventing kittens from being born (94% of respondents) and stopping cats from preying on native animals (91%); reducing disease spread to pets (89%), wildlife (89%), and humans (87%); decreasing stray cat numbers (75%); and preventing cat fights (70%). Respondents favored sterilization (65%) over euthanasia (35%), aligning with the results of previous research. Cat ownership and feeding unowned cats were predictors of management preferences. Only 29% of respondents were satisfied with the current local council management of the problem. Information on the benefits of management by sterilization could further enhance community support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neonatal and pediatric diseases are complex and can cause high mortality in kittens, associated with bacterial infections, blood type mismatches, congenital defects, viral and parasitic diseases, and poor care, among others. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and prevalence of congenital malformations by performing necropsies on 68 stray kittens under two months old. Results showed that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest kittens, while older kittens primarily suffered from gastrointestinal problems. Infectious diseases were common in all age groups, and 40% of the kittens had congenital malformations, with the most common being megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, and bone and kidney defects. The findings highlight the importance of good hygiene in preventing infections and emphasize the need for better care and preventive measures to enhance kitten survival rates. Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens' physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, highlighting the necessity for preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and the occurrence of congenital malformations in stray kittens. Necropsies were performed on 68 kittens, all aged under two months. Results indicated that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest group, while gastrointestinal problems were more prevalent in older groups. Infectious causes were predominant across all age groups. Congenital malformations were observed in 40% of the animals, with megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, bone defects, and kidney defects being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the critical importance of hygiene in preventing infections and related complications. Promoting sterilization and sanitary control in stray cats is essential to reduce overpopulation and improve living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how large carnivores utilize space is crucial for management planning in human-dominated landscape and enhances the accuracy of population size estimates. However, Eurasian lynx display a large inter-population variation in the size of home ranges across their European range which makes extrapolation to broader areas of a species distribution problematic. This study evaluates variations in home range size for 35 Eurasian lynx in the Western Carpathians during 2011–2022 based on GPS telemetry and explains how intrinsic and environmental factors shape lynx spatial behaviour when facing anthropogenic pressure. The average annual home range size of lynx ranged from 283 (± 42 SE) to 360 (± 60 SE) km2 for males and from 148 (± 50 SE) to 190 (± 70 SE) km2 for females, depending on home range estimator (95% MCP, KDE and AKDE). Females with kittens had smaller annual and summer home ranges compared to non-reproducing females and subadults had smaller home ranges compared to adults. Lynx home range size was explained by availability of roe deer, except for summer, when alternative prey was likely available. We also found clear evidence of human-induced changes in lynx home range size, in particular, forest cover significantly decreased the home range size of male lynx during summer while road density led to an expansion of both annual and summer lynx home ranges. Lynx exhibited consistent fidelity to their home ranges throughout consecutive seasons, showing no seasonal variations. Strong territoriality was observed among competing males maintaining relatively low home range overlaps and considerable distances between centres of activity. The most pronounced tendency for association was observed between males and females, maintaining relatively close proximity year-round. The insights into lynx spatial requirements provided by our study will greatly enhance the accuracy of population size estimates and effectiveness of mitigation measures across the Western Carpathians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three month old, five kittens were brought to the Emergency Critical Care Unit of Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, with the history of intense pruritus in the animals. On physical examination, alopecia and hyperkeratotic crusts were seen on the animal body, particularly on the pinna, head and legs. Pinna pedal reflex was also observed to be positive for animal. Skin scrapings were collected from the tip of the ear of affected kittens. The collected material examined by using liquid paraffin under the low power microscope revealed the presence of Notoedrus cati mites, indicating that cats were affected with notoedric mange. The owner also reported instances of itching among family members in the recent past. Upon examination, lesions were observed even on the owner's hands, suggesting a potential mange infestation. There were earlier reports about zoonotic risk of notoedric mange from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective investigation, the medical records of feline patients exhibiting ocular symptoms were comprehensively collected from Atatürk University, Veterinary Faculty, Animal Hospital over the period ranging from 2016 to 2023. A complete investigation was carried out a total of 427 cases with ocular disease observed in 310 cats. A statistical analysis was made to identify patterns associated with breed, age, gender, and anatomical localization. No evidence of gender predisposition to ocular diseases was found, while a higher incidence was noted in kittens aged 0 -6 months, resulting in 57.4% of cases. In relation to breed predisposition, it was observed that ocular diseases demonstrated a higher prevalence among Mix breed and British shorthair cat breeds. The predominant conditions observed within patients were adnexa diseases, which represented 50.2% of cases, followed by nasolacrimal system disorders, which represented 27.9% of cases. In summary, it was shown that brachycephalic breeds presented a higher prevalence of nasolacrimal disorders, whereas mix breed breeds indicated a higher incidence of ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific communication among carnivores can be complex and risky, and many solitary carnivores (including pumas; Puma concolor) primarily communicate with potential mates and competitors indirectly via scent marking at communication hubs. We used multiple temporal analyses to understand if pumas of three classes (males, solo females, and females traveling with dependent kittens) varied in their temporal use of communication hubs to reduce risk while gathering information. We hypothesized that males would visit scrapes at typical times (nighttime), but that female behavioral strategies might vary based on whether they had dependent kittens or not. We found that pumas of different classes varied in their temporal patterns: male pumas concentrated their temporal activity at night (which is typical for pumas), solo females also tended to visit during the nighttime (although slightly earlier on average than males), while females with kittens were more active in the daytime. Our findings highlight the importance of communication hubs for intersexual communication in pumas and the flexibility that is inherent in puma behavioral ecology. Females adjusted their temporal behavior and visitation based on their reproductive status and life history stage, likely to assess dominant territorial males while also limiting their risk. Our study provides a mechanistic view of how communication through scent marking allows both long‐term and spatially separated communication to occur and that may allow pumas at different life stages with different risk tolerances to communicate with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the feline species, the mortality of live-born kittens over the first 2 months of life is around 10%. Although some losses are inevitable, progress in veterinary medicine and improved knowledge of feline neonatalogy should make it possible to reduce them to a lower level. The objectives of this study were: (i) to describe early growth in kittens, and (ii) to assess whether low birth weight kittens develop compensatory growth during the first week of life and if so, whether compensatory growth is associated with increased chances of survival. Using data collected from 5,504 kittens born in 193 different French catteries, five growth rates were calculated to reflect the growth of kittens during the first week after birth. Low birth weight kittens had higher growth rates than normal birth weight kittens. In addition, low birth weight kittens whose early growth was in the lowest 25% had a significantly higher 0-2 months mortality rate than all the other groups. Weight loss (or lack of weight gain) between birth and Day 2 was identified as a risk factor for 0-2 months mortality whatever the birth weight category. Finally, critical early growth thresholds were determined separately for low and normal birth weight kittens. These figures could help caregivers to validate the adequacy or inadequacy of kitten early growth. They will be able to quickly identify and provide appropriate care for the kittens whose growth is deemed insufficient in order to improve their chances of survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-month-old kitten was presented after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including a presumed intracardial injection by its primary care veterinarian. Throughout the subsequent hospitalization in the intensive care unit, the cat exhibited recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusions, along with concurrent pleural and abdominal effusions, resulting in multiple clinical deteriorations, necessitating pericardiocentesis and thoracocentesis. Despite more than 3  days of intensive care, the cat experienced another cardiopulmonary arrest with unsuccessful attempts to achieve the return of spontaneous circulation. Necropsy and histopathological findings revealed diffuse chronic)active pericarditis and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, a condition that has not been documented in the context of cardiopulmonary resuscitation or pericardiocentesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to detect Toxocara cati in cats by microscopic and molecular analysis using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 200 cat feces samples were taken from various private veterinarian clinics in Baghdad. To identify eggs of T. cati by the flotation method, DNA from 100 cat feces was extracted, and one pair of ITS2 region-specific primers was used for polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing. Results: Toxocara cati infection rate was found to be 23 out of 100 fecal samples using PCR. Ten DNA product sequence data studies showed 98%-100% similarity to the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences found in the Gene Bank. The study incidence showed that the overall infection rate by microscopic examination was 23%, with no significant difference between stray cats (27%), and domestic cats (19%). After studying the effect of several epidemiological parameters on the infection rate, it was found that the infection rates of stray and domestic cats were higher in kittens under six months of age, at 46.1% and 27%, respectively, whereas rates were lower for the adult than six months was 11.5% of domestic cats and 14.7% of stray cats. The percentage of stray and domestic male cats that were registered was 35.5%, whereas the female cats registered were 20.6% and 17.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Cats are significant clinical reservoirs for zoonotic parasites. In Iraq, Baghdad has a high incidence of T. cati detections. Compared to conventional methods, PCR is thought to be a more sensitive, accurate diagnostic procedure that confirms the species' identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article determines the in vivo insecticidal activity of the antiparasitic drug "Superium Panacea" for cats. It has been established that the drug "Superium Panacea" has a pronounced insecticidal effect on wingless ectoparasitic insects Ctenocephalides felis and acaricidal effect on sarcoptoid ticks Otodectes cynotis. The duration of the protective effect of the drug was at least 28 days. The drug "Superium Panacea" with a wide spectrum of insecticidal and acaricidal action when applied to cats and kittens orally (peros), individually, once, during morning feeding with a small amount of feed or forcibly, according to the manufacturer's recommended schemes, is well tolerated by animals of different breeds and ages, which were used in the study and can be used for the treatment and prevention of mixed parasitosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal behavior can serve as an important indicator of welfare for zoo inhabitants. The maternal behaviors exhibited by lynx and puma in captivity are crucial not only for the survival and well-being of their cubs but also provide valuable insights for species conservation programs. We analyzed the motor activity of a male and female Siberian lynx and a male and female puma during the period when they were raising their kittens, which had not yet left the shelter at the time of observation. Our ethological monitoring revealed both similarities and differences in behavior across species and sexes. We found that males of both species exhibited passive behaviors more frequently than females. Overall motor activity was higher during the evening observation periods. Notably, the male lynx spent significantly less time in the shelter compared to the other studied animals, likely due to his close cohabitation with the female and their kittens. In contrast, the male puma was kept nearby but separately from the female and her offspring. Abnormal behaviors were observed in nearly all animals, except for the female lynx. The female puma exhibited the highest level of abnormal activity, frequently carrying her kitten in her mouth for extended periods, which suggests a high level of stress. The intraspecific Shorygin indices of behavioral similarity between male and female lynxes and pumas were relatively low, at 42% and 45%, respectively. In comparison, our previous research indicated that the behavioral similarity index between male and female Eurasian lynxes without offspring was 87%. This suggests that the presence of kittens significantly increases the differences in time budgets between males and females.

An incidental testicular torsion was discovered during orchiectomy of an approximately 4-month-old intact male kitten. His spermatic cord was twisted numerous times, which caused necrosis and swelling of the right teste. Despite these changes, the patient had no signs of painor clinical signs typical of testicular torsionthat is seeninother species. The owner of the kitten reported that the kitten was eating normally and did not show any signs of pain. The physical examination of the kitten did not reveal any tenderness upon palpation of the enlarged testicle. This case illustrates that testicular torsion is possible even in the absence of pain or discomfort in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D deficiency and excess in clinically presented cats conventionally is diagnosed by comparison of patient plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) concentration with plasma reference intervals determined in healthy adult cats. For immature cats, validity of this vitamin D status assessment method is uncertain. Objective: The overall objective was determination of whether plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D and other vitamin D metabolites in immature cats markedly change with developmental age as has been reported in other species. Methods: Four male and 4 female domestic short-hair kittens from weaning were continuously presented a single nutritionally adequate growth-diet. Concentrations of 25 (OH) D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25 (OH)²D), and calcitriol were quantified in plasma of jugular venous blood collected at 12, 15, 18, and 21 weeks and 1 year of age. Plasma was liquid and solid-phase extracted and fractionation by normal-phase HPLC, and 25 (OH) D and 24,25 OH)2D quantified by reverse-phase HPLC-UV and calcitriol by RIA. Results: Plasma 3-epi-25 (OH) D and 25 (OH) D concentrations increased (p < 0.001) with age so that by study end the concentrations rose by 1-and 2-fold, respectively. Concentrations of 3-epi-25 (OH) D relative to 25 (OH) D were 30% at 12 weeks and 20% at 1 year. Between ages 12 and 21 weeks, rises in 25 (OH) D concentration were positively correlated with body weight gains (ρ = 0.952, p < 0.001) and 24,25 (OH)2D concentrations were consistently greater than 25 (OH) D concentrations (p < 0.001). At 1 year of age, concentrations of 24,25 (OH)2D declined below those of 25 (OH) D and 3-epi-24,25 (OH)2D consistency occurred in low concentrations. Vitamin D2 metabolites and sex differences in metabolite concentrations were not observed. Conclusion: Reliance on quantification of plasma 25 (OH) D concentration for vitamin D status assessment in kittens may be confounded by developmental changes in 25 (OH) D independent of vitamin D intake. High 24,25 (OH)2D concentration and occurrence of 3-epi-25 (OH) D in plasma additionally may interfere with the quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-month-old Ragdoll and 9-year-old Russian Blue cat presented with vomiting. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a pyloric antrum mass with wall layering loss and regional lymphadenopathy in the Ragdoll kitten. The Russian Blue cat only presented with muscularis layer thickening throughout the jejunum; however, despite medications, it later progressed to a mass with wall layering loss on the serial ultrasound. Both cats underwent surgery, and feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) was histologically confirmed. FGESF should be considered for gastrointestinal masses demonstrating wall layering loss and lymphadenopathy, even in kittens, and intestinal muscularis layer thickening that is refractory to medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are the most broadly distributed native felid in North America and have substantial ecological and economic importance. Despite this importance, little is known about factors influencing population dynamics of this cryptic carnivore. Given recent apparent declines in abundance, we investigated population growth rate (λ) for a bobcat population in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA, 2016–2022. We constructed and evaluated a females‐only matrix population model. Our estimate of asymptotic λ, derived from estimates of vital rates obtained over 6 years, was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72, 1.02), which indicates that the vital rates in 2016–2022 were inadequate to sustain the population. Elasticity and sensitivity values were highest for changes in adult survival probability followed by, in order, changes in kitten and juvenile survival and adult reproductive contribution. Life‐stage simulation analysis also supported that adult survival was most important; however, the juvenile survival (91 day–1 year) component of a bobcat's first year of life was also important and a stronger influence on population growth than the kitten survival (first 90 days) component. For the combination of survival and reproductive rates we estimated positive population growth required either annual adult survival >0.85 or 275‐day juvenile survival >0.35, regardless of other vital rates. When assuming a baseline harvest rate of 23.5%, reducing the harvest rate to 9% led to a positive mean growth rate and a >0.50 probability of a growing population. Monitoring juvenile‐to‐adult harvest ratios can provide an indicator of age structure in the population, and we recommend restricting harvest when that ratio falls below 10%, particularly when managers lack research information on population growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence, intensity, or outcome of interference competition and interspecific killing between predominantly solitary species operating on large spatial scales is challenging to document or test. Here, we present a detailed account of inter‐ and intraspecific interactions from contemporaneous GPS location data and in‐field investigation. In June 2018, a GPS‐collared female cougar (Puma concolor) maintained strong site fidelity for a period of 19 days, indicative of parturition behavior and establishment of a nursery site. In early July 2018, three GPS‐collared black bears (Ursus americanus) arrived at the nursery site, after which the female cougar abandoned the site. Site investigation showed that one or more bears predated an unknown number of cougar kittens. The evidence supports ecological theory suggesting that body size, mass, or group number is an important predictor of outcome. Our observation provides an example of bears potentially making risk–reward trade‐offs by eliminating a potential competitor that at the same time provisions carrion as critical food resources. These real‐time inter‐ and intraspecies competitive interactions as documented using GPS collars allow for greater insight into individual fitness and community‐level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), that can be found in a wide variety of household products–from disinfectants to medicaments and home fragrances–but also professional products. In pets, cats have long been reported as more sensitive than dogs to QACs; in fact, signs of irritation such as oral ulcerations, stomatitis and pharyngitis can be observed after contact with concentrations of 2% or lower. In a review of 245 cases of BAC exposure in cats, reported by the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (United Kingdom) only 1.2% of the cases died or were euthanized. Nevertheless, BAC toxidromes in cats can result in transitory CNS and respiratory distress, as well as severe mucosal and cutaneous lesions. Currently, only a few reports are available concerning BAC poisoning in this species. Case presentation: A 4 month-old kitten presented with severe glossitis, lameness in the hindlimbs and episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea. The cause was unknown until the owners reported use of a BAC-containing mould remover (5%) 4 days later. The patient developed severe oral burns requiring a pharyngeal tube for feeding and severe cutaneous chemical burns. The kitten was managed with supportive therapy and required hospitalization for 10 days. The symptoms disappeared completely 3 weeks after exposure. Conclusions: BAC is a very common compound contained in several household and professional products but, to the best of our knowledge, no previous case had been reported in Italy. We hope that this report will help raise awareness on the hazards of BAC products for cats in both domestic and work contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: While it is widely believed that feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a dangerous epidemic disease, the prevalence of FIP in Chinese cats is currently unknown. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of FIP in Chinese cats is influenced by age, gender, and breed. We recommend controlling the scale of cat breeding, enhancing cat immunity, and particularly focusing on health management in kittens and continuous monitoring of FIP in cats. To evaluate the overall prevalence of FIP infection in cats in mainland China and associated risk factors, studies on the prevalence of FIP conducted from 1 January 2008 to 20 December 2023 were retrieved from five databases—CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect—and comprehensively reviewed. The 21 studies selected, with a total of 181,014 samples, underwent a rigorous meta-analysis after quality assessment. The results revealed a 2% prevalence of FIP (95% CI: 1–2%) through the random-effects model, showing considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 95.2%). The subsequent subgroup analysis revealed that the age and gender of cats are significant risk factors for FIP infection in mainland China. In order to effectively reduce and control the prevalence of FIP on the Chinese mainland, we suggest improving the immunity of cats, with special attention given to health management in kittens and intact cats, and continuously monitoring FIPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended maternal care, defined by protection, nursing and training of young, is a hallmark of mammalian reproduction. Prior maternal experience and maternal caregiving decisions during rearing may influence the success of offspring. Because most maternal caregiving behaviour, such as nursing and defence, requires contact or close proximity to the young, time spent with offspring may be a good proxy for maternal care provision when direct maternal behaviour is unobservable. Although different behavioural patterns can influence how carnivore mothers balance the competing energetic costs of brood raising and food acquisition, relatively little is known about the allocation of maternal care to neonates in solitary felids, such as cougars, Puma concolor. To evaluate how maternal behaviour and provisioning affect kitten survival, we remotely monitored 16 female cougars and their 49 neonate kittens using proximity-linked VHF collars on neonates and paired GPS collars on adults. We deployed collars on 5.5-week-old kittens and monitored their survival to 180 days postbirth. We derived several metrics to quantify maternal care behaviours and fitted Bayesian known-fate survival models to estimate the daily survival probability of kittens and to evaluate the influence of maternal behaviour on kitten survival. We found that kittens who received increased levels of maternal care, such as more time with their mother each day, had higher survival rates among both first-time and experienced mothers. However, experienced mothers exhibited higher kitten survival across all scenarios compared to first-time mothers. Our results suggests that prior maternal experience is a strong driver of increased kitten survival rates and that kitten survival rates are increased when mothers provide more maternal care. • For many mammals, maternal caregiving can be influential to survival of young. • Maternal care or prior experience may lead to better kitten survival outcomes. • rVHF collars on neonates can provide information about proximity to the mother. • Cougar kitten survival was higher from mothers who had previously raised kittens. • Maternal caregiving increased kitten survival for first-time and experienced moms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The domestic cat (Felis catus) is one of the most common pets. Worldwide, approximately one in five adults are sensitive to cat allergens. The major cat allergen is the secretoglobulin Fel d 1, which is primarily produced in the salivary and sebaceous glands. Chickens produce IgY antibodies, which are similar in structure to mammalian IgG. When chickens are exposed to Fel d 1, anti-Fel d 1-specific IgY (AFD1) is produced and is naturally concentrated in egg yolk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerability, effects on growth and food consumption, and potential adverse effects of a chicken egg product ingredient containing AFD1 in kittens. Methods: This was a blinded, controlled study. Twenty-seven (27) eight-week old kittens were randomly assigned to three feeding groups containing 0 ppm AFD1 (Group 0), 8 ppm AFD1 (Group 1), and 16 ppm AFD1 (Group 2) for 84 days. Veterinary exams and bloodwork were performed on Day 42 and Day 84, and body weight and body condition score (BCS) were monitored weekly. Results: Throughout the study, there were no signs of nutritional deficiency or adverse clinical events in any of the subjects. Administration of a chicken egg product ingredient containing AFD1 in the diet (whether in coating or combination of coating and top dress) had no significant effect on body weight nor food consumption, and all subjects maintained a healthy Body Condition Score (BCS) throughout the study. Moreover, there were no biologically significant differences in the mean clinical chemistry and hematology parameters. Discussion: This study demonstrated that a diet formulated to contain up to 16 ppm AFD1, included in the coating and the top-dress of dry kitten food, was well tolerated, promoted adequate growth, and exhibited no adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline parvovirus (FPV) is highly infectious for cats and other Felidae and often causes severe damage to young kittens. In this study, we incorporated recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and Cas12a-mediated detection and developed an RPA-Cas12a-based real-time or end-point fluorescence detection method to identify the NS1 gene of FPV. The total time of RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay is approximately 25 min. The assay presented a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 copies/μl (25 copies/per reaction), with no cross-reactivity with several feline pathogens. The clinical performance of the assay was examined using total genomic DNA purified from 60 clinical specimens and then compared to results obtained with qPCR detection of FPV with 93.3% positive predictive agreement and 100% negative predictive agreement. Together, the rapid reaction, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity make the RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay a fascinating diagnostic tool that will help minimize infection spread through instant detection of FPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "My Grandmother's House" by Sylvie Jane Lewis describes the author's experiences and memories of her grandmother's house. The house is depicted as a place filled with haunted mirrors, beds, and various creatures, including cats, mice, and birds. The author reflects on the historical significance of the house, as it served as a refuge for her grandmother after the war and her father's murder. The house is also described as a source of inspiration, resembling houses from books and becoming a symbol of generational metamorphosis. The article concludes with a scene of the author and her family observing a fox in the garden, symbolizing the connection between nature and the house. [Extracted from the article]

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency and excess in clinically presented cats conventionally is diagnosed by comparison of patient plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) concentration with plasma reference intervals determined in healthy adult cats. For immature cats, validity of this vitamin D status assessment method is uncertain.ObjectiveThe overall objective was determination of whether plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D and other vitamin D metabolites in immature cats markedly change with developmental age as has been reported in other species.MethodsFour male and 4 female domestic short-hair kittens from weaning were continuously presented a single nutritionally adequate growth-diet. Concentrations of 25 (OH) D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25 (OH)2D), and calcitriol were quantified in plasma of jugular venous blood collected at 12, 15, 18, and 21 weeks and 1 year of age. Plasma was liquid and solid-phase extracted and fractionation by normal-phase HPLC, and 25 (OH) D and 24,25 OH)2D quantified by reverse-phase HPLC-UV and calcitriol by RIA.ResultsPlasma 3-epi-25 (OH) D and 25 (OH) D concentrations increased (p

• Drama-based storytime encourages preschoolers to embody story characters. • In theories of embodied cognition, gesture and movement support learning. • Intervention group children experienced drama-based story-times. • Intervention group children used more gesture/body movement during narrative retell. • Gesture and body movement during narrative retell predicted free retell scores. Oral narrative comprehension is an important precursor to reading comprehension. Supporting preschool students in building strong oral narrative comprehension skills prepares them to be successful once they enter formal schooling. Gesture and body movement have been shown to support children's oral narrative comprehension and recall skills. This study examines whether drama-based instruction (DBI)—an organic, inherently gesture- and movement-based approach to teaching—during storytime fosters preschool children's narrative comprehension and recall. In this paper, we compare story retells by preschool students who participated in a DBI storybook reading (n = 90) with retells by preschool students who heard the same book during a business-as-usual (BAU) storytime (n = 106). Results show that using embodied behaviors (i.e., gesture, facial expression, body movement, vocal change) during story retelling was associated with recalling more story elements during a free retell task (when children are asked to retell the story without additional prompts), although not during a prompted retell task (when children retell the story by responding to questions). Students who participated in the DBI storytime used twice as many story-relevant embodied behaviors during retell tasks compared to their BAU peers. Additionally, embodied behavior significantly mediated the relation between treatment status and free retell scores. This study offers promising evidence as to the efficacy of using drama-based storytime in preschool classrooms to support listening comprehension and recall of oral narratives. Findings support a theory of embodied language learning and suggest potential benefits of drama to enhance literacy learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a pathological state characterized by the incapability of the heart to properly perform its essential function of delivering blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Case Description: The present case report concerns a 3-month-old male domestic kitten, displaying symptoms including an enlarged abdomen, emaciation, dehydration, dyspnea, rhinorrhea, and infestation with scabies. This animal, weighing 0.7 kg displays a tabby bicolor pattern. The findings gleaned from the clinical evaluation revealed the presence of a murmur upon auscultation of the cardiac region. Upon conducting an ultrasound examination, it was determined that the abdominal cavity contained a fluid accumulation known as ascites. Conclusion: The findings from the radiographic evaluation indicate that feline Hiro exhibits ascites alongside cardiomegaly, in conjunction with discernible vascular modifications characterized by both enlargements of the pulmonary arteries and veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cats are the only definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) that shed millions of un-sporulated oocysts. The current study aimed at evaluating the serological and histopathological potential ratio of T. gondii oocysts shedding and re-shedding kittens. Blood and fecal samples collected from fifty-seven un-weaned kittens from various districts of Cairo Governorate, Egypt. All kittens serologically screened for T. gondii using the Latex agglutination test (LAT), and fecal materials inspected daily for oocysts. Only proven seronegative un-shedding kittens employed in the three experimental re-shedding studies using the three T. gondii strain types II, III, and I with the third trial focusing on the ability of re-shedding with corticosteroid therapy. One kitten corresponding to each type sacrificed for histo-pathological assay and IgM/IgG serum antibodies recorded along the trials course using ELISA. The overall sero-negative percentage was 59.7%, with 35.1 and 24.6% in shedding and un-shedding ones respectively. The shedding number of oocysts /100 mg/feces scored (7, 5 and 3); (30, 15 and 7); (20, 10 and 5) corresponding and sequence to the three T. gondii strain types I, II and III respectively. In addition, the average IgM/IgG ELISA titers recorded significance variations sequence to the three strain types. Corticosteroids therapy stimulates re-shedding ability for the third time. The findings concluded that kittens shed oocysts at a high rate; regard shedding and re-shedding qualities as a critical component in developing oocyst-borne human and animal toxoplasmosis effects. Strong protection against vaccinated cats are required, as is close interaction between cats and farm animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Newborns are susceptible to infectious disease, and early life represents a critical developmental window of the immune system, which is important for preventing and fighting disease. There is evidence that nucleotides, oligosaccharides and vitamins can positively influence immune function; however, the evidence that is specifically applicable to cats is limited. This current study fed domestic short hair kittens either a dry format control diet or a test diet fortified with nucleotides, short-chain fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, β-carotene and vitamin E until the kittens reached 28 weeks of age. The kittens followed a routine preventative medication schedule for vaccination and a suite of health, metabolism and immune parameters were measured at regular intervals throughout the study. All kittens remained healthy and did not display any clinically relevant signs of adverse health. Antibodies are produced following infection or vaccination. The level of antibody, the proportion of kittens who demonstrated an acceptable response to vaccination and the proportion of kittens who reached the recognised protective level of antibody were greater in kittens fed the test diet. The test diet group demonstrated a stronger antibody-mediated response to vaccination. Antibodies play a role in preventing disease; thus, this suggests that the test diet supports immune defence against immune challenges. Nucleotides, short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), β-carotene and vitamin E are reported to enhance immune function; however, the evidence of this in cats is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of these ingredients in kittens. Forty domestic short hair kittens were designated in litters to control or test diet for 28 weeks. Test diet was fortified with 0.33 g nucleotides, 0.45 g scFOS, 0.3 g XOS, 0.7 mg β-carotene and 66.5 mg vitamin E per 100 g diet. Kittens were vaccinated against feline parvovirus (FPV) and herpesvirus (FHV) at 10, 14 and 18 weeks. Kittens remained healthy, with no measured evidence of adverse health. Serum FPV and FHV antibody titres were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the test diet group at week 23 and 27, respectively. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportion of test diet group kittens demonstrated an adequate response (four-fold titre increase) to FHV vaccination and a significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportion reached a protective antibody titre for FHV. Serum IgM was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the test diet group. The test diet group demonstrated a stronger humoral immune response to vaccination, suggesting the diet supports immune defence, enabling a greater response to immune challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3‐month‐old, domestic, long‐haired cat presented dull and lethargic with a history of failure to thrive and persistent postprandial regurgitation. A barium oesophagram performed by the referring veterinarian identified a megaoesophagus terminating at the level of the fourth intercostal space. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the suspected vascular ring anomaly, classified as a persistent right aortic arch with a concurrent aberrant left subclavian artery. Surgical ligation and transection of the ligamentum arteriosum, while sparing the aberrant left subclavian artery via a left fourth intercostal thoracotomy, resulted in resolution of the oesophageal compression and clinical signs postoperatively. Follow‐up 22 weeks postoperatively showed marked improvement in weight and body condition score, with no regurgitation following the introduction of a solid consistency commercial diet. This report describes the complete resolution of clinical signs following surgical correction of this form of vascular ring anomaly while sparing the aberrant left subclavian artery, without the need for long‐term dietary or feeding modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the participatory extension of humor in social media in connection with Burn's idea of produsage. Specifically, this work offers a discursive analysis of viewers' comments on the viral YouTube video Kitten Zoom Filter Mishap to unveil the ways in which the audience appropriated elements from the original content and broadened its humorous effect. The results of the analysis show a prevalence of textual comments conveyed through a variety of linguistic structures. Both the structures used and the meaning expressed through them transformed the video into a more humorous and culturally and linguistically complex artifact. This transformation, in turn, resulted in a new distinct social community among the video's viewers, expanding and at the same time limiting humor co-participation, which reflects YouTube's capacity for enabling produsage, but also constraining participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune deficiency is a prevalent issue among kittens, severely threatening their health and development by increasing susceptibility to infections and diseases. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplements containing lactoferrin and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on the immune function, intestinal health, and microbiota composition of kittens. The results demonstrate that these supplements significantly enhance immune responses, with immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels increasing by 14.9% and IgG levels by 14.2%. Additionally, there was a notable 28.7% increase in catalase activity, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Gastrointestinal (GI) health improved markedly, evidenced by increased populations of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, which rose from 4.13% to 79.03% over the study period. The DNC group also showed significant reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including decreases of 13.94% in IL-2, 26.46% in TNF-α, and 19.45% in IFN-γ levels. Furthermore, improvements in physical conditions were observed, including enhanced coat condition and mental status. These findings underline the potential of lactoferrin and L. plantarum as effective dietary interventions to improve kitten health, thereby reducing dependency on antibiotics and mitigating associated risks. This research provides a scientific foundation for optimizing nutritional management practices to enhance the overall vitality of kittens during their critical growth phases.

This article presents a case study of a kitten with lung nodules. The kitten was found as a stray and presented with respiratory distress and inappetence. Postmortem examination revealed numerous pale tan nodules throughout the lungs, and cytologic examination confirmed the presence of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae and ova. Histopathology further confirmed a heavy infection of A. abstrusus. The article discusses the lifecycle of the parasite, diagnostic methods, and the importance of considering A. abstrusus as a differential diagnosis in cats with respiratory disease. [Extracted from the article]

A prospective study was designed to (a) investigate the rate of daily weight gain among kittens less than 9 weeks old presented to an animal shelter, (b) identify factors (e.g., sex, clinical signs of disease, diet, and medical treatment) that affect daily weight gain, and (c) investigate the mortality of study kittens. The study of 203 kittens was conducted at a managed admission, no-kill animal shelter in upstate New York, USA, from April 2014 through October 2014. Body weight was measured daily from day of intake to adoption or 12 weeks of age. Fecal score, clinical signs of disease, food type, and medical treatments were recorded daily. Lethargy and being female were significantly associated with lower daily weight gain. Despite the challenges of shelter and foster care, the average daily weight gain for study kitten was higher than that reported in other settings such as catteries and laboratories. Five study kittens (2.5%) died or were euthanized. Daily monitoring systems provide opportunities for interventions, increased live outcomes, and improved welfare for kittens in shelter and foster care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]